Bronze Age - Knowledge

1415: 2721: 1748: 2799: 1431: 2458: 3799: 2557:, Jan Romgard, and An Zhimin to suggest a possible route of transmission from the West eastwards. According to An Zhimin, "It can be imagined that initially, bronze and iron technology took its rise in West Asia, first influenced the Xinjiang region, and then reached the Yellow River valley, providing external impetus for the rise of the Shang and Zhou civilizations." According to Jan Romgard, "bronze and iron tools seem to have traveled from west to east as well as the use of wheeled wagons and the domestication of the horse." There are also possible links to 3952: 2691: 2679: 1312: 4664:. Evidence for theories of independent development and outside introduction are scarce and the subject of active scholarly debate. Scholars have suggested that both the relative dearth of archeological research in sub-Saharan Africa as well as long-standing prejudices have limited or biased our understanding of pre-historic metallurgy on the continent. One scholar characterized the state of historical knowledge: "To say that the history of metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa is complicated is perhaps an understatement." 4143: 3550: 3071: 1074: 2702:(≈300 BC), which saw the introduction of metalworking and agricultural practices brought in by settlers arriving from the continent. Bronze and iron smelting techniques spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilizations, particularly immigration and trade from the ancient Korean peninsula, and ancient mainland China. Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools, whereas ritual and ceremonial artefacts were mainly made of bronze. 1792: 2664:

inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts: a reference to the date and place, the naming of the event commemorated, the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze, and a dedication. The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record.

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Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006). Henceforth the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.

3060: 3638: 2214: 9101: 9091: 4072: 3157: 2627:, but its use was minimal. Chinese literature dating to the 6th century BC attests to knowledge of iron smelting, yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this. Historian W.C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze "at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC)" and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels through the 3269: 95: 3389: 2442: 2969:

implications of this. One is the increased contact with bacterial and/or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing/cultivation. The other one is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal Age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture. The last is that there may have been an emergence of infectious diseases that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period.

1639: 4748:, it is clear that these civilizations were not only in touch with one another, but also trading. Early long-distance trade was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices, textiles, and precious metals. Not only did this make cities with ample amounts of these products extremely rich, but it also led to an intermingling of cultures for the first time in history. 43: 2918:

fragments of bronze and copper-base bangles. This technology suggested on-site casting from the very beginning. The on-site casting supports the theory that bronze was first introduced in Southeast Asia from a different country. Some scholars believe that copper-based metallurgy was disseminated from northwest and central China south and southwest via areas such as

1507:, often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history, spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially from the early part of it. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two areas: 5176:

Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, 'eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer "Völkerwanderung" zu tun.' Thus, the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation.

3104:. The production of complex tin bronzes lasted for about 500 years in the Balkans. The authors reported that evidence for the production of such complex bronzes disappears at the end of the 5th millennium, coinciding with the "collapse of large cultural complexes in north-eastern Bulgaria and Thrace in the late fifth millennium BC". Tin bronzes using 3364:

eruption, as well as the damage wrought by the tsunami to the coastal towns and villages of Crete precipitated the decline of the Minoans. A weakened political entity with a reduced economic and military capability and fabled riches would have then been more vulnerable to conquest. Indeed, the Santorini eruption is usually dated to

3659:, other as fortresses, ovens for metal fusion, prisons, or, finally, temples for a solar cult. Around the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Sardinia exported to Sicily a culture that built small dolmens, trilithic or polygonal shaped, that served as tombs, as in the Sicilian dolmen of "Cava dei Servi". From this region, they reached 2833:, developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The Late Harappan culture, which dates from 1900 to 1400 BC, overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately. It has been claimed that a 6,000-year-old copper 6014:" Without entering on the vexed question whether or not there ever was a bronze age in any part of the world distinguished by the sole use of that metal, in China and Japan to the present day, amid an iron age, bronze is in constant use for cutting instruments, either alone or in combination with steel." 4130:

stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank-built canoes for warfare, fishing, and trade. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as shown by the

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described Bronze A1 (Bz A1) period (2300–2000 BC: triangular daggers, flat axes, stone wrist-guards, flint arrowheads) and Bronze A2 (Bz A2) period (1950–1700 BC: daggers with metal hilt, flanged axes, halberds, pins with perforated spherical heads, solid bracelets) and phases Hallstatt A and B (Ha A

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The bronzes of the Western Zhou dynasty document large portions of history not found in the extant texts that were often composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class. Further, the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve a permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts. These

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in Henan represents the earliest large-scale metallurgy industry in the Central Plains of China. The influence of the Saima-Turbino metalworking tradition from the north is supported by a series of recent discoveries in China of many unique perforated spearheads with downward hooks and small loops on

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Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization

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developed in southern Britain at this time. Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Large livestock farms

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Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods. There are a few possible

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in the Early Bronze Age was the largest city of the time. The Old Kingdom of the regional Bronze Age is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egyptian civilization attained its first continuous peak of complexity and achievement—the first of three "Kingdom" periods which marked

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First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term 'Sea Peoples' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term 'Sea Peoples' refers to peoples

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Archaeological findings, including some on the island of Thera, suggest that the centre of the Minoan civilization at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete. According to this theory, the catastrophic loss of the political, administrative and economic centre due to the

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tools became more common, the main justification for the tin trade ended, and that trade network ceased to function as it did formerly. The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought, famine, war, or some combination of the three, and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by

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Ban Chiang, however, is the most thoroughly documented site and has the clearest evidence of metallurgy when in Southeast Asia. With a rough date range from the late 3rd millennium BC to the first millennium AD, this site alone has artefacts such as burial pottery (dating from 2100 to 1700 BC) and

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is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage over the entire length of the period, but especially 850–550 BC. The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the

2499:"), although there is an argument to be made that the "Bronze Age" proper never ended in China, as there is no recognizable transition to an "Iron Age". Significantly, together with the jade art that precedes it, bronze was seen as a "fine" material for ritual art when compared with iron or stone. 4129:

Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures came relatively late, and came into existence via trade, sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. Many rock carvings depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as

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The civilization's cities were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The

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The Bronze Age in the Near East can be conveniently divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The dates and phases below apply solely to the Near East, not universally. However, some archaeologists propose a "high chronology", which extends periods such as the Intermediate Bronze Age by 300 to

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across a frontier of some 4,000 mi (6,000 km). This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metalworking technology and, in some areas, horse breeding and riding. However, recent genetic

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For many decades, scholars made superficial reference to Central Asia as the "pastoral realm" or alternatively, the "nomadic world", in what researchers have come to call the "Central Asian void": a 5,000-year span that was neglected in studies of the origins of agriculture. Foothill regions and

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The thesis that a great 'migration of the Sea Peoples' occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the

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1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term 'Sea Peoples' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation 'of the sea' appears only concerning the Sherden, Shekelesh, and

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over. If the eruption occurred in the late 17th century BC (as most chronologists now believe) then its immediate effects belong to the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition, and not to the end of the Late Bronze Age, but it could have triggered the instability that led to the collapse first of

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Knossos and then of Bronze Age society overall. One such theory highlights the role of Cretan expertise in administering the empire, post-Thera. If this expertise was concentrated in Crete, then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire.

2047:) during the Late Bronze and early Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia, where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population. The Aramaeans never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. After the 7082:

Cities on the Sea., Swiny, S., Hohlfelder, R.L., & Swiny, H.W. (1998). Res maritime: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from prehistory to late antiquity: proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the Sea", Nicosia, Cyprus, 18–22 October 1994. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars

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and finally into southeast Asia around 1000 BC. Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions, and that social distribution shifted away from chiefdom-states to a

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with an unusual edge. The treasure was dated to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Scientists suggest that the Karlovo valley used to be a major crafts centre that exported golden jewellery all over Europe. It is considered one of the largest prehistoric golden treasures in the world.

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lost much of their population to famine and pestilence. This would indicate that the trade network may have failed, preventing the trade that would previously have relieved such famines and prevented illness caused by malnutrition. It is also known that in this era, the

3297:—also suddenly lost much of its population and thus probably some capacity to cultivate crops. Drought and famine in Anatolia may have also led to the Aegean collapse by disrupting trade networks, therefore preventing the Aegean from accessing bronze and luxury goods. 4134:. There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. Numerous artefacts of bronze and gold are found. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artefacts. 3987:

and 700 BC. It is marked by economic and cultural exchange. Commercial contacts extend to Denmark and the Mediterranean. The Atlantic Bronze Age was defined by many distinct regional centres of metal production, unified by a regular maritime exchange of products.

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The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying

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and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture. Despite this, Babylonia, unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria, was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples such as the

3976:-/800/700 cal. BC) that includes different cultures in the contex of the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Andalucía, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco, Navarra and Castilla and León), the Atlantic France, Britain and Ireland, while the 1981:. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt allied to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power during the 14th century BC, Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital, 2370:. It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological, economic, and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe, eastward into China, and southward into 3625:

lasted from the early Bronze Age (18th century BC) to the 2nd century AD, when the islands were already Romanized. They take their name from the characteristic Nuragic towers, which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture, which built

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to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture, and religion, took shape in the Early Dynastic Period.

1097:(even if only by elites in the early years), though the introduction and development of bronze technology were not universally synchronous. Tin bronze technology requires systematic techniques: tin must be mined (mainly as the tin ore 6908: 3748:, where, in the 20th century, some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found. The Canegrate culture migrated from the northwest part of the Alps and descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino. 1101:) and smelted separately, then added to hot copper to make bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and the development of trade networks. A 2013 report suggests that the earliest tin-alloy bronze was a 2897:

have been discovered dating to 2100 BC. However, according to the radiocarbon dating on the human and pig bones in Ban Chiang, some scholars propose that the initial Bronze Age in Ban Chiang was in the late 2nd millennium. In

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Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people".

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is naturally abundant, the higher temperature required for smelting, 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), in addition to the greater difficulty of working with it, placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the

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1155 BC). The usual tripartite division into an Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used in the context of Mesopotamia. Instead, a division primarily based on art and historical characteristics is more common.

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for official use and as a spoken language. By that time, the Sumerian language was no longer spoken, but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia, and would remain so until the 1st century AD. The

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The archaeological term "Bronze Age" was first introduced for Europe in the 1830s and soon extended to the Near East. By the 1860s, there was some debate as to whether the term should be extended to China

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excavated its first findings (some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects). Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of about 20,000 km (4,900,000 acres) south to the Alps, between the Po,

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The term "Bronze Age" has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia, and there is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the "Bronze Age" in the context of

3921:). Alloying of copper with zinc or tin to make brass or bronze was practised soon after the discovery of copper itself. One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales, reached a depth of 70 metres. At 7967: 4006:

The Bronze Age in Ireland commenced around 2000 BC when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork. The preceding period is known as the

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1700–500 BC, with sites as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It was followed by the

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network. Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao, Ban Na Di, Non-Nok Tha, Khok Phanom Di, and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no entrenched hierarchy.

1571:. The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the 11th and 12th Dynasties, but historians now consider at least part of the 13th Dynasty to have belonged to the Middle Kingdom. 2604:

the same or opposite side of the socket, which could be associated with the Seima-Turbino visual vocabulary of southern Siberia. The metallurgical centres of northwestern China, especially

6939: 4676:, Niger that has been dated as early as 2200 BC. However, evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated. Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been found at 4209:

have been found in Sintashta burials and there is earlier evidence for chariot use in the Abashevo culture. The Sintashta culture expanded further eastwards into central Asia becoming the

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during the Middle Bronze Age. It lasted for more than a millennium, from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC. It takes its name from the fortified boroughs (

1055:. Tin's lower melting point of 232 °C (450 °F) and copper's moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F) placed both these metals within the capabilities of Neolithic 3655:

The towers are unanimously considered the best-preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. Their purpose is still debated: some scholars consider them monumental tombs, others as

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900–700 BC). The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high-status megalithic burials at south-coastal centres such as the

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dated to before 4000 BC, showing that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the

6124:"Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang" 6160: 2652:

motif, which involves highly stylised animal faces. These appear in three main motif types: those of demons, symbolic animals, and abstract symbols. Many large bronzes also bear

1062:, which date back to 6,000 BC and were able to produce temperatures of at least 900 °C (1,650 °F). Copper and tin ores are rare since there were no tin bronzes in 1515:

in Upper Egypt. These two kingdoms eventually came into conflict, and the Theban kings conquered the north, reunifying Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the

978:. It was sudden, violent, and culturally disruptive for many Bronze Age civilizations, and it brought a sharp economic decline to regional powers, most notably ushering in the 7891:

Pernicka, E., Eibner, C., Öztunah, Ö., Wagener, G.A. (2003). "Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Northeast Aegean", In: Wagner, G.A., Pernicka, E. and Uerpmann, H-P. (eds),

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and widely used both for utilitarian objects and for sculpture. A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in western Mexico suggests either contact of that region with

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defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the "period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC", a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of

1590:. The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the 11th Dynasty, began their climb to power in the 13th Dynasty, and emerged from the Second Intermediate Period in control of 1210: 676: 4652:

There is a longstanding debate about whether both copper and iron metallurgy were independently developed in sub-Saharan Africa or introduced from the outside across the

2642:, which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels, as well as tools and weapons. Examples are the numerous large sacrificial tripods known as 2857:

very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 people, and the civilization itself during its florescence may have contained between one and five million people.

