1583:
1664:
1565:
1619:
1637:
1646:
1592:
1601:
1628:
1682:
1673:
1574:
1610:
1380:). However, bronze became very important in ceremonial and elite life from 300 BC. Additionally, iron tools are increasingly found in Southern Korea after 300 BC. These factors clearly differentiate the time period 300 BC - 0 from the cultural, technological, and social scale that was present in the Mumun pottery period. The unequal presence of bronze and iron in increased amounts from a few high status graves after 300 BC as sets this time apart from the Mumun pottery period. Thus, the Mumun is described as ending, as a cultural-technical period, by approximately 300 BC.
1709:
1691:
1700:
1655:
1213:
1199:
1334:) was found in the vicinity of Namsan, indicating that, in addition to agriculture, shellfish exploitation was part of the Late Mumun subsistence system in some areas. Pit-houses at Namsan were located inside a ring-ditch that is some 4.2 m deep and 10 m in width. Why would such a formidable ring-ditch, so massive in size, have been necessary? One possible answer is intergroup conflict. Archaeologists propose that the Late Mumun was a period of conflict between groups of people.
167:
1236:
1167:, fishing, hunting, and discrete settlements with rectangular semi-subterranean pit-houses. The social scale of Early Mumun societies was egalitarian in nature, but the latter part of this period is characterized by increasing intra-settlement competition and perhaps the presence of part-time "big-man" leadership. Early Mumun settlements are relatively concentrated in the river valleys formed by tributaries of the
1038:
1313:
1252:) ornaments. A number of megalithic burials with deep shaft interments, substantial 'pavements' of rounded cobblestone, and prestige artifacts such as bronze daggers, jade, and red-burnished vessels were built in the vicinity of the southern coast in the Late Middle Mumun. High status megalithic burials and large raised-floor buildings at the Deokcheon-ni (Hangeul: ëě˛ëŚŹ) and
1337:
The number of settlements in the Late Mumun is much lower than in the previous sub-period. This indicates that populations were reorganized and settlement was probably more concentrated in a smaller number of larger settlements. There are a number of reasons why this could have occurred. There are
1325:
The Late (or Post-classic) Mumun (550-300 BC) is characterized by increasing conflict, fortified hilltop settlements, and a concentration of population in the southern coastal area. A Late Mumun occupation was found at the Namsan settlement, located on the top of a hill 100 m above sea level in
1122:
classification of human prehistory. However, the application of such terminology in the Korean case may be misleading since local bronze production is not proven to have occurred until approximately the 13th century BCE, early bronze artifacts are rare, and the distribution of bronze is highly
1455:
farmers at some time between 700-300 BC. Whitman and
Miyamoto associate Japonic as the language family associated with both Mumun and Yayoi cultures. Several linguists believe that speakers of Koreanic/proto-Koreanic arrived in the Korean Peninsula at some time after the Japonic/proto-Japonic
1277:
regions of southeast Korea, but
Songguk-ri Culture settlements are also found in western Yeongnam. Excavations have also revealed Songguk-ri settlements in the Ulsan and Gimhae areas. In 2005 archaeologists uncovered Songguk-ri Culture pit-houses at a site deep in the interior of
1582:
1551:
Some burials in the latter part of the Middle Mumun are especially large and required a significant amount of labour to construct. A small number of Middle Mumun burials contain prestige/ceremonial artifacts such as bronze, greenstone, groundstone daggers, and red-burnished
1228:, a sprawling settlement with several multiple ditch enclosures, hundreds of pit-houses, specialized production, and evidence of the presence of incipient elites and social competition. A number of wet-field features have been excavated in southern Korea, indicating that
1247:
Burials dating to the latter part of the Middle Mumun (c. 700-550 BC) contain a few high status mortuary offerings such as bronze artifacts. Bronze production probably began around this time in
Southern Korea. Other high status burials contain greenstone (or
1486:
Intensive wet-field agriculture (paddy farming) was in place in the Middle Mumun. However, even the pit-houses of settlements associated with wet-field archaeological features show evidence that people were also engaged to some degree in hunting and
1456:
speakers and coexisted with these peoples (i.e. the descendants of both the Mumun and Yayoi cultures) and possibly assimilated them. Both
Koreanic and Japonic had prolonged influence on each other and a later
1123:
regionalized until after 300 BC. A boom in the archaeological excavations of Mumun Period sites since the mid-1990s has recently increased collective knowledge about this formative period in the prehistory of
1501:
were used in Early Mumun. These pit-houses had one or more hearths, and pit-houses with up to 6 hearths indicate that such features were the living spaces for multiple generations of the same household.
