2783:(燕) leader. Records of that time mention the hostility between the feudal state in Northern China and the "confederated" kingdom of Gojoseon. Notably, a plan to attack the Yan beyond the Liao River frontier is recorded. This confrontation led to the decline and eventual downfall of Gojoseon, described in Yan records as "arrogant" and "cruel". But the ancient kingdom also appears as a prosperous Bronze Age civilization with a complex social structure, including a class of horse-riding warriors who contributed to the development of Gojoseon and its northern expansion into most of the Liaodong basin.
1534:
98:
2196:
596:
2955:(1500 – 300 BCE), plain coarse pottery replaced earlier comb-pattern wares, possibly as a result of the influence of new populations migrating to Korea from Manchuria and Siberia. This type of pottery typically has thicker walls and displays a wider variety of shapes, indicating improvements in kiln technology. This period is sometimes called the "Korean Bronze Age", but bronze artifacts are relatively rare and regionalized until the 7th century BCE.
2476:
1467:
2818:
2887:(長降) and claimed to Emperor Wu that he had defeated Joseon in battle. Emperor Wu, unaware of this deception, made him the military commander of the Commandery of Liaodong. The outraged King Ugeo made a raid on Liaodong and killed She He. Scholars also hypothesize that the initiation of war may also have been because the Han dynasty was concerned that Gojoseon would ally with the
2081:. While Dangun is a mythological figure of whose existence no concrete evidence has been found, some interpret his legend as reflections of the sociocultural situations involving the kingdom's early development. Regardless, the account of Dangun has played an important role in the development of Korean identity. Today, the founding date of Gojoseon is officially celebrated as
4852:"Here, Wiman was described as a "Gu Yanren 故燕人"or a person from former Yan. It is confusing because there were two entities named Yan around this period. The first was the Yan state, which was one of the seven states during the Warring States period, and the second was the vassal state of Yan of the Han dynasty."
2983:
By the 7th century BCE, a Bronze Age material culture with influences from
Manchuria, eastern Mongolia, as well as Siberia and Scythian bronze styles, flourished on the peninsula. Korean bronzes contain a higher percentage of zinc than those of the neighboring bronze cultures. Bronze artifacts, found
2770:
By the 4th century BCE, other states with defined political structures developed in the areas of the earlier Bronze Age "walled-town states"; Gojoseon was the most advanced of them in the peninsular region. The city-state expanded by incorporating other neighboring city-states by alliance or military
2535:
Kang & Macmillan (1980), Sohn et al. (1970), Kim J.B. (1980), Han W.K. (1970), Yun N. H. (1985), Lee K.B. (1984), Lee J.B. (1987) viewed the Dangun myth as a native product of proto-Koreans, although it is not always associated with
Gojoseon. Kim J.B. (1987) rejected the Dangun myth's association
2399:
In pre-modern Korea, Gija represented the authenticating presence of
Chinese civilization. Until the 12th century CE, Koreans commonly believed that Dangun bestowed upon Korea its people and basic culture, while Gija gave Korea its high culture, and presumably, standing as a legitimate civilisation.
2547:
Gardiner (1969), Henderson (1959), McCune (1962) considered the Gija myth to be a later conflation. Sohn et al. (1970) dismissed the Gija story as a
Chinese fabrication. On the other hand, Hatada (1969), gave Gojoseon a Chinese identity, exclusively ascribed it to the Gija myth, and moved it to the
2894:
In response, Emperor Wu commissioned a two-pronged attack, one by land and one by sea, against
Gojoseon. The two forces attacking Gojoseon were unable to coordinate well with each other and suffered large losses. Eventually, the commands were merged, and Wanggeom fell in 108 BCE. Han took over the
2551:
Kim C.W. (1966), Han W.K. (1970), Choi M.L. (1983, 1984, 1985, 1992), Han W.K. (1984), Kim J.B. (1987), Lee K.B. (1984) accepted Wi Man as a historical figure. Gardiner (1969) questioned authenticity of the Wi Man myth, although he mentioned there were interactions between
Gojoseon and the Han
2256:
While the Dangun story is considered to be a myth, it is believed it is a mythical synthesis of a series of historical events relating to the founding of
Gojoseon. There are various theories on the origin of this myth. Seo and Kang (2002) believe the Dangun myth is based on integration of two
2682:
rulers of the ancient Korean "Părk" tradition. The Dangun story also lends credence to claims that Korean heritage is over 5000 years old. According to Hyung Il Pai, the popularity of Dangun studies can be said to "reflect the progressively ultra-nationalistic trend in Korean historical and
4768:"The earliest documented event in Korean history involves China. After an unsuccessful uprising against the first Han emperor Gaozu, the defeated rebels sought refuge beyond the imperial frontier and one of them Wiman, took control of Joseon, a Korean state in the north of the peninsula."