2561:, "a transcultural complex across northern Eurasia," the Eurasian steppe, and the Urals. However, the oldest bronze objects found in China so far were discovered at the 1614:, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, lasted from the 16th to the 11th century BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the 7676:

Chirikure, Shadreck (2010). "On Evidence, Ideas and Fantasy: The Origins of Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa: Thoughts on É. Zagato & A.F.C. Holl's 'On the Iron Front'".

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Bronze Age civilizations gained a technological advantage due to bronze's harder and more durable properties than other metals available at the time. While terrestrial

8078: 3760: 3003: 3002: 7754: 3009: 3008: 8358: 8172: 1717:. Altyndepe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown. The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age 875: 4236:

have been dated to around the 4th millennium BC. This innovation resulted in the circulation of arsenical bronze technology through southern and eastern Europe.

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One of the characteristic types of artefacts of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland is the flat axe. There are five main types of flat axes: Lough Ravel crannog (

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Trade and industry played a major role in the development of Bronze Age civilizations. With artefacts of the Indus Valley civilization found in ancient

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Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Bronze Age in this region. At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region, the

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Lancaster, H.O. (1990). Expectations of life: A study in the demography, statistics, and history of world mortality. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 228.

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Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region. Evidence for copper smelting furnaces was found near

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was a pre-Iranian ancient civilization located east of Mesopotamia. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the

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Oxenham, M.F.; Thuy, N.K.; Cuong, N.L. (2005). "Skeletal evidence for the emergence of infectious disease in bronze and iron age northern Vietnam".

4802: 1200: 706: 3690:. The whole complex was of the nature of a fortified settlement. The Terramare culture was widespread in the Pianura Padana, especially along the 1744:

2500–2000 BC. The economy was agricultural. Dams were found in several places, providing evidence for a highly developed water management system.

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in copper. The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC), Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), and Late Bronze Age (1200–

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Radivojevic, M.; Rehren, Th.; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J.; Jovanovic, M. (2014). "Context is everything indeed: a response to Sljivar and Boric".

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A few examples of named Bronze Age cultures in Europe in roughly relative order. (Dates are approximate, consult linked articles for details)

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outside Egypt did not experience a distinct Bronze Age. Evidence for iron smelting appears earlier or at the same time as copper smelting in

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around 1600 BC. While some direct information about the Shang dynasty comes from Shang-era inscriptions on bronze artefacts, most comes from

1578:, Ancient Egypt fell into disarray a second time between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom, best known for the 1395:

generally located to its north. It probably bordered it, and may even have been an alternative term for it (at least during some periods).

2914:, was a rich site with over 640 graves excavated that gleaned many complex bronze items that may have had social value connected to them. 2646:

in Chinese; there are many other distinct shapes. Surviving identified Chinese ritual bronzes tend to be highly decorated, often with the

1201: 1199: 9036: 8503: 8438: 6876:"Early Chariots and Religion in South-East Europe and the Aegean During the Bronze Age: A Reappraisal of the Dupljaja Chariot in Context" 2263: 2257: 1722: 1690: 868: 666: 8328: 8205: 6022: 5985: 5412: 5154: 1414: 9137: 8810: 6495: 6226:

Barnard, N.: "Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China", p. 14. The Australian National University and Monumenta Serica, 1961.

5106: 4575: 3702:, and in the rest of Europe. The civilization developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, between the 17th and the 13th centuries BC. 3308:

production on the scale necessary for the bronze production of the late Bronze Age would have exhausted them in less than fifty years.

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The oldest golden artefacts in the world (4600 – 4200 BC) were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the

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There is reason to believe that bronze work developed inside of China apart from outside influence. However, the discovery of Europoid

2016:(15th to 6th centuries BC), and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy. The name "Israel" first appears 1948:, and his queen have been discovered. From the 16th to the 13th century BC, Ugarit remained in constant contact with Egypt and Cyprus ( 1208: 681: 8860: 5136:

that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from 'islands' (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g.,

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site (Sigwells, Somerset) came much later, dated by globular urn-style pottery to approximately the 12th century BC. The identifiable

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The burials, which until this period had usually been communal, became more individual. For example, whereas in the Neolithic a large

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brought new people to the islands from the continent. Tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around

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Finkelstein, Israel (1996). "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?".

3435:. All in all, cemeteries of this period are small and rare. The Unetice culture was followed by the middle Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC) 3304:

forests causing the end of the bronze trade. These forests are known to have existed in later times, and experiments have shown that

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and have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China, especially during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC).

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of Babylon in the 19th century BC. Over 100 years later, it briefly took over the other city-states and formed the short-lived First

1747: 7785: 7028: 6123: 3010: 1117:, although this culture is not conventionally considered part of the Bronze Age; however, the dating of the foil has been disputed. 6630:

Higham, C.; Higham, T.; Ciarla, R.; Douka, K.; Kijngam, A.; Rispoli, F. (2011). "The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia".

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from over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in Somerset County Museum.

3133:. The whole treasure consists of 20,000 gold jewellery items from 18 to 23 carats. The most important of them was a dagger made of 2779: 2998: 4701: 1823: 1211: 8352: 6810: 5273:

Miller, Duncan E.; van der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research".

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rose to dominate Egyptian popular religion. The period comprises two phases: the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and the

1354:. The kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived into the 8th century BC. 9277: 6105: 4735: 1041: 861: 6347: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2782: 8182: 8058: 8025: 7930: 7531: 7319: 7261: 7190: 7067: 6958: 6924: 6918: 6575: 6537: 6503: 5953: 5921: 5674: 5116: 4878: 4568: 5350: 5111:. Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies. Vol. 15. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 2. 7915: 6395:

Bertrand, L.; Jarrige, J.-F.; Réfrégiers, M.; Robbiola, L.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Mille, B.; Thoury, M. (15 November 2016).

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developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. The

3014: 3013: 2906:, bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artefacts. Dating is still currently broad (3500–500 BC). 1209: 484: 8098: 4763:, which led to the growth of cities on the banks of these rivers. The later domestication of camels also helped encourage 3196:

was mined and alloyed with tin to produce bronze. Bronze objects were then exported far and wide and supported the trade.

2780: 9260: 8948: 8049:

Treasures from the Bronze Age of China: An exhibition from the People's Republic of China, the Metropolitan Museum of Art

7762: 6729:

White, J.C. (1995). "Incorporating Heterarchy into Theory on Socio-political Development: The Case from Southeast Asia".

4697: 2013: 6976: 3015: 3007: 1811: 8850: 8398: 8362: 8188: 8092: 7294: 6820: 6331: 6254: 5780:

White, Joyce; Hamilton, Elizabeth (2009). "The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives".

5422: 1504: 1338:. At its height in the 14th century BC, the Hittite Kingdom encompassed central Anatolia, southwestern Syria as far as 3732:

developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana, in what are now western

1146:

in the mid-4th millennium BC. Cultures in the ancient Near East practised intensive year-round agriculture; developed

9162: 9071: 8528: 7944: 7900: 7886: 7868: 5591: 5539: 5514: 2736:

and southern Manchuria, Korean Bronze Age culture exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.

1316: 1204: 847: 103: 99: 79: 3028:

The chosen cultures overlapped in time and the indicated periods do not fully correspond to their estimated extents.

8084:

2000–800 BC): A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith

5913: 2005: 17: 5815:

Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M.L.; Gilbert, M.T.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004).

3089: 1110: 8431: 8286: 6200:

Thorp, R.L. (2005). China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.

5970: 3380:

1250 BC) would have been a continuation of the steady encroachment of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world.

2090: 812: 3842:

people, and cultural change was significant. Integration is thought to have been peaceful, as many of the early

9501: 9130: 9094: 8803: 8598: 7678: 7406:"Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia" 5937: 5370:

Masson, V. M. "10. Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.).

5319:, 1998. p. 17. "The first phase (Middle Bronze Age IIA) runs roughly parallel to the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty". 5164: 4612: 4194: 2911: 2756: 2733: 2051:

collapse, their political influence was confined to Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the

1459: 416: 6602: 6397:"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object" 5332:. 1983. p. 137. "... for the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period it is the Middle Bronze Age". 2798: 1489: 822: 6669: 5218:

A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures: An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre

4959:

Sljivar, D.; Boric, D.; et al. (2014). "Context is everything: comments on Radivojevic et al. (2013)".

4751:

Trade routes were not just on land. The first and most extensive trade routes were along rivers such as the

3929:, carbon dating has established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC (95% probability). The earliest identified 1618:. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt's power. The later New Kingdom, i.e. the 1203: 892:

was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC. It was characterized by the use of

8648: 8390: 3759:. It takes its name from Golasecca, a locality next to the Ticino, where, in the early 19th century, abbot 3488: 2157:. The earliest mention of Babylon (then a small administrative town) appears on a tablet from the reign of 1599: 774: 754: 711: 701: 626: 586: 7355:"Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe" 6691:

Higham, C.F.W. (2011). "The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: New insight on social change from Ban Non Wat".

3875:. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. 1306: 9342: 8767: 8737: 8543: 4822: 4817: 4606: 3431:

with grave gifts crafted from gold, point to an increase of social stratification already present in the

3112: 2653: 1978: 1619: 1564: 1423: 1206: 671: 61: 53: 31: 8116:"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age" 7811: 7101:

A. Bernard Knapp, Steve O. Held, and Sturt W. Manning. The prehistory of Cyprus: Problems and prospects.

8698: 8424: 6269:

Shaughnessy, E.L.: "Sources of Western Zhou History", pp. xv–xvi. University of California Press, 1982.

4714:

independently discovered and developed bronze smelting. Bronze technology was developed further by the

3765: 1858: 1623: 1587: 1583: 1575: 759: 8310: 7638:

Killick, David (2009). "Cairo to Cape: The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa".

1205: 9437: 9123: 8895: 8796: 8583: 8493: 6278:

Shaughnessy, E.L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", pp. 76–83. University of California Press, 1982.

5346: 4467: 4166: 3867:

were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the

2826: 2793: 2326: 1733: 1615: 1556: 1516: 408: 8380:

articles, site-reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean, Balkans and Western Anatolia

8159: 6743: 5028:

The Near East period dates and phases are unrelated to the bronze chronology of other world regions.

4843: 3997: 3570:(also called Italian Bronze Age) is a technology complex of central and southern Italy spanning the 9532: 9326: 9076: 7488:

Gimbutas (1973). "The Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo- Europeans 3500–2500 BC".

6297: 4428: 4026:

500 BC). Ireland is known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. The country's

3606:, although groups of hunters, shepherds, and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the 3284:

administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy. Several Minoan

3040: 2873:

is a significant archaeological site for dating the origin of bronze metallurgy in Southeast Asia.

2802: 2558: 2461: 2436: 2388: 2367: 2349: 2174: 2048: 1977:

created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At its beginning, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the

1819: 1560: 1207: 924: 817: 764: 749: 744: 691: 477: 361: 180: 8411: 8300: 7279:

The Archaeology of Alderley Edge: Survey, excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape

5066:"Hazor Eb III City Abandonment and Iba People Return: Radiocarbon Chronology and ITS Implications" 4905:, which makes them the producers of the oldest-known bronze. However, the Maykop culture only had 4771:. This further led to towns sprouting up everywhere there was a pit-stop or caravan-to-ship port. 3400: 2398:

group of languages across Europe and Asia: some 39 languages of this group still exist, including

1783:", a 3rd-millennium-BC culture postulated based on a collection of artefacts confiscated in 2001. 9297: 9234: 9229: 8984: 8978: 8732: 8394: 8239:"Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies" 6529: 4170: 3852: 3671: 2866: 2759:

and other bronze artefacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula (

2539: 2340:

According to a 2019 study, the BMAC was not a primary contributor to later South-Asian genetics.

1770: 1552: 1493: 1471: 643: 570: 4409: 3272:

Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the collapse of the Bronze Age,

8958: 6738: 5817:"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians" 5761: 5342: 4511: 4377: 4243: 4150: 3352: 3176:

The Aegean Bronze Age began around 3200 BC, when civilizations first established a far-ranging

3165: 2894: 2639: 2554: 2181: 2070: 2064: 1994: 1467: 1155: 789: 779: 739: 721: 616: 522: 515: 169: 6322:

Eckert, Carter J.; Lee, Ki-Baik; Lew, Young Ick; Robinson, Michael; Wagner, Edward W. (1990).

6019: 5982: 5584:

The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts

5233:

Childs, S. Terry; Killick, David (1993). "Indigenous African Metallurgy: Nature and Culture".

4611:

Iron and copper smelting appeared around the same time in most parts of Africa. As such, most

4447: 1430: 9387: 9265: 9224: 8890: 7126:"The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago" 6523: 5428: 5170: 4870: 4781: 4075: 3054: 2457: 1387:

was a confederation of states in western Anatolia defeated by the Hittites under the earlier

1167: 939: 842: 648: 576: 500: 442: 7556:

Holl, Augustin F. C. (2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy".