1515:
as a social shift in the household. Namely, the tight and multi-generational unit housed under one roof in the Early Mumun changed fundamentally into households formed of groups of semi-independent
1663:
1293:
Mumun culture is the beginning of a long-term tradition of rice-farming in Korea that links Mumun
Culture with the present day, but evidence from the Early and Middle Mumun suggests that, although
1353:) during the Late Mumun. The Mumun period ends when iron appeared in the archaeological record along with pit-houses that had interior composite hearth-ovens reminiscent of the historic period (
1224:
The Middle (or
Classic) Mumun (c. 850-550 BC) is characterized by intensive agriculture, as evidenced by the large and expansive dry-field remains (c. 32,500 square metres) recovered at
1451:
speakers. According to
Whitman and several other researchers, Japonic/proto-Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by Yayoi
1256:
in
Gyeongsang Nam-do provide further evidence of the growth of social inequality and the existence of polities that were organized in ways that appear to be similar to simple "
1532:
Household production was the basic mode of the Mumun economy, but specialized craft production and a big-man-style redistributive prestige economy emerged in the Middle Mumun.
1399:
pottery, and other evidence showing that beginning in the Late Mumun, local societies were drawn into closer economic and political contact with the societies of the Late
1091:
that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC. This period is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the
1134:(c. 8000-1500 BC). The Jeulmun was a period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale cultivation of plants. The origins of the Mumun Period are not well known, but the
1927:
Kim, Jangsuk (2003). "Land-use
Conflict and the Rate of Transition to Agricultural Economy: A Comparative Study of Southern Scandinavia and Central-western Korea".
1269:
Culture (Hanja: ćžčé ćĺ; Hangeul: ěĄęľëŚŹ 돸í). Co-occurring artifacts and features that are grouped together as
Songguk-ri Culture are found in settlement sites in the
2057:... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
1894:
Political Competition and Social Transformation: The Development of Residence, Residential Ward, and Community in Prehistoric Taegongni of Southwestern Korea
1538:
Artifacts that illustrate regional redistributive systems and exchange include greenstone ornaments, bronze objects, and some kinds of red-burnished pottery.
1186:
Important long-term traditions related to Mumun ceremonial and mortuary systems originated in this sub-period. These traditions include the construction of
1239:
Representations of a dagger (right)and two human figures, one of which is kneeling (left), carved into the capstone of Megalithic Burial No. 5, Orim-dong,
1535:
Archaeological evidence has documented cases in which it appears that surplus production of crops, stone tools, and pottery occurred in the Middle Mumun.
1504:
Some time after 900 BC, small pit-houses were the norm. The plan-shape of these pit-houses are square, circular and oval. They do not have interior
772:
2694:
2307:
2399:
2334:
1012:
1006:
1383:
From about 300 BC, bronze objects became the most valued prestige mortuary goods, but iron objects were traded and then produced in the
1564:
1469:
Broad-spectrum subsistence was practiced through the Early Mumun. That is to say, evidence excavated from pit-houses and other outdoor
1175:: ě´ě), is located in the Middle Nam River valley in South-central Korea. In the latter Early Mumun, large settlements composed of many
1066:
994:
1522:
The average settlement in the Mumun was small, but settlements with as many as several hundred pit-houses emerged in the Middle Mumun.
2719:
2714:
2704:
1202:
2291:
2243:
2224:
2144:
2125:
2106:
2035:
2699:
1618:
525:
1636:
2424:
978:
2327:
1645:
338:
2494:
1733:
1722:
1059:
940:
916:
853:
237:
108:
1115:
873:
2068:
Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean".