3029:
In 1964, through a joint excavation by China and North Korea, Gangsang tomb(강상무덤, 崗上墓) and Nusang tomb(누상무덤, 樓上墓) were found in 1964 at the
Liaodong peninsula. Nusang was found earlier prior to the excavation in 1958 Gangsang and Nusang tombs are considered to be burial
2987:
Gojoseon's development seems linked to the adoption of bronze technology. Its singularity finds its most notable expression in the idiosyncratic type of bronze swords, or "mandolin-shaped daggers" (비파형동검, 琵琶形銅劍). The mandolin-shape dagger is found in the regions of
2662:), Korean nationalist historiography aims to portray ancient Korea as a golden age of "gods and heroes" where Korea's cultural achievements rivaled those of China and Japan. Accordingly, Shin Chaeho elevated Dangun to play a similar role as did the
2257:
different tribes, an invasive sky-worshipping Bronze Age tribe and a native bear-worshipping neolithic tribe, that led to the foundation of
Gojoseon. Lee K. B. (1984) believes 'Dangun-wanggeom' was a title borne by successive leaders of Gojoseon.
2930:
Around 2000 BCE, a new pottery culture of painted and chiseled design was developed. These people practiced agriculture in a settled communal life, probably organized into familial clans. Rectangular huts and increasingly larger
2244:
and garlic he would change them into human beings. However, about halfway through the 100 days the tiger gave up and ran out of the cave. The bear, in contrast, successfully restrained herself and became a beautiful woman named
2548:
3rd century BCE. Shim Jae-Hoon (2002) accepted the eastward migration of Gija, but denied the relationship between Gija and Joseon, suggesting that the existence of
Gojoseon could not be extended to the second millennium BCE.
3238:"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
3018:(underground burial chambers lined with stone) and earthenware jar coffins. The bronze objects, pottery, and jade ornaments recovered from dolmens and stone cists indicate that such tombs were reserved for the elite class.
2786:
Around 300 BCE, Gojoseon lost significant western territory after a war with the Yan state, but this indicates Gojoseon was already a large enough state that it could wage war against the Yan and survive the loss of 2000
2996:, and Manchuria down to the Korean Peninsula. It suggests the existence of Gojoseon dominions. Remarkably, the shape of the "mandolin" dagger of Gojoseon differs significantly from the sword artifacts found in China.
3060:
Around 300 BCE, iron technology was introduced into Korea from Yan state. Iron was produced locally in the southern part of the peninsula by the 2nd century BCE. According to Chinese accounts, iron from the lower
2239:
and founded the city of Shinsi. Then a bear and a tiger came to Hwanung and said that they wanted to become people. Hwanung said to them that if they went in a cave and lived there for 100 days while only eating
2221:, the offspring of a heavenly prince and a bear-woman, founded Gojoseon in 2333 BC, and was succeeded by Gija (Qizi) after King Wu of Zhou had placed him onto the throne in 1122 BC. A similar account is found in
4824:"Retaliation by the Han then brought in refugees from Yan, the most notable of whom was a warlord, Weiman ('Wiman' in Korean), who, somewhere around 200 BCE, led his followers into the territory held by Joseon."
2771:
conquest. Thus, a vast confederation of political entities between the Taedong and Liao rivers was formed. As Gojoseon evolved, so did the title and function of its leader, who came to be designated as "king" (
3034:
tombs of local nobilities of Gojoseon. Some consider the tombs as the evidences of the slavery that could have existed, but others find that the evidences are inadequate and lacking to deduce such conclusion.