7180: 5122: 3215:

was well-developed by this time and reached a peak of skill not exceeded (except perhaps by

9506: 9482: 9270: 9241: 9104: 8968: 8963: 8840: 8683: 8613: 8250: 7726: 7417: 7137: 6408: 5703: 5555:

Finkelstein, Israel (1996). "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view".

5077: 4719: 4529: 4349: 3642: 3622: 3553: 3396: 3368:

1630 BC, while the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record a few decades later,

2740: 2732:

On the Korean peninsula, the Bronze Age began around 1000–800 BC. Initially centred around

2715: 2543: 2333:, and possibly even indirectly with Mesopotamia; all civilizations were very familiar with 2325:

A wealth of information indicates that the BMAC had close international relations with the

2232:

glacial melt streams supported Bronze Age agropastoralists who developed complex east–west

1611: 1497: 1475: 1365: 1361: 1166:

and nation-states and empires; embarked on advanced architectural projects; and introduced

1029: 986: 794: 537: 349: 217: 8384: 8322: 6235:

White, W.C.: "Bronze Culture of Ancient China", p. 208. University of Toronto Press, 1956.

2698:

The Japanese archipelago saw the introduction of bronze during the beginning of the Early

8: 9527: 9367: 9046: 9041: 8608: 8538: 8498: 8478: 7789: 7713:

Killick, David; van der Merwe, Nikolaas J.; Gordon, Robert B.; Grebenart, Danilo (1988).

7516:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

7036: 6134: 5945: 5756: 4524: 4186: 4001: 3977: 3946: 3910: 3798: 3706: 3301: 3259: 3231: 3151: 3063: 2822: 2767:. Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and for mortuary offerings until 100 BC. 2581: 2142: 2134: 2052: 1874: 1721:

2300 BC, corresponding to level V at Namazga-Depe. This Bronze Age culture is called the

1508: 1286: 1159: 784: 716: 470: 381: 337: 325: 317: 286: 157: 153: 8361:[Ancient bronze idol 13 Cent B.C.] (in Russian). Northern Russia. Archived from 8254: 7730: 7421: 7141: 6412: 5081: 4922:

Radivojevic, M; Rehren, T; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J; Jovanovic, M; Northover, JP (2013).

2690: 2391:

eastwards, as this technology had been well known for quite a while in western regions.

1598:. By the 15th Dynasty, they ruled lower Egypt, and they were expelled at the end of the 1531:

started as early as 2300 BC. Egyptians introduced copper smelting to the Nubian city of

9467: 9411: 9372: 9282: 9187: 8923: 8762: 8757: 8508: 8225: 8142: 8115: 8014: 8000: 7695: 7655: 7620: 7612: 7573: 7456: 7405: 7161: 6791: 6756: 6708: 6647: 6437: 6396: 6183: 5890: 5841: 5816: 5797: 5726: 5691: 5636: 5487: 5479: 5298: 5290: 5250: 5011: 4976: 4796: 4498: 4331: 4154: 4123: 3803: 3793: 3220: 3205: 2919: 2491:" period (16th to 11th centuries BC), and the "Later Bronze Age" as equivalent to the " 2484: 2399: 1986: 1963: 1683: 1013: 611: 557: 438: 420: 385: 290: 3242:

appears to have coordinated and defended its Bronze Age trade. Ancient empires valued

1854: 9477: 9450: 9382: 9362: 9350: 9192: 9182: 9066: 9031: 8673: 8668: 8623: 8573: 8518: 8513: 8483: 8268: 8229: 8178: 8147: 8088: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8021: 7940: 7926: 7911: 7896: 7882: 7864: 7739: 7714: 7659: 7624: 7577: 7527: 7461: 7443: 7386: 7315: 7290: 7257: 7186: 7165: 7153: 7063: 6914: 6856: 6816: 6795: 6760: 6712: 6651: 6571: 6533: 6499: 6442: 6424: 6327: 6250: 6187: 6054:

Chang, K.C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", pp. 6–7, 1. Yale University Press, 1982.

5949: 5917: 5882: 5846: 5731: 5670: 5640: 5628: 5587: 5535: 5510: 5491: 5418: 5302: 5160: 5112: 5015: 4980: 4902: 4874: 4457: 4452: 4404: 4344: 4306: 4268: 4210: 4202: 4115: 4103: 4087: 4066: 3956: 3752: 3729: 3718: 3482: 3340: 3161: 2989: 2407: 2184: 2009: 1751: 1474:, lasting from the Protodynastic Period until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the 1151: 1126: 1067: 1052: 1009:, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from producing areas elsewhere. 928: 835: 686: 531: 389: 373: 369: 365: 345: 309: 301: 282: 278: 165: 134: 8174:

Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley

8004: 7825:"Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC" 6099: 5894: 5653:

Vidale, Massimo, 2017. Treasures from the Oxus, I.B. Tauris, pp. 8–10 & Table 1.

5246: 4909:. Other regions developed bronze and its associated technology at different periods. 3951: 2634:

The Chinese bronze artefacts generally are either utilitarian, like spear points or

9462: 9355: 9292: 9287: 9209: 9146: 9061: 9056: 9051: 8918: 8855: 8835: 8819: 8747: 8742: 8688: 8653: 8618: 8603: 8553: 8533: 8523: 8488: 8473: 8258: 8217: 8137: 8127: 7990: 7982: 7836: 7734: 7687: 7647: 7604: 7565: 7523: 7519: 7451: 7433: 7425: 7376: 7366: 7282: 7145: 6887: 6848: 6783: 6748: 6700: 6639: 6432: 6416: 6355: 6175: 5874: 5836: 5828: 5801: 5789: 5721: 5713: 5620: 5564: 5471: 5282: 5242: 5085: 5003: 4968: 4939: 4906: 4812: 4483: 4414: 4225: 4214: 4198: 4182: 4174: 4131: 4107: 4095: 3814:, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. 3656: 3567: 3466: 3447: 3281: 3126: 3075: 2962: 2940: 2842: 2748: 2613: 2562: 2476: 2403: 2395: 2334: 2291: 1627: 955: 947: 901: 769: 696: 446: 434: 412: 400: 357: 341: 333: 329: 321: 313: 274: 270: 213: 201: 7968:"Smelting and Recycling Evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baioes" 6774:

O'Reilly, D.J.W. (2003). "Further evidence of heterarchy in Bronze Age Thailand".

3686:. These villages were built on land, but generally near a stream, with roads that 1311: 1106: 9457: 9219: 9214: 8953: 8943: 8678: 8593: 8578: 8563: 8305: 6561: 6489: 6109: 6026: 5989: 5664: 5356: 4860: 4490: 4442: 4359: 4162: 4147: 4099: 4091: 3980:

as cultural complex of the final phase of the Bronze Age period is dated between

3891: 3879: 3815: 3579: 3505: 3455: 3436: 3432: 3412: 3263: 3118: 2954: 2923: 2764: 2678: 2657: 2600: 2424: 2355: 2330: 2189: 2158: 2126: 2025: 1990: 1970:

population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of

1862: 1828:

In modern scholarship, the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into:

1680: 1664: 1660: 1651: 1377: 1223: 979: 631: 621: 581: 377: 353: 233: 229: 197: 8588: 8016:

The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China

6460: 6077: 5532:

From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel

3216: 209: 9472: 9445: 9416: 8900: 8752: 8722: 8693: 8628: 7016:

The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.

6485: 6377: 6211: 6063:

Chang, K.C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", p. 1. Yale University Press, 1982.

5450: 5156:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.

4898: 4894: 4336: 4233: 4229: 3847: 3835: 3691: 3675: 3408: 3392: 3320: 3088:

Radivojevic et al. (2013) reported the discovery of a tin bronze foil from the

2890: 2529: 2511: 2496: 2468: 2154: 1933: 1898: 1890: 1780: 1759: 1755: 1484: 1327: 1235: 1147: 1138:

were the first regions to enter the Bronze Age, beginning with the rise of the

967: 237: 173: 8221: 7986: 7651: 7569: 6940:"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?" 6752: 6704: 6643: 6525:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

6179: 5878: 5793: 5624: 5568: 5286: 5007: 4993: 4972: 4944: 4921: 4142: 3465:

culture (1300–700 BC) was characterized by cremation burials. It included the

3327:

1600 BC, 110 km (68 mi) north of Crete. Speculation includes that a

2290:(Oxus River). Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist 2266:(BMAC), also known as the Oxus civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization in 1912:

with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilization) comes from a

1350:, which is conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the 9521: 9008: 8727: 8663: 8658: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8558: 7447: 7390: 7228: 7157: 7029:"Middle Bronze Age History, Trade, Notes, Further reading, Knowledge, the 💕" 6557: 6428: 5632: 4786: 4768: 4745: 4711: 4707: 4653: 4462: 4251: 4190: 4019: 3969:

The Atlantic Bronze Age as cultural geographic region is a cultural complex (

3922: 3918: 3811: 3776: 3741: 3537: 3526: 3285: 3201: 3070: 3044: 2950: 2946: 2725: 2643: 2605: 2577: 2550: 2521: 2488: 2446: 2428: 2044: 1958:

was a loosely organized state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from

1932:

have also been found. However, it is unclear when they got to Ugarit. In the

1929: 1902: 1729: 1676: 1643: 1512: 1479: 1443: 1404: 1384: 1025: 959: 245: 221: 149: 7691: 7416:(47). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eabi7038. 7404:

Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Oliart, Camila; Haak, Wolfgang (19 November 2021).

5717: 5608: 3549: 2366:

have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the

2129:(2335–2154 BC) became the dominant power in the region. After its fall, the 9377: 8995: 8457: 8272: 8151: 8132: 7465: 7429: 7286: 7011: 6860: 6446: 5886: 5850: 5832: 5735: 5137: 4807: 4764: 4661: 4657: 4503: 4391: 4386: 4322: 4153:

ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia, and location of the

4027: 3930: 3683: 3595: 3571: 3339:

in its home harbour, which then lost crucial naval battles; so that in the

3247: 2850: 2808: 2699: 2673: 2624: 2492: 2275: 2267: 2098: 1941: 1925: 1800: 1796: 1776: 1714: 1694: 1435: 1195:

The following dates are approximate. For details, consult linked articles.

1178:, medicine, and religion. Societies in the region laid the foundations for 1102: 943: 917: 897: 542: 253: 225: 124: 7608: 7514:

Childs, S. Terry (2008). "Metallurgy in Africa". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).

4723: 3822:

indicates that at least some of the migrants came from the area of modern

1073: 9177: 9013: 8827: 8548: 8385:

The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives

7715:"Reassessment of the Evidence for Early Metallurgy in Niger, West Africa" 7371: 7354: 6161:"A Discussion on Early Metals and the Origins of Bronze Casting in China" 4741: 3886:

housed the dead, Early Bronze Age people buried their dead in individual

3883: 3823: 3530: 3290: 3243: 3105: 2907: 2628: 2589: 2585: 2525: 2271: 2233: 2040: 2020:

1209 BC, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the

1945: 1850: 1737: 1388: 1351: 1343: 1183: 1139: 1098: 1017: 591: 241: 102:

from a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the third millennium BC, from the

8377: 7841: 7824: 7699: 7616: 6977:"Gold treasure from Dabene. Ancient Civilization from 3th millennium BC" 6892: 6875: 6420: 5090: 5065: 4118:

was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history,

3682:, and in other parts of Europe. They lived in square villages of wooden 1791: 1391:, around 1400 BC. Arzawa has been associated with the much more obscure 9421: 9199: 9172: 9167: 8933: 8865: 7438: 7149: 6852: 5483: 5254: 4681: 4516: 4364: 4292: 4257: 4165:(c.3300–2600 BC) was a Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age culture of the 4031: 4007: 3868: 3831: 3819: 3212: 2978: 2928: 2899: 2882: 2596:

that form the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters.

2503: 2495:" period (11th to 3rd centuries BC, from the 5th century, also called " 2487:. "Early Bronze Age" in China is sometimes taken as equivalent to the " 2432: 2380: 2283: 2279: 2166: 2001: 1982: 1917: 1595: 1447: 1369: 1259:

Middle Bronze Age (MBA) or Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA): 2100–1550 BC

1163: 1086: 1078: 989:

is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age if it either produced bronze by

596: 249: 7995: 7592: 7381: 7353:

Kristiansen, Kristian; Allentoft, Morten E.; Willerslev, Eske (2017).