1757:
Ahn, Jae-ho (2000). "Hanguk Nonggyeongsahoe-eui Seongnib (The Formation of Agricultural Society in Korea)".
2544:
966:
904:
898:
2026:(1999). "Megalithic Monuments and the Introduction of Rice into Korea". In Gosden, C.; Hather, J. (eds.).
2663:
2633:
2439:
2594:
2320:
2258:
1781:
Bale, Martin T. (2001). "Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments".
1027:
971:
797:
1591:
2479:
2389:
1600:
1052:
999:
985:
911:
893:
863:
762:
146:
1366:
0 BC because of the presence of an undecorated ware that was popular between 400 BC and 0 BC called
2709:
1279:
428:
2628:
1971:
Bale, Martin T.; Min-jung Ko (2006). "Craft Production and Social Change in Mumun Period Korea".
959:
953:
947:
883:
441:
1627:
1420:
1150:
cultivators who used Mumun pottery displaced people using Jeulmun Period subsistence patterns.
1131:
935:
829:
818:
206:
60:
1681:
1508:â instead, the central area of the pit-house floor is equipped with a shallow oval 'work-pit'.
2023:
1914:
From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition
1573:
1099:
122:
1609:
1216:
Large Middle Mumun (c. 8th century BC) storage vessel unearthed from a pit-house in or near
2579:
2171:
1190:, the production of red-burnished pottery, and production of polished groundstone daggers.
1164:
1107:
588:
395:
2160:"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"
2051:
Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia".
8:
2504:
2434:
2394:
2374:
2259:"Excavations of Large-scale Megalithic Burials at Yulha-ri, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsang Nam-do"
1811:
Crawford, Gary W.; Gyoung-Ah Lee (2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula".
1672:
185:
2175:
2658:
2653:
2404:
1998:
1944:
1874:
1828:
1448:
878:
402:
311:
1857:
Rhee, S. N.; Choi, M. L. (1992). "Emergence of Complex Society in Prehistoric Korea".
1708:
1690:
2569:
2564:
2519:
2469:
2414:
2409:
2379:
2287:
2189:
2031:
1948:
1878:
1832:
1728:
1483:
used in agricultural subsistence activities are common and include semi-lunar blades.
1440:
1088:
888:
807:
388:
176:
2002:
1316:
Settlement sites of the Mumun Period that are mentioned in the text of this article.
166:
2643:
2638:
2584:
2549:
2514:
2499:
2449:
2429:
2419:
2384:
2369:
2179:
1988:
1980:
1936:
1866:
1820:
1699:
1444:
1384:
1171:
in West-central Korea. However, one of the largest Early Mumun settlements, Eoeun (
1119:
1103:
481:
420:
195:
155:
28:
1338:
some indications that conflict increased or climatic change led to crop failures.
1146:
c. 1800-1500 probably indicate the origins of the Mumun Period of Southern Korea.
2574:
2489:
2474:
2459:
1436:
1371:
1253:
928:
868:
642:
556:
2484:
1654:
1212:
2648:
2618:
2589:
2524:
1516:
1457:
1147:
1084:
923:
858:
2184:
2159:
1940:
1824:
1235:
2688:
2623:
2559:
2554:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2454:
2193:
1432:
737:
362:
346:
276:
1198:
1095:
assemblage over the entire length of the period, but especially 850-550 BC.
2353:
1512:
1400:
1282:. The ultimate geographic reach of Songguk-ri Culture appears to have been
1042:
654:
630:
618:
597:
534:
300:
1984:
1362:
Some scholars suggest that the Mumun pottery period should be extended to
2444:
1346:
1229:
1206:
1143:
1110:. This period or parts of it have sometimes been labelled as the "Korean
369:
288:
1391:
Neuk-do Island Shellmidden Site yielded a small number of iron objects,
2604:
2361:
2343:
1993:
1870:
1480:
1331:
1265:
1176:
1168:
1139:
1111:
351:
215:
42:
1297:
was grown, it was not the dominant crop. During the Mumun people grew
113:
1498:
1470:
1345:
chronological sequence, Mumun-esque settlements appeared in Northern
1257:
1225:
1217:
1124:
38:
1179:
such as Baekseok-dong (Hangeul: ë°ąěë) appeared in the area of modern
1163:
The Early (or Formative) Mumun (c. 1500-850 BC) is characterized by
2675:
2464:
1474:
1452:
1388:
1327:
1135:
716:
450:
410:
262:
1548:
Megalithic burials, stone-cist burials, and jar burials are found.