3009:
Megalithic dolmens appear in Korean peninsula and Manchuria around 2000 BCE to 400 BCE. Around 900 BCE, burial practices become more elaborate, a reflection of increasing social stratification. Goindol, the
4796:"For instance, Wiman, a refugee from the Yan dynasty, which then existed around present-day Beijing, led his band of more than 1,000 followers into exile in Old Joseon in the early second century BCE."
3127:. Three of the Chinese commanderies fell to local resistance within a few decades, but the last, Nakrang, remained an important commercial and cultural outpost until it was destroyed by the expanding
2040:. Gojoseon possessed the most advanced culture in the Korean Peninsula at the time and was an important marker in the progression towards the more centralized states of later periods. The addition of
3021:
Around the 6th century BCE, burnished red wares, made of a fine iron-rich clay and characterized by a smooth, lustrous surface, appear in dolmen tombs, as well as in domestic bowls and cups.
3322:"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
2403:
Many modern experts have denied Gija Joseon's existence for various reasons, mainly due to contradicting archaeological evidence and anachronistic historical evidence. They point to the
3014:
tombs in Korea and Manchuria, comprising upright stones supporting a horizontal slab, are more numerous in Korea than in other parts of East Asia. Other new forms of burial are stone
2935:
burial sites were found throughout the peninsula. Bronze daggers and mirrors have been excavated, and there is archaeological evidence of small walled-town states in this period.
2565:, the established view among historians traced Korean origins to Chinese refugees, considering Korean history that of a long series of kingdoms connected with China. As such, the
3822:
was still used in Gojoseon). It is presumed that later Koreans claimed to be "Gija" for their relations with China and for their desire to be a part of Chinese civilization.
3818:
Immigrants provided Gojoseon with the opportunity to learn and incorporate advanced technologies, but it is believed that they were only a minor influence (e.g. because the
2415:
of Confucius, which were among the first works to mention Gija, but do not mention his migration to Gojoseon. Gija Joseon might have just existed as a symbol of the pre-
372:
358:
344:
3350:"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."
2902:
Gojoseon disintegrated by the 1st century BCE as it gradually lost the control of its former fiefs. Many successor states sprang from its former territory, such as
2976:
on the peninsula is usually said to be 1000 BCE, but estimates range from the 13th to 8th centuries BCE. Although the Korean Bronze Age culture derives from the
3655:
2691:
on the Sino-Korean border as a part of Korean heritage, by virtue of connection with the mythical Dangun. The mountain, however, was also claimed by the
2540:, whom they viewed as the ancestors of Koreans. Kim C. (1948) suggested the Dangun myth had a Chinese origin, tracing it to a Han dynasty tomb in the
2589:. The story of how he brought poetry, music, medicine, trade, and a political system to the Korean peninsula was conceived similarly to the proposed
2711:
states. The Chinese civilizational connection to ancient Korea continues to be attacked by North Korean historians, who allege that the history of
1201:
3643:
1933:
3053:
occupied the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about this state except that it was the apparent predecessor to the
2536:
with Gojoseon and pushes it further back to the Neolithic period. Sohn et al. (1970) suggested that the Dangun myth is associated with the
4232:
3972:
2621:
which worshipped Dangun, but attacked pre-annexation textbook narratives of Dangun which portrayed him as the brother of the Japanese god
4968:
1866:
1441:
1435:
2984:
most frequently in burial sites, consist mainly of swords, spears, daggers, small bells, and mirrors decorated with geometric patterns.
2939:
and bronze daggers found in the area are uniquely Korean and cannot be found in China. A few dolmens are found in China, mostly in the
1495:
1423:
4740:"The term was used again by a refugee from the Han dynasty named Wiman, set up a kingdom in Korea called Wiman Joseon around 200 BCE."