5294: 4923: 3059: 896:, the use of writing in some areas, and other features of early urban 9204: 9154: 8910: 8263: 8238: 7125: 6959:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria" 6519: 4866: 4760: 4372: 4299: 3839: 3827: 3745: 3687: 3667: 3637: 3607: 3591: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3332: 3294: 3224: 3101: 2387:

horizon) would rather support spreading of the bronze technology via

2384: 2287: 2170: 2029: 1913: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1672: 1227: 1187: 1179: 1135: 1131: 1063: 1021: 951: 913: 905: 606: 527: 7224:"Story of most murderous people of all time revealed in ancient DNA" 5475: 3515: 3450:

tributaries, the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the

2683: 9403: 9115: 9003: 8928: 8885: 8875: 8845: 8788: 8779: 8568: 8342: 7712: 6787: 6567: 5708: 5414:

A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation

4791: 4640: 4555: 4434: 4280: 4015: 3926: 3864: 3834:, host to the most complete Bronze Age wheel ever to be found. The 3756: 3737: 3733: 3614: 3603: 3599: 3519: 3495: 3478: 3462: 3335:) destroyed Cretan cities. A tsunami may have destroyed the Cretan 3305: 3189: 3185: 3138: 3130: 3097: 2886: 2838: 2711: 2570: 2375: 2363: 2315: 2307: 2213: 2198: 2194: 2150: 2074: 2036: 2021: 1971: 1967: 1949: 1866: 1843: 1568: 1335: 990: 975: 971: 909: 552: 460: 205: 7895:, Natural science in archaeology, Berlin; London : Springer, 5689: 5374:. Vol. 1: The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BC. 4217:(c.1900–1200 BC) continued the use of chariots in eastern Europe. 4071: 3156: 1532: 1364:, likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt from near the 8938: 8880: 8321: 7810:

Ambrosetti, El bronze de la región calchaquí, Buenos Aires, 1904.

6394: 6098:

Li-Liu; The Chinese Neolithic, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

6038: 5814: 5220:. Copenhagen: Det Kongelike Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 68. 4677: 4630: 4616: 4206: 4011: 3914: 3906: 3887: 3699: 3618: 3583: 3509: 3470: 3444: 3356: 3328: 3311:

The Aegean collapse has also been attributed to the fact that as

3300:

The Aegean collapse has been attributed to the exhaustion of the

3268: 3235: 3197: 3169: 3122: 2958: 2854: 2830: 2617: 2507: 2371: 2295: 2202: 2162: 2138: 2114: 1974: 1955: 1886: 1713:

developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to level IV at

1462:, immediately followed the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, 1331: 1231: 1171: 1056: 1006: 963: 601: 450: 94: 8339:

Commented web index, geographically structured (private website)

7276: 6910:

Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World

6731:

Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association

5759:(January 2009). "Scholars crack the code of an ancient enigma". 5417:. Vol. 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 57. 4193:

region to the north (c. 3000–2350 BC) spread eastwards with the

3092:

securely dated to c. 4650 BC as well as 14 other artefacts from

9321: 7593:"Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa" 5108:

The Philistines and Other 'Sea Peoples' in Text and Archaeology

4756: 4673: 4626: 4546: 3934: 3710: 3695: 3631: 3627: 3587: 3575: 3499: 3481:. The Central European Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age 3474: 3440: 3424: 3388: 3193: 3093: 2834: 2648: 2475:

In China, the earliest bronze artefacts have been found in the

2441: 2359: 2311: 2299: 2245: 2241: 2110: 1909: 1894: 1878: 1815: 1804: 1591: 1579: 1419: 1392: 1373: 1357: 1347: 1339: 1320: 1315:

Hittite bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC,

1114: 1094: 1082: 994: 893: 177: 107: 7352: 6596:"Bronze from Ban Chiang, Thailand: A view from the Laboratory" 5692:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 2997: 2778: 2394:

It is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the

1295: 1198: 923:

The Bronze Age is generally considered to have ended with the

8973: 8870: 8416: 7092:

Creevey, B. (1994). The forest resources of Bronze Age Cyprus

5863: 4157:, which has the same genetic characteristics as the Yamnayas. 4057:

1600 BC), and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes.

3899: 3872: 3860: 3855:

began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (

3843: 3772: 3679: 3660: 3427:

cultures. Some very rich burials, such as the one located at

3348: 3239: 3204:

bronze artefacts suggests that they may have originated from

3177: 2903: 2775:(Dates are approximate, consult linked articles for details) 2609: 2593: 2566: 2303: 2237: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2106: 1985:, which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the 1921: 1882: 1865:

conquered large areas of the Levant and were followed by the

1540: 1536: 1528: 1143: 998: 938:

and 1150 BC. This collapse affected a large area of the

8347: 6838: 2270:, dated to c. 2400–1600 BC, located in present-day northern 2125:

in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations. The

2043:

people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical

1638: 8343:

Bronze Age Experimental Archeology and Museum Reproductions

8336: 7923:

Archaeological inventory of County Cork, Volume 3: Mid Cork

7875:

Fenland survey : an essay in landscape and persistence

6287:

Shaughnessy, E.L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", p. 107

4752: 4715: 4315: 3895: 3336: 3312: 3134: 2870: 2635: 2592:—turtle shells, cattle scapulae, or other bones—which bear 2524:. Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding 2520:) period, which some historians argue places it within the 2319: 2102: 1668: 1656: 1630:, after the eleven pharaohs who took the name of Ramesses. 1059: 1047: 161: 2251: 1989:. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to the Hittites and later 1832:

Early/Proto Syrian; corresponding to the Early Bronze Age.

5192:

Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom

3578:

were an ancient people of uncertain origin (according to

3415:(2300–1600 BC) includes numerous smaller groups like the 3181: 3108:

tin were reintroduced to the area some 1500 years later.

2841:

in the shape of a wheel spoke is the earliest example of

1175: 1093:

The Bronze Age is characterized by the widespread use of

1002: 7478:

Philip L. Kohl. The making of Bronze Age Eurasia. p. 58.

7403: 5064:

Lev, Ron; Bechar, Shlomit; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2021).

4726:

people of northwestern Argentina had bronze technology.

4197:(c.2900–2050 BC), which subsequently developed into the 3846:

sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. The rich

2747:

The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern

1675:

lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in both the

6834: 6832: 6666:"Nyaunggan City – Archaeological Sites in Myanmar" 6629: 6545:

the subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people.

4859:

McClellan III, James E.; Dorn, Harold (14 April 2006).

2656:

that are the great bulk of the surviving body of early

2094: 1993:

attacks, eventually being reduced to a province of the

900:. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the 8412:

Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon

6213:

Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process

4924:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, 1667:. From the mid-2nd millennium BC, Elam was centred in 1539:

around 2600 BC. A furnace for bronze casting found in

8203: 6724: 6722: 5386:

Kulli: An exploration of ancient civilization in Asia

4010:

and is characterised by the production of flat axes,

1555:

lasted from 2055 to 1650 BC. During this period, the

8204:

Roberts, B.W.; Thornton, C.P.; Pigott, V.C. (2009).

6829: 6321: 5581: 5410: 5317:

Gods, goddesses, and images of God in ancient Israel

1893:

is usually applied to the region extending north of

1838:

Middle Syrian; corresponding to the Late Bronze Age.

1705:(Oxus). In the Early Bronze Age, the culture of the 1032:, developed the earliest practical writing systems. 1016:. According to archaeological evidence, cultures in 8158: 6461:"Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT)" 6043:

Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture

5582:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). 5272: 4086:The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the entire 3779:rivers, dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC. 3755:developed starting from the late Bronze Age in the 3051:

Prehistory of Southeastern Europe § Bronze Age

2180:Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia all used the written 1835:

Old Syrian; corresponding to the Middle Bronze Age.