1404:
1283:
1263:
Korean archaeologists sometimes refer to Middle Mumun culture as
1180:
1172:
1092:
666:
607:
1312:
1505:
1392:
1355:
1302:
1298:
1187:
727:
692:
545:
460:
382:
321:
76:
2312:
1408:
1396:
1350:
1342:
1306:
1287:
1274:
1270:
1240:
703:
568:
493:
470:
415:
377:
356:
92:
2096:
2094:
1037:
1460:
diminished the internal variety of both language families.
1294:
1249:
1138:
burials, Mumun pottery, and large settlements found in the
506:
2212:
2091:
127:
2200:
2079:
2308:
Paper on Boseong River excavations, by Kim Gyeongtaek
2113:
1810:
2231:
1783:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
1423:, the Mumun is composed of the following elements:
2132:
1916:. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Press.
2686:
1970:
1856:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1473:features indicates that hunting, fishing, and
2328:
1098:The Mumun period is known for the origins of
1060:
2105:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiyamoto2016 (
2028:The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1375:
98:
82:
2124:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSerafim2008 (
1929:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
1793:
1309:, legumes, and continued to hunt and fish.
2335:
2321:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1896:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1067:
1053:
2286:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2242:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFUnger2009 (
2223:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVovin2013 (
2183:
2143:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVovin2017 (
2009:
1992:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1477:was occurring in addition to agriculture.
2206:
2100:
2050:
1414:
1330:City, Gyeongsang Nam-do. A shellmidden (
1311:
1234:
1211:
1197:
2157:
2119:
2085:
2030:. London: Routledge. pp. 147â165.
1955:
1839:
1769:
2687:
2281:
2022:
1920:
1900:
1885:
1745:
1341:Notably, according to the traditional
2316:
2261:. Korea Institute, Harvard University
2237:
2218:
2138:
1542:
2695:Archaeological cultures of East Asia
2250:
1780:
1130:The Mumun period is preceded by the
267:
2062:
2044:
1926:
1911:
1891:
1756:
1387:at that time. The Late Mumun-Early
13:
2275:
1511:Archaeologists see this change in
1102:and complex societies on both the
14:
2731:
2301:
1232:rice-farming was also practiced.
2720:4th-century BC disestablishments
2715:2nd-millennium BC establishments
2705:Archaeological cultures in Korea
2256:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1036:
165:
2151:
1193:
2495:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
2342:
1734:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
1723:List of archaeological periods
1463:
1376:
1158:
99:
83:
1:
1739:
1519:units in separate pit-houses.
1491:
1447:before they were replaced by
1363:
1320:
1153:
2545:South-Western Iberian Bronze
2158:Whitman, John (2011-12-01).
1443:were spoken in parts of the
1426:
526:Northern and Southern period
7:
2700:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
1859:Journal of World Prehistory
1716:
589:Later Three Kingdoms period
339:ProtoâThree Kingdoms period
128:
114:
10:
2736:
2595:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
1556:
1526:
1183:City, Chungcheong Nam-do.
2672:
2603:
2480:Indus Valley Civilisation
2390:Armorican Tumulus culture
2360:
2350:
2282:Nelson, Sarah M. (1993).
2185:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
1825:10.1017/S0003598X00061378
1497:Large rectangular-shaped
135:
121:
107:
91:
75:
70:
66:
56:
48:
34:
24:
2284:The Archaeology of Korea
1912:Lee, June-Jeong (2001).