3658:의 주석에는 다음과 같은 해석이 실려있다. – 古記云, 檀君與堯竝立於戊辰, 虞夏至商武丁八年乙未, 入阿斯達山爲神, 享壽千四百十八年. 此說可疑今按, 堯之立在上元甲子甲辰之歲, 而檀君之立在後二十五年戊辰, 則曰與堯竝立者非也. 이에 대한 한글 해석은
2879:) refused to let Jin's ambassadors through his territory in order to reach the Han dynasty. King Ugeo refused and had his son, Prince
4436:
Constructing "Korean" origins: A critical review of archaeology, historiography, and racial myth in Korean state-formation theories
4183:
Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories
4165:
Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories
4058:
Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories
2613:– who brought civilization to the Korean peninsula. Shin and the other historians who promulgated this myth had been influenced by
2315:, it can be presumed that Gojoseon grew through trade in this era. It is estimated that Gojoseon developed so far as to be able to
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4621:
3481:
1713:
4662:
4551:
4902:
4879:
4731:
3339:
3311:
3283:
3255:
3227:
4583:
3192:
2958:
Rice cultivation was extensive in the lower parts of South Korea and Manchuria in the periods between 1900 BCE to 200 CE.
1773:
954:
3574:
4944:
4813:
4785:
4757:
3443:
1926:
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4345:
3917:
Walraven, Boudewijn (2001). "The Parliament of Histories: New Religions, Collective Historiography, and the Nation".
3868:
3801:
3691:(管子) > 桓公問管子曰 吾聞 海內玉幣有七筴 可 得以聞乎 管子對曰 陰山之礌礝 一筴也 燕之紫山白金 筴也 發朝鮮之文皮 筴也 : Records of trade between Gojoseon and Qi
3549:
3515:
3427:
3400:
3106:
2518:
3169:. King Jun ruled Mahan, which was eventually annexed by Baekje. Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla gradually grew into the
3659:
2112:. There are many interpretations of Gojoseon and Gija Joseon as well as debates regarding Gija Joseon's existence.
1407:
2883:(長降) escort the ambassador back home. However, when they got close to Han's borders, the ambassador assassinated
2707:
partisans operating from the Chinese border and legitimized with associations to the history of the Gojoseon and
2633:), and thus the necessary starting point for Korean history. In response to a challenge by the Japanese scholars
2485:
2187:
There are three different main founding myths concerning Gojoseon, which revolve around Dangun, Gija, or Wi Man.
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767:
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2013:
1970:
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2844:, to guard the frontier. Wi Man later rebelled in 194 BC and usurped the throne of Gojoseon. King Jun fled to
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2699:
as part of their origin myth at least since the 17th century, and the mountain range is considered sacred in
2350:
1919:
1826:
1784:
1513:
1302:
17:
3888:. Working Papers in Korean Studies. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 3.
2446:
as its capital, which is thought to be in the region of present-day Pyongyang. The 3rd-century Chinese text
4120:
Allen, Chizuko T. (November 1990). "Northeast Asia Centered Around Korea: Ch'oe Namsŏn's View of History".
4013:
Allen, Chizuko T. (November 1990). "Northeast Asia Centered Around Korea: Ch'oe Namsŏn's View of History".
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2704:
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culture as well. This nationalist identification of Baekdu with Koreans was cemented by the operation of
2531:
Gojoseon mythology and history can be divided into three phases, Dangun, Gija Joseon, and Wi Man Joseon.
1754:
1456:
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173:
97:
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2678:, places Dangun even above the Chinese and Japanese emperors, because those rulers were supposedly
2143:
2073:, Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE by Dangun, who was said to be born from the heavenly prince
1704:
857:
365:
4364:
2146:
to administer the former Gojoseon territory. After the fragmentation of the Han Empire during the
4539:
3170:
2182:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1312:
870:
4196:
Kim, Seonmin (June 2007). "Ginseng and Border Trespassing Between Qing China and Chosŏn Korea".
2438:
of northeastern China who fled to the northern Korean peninsula in 195 BCE from the encroaching
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of 1778 described Gija's activities and contributions in Gojoseon. The records of Gija refer to
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2284:. The date differs among historical sources, although all of them put it during the mythical
541:
462:
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3301:
3266:"Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."
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3142:
3138:
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states were not considered as important. According to this view, the first state in Korea,
2316:
2139:
1846:
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1522:
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290:
4530:김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), 단군학연구, 7, 185 – 206 (2002)
2500:
2096:
Some sources claim that in the 12th century BCE, following the establishment of Gojoseon,
8:
3718:
Shim, Jae-Hoon (2002). "A new understanding of Kija Chosŏn as a historical anachronism".