1360:in Western Anatolia, during the second half of the 912:. Worldwide, the Bronze Age generally followed the 8348:Umha Aois – Reconstructed Bronze Age metal casting 8046: 8013: 7281:. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd. p. 396. 6719: 6326:. Korea Institute, Harvard University. p. 9. 6247:Ancient Chinese Bronzes: Terminology and Iconology 5666:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 5530:Finkelstein, Israel; Naʼaman, Nadav, eds. (1994). 5529: 5388:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. 2506:in China originated in what is referred to as the 1842:The term Neo-Syria is used to designate the early 1642:Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht, 1380:, at times a rival and, at other times, a vassal. 8067: 7908:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 7018:Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 6491:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society 6101:Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China 6003:China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization 5907: 5063: 4858: 2149:1800–1600 BC), became a regional power under the 1478:. With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from 1216: 9519: 7346: 5341: 4803:Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East) 3372:1600 BC. The later Mycenaean assaults on Crete ( 1916:bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh 7254:Bronze Age Copper Mining in Britain and Ireland 7251: 7062:. New York: Thames and Hudson Inc. p. 63. 5936: 2825:began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the 2744:Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. 2620:, played an intermediary role in this process. 2236:between Central Asia and China that introduced 1812:History of the ancient Levant § Bronze Age 56:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 8170: 7671: 7669: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 6668:. Myanmartravelinformation.com. Archived from 3678:(in northern Italy) before the arrival of the 3219:sailors) until 1730 when the invention of the 1466:3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the 1330:was established during the 18th century BC in 9131: 8804: 8432: 7783: 7518:. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1596–1601. 7397: 7314:. Stroud: The History Press. pp. 61–69. 5779: 5690:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (2019). 5609:"Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age" 5268: 5266: 5264: 5232: 5228: 5226: 4722:or separate discovery of the technology. The 4576: 3913:, with the most important finds recovered in 3905:The greatest quantities of bronze objects in 3890:(commonly known and marked on modern British 1346:. After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the 1222:500–600 years, based on material analysis of 869: 478: 8353:Umha Aois – ancient bronze casting videoclip 8337:Links to the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond 8177:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 8080:Bronze Age metalworking in the Netherlands ( 8072:. Leiden, Netherlands; New York: E.J. Brill. 8020:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 7816: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7178: 7123: 7112:Societies, Networks, and Transitions: To 600 6773: 5159:Princeton University Press. pp. 48–61. 4958: 4917: 4915: 4767:overland, linking the Indus Valley with the 3838:displayed different behaviours from earlier 3663:and other countries of Mediterranean basin. 2306:), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and 2093:housed several tens of thousands of people. 1889:. From the 15th century BC onward, the term 7822: 7666: 7540: 6244: 6121: 5942:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations 5554: 5507:The archaeology of the Israelite settlement 5504: 5461: 5037:Piotr Bienkowski, Alan Ralph Millard, eds. 4893:Bronze was independently discovered in the 3859:1400–1100 BC) to exploit these conditions. 3293:of the Minoan empire—the area north of the 2343: 2322:, in modern-day southeastern Turkmenistan. 1966:ruling class that governed a predominantly 1849:The old Syrian period was dominated by the 9138: 9124: 9100: 9090: 8811: 8797: 8439: 8425: 7965: 7893:Troia and the Troad: scientific approaches 7881:, London : English Heritage, 170 p., 7823:Kristiansen, Kristian (26 November 2015). 7303: 7217: 7215: 6991:Encyclopedia of European peoples: Volume 1 6563:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 6005:, University of Pennsylvania Press (2013). 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5261: 5223: 4852: 4583: 4569: 1546: 1105:dated to the mid-5th millennium BC from a 876: 862: 485: 471: 8262: 8243:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 8141: 8131: 8011: 7994: 7910:. Abingdon (GB): Brazen Head Publishing, 7840: 7738: 7675: 7500: 7455: 7437: 7380: 7370: 7312:Cadbury Castle: A hillfort and landscapes 7277:Timberlake, S. and Prag A.J.N.W. (2005). 7179:Rackham, Oliver; Moody, Jennifer (1996). 6891: 6841:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6742: 6436: 5840: 5725: 5707: 5509:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 5104: 5089: 4943: 4912: 4836: 3744:. It takes its name from the township of 3439:, characterized by inhumation burials in 3331:from Thera (more commonly known today as 2205:, as well as by its Assyrian neighbours. 1924:and a statuette of the Egyptian pharaohs 1409: 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 9430: 9335: 9250: 8076: 8041: 7861:The hoards of the Irish later Bronze Age 7487: 7365:(356). Antiquity Publications: 334–347. 6556: 6074:"Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two" 5910:Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases 5607:Spengler, Robert N. (1 September 2015). 5606: 5372:History of civilizations of Central Asia 5355:. London: British Museum. Archived from 5186: 5184: 4141: 4070: 3950: 3797: 3674:civilization in the area of what is now 3636: 3548: 3387: 3267: 3155: 3069: 3058: 2961:and Southern China. These relate to the 2797: 2719: 2689: 2677: 2456: 2440: 2212: 2012:who inhabited part of Canaan during the 1790: 1746: 1637: 1605: 1429: 1422:with a female human figure at the base, 1413: 1310: 1307:Prehistory of Anatolia § Bronze Age 1072: 93: 9037:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 8236: 7637: 7212: 5742: 5662: 5203:Lukas de Blois and R. J. van der Spek. 5146: 4862:Science and Technology in World History 4702:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 4173:. It was followed on the steppe by the 2829:. Inhabitants of the Indus Valley, the 2580:(also known as the Yin dynasty) of the 2553:has caused some archaeologists such as 2534: 2516: 2379:testings of sites in south Siberia and 2264:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2258:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2252:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2073:began about 3500 BC and ended with the 1824:List of archaeological periods (Levant) 1723:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 1488:the high points of civilization in the 14: 9520: 8206:"Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia" 7956: 7937:The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland 7863:, Dublin: University College, 331 p., 7829:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 7590: 7513: 7221: 6906: 6873: 6808: 6690: 6484: 5098: 4736:Tin sources and trade in ancient times 4205:(c. 2200–1750 BC). The earliest known 4185:(c.2800–2200 BC). The closely-related 3940: 3477:(1300–500 BC) that continues into the 2173:Empire during what is also called the 2039:were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic 1701:2300–1700 BC and centred on the upper 1066:before trading in bronze began in the 1042:Tin sources and trade in ancient times 1012:Bronze Age cultures were the first to 9119: 8792: 8420: 7788:. Incas.homestead.com. Archived from 7309: 6728: 6625: 6623: 6518: 6354:. Columbia University. Archived from 5773: 5669:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 215–232. 5315:Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger. 5181: 5152: 5052:The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC 4684:that suggests small scale production 4600: 3998:Prehistoric Ireland § Bronze Age 3223:enabled the precise determination of 3121:was unearthed from 2004 to 2007 near 2949:, the first bronze drums, called the 2751:gradually adopted bronze production ( 2694:2nd-century BC Yayoi bronze spearhead 1779:is associated with the hypothesized " 1626:(1292–1069 BC), is also known as the 1242:Early Bronze Age (EBA): 3300–2100 BC 1170:, economic and civil administration, 9145: 8818: 8332:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. 7873:Hall, David and Coles, John (1994). 7555: 7057: 6209: 5755: 5205:An Introduction to the Ancient World 1276:Late Bronze Age (LBA): 1550–1200 BC 36: 7939:, Galway University Press, 433 p., 7328: 7124:Antonopoulos, John (1 March 1992). 6874:Molloy, Barry; et al. (2023). 6158: 5039:Dictionary of the ancient Near East 4698:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America 3034: 2953:, were uncovered in and around the 2310:was the Greek name for the Persian 2298:was the Greek name for the area of 27:Historical period (c. 3300–1200 BC) 24: 8851:List of Paleolithic sites in China 8399:National Museum of Natural History 8113: 7961:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 7950: 7182:The Making of the Cretan Landscape 6907:Grande, Lance (15 November 2009). 6815:. University of California Press. 6620: 6601:. Museum.upenn.edu. Archived from 5369: 4060: 3725:) that characterized the culture. 3688:crossed each other at right angles 3544: 3253: 2226: 1633: 1505:First Intermediate Period of Egypt 1089:—the darkest areas are the oldest. 25: 9544: 9072:List of Bronze Age sites in China 8280: 8164:The history of social development 8162:; Lake, E.C.; Lake, H.A. (1921). 7975:Journal of Archaeological Science 7719:Journal of Archaeological Science 6956: 6937: 4137: 3894:maps as tumuli), or sometimes in 3383: 3316:which they could easily recover. 2860: 2755:700–600? BC) after a period when 2724:Bronze artefacts from Daegok-ri, 2479:site (between 3100 and 2700 BC). 1920:, dating back to 1971–1926 BC. A 1646:, with linear-Elamite inscription 1317:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 848:Outline of prehistoric technology 760:History of electrical engineering 104:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations 9099: 9089: 7804: 7777: 7755:"El bronce y el horizonte medio" 7747: 7706: 7631: 7584: 7490:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7481: 7472: 6693:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6249:. Siebenbad-Verlag. p. 20. 5821:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 3787: 1376:was the western neighbor of the 41: 8070:Iron and Steel in Ancient China 7337: 7270: 7245: 7236: 7222:Barras, Colin (27 March 2019). 7199: 7185:. Manchester University Press. 7172: 7117: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7076: 7051: 7021: 7005: 6996: 6989:Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. 6983: 6969: 6950: 6931: 6913:. University of Chicago Press. 6900: 6880:European Journal of Archaeology 6867: 6802: 6767: 6684: 6658: 6588: 6550: 6512: 6478: 6453: 6388: 6370: 6340: 6315: 6290: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6245:von Erdberg, Elizabeth (1993). 6238: 6229: 6220: 6203: 6194: 6152: 6115: 6092: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6032: 6008: 5995: 5962: 5930: 5901: 5857: 5808: 5683: 5656: 5647: 5600: 5575: 5548: 5523: 5498: 5455: 5443: 5404: 5391: 5378: 5363: 5335: 5330:Ancient Egypt: A Social History 5322: 5309: 5247:10.1146/annurev.anthro.22.1.317 5210: 5197: 5057: 4865:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: 4169:, and is associated with early 4034:were built during this period. 3180:network. This network imported 2787: 2221: 2133:enjoyed a renaissance with the 2091:cities of the Ancient Near East 2028:raised by the Egyptian pharaoh 2006:ancient Semitic-speaking people 1378:Middle and New Hittite Kingdoms 813:Timeline of historic inventions 9502:List of archaeological periods 8599:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 8446: 8053:. New York: Ballantine Books. 7679:Journal of African Archaeology 7524:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8776 5399:Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C. 5275:The Journal of African History 5190:Karin Sowada and Peter Grave. 5044: 5031: 5022: 4987: 4952: 4887: 4667: 4419: 3782: 2467:bronze vessel with interlaced 2058: 1908:The earliest-known contact of 1460:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt 1446:, the Bronze Age began in the 1217:Near East Bronze Age divisions 13: 1: 9412:History of ferrous metallurgy 8237:Siklosy; et al. (2009). 8081: 7853: 6809:Taylor, Keith Weller (1991). 6324:Korea, Old and New: A History 5411:Mogens Herman Hansen (2000). 5235:Annual Review of Anthropology 4925: 4685: 4643: 4633: 4619: 4178: 4119: 4111: 4079: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4023: 3981: 3970: 3960: 3856: 3646: 3557: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3344: 3324: 3273: 3079: 2812: 2770: 2760: 2757:Liaoning-style bronze daggers 2752: 2623:Iron has been found from the 2146: 2113:in the Middle Bronze Age and 2082: 2078: 2017: 1959: 1937: 1873:2000–1600 BC, which arose in 1870: 1763: 1741: 1718: 1698: 1463: 1451: 932: 790:History of nuclear technology 139: 8649:South-Western Iberian Bronze 8391:Human Timeline (Interactive) 8378:Aegean and Balkan Prehistory 8311:Resources in other libraries 8166:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7740:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90036-2 6133:(185): 30–32. Archived from 5663:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). 5505:Finkelstein, Israel (1988). 4053:2000–1600 BC), Derryniggin ( 2413: 2161:in the 23rd century BC. The 2014:tribal and monarchic periods 1962:1500–1300 BC. Founded by an 1795:Chalcolithic copper mine in 1582:, whose reign comprised the 1543:dated back to 2300–1900 BC. 1120: 1035: 775:History of materials science 755:History of computer hardware 712:Arab Agricultural Revolution 627:Fourth Industrial Revolution 587:Second Industrial Revolution 100:Alaca Höyük bronze standards 7: 8924:Early Neolithic settlements 8087:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. 7925:. Stationery Office, 1992. 7906:Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). 7640:Journal of World Prehistory 7591:Alpern, Stanley B. (2005). 