429:Four Commanderies of Han
16:Korean historical period
2440:DeverelâRimbury culture
1941:10.1023/A:1026087723164
1892:Kim, Seung Og (1996).
1421:archaeological culture
1317:
1244:
1221:
1209:
1132:Jeulmun Pottery Period
1004:World Heritage Sites (
995:Science and technology
773:Provisional Government
61:Jeulmun pottery period
1985:10.1353/asi.2006.0019
1415:Mumun cultural traits
1315:
1238:
1215:
1201:
1100:intensive agriculture
496:(Tributary of Baekje)
442:Three Kingdoms period
2510:Mumun pottery period
2221:, pp. 222, 237.
1165:shifting cultivation
1108:Japanese Archipelago
1081:Mumun pottery period
808:North-South division
798:Military governments
571:(Tributary of Silla)
109:Revised Romanization
20:Mumun pottery period
2505:Minoan civilization
2435:Deer stones culture
2395:Atlantic Bronze Age
2375:Aegean civilization
2176:2011Rice....4..149W
763:Japanese occupation
52:c. 1500 â c. 300 BC
21:
2654:Leyla-Tepe culture
2611:and Transcaucasia)
2425:Chinese Bronze Age
2405:Bronze Age Britain
2070:Korean Linguistics
1973:Asian Perspectives
1871:10.1007/BF00997585
1543:Mortuary practices
1318:
1245:
1222:
1210:
1188:megalithic burials
706:(Vassal of Goryeo)
316:4thâ2nd century BC
190:700,000 BC-8000 BC
177:Prehistoric period
25:Geographical range
19:
2682:
2681:
2565:Terramare culture
2520:Nordic Bronze Age
2470:Hallstatt culture
2415:Canegrate culture
2410:Bronze Age Europe
2380:Andronovo culture
2293:978-0-521-40443-3
2103:, pp. 69â70.
2053:Studia Orientalia
2037:978-0-415-11765-4
1759:Hanguk Kogo-Hakbo
1729:Prehistoric Korea
1441:Japonic languages
1220:, H= c. 60-70 cm.
1089:Korean prehistory
1077:
1076:
838:
837:
781:
780:
746:
745:
676:
675:
579:
578:
516:
515:
329:
328:
246:
245:
139:
138:
129:Mumun t'ogi sidae
123:McCuneâReischauer
2727:
2612:
2585:Urnfield culture
2550:Srubnaya culture
2515:Mycenaean Greece
2500:Lusatian culture
2450:Ewart Park Phase
2430:Cycladic culture
2420:Catacomb culture
2385:Apennine culture
2370:Abashevo culture
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2297:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2257:Bale, Martin T.
2254:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2055:(108): 281â304.
2048:
2042:
2041:
2024:Nelson, Sarah M.
2020:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1445:Korean Peninsula
1385:Korean peninsula
1379:
1378:
1365:
1280:Gangwon Province
1254:Igeum-dong sites
1120:three-age system
1104:Korean Peninsula
1069:
1062:
1055:
1043:Korea portal
1041:
1040:
1015:
1009:
988:
981:
974:
962:
956:
950:
931:
919:
907:
901:
794:
793:
759:
758:
689:
688:
610:(Later Goguryeo)
594:
593:
531:
530:
482:Gaya confederacy
447:
446:
405:
398:
391:
372:
365:
303:
291:
279:
269:
259:
258:
182:
181:
169:
159:
141:
140:
131:
117:
115:Mumun togi sidae
102:
101:
86:
85:
29:Korean peninsula
22:
18:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2710:Ancient pottery
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2664:KhojalyâGadabay
2634:Shulaveri-Shomu
2610:
2609:(North Caucasus
2608:
2607:
2599:
2580:ĂnÄtice culture
2575:Tumulus culture
2490:Karasuk culture
2475:Helladic period
2465:Argaric culture
2460:Glazkov culture
2356:
2346:
2341:
2304:
2294:
2278:
2276:Further reading
2273:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2207:Janhunen (2010)
2205:
2201:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:Miyamoto (2016)
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2063:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2021:
2010:
1969:
1956:
1925:
1921:
1910:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1855:
1840:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1770:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1545:
1529:
1494:
1466:
1437:Alexander Vovin
1429:
1417:
1323:
1196:
1161:
1156:
1073:
1035:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1005:
986:
979:
972:
958:
952:
946:
927:
915:
903:
897:
848:
840:
839:
791:
783:
782:
756:
755:Colonial period
748:
747:
686:
685:Dynastic period
678:
677:
643:Dongdan Kingdom
591:
581:
580:
557:Little Goguryeo
537:(Unified Silla)
528:
518:
517:
444:
434:
433:
425:
401:
394:
387:
368:
361:
341:
331:
330:
301:
289:
277:
256:
248:
247:
238:Liaoning dagger
200:8000 BCâ1500 BC
179:
157:
150:
103:
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Maykop culture
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2590:Wessex culture
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Okunev culture
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2302:External links
2300:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2249:
2230:
2211:
2209:, p. 294.