2888:
2634:
2435:
2260:
Dangun is said to have founded Gojoseon around 2333 BC, based on the descriptions of the
2169:) from at least the 2nd century BCE. In the southern region of the Korean Peninsula, the
614:
4462:
3671:
Yoon, N.-H. (윤내현), The Location and Transfer of Go-Chosun's Capital (고조선의 도읍 위치와 그 이동),
3111:
Numerous small states and confederations arose from the remnants of Gojoseon, including
2791:(800 kilometers) of territory. Gojoseon is thought to have relocated its capital to the
2340:, allegedly fled to the Korean peninsula in 1122 BC during the fall of the Shang to the
4891:
4298:
4290:
4255:
4213:
4145:
4137:
4102:
4094:
4073:"Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea"
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2688:
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1836:
1307:
831:
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2763:—containing some of its earliest records—refers to Joseon as a region, until the text
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and Manchuria, it exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.
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A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century
2348:. Gija Joseon is recognized and mentioned in the earliest surviving Chinese record,
2108:, immigrated to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and became the founder of
595:
4282:
4247:
4205:
4129:
4084:
4022:
3987:
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Han, Young-woo (1992). "The Establishment and Development of Nationalist History".
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2590:
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910:
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624:
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121:
27:
Ancient state, based in northern Korean peninsula and Manchuria (2333 BC? – 108 BC)
3419:
Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800
3379:
uriminzokkiri 우리민족끼리 official website of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2292:
says Dangun ascended to the throne in the 50th year of the legendary Yao's reign,
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Northern Territories and the Historical Understanding of Territory in Late Chosŏn
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1297:
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985:
561:
555:
482:
476:
217:
4273:
Ch'oe, Yŏng-ho (May 1981). "Reinterpreting Traditional History in North Korea".
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and evidence a hierarchical society with legal protections of private property.
3182:
3157:, continuing to absorb migration from the north. The Samhan confederacies were
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2562:
2443:
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2057:
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111:
2605:'s histories, the Jizi Korean founding story became less popular than that of
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143:
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A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
4251:
4233:"Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State"
3991:
3973:"Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State"
3930:
3836:
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Kyung Moon hwang, "A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative", 2010, p. 4
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The myths revolving around Dangun were recorded in the later Korean work
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State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
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State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
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4133:
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3861:
State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
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State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
3508:
State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
2448:
3128:
3112:
2989:
2940:
2915:
2574:
2411:
2354:. Gija's story was further developed in later Korean texts such as
2155:
1749:
1631:
1145:
879:
839:
126:
4482:
Dolmens for the dead : megalith-building throughout the world
2733:
The first mentions of Gojoseon are found in historical records of
4540:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Arts of Korea, Bronze Age Objects
2884:
2880:
2863:. A conflict would erupt in 109 BCE, when Wi Man's grandson King
2658:
By focusing on a mythological god which founded a "sacred race" (
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2232:
2078:
2074:
1739:
1666:
1621:
1596:
1095:
1036:
254:
3065:
in the southeast was valued throughout the peninsula and Japan.
4450:
The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism
3173:
that dominated the entire peninsula by around the 4th century.
3150:
3146:
3054:
3011:
2936:
2932:
2919:
2708:
2606:
2598:
2537:
2431:
2365:
2250:
2249:(웅녀, 熊女). Hwanung later married Ungnyeo, and she gave birth to
2228:
2218:
2061:
2037:
1719:
1606:
1581:
1571:
1156:
1121:
974:
889:
811:
750:
495:
416:
351:
337:
192:
148:
61:
31:
4438:. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 144–145.
2817:
2552:
dynasty and social unrest in the area during that time period.