7558:Journal of World Prehistory 6632:Journal of World Prehistory 5782:Journal of World Prehistory 5613:Journal of World Prehistory 4823:Tollense valley battlefield 4818:Timeline of human evolution 4774: 4691: 4607:Copper metallurgy in Africa 4220: 3574:and Bronze Age proper. The 3458:and Gyulavarsand cultures. 3113:Varna Archaeological Museum 3090:Pločnik archaeological site 3083: 13th-12th century BC 2876: 2318:, the capital of which was 2217:Map of the world in 2000 BC 1424:Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt 1300: 612:Third Industrial Revolution 577:First Industrial Revolution 32:Bronze Age (disambiguation) 10: 9549: 8699:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 8068:Wagner, Donald B. (1993). 7256:. Shire Publications Ltd. 7242:Hall and Coles, pp. 81–88. 7114:. Wadsworth Pub Co. p. 96. 7110:Lockard, Craig A. (2009). 6496:Cambridge University Press 6348:"1000 BC to 300 AD: Korea" 5908:Martini, I. Peter (2010). 5464:The Biblical Archaeologist 5105:Killebrew, Ann E. (2013). 4848:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 4733: 4695: 4604: 4064: 3995: 3991: 3944: 3826:. Another example site is 3791: 3641:Bronze votive boat model, 3443:(barrows). In the eastern 3257: 3149: 3048: 3038: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2938: 2934: 2791: 2709: 2671: 2422: 2347: 2255: 2062: 1809: 1736:, was located in southern 1649: 1576:Second Intermediate Period 1402: 1304: 1174:, and practised organized 1124: 1039: 29: 9497: 9402: 9312: 9153: 9085: 9022: 8994: 8909: 8826: 8776: 8707: 8584:Indus Valley Civilisation 8494:Armorican Tumulus culture 8464: 8454: 8306:Resources in your library 8222:10.1017/S0003598X00099312 8077:Kuijpers, M.H.G. (2008). 7987:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.023 7966:Figueiredo, Elin (2010). 7813:, accessed 28 March 2015. 7652:10.1007/s10963-009-9025-3 7570:10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6 7060:Greek Art and Archaeology 7058:Neer, Richard T. (2012). 6753:10.1525/ap3a.1995.6.1.101 6705:10.1017/s0959774311000424 6644:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6 6180:10.1515/char.2003.3.1.157 6076:. Nga.gov. Archived from 5879:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0 5794:10.1007/s10963-009-9029-z 5625:10.1007/s10963-015-9087-3 5569:10.1179/lev.1996.28.1.177 5287:10.1017/s0021853700025949 5008:10.1017/s0003598x00115492 4973:10.1017/s0003598x00115480 4945:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X 4595: 4201:(c.2200–1850 BC) and the 3598:—in what is now northern 3145: 2983: 2827:Indus Valley Civilization 2794:Indus Valley Civilisation 2471:design (c. 770 to 481 BC) 1786: 1734:Indus Valley civilisation 1732:, similar to that of the 1616:Third Intermediate Period 1456:Early Bronze Age of Egypt 920:serving as a transition. 823:Complete list by category 409:Indus Valley Civilisation 9077:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 8114:Li; et al. (2010). 7877:, Archaeological report 6108:10 February 2015 at the 6025:23 November 2022 at the 5988:23 November 2022 at the 5981:No. 2121, 20 June 1868, 5384:Possehl, G. L. (1986)., 5352:The treasure of the Oxus 4829: 4729: 3200:analysis of tin in some 3041:Old Europe (archaeology) 2705: 2667: 2584:rose to power after the 2462:Spring and Autumn period 2437:Lower Xiajiadian culture 2418: 2389:Indo-European migrations 2368:Seima-Turbino Phenomenon 2358:in what is now southern 2350:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 2344:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 2165:dynasty established the 1820:Prehistory of the Levant 1522: 1398: 1158:(usually in the form of 925:Late Bronze Age collapse 818:Technological revolution 765:History of manufacturing 750:History of communication 745:History of biotechnology 362:Proto-Villanovan culture 181:Late Bronze Age collapse 9235:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 9230:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 8985:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 8979:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 8861:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 8544:Deverel–Rimbury culture 8329:Encyclopædia Britannica 8171:Pittman, Holly (1984). 8012:Fong, Wen, ed. (1980). 7692:10.3213/1612-1651-10156 7310:Tabor, Richard (2008). 6530:Oxford University Press 6298:"Kyoto National Museum" 5718:10.1126/science.aat7487 4049:2000 BC), Ballyvalley ( 3853:Deverel-Rimbury culture 3761:Giovanni Battista Giani 3411:, the early Bronze Age 3347:1450 BC) the cities of 2540:National Gallery of Art 2286:, centred on the upper 2208: 2071:Mesopotamian Bronze Age 2055:by the 8th century BC. 1936:, messages from Ugarit 1771:National Museum of Iran 1553:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 1547:Middle Bronze dynasties 1156:centralized governments 927:, a time of widespread 571:Proto-industrialization 9163:Prehistoric technology 9095:Archaeological periods 8133:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15 7935:Waddell, John (1998). 7859:Eogan, George (1983). 7430:10.1126/sciadv.abi7038 7287:10.30861/9781841717159 6159:Bai, Yunxiang (2003), 6016:The Rectangular Review 5833:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698 5586:. Simon and Schuster. 5349:; Read, C. H. (1905). 5216:Hansen, M.;H. (2000). 5153:Drews, Robert (1993). 4512:Post-classical history 4378:Cradle of civilization 4181:2800–2200 BC) and the 4158: 4083: 3966: 3807: 3652: 3563: 3404: 3353:Mycenaean civilization 3277: 3173: 3166:Mycenaean civilization 3164:' produced during the 3085: 3074:Bronze chariot wheel, 3067: 2821:The Bronze Age on the 2818: 2729: 2695: 2687: 2555:Johan Gunnar Andersson 2472: 2454: 2218: 2065:History of Mesopotamia 1995:Middle Assyrian Empire 1859:Mariote second kingdom 1807: 1773: 1647: 1492:(the others being the 1439: 1427: 1410:Early Bronze dynasties 1323: 1162:), written law codes, 1090: 780:History of measurement 740:History of agriculture 707:Medieval Islamic world 617:Digital transformation 417:Ochre Coloured Pottery 110: 9225:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 8891:South Asian Stone Age 7957:Childe, V.G. (1930). 7609:10.1353/hia.2005.0003 6401:Nature Communications 6302:Kyoto National Museum 6112:Retrieved 13 May 2010 5534:. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. 5173:on 23 November 2022. 4782:Dover Bronze Age Boat 4613:African civilizations 4167:Pontic-Caspian steppe 4146:Bronze Age spread of 4145: 4076:Trundholm sun chariot 4074: 3955:'Sword of Jutphaas', 3954: 3801: 3640: 3552: 3391: 3271: 3250:, leading to famine. 3159: 3073: 3062: 3055:Bronze Age in Romania 3049:Further information: 2939:Further information: 2801: 2723: 2693: 2682:2nd century BC Yayoi 2681: 2559:Seima-Turbino culture 2460: 2444: 2216: 2175:Old Babylonian Period 1851:Eblaite first kingdom 1810:Further information: 1794: 1750: 1650:Further information: 1641: 1606:Late Bronze dynasties 1454:3150 BC. The archaic 1433: 1417: 1314: 1305:Further information: 1285:1300–1200: LBA II B ( 1168:social stratification 1160:hereditary monarchies 1076: 1040:Further information: 940:Eastern Mediterranean 843:Outline of technology 734:By type of technology 661:By historical regions 649:Emerging technologies 509:By technological eras 501:History of technology 97: 9507:List of time periods 9242:Neolithic Revolution 8969:Neolithic South Asia 8964:Neolithic Revolution 8841:Japanese Paleolithic 8614:Mumun pottery period 7372:10.15184/aqy.2017.17 7252:O'Brien, W. (1997). 7205:Piccolo, Salvatore, 6963:Smithsonian Magazine 6944:Smithsonian Magazine 6812:The Birth of Vietnam 6776:Current Anthropology 6672:on 27 September 2007 6498:. pp. 115–125. 6131:Sino-Platonic Papers 6122:Jan Romgard (2008). 5977:(1868), cited after 5762:BBC History Magazine 5397:Piggott, S. (1961). 5359:on 23 November 2022. 4901:as early as the mid- 4350:Behavioral modernity 4041:2200 BC), Ballybeg ( 3657:Houses of the Giants 3623:Nuragic civilization 3556:figurine, Sardinia, 3536:German prehistorian 3461:The late Bronze Age 3066:from 1600 to 1100 BC 2957:regions of Northern 2741:Mumun pottery period 2716:Mumun pottery period 2538:) dynasty. The U.S. 1612:New Kingdom of Egypt 1557:Osiris funerary cult 1448:Protodynastic Period 1366:Turkish Lakes Region 1362:second millennium BC 1053:second millennium BC 987:ancient civilization 807:Technology timelines 795:History of transport 538:Neolithic Revolution 264:Eurasia and Siberia 30:For other uses, see 9327:Bronze Age collapse 9047:Bronze Age Caucasus 9042:Bronze Age Anatolia 8609:Minoan civilization 8539:Deer stones culture 8499:Atlantic Bronze Age 8479:Aegean civilization 8255:2009RCMS...23..801S 8191:on 26 December 2013 7842:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 7784:Antonio Gutierrez. 7731:1988JArSc..15..367K 7422:2021SciA....7.7038V 7334:Power (1992), p. 23 7142:1992NatHa...5..153A 6927:on 1 November 2022. 6893:10.1017/eaa.2023.39 6421:10.1038/ncomms13356 6413:2016NatCo...713356T 6210:Peng, Peng (2020). 6168:Chinese Archaeology 6080:on 13 February 2008 6018:, Volume 1 (1871), 5946:Infobase Publishing 5401:Baltimore: Penguin. 5125:on 3 September 2015 5091:10.1017/RDC.2021.76 5082:2021Radcb..63.1453L 4429:Bronze Age collapse 4187:Corded Ware culture 4116:Northern Bronze Age 4045:2000 BC), Killaha ( 4002:Atlantic Bronze Age 3978:Atlantic Bronze Age 3947:Atlantic Bronze Age 3941:Atlantic Bronze Age 3911:East Cambridgeshire 3909:were discovered in 3707:Castellieri culture 3376:1450 BC) and Troy ( 3260:Bronze Age collapse 3232:Minoan civilization 3152:Aegean civilization 3064:Valchitran Treasure 2945:Dating back to the 2823:Indian subcontinent 2582:Yellow River Valley 2551:mummies in Xinjiang 2449:two-handled bronze 2143:Old Assyrian Empire 2135:Neo-Sumerian Empire 2053:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1940:1350 BC written by 1686:that succeeded it. 1511:in Lower Egypt and 1287:Bronze Age collapse 1282:1400–1300: LBA II A 1271:1650–1550: MBA II C 1268:1750–1650: MBA II B 1265:2000–1750: MBA II A 785:History of medicine 677:Indian subcontinent 401:Indian subcontinent 382:Atlantic Bronze Age 338:Bell Beaker culture 287:Mezhovskaya culture 9188:Middle Paleolithic 8934:Trialetian culture 8758:Leyla-Tepe culture 8715:and Transcaucasia) 8529:Chinese Bronze Age 8509:Bronze Age Britain 8323:"Bronze Age" 8101:on 5 February 2013 8043:Kelleher, Bradford 7903:, pp. 143–172 7792:on 31 January 2009 7150:10.1007/BF00127003 6853:10.1002/ajpa.20048 6382:KoreanHistory.info 6378:"Bronze Age Korea" 6358:on 12 October 2011 6352:Asia for Educators 6140:on 6 February 2012 6103:Heilbrunn Timeline 5328:Bruce G. Trigger. 5002:(342): 1315–1319. 4967:(342): 1310–1315. 4938:(338): 1030–1045. 4797:Langdon Bay (Kent) 4601:Sub-Saharan Africa 4332:Middle Paleolithic 4159: 4155:Afanasievo culture 4151:steppe pastoralist 4124:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4084: 3967: 3808: 3794:Bronze Age Britain 3653: 3564: 3454:, followed by the 3405: 3278: 3174: 3086: 3068: 2920:Guangdong province 2819: 2730: 2696: 2688: 2599:The production of 2485:Chinese prehistory 2473: 2455: 2219: 1808: 1774: 1684:Achaemenid dynasty 1648: 1527:The Bronze Age in 1440: 1428: 1324: 1251:2700–2200: EBA III 1226:in cities such as 1091: 722:Renaissance Europe 386:Bronze Age Britain 291:Cherkaskul culture 111: 60:You can assist by 9515: 9514: 9493: 9492: 9398: 9397: 9308: 9307: 9193:Upper Paleolithic 9183:Lower Paleolithic 9113: 9112: 9067:Bronze Age Levant 9032:Andronovo culture 8939:Nemrikian culture 8786: 8785: 8669:Terramare culture 8624:Nordic Bronze Age 8574:Hallstatt culture 8519:Canegrate culture 8514:Bronze Age Europe 8484:Andronovo culture 8365:on 4 October 2010 8287:Library resources 8184:978-0-87099-365-7 8160:Müller-Lyer, F.C. 8060:978-0-87099-230-8 8027:978-0-87099-226-1 7931:978-0-7076-4933-7 7786:"Inca Metallurgy" 7597:History in Africa 7533:978-1-4020-4425-0 7321:978-0-7524-4715-5 7263:978-0-7478-0321-8 7192:978-0-7190-3647-7 7069:978-0-500-28877-1 6920:978-0-226-30511-0 6577:978-1-57607-907-2 6539:978-0-19-882905-8 6505:978-0-521-57219-4 6001:Robert L. Thorp, 5975:Prehistoric Times 5955:978-0-8160-4640-9 5923:978-90-481-9412-4 5827:(1542): 941–947. 5676:978-0-7591-0172-2 5118:978-1-58983-721-8 4903:4th millennium BC 4880:978-0-8018-8360-6 4593: 4592: 4345:Upper Paleolithic 4307:Lower Paleolithic 4228:artefacts of the 4211:Andronovo culture 4203:Sintashta culture 4195:Fatyanovo culture 4104:Terramare culture 4088:2nd millennium BC 4067:Nordic Bronze Age 3871:mine in northern 3753:Golasecca culture 3730:Canegrate culture 3483:Hallstatt culture 3397:Aunjetitz culture 3238:on the island of 3172:, Greece, 1550 BC 3162:Mask of Agamemnon 3029: 2990:Bronze Age Europe 2867:Vilabouly Complex 2654:cast inscriptions 2248:to Central Asia. 2185:Akkadian language 2141:, along with the 2010:Ancient Near East 1752:Master of Animals 1697:culture dated to 1693:was a Bronze Age 1691:Oxus civilization 1490:lower Nile Valley 1254:2200–2100: EBA IV 1248:3000–2700: EBA II 1127:Ancient Near East 1068:3rd millennium BC 950:, as well as the 929:societal collapse 916:period, with the 886: 885: 692:Hellenistic world 687:Maya civilization 495: 494: 404:(c. 3300–1200 BC) 390:Nordic Bronze Age 374:Golasecca culture 370:Canegrate culture 366:Hallstatt culture 346:Terramare culture 283:Andronovo culture 279:Sintashta culture 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 9540: 9428: 9427: 9333: 9332: 9248: 9247: 9210:Middle Stone Age 9147:Three-age system 9140: 9133: 9126: 9117: 9116: 9103: 9102: 9093: 9092: 9062:Bronze Age Korea 9057:Bronze Age India 9052:Bronze Age China 8929:Khiamian culture 8919:Fertile Crescent 8856:Natufian culture 8836:Dmanisi hominins 8820:Prehistoric Asia 8813: 8806: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8716: 8689:Urnfield culture 8654:Srubnaya culture 8619:Mycenaean Greece 8604:Lusatian culture 8554:Ewart Park Phase 8534:Cycladic culture 8524:Catacomb culture 8489:Apennine culture 8474:Abashevo culture 8441: 8434: 8427: 8418: 8417: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8359:"Галичский клад" 8333: 8325: 8276: 8266: 8264:10.1002/rcm.3943 8233: 8216:(322): 112–122. 8200: 8198: 8196: 8187:. Archived from 8167: 8155: 8145: 8135: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8097:. Archived from 8083: 8073: 8064: 8052: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8019: 8008: 7998: 7981:(7): 1623–1634. 7972: 7962: 7916:978-09565106-2-4 7847: 7846: 7844: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7765:on 17 April 2009 7761:. Archived from 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7553: 7538: 7537: 7511: 7498: 7497: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7459: 7441: 7410:Science Advances 7401: 7395: 7394: 7384: 7374: 7350: 7344: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7219: 7210: 7209:, pp. 1 onwards. 