2199:
2170:(3): 149â158.
2150:
2131:
2120:Serafim (2008)
2112:
2090:
2088:, p. 157.
2086:Whitman (2011)
2078:
2061:
2043:
2036:
2008:
1979:(2): 159â187.
1954:
1935:(3): 277â321.
1919:
1899:
1884:
1838:
1819:(295): 87â95.
1792:
1768:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:nuclear family
1509:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1465:
1462:
1458:founder effect
1428:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1322:
1319:
1195:
1192:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:Slash-and-burn
1085:archaeological
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
983:
976:
964:
943:
938:
933:
921:
909:
891:
886:
884:Historiography
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
836:
835:
832:
825:
824:
821:
814:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
779:
778:
775:
769:
768:
765:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
720:
712:
711:
708:
699:
698:
695:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
674:
673:
670:
662:
661:
658:
650:
649:
646:
638:
637:
634:
626:
625:
622:
615:
614:
611:
604:
603:
600:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
577:
576:
573:
564:
563:
560:
552:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
513:
510:
502:
501:
498:
489:
488:
485:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
445:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
407:
406:
399:
392:
380:
375:
374:
373:
366:
354:
349:
343:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
326:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
305:
296:
295:
293:
284:
283:
281:
272:
271:
265:
257:
255:Ancient period
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
243:
241:
232:
231:
229:
222:
221:
220:1500 BCâ300 BC
218:
212:
211:
209:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
162:
161:
152:
151:
144:
137:
136:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
97:
95:
89:
88:
81:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
39:Late Stone Age
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2732:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Tagar culture
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Samus culture
2538:
2536:
2535:Penard Period
2533:
2531:
2530:Ordos culture
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Ezero culture
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2240:, p. 87.
2239:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:, p. 98.
2121:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2076:(2): 222â240.
2075:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1761:(in Korean).
1760:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:- master list
1724:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:Juha Janhunen
1431:According to
1424:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1118:19th century
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
969:
968:
965:
961:
955:
949:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
900:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
844:
843:
833:
831:
827:
826:
822:
820:
816:
815:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
799:
796:
795:
790:Modern period
787:
786:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
760:
752:
751:
741:
739:
738:Korean Empire
736:
735:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
718:
714:
713:
709:
707:
705:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
682:
681:
671:
669:
668:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
640:
639:
635:
633:
632:
628:
627:
623:
621:(Later Silla)
620:
619:Unified Silla
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
596:
595:
590:
585:
584:
574:
572:
570:
566:
565:
561:
559:
558:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
521:
511:
509:
508:
504:
503:
499:
497:
495:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
449:
448:
443:
438:
437:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
404:
400:
397:
393:
390:
386:
385:
384:
381:
379:
376:
371:
367:
364:
360:
359:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
335:
334:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
304:
298:
297:
294:
292:
286:
285:
282:
280:
274:
273:
266:
264:
261:
260:
252:
251:
242:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
228:
224:
223:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
208:
204:
203:
199:
197:
194:
193:
189:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
172:
168:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
148:
143:
142:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
96:
94:
90:
80:
78:
74:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
30:
27:
23:
2509:
2354:Chalcolithic
2283:
2263:. Retrieved
2252:
2238:Unger (2009)
2233:
2219:Vovin (2013)
2214:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2139:Vovin (2017)
2134:
2115:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2027:
1976:
1972:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1862:
1858:
1816:
1812:
1786:
1782:
1762:
1758:
1513:architecture
1430:
1418:
1407:, and Early
1401:Zhou dynasty
1382:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1336:
1324:
1292:
1286:and western
1264:
1262:
1246:
1223:
1194:Middle Mumun
1185:
1162:
1129:
1097:
1080:
1078:
1026:
980:Christianity
854:Architecture
834:1948âpresent
823:1948âpresent
812:1945âpresent
715:
702:
665:
655:Later Balhae
653:
641:
631:Later Sabeol
629:
598:Later Baekje
567:
555:
535:United Silla
505:
492:
480:
475:57 BCâ935 AD
465:18 BCâ660 AD
455:37 BCâ668 AD
236:
226:
186:Palaeolithic
2629:KuraâAraxes
2560:Tarim Basin
2445:Elp culture
1994:10125/17250
1789:(5): 77â84.