3154:
3120:
3031:
2993:
2907:
2759:
2609:, the son of a tiger and a bear – the latter being common in
2570:
2206:, where Dangun's father is said to have descended from heaven
2115:
In 194 BCE, the ruling dynasty of Gojoseon was overthrown by
2029:
2003:
1960:
1641:
1626:
1132:
997:
922:
899:
844:
806:
785:
511:
432:
398:
50:
3085:
is said to be of Gojoseon origin. The poetry is as follows:
1466:
4937:
Deep-rooted Korean History 1 : Gojoseon·Three Kingdoms
3015:
2864:
2582:
2333:
2097:
935:
2585:
in 1122 BCE, who was a disgruntled Chinese advisor to the
2496:
2715:
was "viciously distorted by the feudal ruling class, the
546:
467:
2154:, the area escaped Chinese control and was conquered by
4836:. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 220.
4321:(in Korean). Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia. Archived from
3790:(12): 5–30. June 16, 2005 – via www.dbpia.co.kr.
3694:
3598:
2767:
began referring it as a country from 195 BC onwards.
2683:
archaeological scholarship today". Shin Chaeho named
2625:. To Shin, Dangun was both the founder of the Korean
2368:
dynasty, a state cult had developed around Gija. The
3482:"Timeline of Art and History, Korea, 1000 BC – 1 AD"
3222:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443.
2036:, the kingdom was established by the legendary king
2017:
1974:
4420:Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae,
2288:'s reign (traditional dates: 2357 BC? – 2256 BC?).
4890:
4911:
4167:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 95–96.
3767:
3219:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
3091:公竟渡河 "My love eventually crossed the river.'
4955:
4479:
4463:"North Korea – THE ORIGINS OF THE KOREAN NATION"
3416:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013).
3100:
2641:of Dangun as a fabrication by the author of the
3622:
2227:. According to the legend, the Lord of Heaven,
4185:. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 254.
3835:people claim that they are descendants of the
3610:
2573:states were valorized, while the Gojoseon and
2307:pioneered the Northeast regions. According to
3415:
2462:and thus took over the kingship of Gojoseon.
1927:
1489:
4060:. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 2.
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3567:
3484:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from
3294:"Most treat the myth as a later creation."
2874:
2868:
2798:
2385:
2379:
2051:
2045:
2007:
1997:
1964:
1954:
517:
501:
438:
422:
74:
67:
55:
44:
4912:Peterson, Mark; Margulies, Phillip (2009).
4833:That glorious ancient history of our nation
4667:Korean ancient medieaval history dictionary
4649:Korean ancient medieaval history dictionary
4639:
4637:
4552:"A Tripolar Approach to East Asian History"
3897:
3895:
3088:公無渡河 "Don't cross the river, my love."
2719:followers, and the big-power chauvinists".
2601:. But by the 1930s, under the influence of
2217:of the 13th century. This work states that
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3278:. Columbia University Press. p. 270.
3209:
3207:
3097:當奈公何 "There's nothing that I can do."
2499:. Please do not remove this message until
2104:who belonged to the royal family from the
1934:
1920:
1496:
1482:
96:
4745:
4452:, Homa & Sekey Books, 2006, pp. 28–31
4424:, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 20
4272:
4230:
4176:
4174:
4088:
3970:
3842:
3706:
2519:Learn how and when to remove this message
2119:(Wei Man in Chinese), a refugee from the
4780:. Indiana University Press. p. 10.
4719:
4634:
4581:
4359:
4357:
3916:
3892:
3883:
3634:
3299:
3094:墮河而死 "Now that my love is drowned,"
3081:period, poetry called Gonghuyin(箜篌引) or
2899:in the western part of former Gojoseon.
2816:
2495:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2465:
2194:
1867:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
4801:
4582:Holcombe, Charles (December 16, 2011).
3863:. New York: Routledge. pp. 10–13.
3751:
3749:
3524:
3327:
3204:
3024:
14:
4956:
4867:
4602:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4380:
4378:
4335:
4171:
4070:
3901:
3858:
3700:
3604:
3539:
3505:
3499:
3271:
2419:migrants who escaped the chaos of the
4354:
4119:
4012:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3250:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49.