7203: 7197: 7196: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7039:on 31 March 2022 7035:. Archived from 7025: 7019: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6923:. Archived from 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6746: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6608:on 27 April 2011 6607: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6465:ccrtindia.gov.in 6457: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6216:. Cambria Press. 6207: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6165: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6128: 6119: 6113: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6046: 6036: 6030: 6012: 6006: 5999: 5993: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5844: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5753: 5740: 5739: 5729: 5711: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5427:. Archived from 5408: 5402: 5395: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5339: 5333: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5270: 5259: 5258: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5169:. Archived from 5150: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5130: 5121:. Archived from 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5019: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4927: 4919: 4910: 4907:arsenical bronze 4891: 4885: 4884: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4813:Shropshire bulla 4710:civilization of 4687: 4648: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4624: 4621: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4499:Earliest records 4484:Recorded history 4285: 4284: 4278: 4267: 4260: 4239: 4238: 4226:Arsenical bronze 4215:Srubnaya culture 4199:Abashevo culture 4183:Poltavka culture 4180: 4175:Catacomb culture 4132:Hjortspring boat 4121: 4113: 4110:) lasting until 4108:Lusatian culture 4096:Urnfield culture 4081: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4025: 3986: 3983: 3975: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3858: 3769: 3651: 3648: 3568:Apennine culture 3562: 3559: 3467:Lusatian culture 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3346: 3326: 3275: 3127:Plovdiv Province 3084: 3081: 3035:Southeast Europe 3027: 2963:Dong Son culture 2941:Dong Son culture 2849:large cities of 2843:lost-wax casting 2837:manufactured in 2817: 2814: 2762: 2754: 2749:Korean Peninsula 2640:"ritual bronzes" 2631:, or to 221 BC. 2629:Later Han period 2536: 2518: 2477:Majiayao culture 2335:lost wax casting 2292:Viktor Sarianidi 2148: 2084: 2080: 2019: 1961: 1939: 1872: 1867:Amorite kingdoms 1769:, Bronze Age I, 1768: 1765: 1743: 1720: 1700: 1628:Ramesside period 1517:Eleventh Dynasty 1472:Second Dynasties 1465: 1453: 1279:1550–1400: LBA I 1262:2100–2000: MBA I 1245:3300–3000: EBA I 1142:civilization of 954:, in particular 948:Southeast Europe 937: 934: 902:three-age system 878: 871: 864: 770:Maritime history 702:Byzantine Empire 497: 496: 487: 480: 473: 435:Arsenical bronze 413:Bronze Age India 405: 358:Urnfield culture 342:Apennine culture 334:Srubnaya culture 330:Catacomb culture 306: 305:(c. 3200–900 BC) 275:Abashevo culture 271:Poltavka culture 267: 266:(c. 2700–700 BC) 194: 193:(c. 3100–300 BC) 146: 144: 141: 113: 112: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 45: 44: 37: 21: 18:Early Bronze Age 9548: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9533:Historical eras 9518: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9489: 9426: 9394: 9331: 9304: 9246: 9215:Later Stone Age 9149: 9144: 9114: 9109: 9081: 9018: 8990: 8959:Neolithic Korea 8954:Neolithic Tibet 8949:Neolithic China 8944:Zarzian culture 8905: 8822: 8817: 8787: 8782: 8772: 8768:Khojaly–Gadabay 8738:Shulaveri-Shomu 8714: 8713:(North Caucasus 8712: 8711: 8703: 8684:Únětice culture 8679:Tumulus culture 8594:Karasuk culture 8579:Helladic period 8569:Argaric culture 8564:Glazkov culture 8460: 8450: 8445: 8368: 8366: 8357: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8194: 8192: 8185: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8061: 8032: 8030: 8028: 7970: 7953: 7951:Further reading 7856: 7851: 7850: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7766: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7725:(4): 367–3944. 7711: 7707: 7674: 7667: 7636: 7632: 7589: 7585: 7554: 7541: 7534: 7512: 7501: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7402: 7398: 7351: 7347: 7343:Waddell; Eogan. 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7220: 7213: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7130:Natural Hazards 7122: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993:. 2006. p. 524. 6988: 6984: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6955: 6951: 6938:Curry, Andrew. 6936: 6932: 6921: 6905: 6901: 6872: 6868: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6772: 6768: 6744:10.1.1.522.1061 6727: 6720: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6628: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6578: 6570:. p. 387. 6555: 6551: 6540: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6486:Wright, Rita P. 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6393: 6389: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6110:Wayback Machine 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6037: 6033: 6027:Wayback Machine 6013: 6009: 6000: 5996: 5990:Wayback Machine 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948:. p. 200. 5938:Higham, Charles 5935: 5931: 5924: 5916:. p. 310. 5906: 5902: 5862: 5858: 5813: 5809: 5778: 5774: 5754: 5743: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5580: 5576: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5503: 5499: 5476:10.2307/3210562 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5431:on 20 June 2015 5425: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5392: 5383: 5379: 5368: 5364: 5340: 5336: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5310: 5271: 5262: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5182: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5128: 5126: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5062: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 4992: 4988: 4957: 4953: 4928:6500 years ago" 4920: 4913: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4857: 4853: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4777: 4738: 4732: 4720:Andean cultures 4704: 4694: 4688:800 to 400 BC. 4670: 4646: 4636: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4598: 4589: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4508: 4491:Ancient history 4486: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4424: 4369: 4360:Epipalaeolithic 4328: 4295: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4223: 4163:Yamnaya culture 4140: 4100:Tumulus culture 4092:Unetice culture 4069: 4063: 4061:Northern Europe 4004: 3996:Main articles: 3994: 3984: 3973: 3963: 3949: 3943: 3892:Ordnance Survey 3880:chambered cairn 3802:Bronze shield, 3796: 3790: 3785: 3763: 3694:river, between 3649: 3643:Nuragic culture 3594:) who lived in 3586:; according to 3580:Pliny the Elder 3560: 3547: 3545:Southern Europe 3489:Important sites 3437:tumulus culture 3433:Unetice culture 3413:Unetice culture 3386: 3351:burned and the 3266: 3264:Greek Dark Ages 3258:Main articles: 3256: 3254:Aegean collapse 3246:in contrast to 3154: 3148: 3119:Dabene Treasure 3082: 3057: 3047: 3039:Main articles: 3037: 3023: 3021: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2955:Red River Delta 2943: 2937: 2924:Yunnan province 2910:, excavated by 2879: 2863: 2815: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2773: 2765:Igeum-dong site 2718: 2710:Main articles: 2708: 2676: 2670: 2658:Chinese writing 2569:rather than at 2439: 2425:Erlitou culture 2423:Main articles: 2421: 2416: 2356:Altai Mountains 2352: 2346: 2331:Iranian Plateau 2260: 2254: 2229: 2227:Agropastoralism 2224: 2211: 2159:Sargon of Akkad 2127:Akkadian Empire 2067: 2061: 2026:Merneptah Stele 1826: 1789: 1766: 1661:Iranian Plateau 1654: 1652:Iranian Plateau 1636: 1634:Iranian plateau 1608: 1549: 1525: 1458:, known as the 1434:Sphinx-lion of 1412: 1407: 1401: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1224:southern Levant 1219: 1214: 1212: 1150:; invented the 1148:writing systems 1129: 1123: 1044: 1038: 1014:develop writing 980:Greek Dark Ages 935: 882: 853: 852: 838: 836:Article indices 828: 827: 808: 800: 799: 735: 727: 726: 717:Medieval Europe 662: 654: 653: 644:Post-industrial 632:Imagination Age 622:Information Age 582:Standardization 510: 491: 454: 453: 432: 424: 423: 406: 403: 393: 392: 378:Argaric culture 354:Tumulus culture 350:Únětice culture 307: 304: 294: 293: 268: 265: 257: 256: 195: 192: 184: 183: 147: 142: 137: 86: 75: 69: 66: 59: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9546: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9417:Iron meteorite 9414: 9408: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9318: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9280: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9254: 9252: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9222: 9220:Epipaleolithic 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9143: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9120: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9097: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8901:Xiaochangliang 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8753:Maykop culture 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8719: 8717: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8694:Wessex culture 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8629:Okunev culture 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8444: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8401:(August 2016). 8388: 8381: 8375: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281:External links 8279: 8278: 8277: 8249:(6): 801–808. 8234: 8201: 8183: 8168: 8156: 8111: 8094:978-9088900150 8093: 8074: 8065: 8059: 8039: 8026: 8009: 7963: 7959:The bronze age 7952: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7933: 7921:Power, Denis. 7919: 7904: 7889: 7871: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7815: 7803: 7776: 7746: 7705: 7665: 7646:(4): 399–414. 7630: 7583: 7564:(4): 415–438. 7539: 7532: 7499: 7480: 7471: 7396: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7320: 7302: 7296:978-1841717159 7295: 7269: 7262: 7244: 7235: 7211: 7198: 7191: 7171: 7136:(2): 153–168. 7116: 7103: 7094: 7085: 7075: 7068: 7050: 7020: 7004: 6995: 6982: 6968: 6957:Daley, Jason. 6949: 6930: 6919: 6899: 6886:(2): 149–169. 6866: 6847:(4): 359–376. 6828: 6822:978-0520074170 6821: 6801: 6788:10.1086/367973 6782:(2): 300–306. 6766: 6737:(1): 101–123. 6718: 6699:(3): 365–389. 6683: 6657: 6638:(4): 227–274. 6619: 6587: 6576: 6558:McIntosh, Jane 6549: 6538: 6532:. p. 29. 6511: 6504: 6477: 6452: 6387: 6369: 6339: 6333:978-0962771309 6332: 6314: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6256:978-3877470633 6255: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6202: 6193: 6174:(1): 157–165, 6151: 6114: 6091: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6031: 6007: 5994: 5961: 5954: 5929: 5922: 5900: 5873:(3): 395–410. 5867:Human Genetics 5856: 5807: 5788:(4): 357–397. 5772: 5741: 5709:10.1101/292581 5682: 5675: 5655: 5646: 5619:(3): 215–253. 5599: 5592: 5574: 5563:(1): 177–187. 5547: 5540: 5522: 5515: 5497: 5470:(4): 198–212. 5454: 5451:Shamshi-Adad I 5442: 5424:978-8778761774 5423: 5403: 5390: 5377: 5362: 5334: 5321: 5308: 5260: 5222: 5209: 5196: 5180: 5165: 5145: 5117: 5097: 5056: 5043: 5030: 5021: 4986: 4951: 4911: 4899:North Caucasus 4895:Maykop culture 4886: 4879: 4851: 4845:The Metal Ages 4834: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4731: 4728: 4693: 4690: 4669: 4666: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4556:Holocene epoch 4540: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4517:Modern history 4514: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4458:Southeast Asia 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4281:Pliocene epoch 4262: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4234:North Caucasus 4230:Maykop culture 4222: 4219: 4171:Indo-Europeans 4139: 4138:Eastern Europe 4136: 4065:Main article: 4062: 4059: 3993: 3990: 3964: 1500 BC 3945:Main article: 3942: 3939: 3848:Wessex culture 3836:Beaker culture 3806:, 1300–1000 BC 3792:Main article: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3676:Pianura Padana 3650: 1000 BC 3561: 1000 BC 3546: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3513: 3503: 3485:(700–450 BC). 3409:Central Europe 3403:, 1800–1600 BC 3393:Nebra sky disc 3385: 3384:Central Europe 3382: 3321:Thera eruption 3255: 3252: 3150:Main article: 3147: 3144: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3031: 2996: 2988:Main article: 2985: 2982: 2977:Main article: 2974: 2971: 2951:Dong Son drums 2936: 2933: 2912:Charles Higham 2891:Southeast Asia 2878: 2875: 2862: 2861:Southeast Asia 2859: 2845:in the world. 