1481:stone tools
1464:Subsistence
1374::
1284:Jeju Island
1230:paddy field
1207:South Korea
1177:long-houses
1159:Early Mumun
1144:North Korea
945:Politics (
917:Family tree
156:History of
71:Korean name
57:Preceded by
2689:Categories
2659:Jar-Burial
2605:Bronze Age
2485:Late Jomon
2362:Bronze Age
2344:Bronze Age
2265:2007-11-08
1740:References
1499:pit-houses
1492:Settlement
1332:shellmound
1321:Late Mumun
1266:Songguk-ri
1169:Geum River
1154:Chronology
1142:Basin and
1140:Liao River
1136:megalithic
1112:Bronze Age
941:Newspapers
216:Bronze Age
43:Bronze Age
2570:Trzciniec
2194:1939-8433
1949:144173837
1879:145722584
1865:: 51â95.
1833:163060564
1813:Antiquity
1471:household
1427:Languages
1368:jeomtodae
1258:chiefdoms
1226:Daepyeong
1218:Daepyeong
1125:East Asia
1116:Thomsen's
1114:", after
929:Era names
879:Geography
874:Education
802:1945â1948
777:1919â1948
767:1910â1945
742:1897â1910
732:1392â1897
722:1029â1030
196:Neolithic
2676:Iron Age
2644:Trialeti
2639:Colchian
2003:55944795
1765:: 41â66.
1717:See also
1487:fishing.
1475:foraging
1453:wet-rice
1449:Koreanic
1403:, Final
1389:Iron Age
1328:Changwon
1243:, Korea.
1205:dolmen,
1106:and the
1028:Timeline
973:Buddhism
967:Religion
912:Monarchs
905:Goguryeo
894:Military
889:Language
869:Currency
847:By topic
710:938â1105
697:918â1392
451:Goguryeo
411:Goguryeo
263:Gojoseon
147:a series
145:Part of
2172:Bibcode
1557:Gallery
1527:Economy
1506:hearths
1326:modern
1299:millets
1203:Ganghwa
1181:Cheonan
1173:Hangeul
1093:pottery
1087:era in
864:Cuisine
717:Heungyo
672:938â986
667:Jeongan
660:927â935
648:926â936
636:919â927
624:892â935
613:901â918
608:Taebong
602:892â936
575:662â925
562:699â820
550:698â926
540:668â892
512:512â930
500:498â660
421:Nakrang
363:Eastern
270:â108 BC
268:2333 BC
207:Jeulmun
2619:Kurgan
2290:
2192:
2034:
2001:
1947:
1877:
1831:
1419:As an
1393:Lelang
1372:Korean
1356:agungi
1347:KyĹŤshĹŤ
1303:barley
1083:is an
948:Joseon
728:Joseon
693:Goryeo
546:Balhae
487:42â562
461:Baekje
383:Samhan
352:Dongye
322:Yemaek
278:Dangun
149:on the
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