2816: 2500 BC 2792:Main article: 2789: 2786: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2707: 2704: 2672:Main article: 2669: 2666: 2453:(1600–1046 BC) 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2348:Main article: 2345: 2342: 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2210: 2207: 2155:Shamshi-Adad I 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 1934:Amarna letters 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1788: 1785: 1781:Jiroft culture 1767: 2500 BC 1760:Jiroft culture 1635: 1632: 1624:20th Dynasties 1607: 1604: 1588:16th dynasties 1565:13th Dynasties 1548: 1545: 1535:in modern-day 1524: 1521: 1494:Middle Kingdom 1426:(1540–1296 BC) 1411: 1408: 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1328:Hittite Empire 1302: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1218: 1215: 1197: 1152:potter's wheel 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1037: 1034: 904:, between the 884: 883: 881: 880: 873: 866: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 845: 839: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 820: 815: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 667:Ancient Africa 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 646: 640: 639: 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 566: 565: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 525: 519: 518: 516:Pre-industrial 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 493: 492: 490: 489: 482: 475: 467: 464: 463: 456: 455: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 407: 399: 398: 395: 394: 308: 300: 299: 296: 295: 269: 263: 262: 259: 258: 196: 190: 189: 186: 185: 148: 132: 131: 128: 127: 120: 119: 88: 87: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9545: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9127: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9106: 9098: 9096: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9009:Halaf culture 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8987:(Mesopotamia) 8986: 8983: 8981:(Mesopotamia) 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8809: 8807: 8802: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8659:Tagar culture 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644:Samus culture 8642: 8640: 8639:Penard Period 8637: 8635: 8634:Ordos culture 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Ezero culture 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8435: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8274: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8029: 8023: 8018: 8017: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7954: 7946: 7945:1-901421-10-4 7942: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7901:3-540-43711-8 7898: 7894: 7890: 7888: 7887:1-85074-477-7 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7869:0-901120-77-4 7866: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7670: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7239: 7231: 7230: 7229:New Scientist 7225: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7079: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7013: 7008: 6999: 6992: 6986: 6978: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6903: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6624: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6215: 6214: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6045:. pp. 11, 13 6044: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6004: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5979:The Athenaeum 5976: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5593:0-684-86913-6 5589: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5541:965-217-117-4 5537: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5516:965-221-007-2 5512: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347:Franks, A. W. 5344: 5343:Dalton, O. M. 5338: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5050:Amélie Kuhr. 5047: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Ferriby Boats 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4769:Mediterranean 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712:South America 4709: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4654:Sahara Desert 4650: 4647: 300 BC 4642: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4252:Human history 4250: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4213:, whilst the 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:forest-steppe 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4058: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028:stone circles 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3979: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923:Alderley Edge 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3898:covered with 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812:Great Britain 3805: 3800: 3795: 3788:Great Britain 3780: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709:developed in 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3672:Indo-European 3670:was an early 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3539: 3538:Paul Reinecke 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3286:client states 3283: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211:Knowledge of 3209: 3207: 3206:Great Britain 3203: 3202:Mediterranean 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3045:Varna culture 3042: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3020: 2995: 2991: 2980: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947:Neolithic Age 2942: 2932: 2930: 2929:heterarchical 2925: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:Shang dynasty 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522:Shang dynasty 2519: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:Shang dynasty 2486: 2480: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2447:Shang dynasty 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:Shang dynasty 2426: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2244:to China and 2243: 2239: 2235: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1930:Amenemhet III 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1903:Orontes River 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730:Kulli culture 1726: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1695:Central Asian 1692: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677:Gutian Empire 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663:, centred in 1662: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1567:, centred on 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Heracleopolis 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1444:Ancient Egypt 1437: 1432: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1406: 1405:Ancient Egypt 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Assuwa league 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Vinča culture 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077:Diffusion of 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1028:, which used 1027: 1023: 1020:, which used 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:eastern Libya 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 879: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 859: 857: 856: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 837: 832: 831: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 804: 803: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 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The 4085: 4036: 4005: 3968: 3931:metalworking 3904: 3877: 3809: 3750: 3727: 3722: 3714: 3704: 3684:stilt houses 3665: 3654: 3645:, Sardinia, 3612: 3602:—during the 3596:Val Camonica 3590:, they were 3582:, they were 3572:Chalcolithic 3565: 3535: 3487: 3460: 3452:Mako culture 3406: 3362: 3318: 3310: 3299: 3279: 3248:staple foods 3244:luxury goods 3229: 3210: 3175: 3116: 3110: 3087: 3026: 3019: 2993: 2967: 2965:of Vietnam. 2944: 2916: 2880: 2864: 2851:Mohenjo-daro 2847: 2820: 2809:Mohenjo-daro 2804:Dancing girl 2803: 2788:Indus Valley 2774: 2746: 2738: 2731: 2700:Yayoi period 2697: 2674:Yayoi period 2662: 2647: 2633: 2625:Zhou dynasty 2622: 2614:Kexingzhuang 2598: 2590:oracle bones 2575: 2548: 2544:Western Zhou 2533: 2515: 2501: 2493:Zhou dynasty 2481: 2474: 2464: 2451:gefuding gui 2450: 2393: 2362:and central 2353: 2339: 2327:Indus Valley 2324: 2282:and western 2276:Turkmenistan 2268:Central Asia 2261: 2234:trade routes 2230: 2222:Central Asia 2182:East Semitic 2179: 2088: 2068: 2034: 1999: 1987:Khabur River 1954: 1942:Ammittamru I 1926:Senusret III 1907: 1848: 1841: 1827: 1801:Negev Desert 1797:Timna Valley 1777:Konar Sandal 1775: 1727: 1715:Namazga-Tepe 1688: 1655: 1609: 1600:17th Dynasty 1573: 1550: 1526: 1502: 1455: 1441: 1438:1479–1425 BC 1436:Thutmose III 1382: 1356: 1342:, and upper 1325: 1220: 1194: 1192: 1140:Mesopotamian 1130: 1092: 1045: 1024:script, and 1011: 984: 944:North Africa 942:, including 922: 918:Chalcolithic 898:civilization 889: 887: 697:Roman Empire 569: 547: 514:Premodern / 254:Zhou dynasty 125:Chalcolithic 116: 91: 76: 70:January 2024 67: 54:copy editing 52:may require 51: 9483:Scandinavia 9178:Paleolithic 9014:Uruk period 8828:Paleolithic 8733:Kura–Araxes 8664:Tarim Basin 8549:Elp culture 8395:Smithsonian 8369:21 December 8120:BMC Biology 7835:: 361–392. 7439:10810/54399 7043:24 February 5757:Keys, David 5281:(1): 1–36. 5241:: 317–337. 5076:(5): 1453. 5070:Radiocarbon 4742:Mesopotamia 4668:West Africa 4468:West Africa 4078:, Denmark, 3985: 1350 3974: 2100 3957:Netherlands 3919:6500 pieces 3917:(more than 3884:long barrow 3824:Switzerland 3783:West Europe 3764: [ 3715:Castellieri 3613:Located in 3531:Switzerland 3525:Zug-Sumpf, 3469:in eastern 3291:breadbasket 3221:chronometer 3106:cassiterite 2908:Ban Non Wat 2686:bronze bell 2616:culture in 2586:Xia dynasty 2517:Erh-li-t'ou 2278:, southern 2272:Afghanistan 2059:Mesopotamia 1946:Niqmaddu II 1740:(Gedrosia) 1738:Balochistan 1574:During the 1498:New Kingdom 1476:Old Kingdom 1389:Tudhaliya I 1352:Sea Peoples 1344:Mesopotamia 1334:, northern 1236:Beit She'an 1184:mathematics 1164:city-states 1099:cassiterite 1030:hieroglyphs 1018:Mesopotamia 936: 1200 592:Machine Age 523:Prehistoric 242:Xia dynasty 170:Mesopotamia 143: 3300 98:One of the 9528:Bronze Age 9522:Categories 9422:Metallurgy 9314:Bronze Age 9200:Mesolithic 9173:Flint tool 9168:Stone tool 9024:Bronze Age 8866:Peking Man 8763:Jar-Burial 8709:Bronze Age 8589:Late Jomon 8466:Bronze Age 8448:Bronze Age 8292:Bronze Age 8105:2 February 7996:10451/9795 7854:References 7759:lablaa.org 7382:1887/70150 6520:Dyson, Tim 5166:0691025916 4869:. p. 4759:, and the 4734:See also: 4696:See also: 4682:Mauretania 4637: 700 4623: 900 4605:See also: 4453:South Asia 4415:South Asia 4397:Bronze Age 4392:Copper Age 4365:Mesolithic 4293:Prehistory 4258:prehistory 4032:stone rows 4008:Copper Age 3869:Great Orme 3832:Whittlesey 3820:Stonehenge 3736:, eastern 3217:Polynesian 3213:navigation 3129:, central 2979:Nyaung-gan 2883:Ban Chiang 2771:South Asia 2638:heads, or 2530:Wade–Giles 2512:Wade–Giles 2504:metallurgy 2433:Sanxingdui 2381:Kazakhstan 2284:Tajikistan 2280:Uzbekistan 2274:, eastern 2171:Babylonian 2167:city-state 2081:1500 BC – 2049:Bronze Age 2002:Israelites 1983:Washukanni 1979:Thutmosids 1964:Indo-Aryan 1918:Senusret I 1897:as far as 1709:oases and 1154:, created 1087:Asia Minor 1079:metallurgy 974:, and the 890:Bronze Age 597:Atomic Age 548:Bronze Age 543:Copper Age 443:literature 421:Cemetery H 250:Sanxingdui 191:East Asia 117:Bronze Age 62:editing it 9468:Pre-Roman 9431:Continent 9336:Continent 9251:Continent 9205:Neolithic 9155:Stone Age 8911:Neolithic 8674:Trzciniec 8406:Seafaring 8230:163062746 8210:Antiquity 7660:162458882 7625:162880295 7603:: 41–94. 7578:161611760 7448:2375-2548 7391:0003-598X 7359:Antiquity 7166:129836887 7158:1573-0840 7012:Drews, R. 6796:145310194 6761:129026022 6739:CiteSeerX 6713:162729367 6652:162300712 6583:capacity. 6429:2041-1723 6407:: 13356. 6188:164920328 5641:161968192 5633:1573-7802 5492:164201705 5303:162330270 5016:163091248 4996:Antiquity 4981:163137272 4961:Antiquity 4932:Antiquity 4867:JHU Press 4761:Euphrates 4724:Calchaquí 4625:–800 BC, 4463:East Asia 4448:Near East 4420:East Asia 4410:Near East 4373:Neolithic 4300:Stone Age 3840:Neolithic 3828:Must Farm 3816:Migration 3746:Canegrate 3723:cjastelir 3668:Terramare 3608:Neolithic 3592:Rhaetians 3491:include: 3445:Hungarian 3429:Leubingen 3421:Adlerberg 3417:Straubing 3341:LMIB/LMII 3333:Santorini 3323:occurred 3295:Black Sea 3282:Mycenaean 3234:based in 3225:longitude 3102:Near East 2900:Nyaunggan 2895:artefacts 2893:) bronze 2831:Harappans 2414:East Asia 2400:Hungarian 2385:Andronovo 2288:Amu Darya 2203:Chaldeans 2199:Aramaeans 2131:Sumerians 2030:Merneptah 2024:, on the 1914:carnelian 1863:Akkadians 1711:Altyndepe 1707:Kopet Dag 1703:Amu Darya 1673:Khuzestan 1188:astrology 1180:astronomy 1136:Near East 1132:West Asia 1121:Near East 1064:West Asia 1036:Metal use 1022:cuneiform 952:Near East 914:Neolithic 910:Iron Ages 607:Space Age 528:Stone Age 322:Mycenaean 145:–1200 BC) 135:Near East 9478:Germanic 9404:Iron Age 9368:Atlantic 9004:Daimabad 8896:Ubeidiya 8886:Solo Man 8876:Sangiran 8846:Java Man 8780:Iron Age 8748:Trialeti 8743:Colchian 8273:19219896 8152:20163704 8045:(1980). 8005:53316689 7769:22 March 7700:43135498 7617:20065735 7466:34788096 7207:op. cit. 7014:(1993). 6861:15386222 6568:ABC-Clio 6560:(2008). 6522:(2018). 6488:(2010). 6447:27843139 6307:2 August 6106:Archived 6041:(1995). 6023:Archived 5986:Archived 5940:(2004). 5914:Springer 5895:21347353 5887:19449030 5851:15255049 5736:31488661 5702:(6457). 5207:. p. 14. 5041:. p. 60. 4792:Hillfort 4775:See also 4692:Americas 4641:Tanzania 4435:Iron Age 4244:a series 4242:Part of 4221:Caucasus 4207:chariots 4016:halberds 3927:Cheshire 3865:Cornwall 3757:Po plain 3738:Piedmont 3734:Lombardy 3719:Friulian 3615:Sardinia 3604:Iron Age 3600:Lombardy 3541:and B). 3520:Slovakia 3496:Biskupin 3479:Iron Age 3463:Urnfield 3306:charcoal 3198:Isotopic 3192:, where 3186:charcoal 3139:platinum 3131:Bulgaria 3098:Bulgaria 2887:Thailand 2877:Thailand 2839:Mehrgarh 2734:Liaoning 2712:Gojoseon 2571:Xinjiang 2565:site in 2563:Majiayao 2497:Iron Age 2408:Estonian 2376:Thailand 2364:Mongolia 2308:Margiana 2302:(modern 2294:(1976). 2195:Kassites 2190:Akkadian 2077:period ( 2041:pastoral 2037:Arameans 2022:Iron Age 2004:were an 1991:Assyrian 1950:Alashiya 1857:and the 1844:Iron Age 1756:chlorite 1725:(BMAC). 1679:and the 1594:and the 1569:el-Lisht 1496:and the 1336:Anatolia 1301:Anatolia 1134:and the 1109:site in 1001:it with 999:alloying 993:its own 991:smelting 976:Caucasus 972:Anatolia 931:between 553:Iron Age 461:Iron Age 326:Caucasus 314:Cycladic 214:Majiayao 206:Gojoseon 202:Erligang 158:Caucasus 154:Anatolia 133:Africa, 9463:British 9388:Romania 9373:British 9298:British 8881:Soanian 8251:Bibcode 8195:17 July 8143:2838831 7727:Bibcode 7457:8597998 7418:Bibcode 7138:Bibcode 6438:5116070 6409:Bibcode 6039:Wu Hung 5842:1691686 5802:9400588 5769:(1): 9. 5727:6822619 5704:bioRxiv 5696:Science 5484:3210562 5255:2155851 5129:20 June 5078:Bibcode 5054:. p. 9. 4897:of the 4678:Akjoujt 4660:or the 4631:Burundi 4617:Nigeria 4269:before 4232:in the 4189:in the 4148:Yamnaya 4082:1500 BC 4012:daggers 3992:Ireland 3915:Isleham 3907:England 3888:barrows 3804:Britain 3700:Bologna 3632:menhirs 3628:dolmens 3619:Corsica 3584:Euganei 3554:Nuragic 3510:Germany 3471:Germany 3456:Otomani 3401:Germany 3357:Knossos 3343:event ( 3329:tsunami 3302:Cypriot 3276:1200 BC 3236:Knossos 3170:Mycenae 3168:, from 3123:Karlovo 3076:Romania 2973:Myanmar 2959:Vietnam 2935:Vietnam 2855:Harappa 2728:, Korea 2618:Shaanxi 2601:Erlitou 2508:Erlitou 2502:Bronze 2404:Finnish 2372:Vietnam 2312:satrapy 2296:Bactria 2163:Amorite 2151:Amorite 2139:Assyria 2115:Babylon 2075:Kassite 2008:of the 1975:Babylon 1972:Kassite 1968:Hurrian 1956:Mitanni 1901:on the 1887:Assyria 1681:Iranian 1671:in the 1485:Memphis 1418:Bronze 1372:coast. 1368:to the 1332:Hattusa 1232:Jericho 1176:warfare 1172:slavery 1111:Pločnik 1057:pottery 1007:arsenic 964:Balkans 602:Jet Age 558:Ancient 451:Chariot 439:writing 234:Xindian 230:Wucheng 198:Erlitou 9458:Europe 9442:Asian 9438:Africa 9383:Nordic 9363:Europe 9351:Levant 9343:Africa 9322:Bronze 9293:Nordic 9288:Poland 9283:Europe 9278:Africa 8723:Kurgan 8289:about 8271: 8228: 8181: 8150: 8140: 8126:: 15. 8091: 8057: 8024: 8003: 7943: 7929: 7914: 7899: 7885: 7867: 7698: 7658: 7623: 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