3243:
3137:is said to have fled to the state of
2183:Korean mythology § Founding myth
2023:
1983:
560:
481:
4442:
3746:
3717:
3355:
3215:
3193:Three Confederate States of Gojoseon
2741:and mentions the state trading with
2469:
2060:to distinguish the kingdom from the
696:
4933:뿌리 깊은 한국사 샘이 깊은 이야기 1 : 고조선·삼국
4888:
4773:
4433:
4409:
4375:
4340:. Richmond: Curzon. pp. 9–10.
4195:
4180:
4162:
4055:
3951:
3628:
3388:
2134:In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty, under
24:
4969:Former countries in Korean history
4930:
4829:
4726:. Infobase Publishing. p. 6.
3884:Karlsson, Anders (December 2009).
3720:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3616:
3461:
3306:. Infobase Publishing. p. 5.
3141:in the southern Korean Peninsula.
2722:
2655:as being built upon fabrications.
2142:Wiman Joseon. The Han established
25:
4985:
3906:. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 70.
3904:Korea: The Search for Sovereignty
3422:. Cengage Learning. p. 100.
3409:
3392:The History of Korea, 2nd Edition
3382:
3149:confederacies, the beginnings of
2832:in the northern Korean peninsula.
2442:. He founded a principality with
2176:
2070:Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms
2056:), meaning "ancient", is used in
3581:Encyclopædia Britannica( Korean)
3544:. Richmond: Curzon. p. 11.
3510:. Richmond: Curzon. p. 10.
3077:) written by Cui Bao(崔豹) of the
2946:
2556:
2474:
2028:), was the first kingdom on the
1532:
1465:
594:
370:
356:
342:
4916:. New York, NY: Facts On File.
4861:
4693:
4673:
4655:
4614:
4575:
4544:
4533:
4524:
4506:
4473:
4455:
4427:
4396:
4329:
4309:
4266:
4224:
4189:
4156:
4113:
4064:
4049:
4006:
3964:
3954:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
3945:
3910:
3877:
3825:
3812:
3794:
3776:
3682:
3665:
3641:국학원 제24회 학술회의 – 단기 연호 어떻게 볼 것인가
3558:
3049:Around this time, the state of
3038:
3004:
2961:
2895:Gojoseon lands and established
2336:, a man from the period of the
1699:Medieval to Early Modern period
4712:
4686:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
4627:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
4588:. Cambridge University Press.
4231:Armstrong, Charles K. (1995).
3971:Armstrong, Charles K. (1995).
3660:네이버 지식백과 국역 동국통감(국역:세종대왕기념사업회)
3654:》으로 요임금 즉위 25년 무진년을 기준으로 삼았다.
3436:
3373:
2968:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
2875:
2869:
2840:appointed a refugee from Yan,
2779:, around the same time as the
2434:was a military officer of the
2386:
2380:
2190:
2173:arose by the 3rd century BCE.
2052:
2046:
2008:
1998:
1965:
1955:
518:
502:
439:
423:
13:
1:
3107:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
3101:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
2737:. It locates Gojoseon around
2458:recorded that Wi Man usurped
2351:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1785:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4897:. Harvard University Press.
4406:, vol. 10권,3–4, 2007, p. 222
4404:The Review of Korean Studies
4275:The Journal of Asian Studies
4122:The Journal of Asian Studies
4015:The Journal of Asian Studies
2705:Korean independence movement
2629:and the first Korean state (
2390:), that are recorded by the
2322:
2303:In the 7th century BCE, the
2281:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
2161:The capital of Gojoseon was
955:Northern and Southern period
7:
4402:Academy of Korean Studies,
3757:"Daum 요청하신 페이지의 사용권한이 없습니다"
3583:(in Korean). Archived from
3176:
2775:), in the tradition of the
2501:conditions to do so are met
2018:
1975:
1561:Ancient to Classical period
1018:Later Three Kingdoms period
768:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
547:
533:
468:
454:
201:• 1126 BC? – 1082 BC?
10:
4990:
4830:Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007).
4746:Cotterell, Arthur (2011).
4386:"Korea's Place in the Sun"
3104:
3042:
2965:
2925:
2802:
2726:
2326:
2180:
29:
4868:Barnes, Gina Lee (2001).
4808:. Routledge. p. 18.
4598:– via Google Books.
4480:Joussaume, Roger (1988).
3831:This may explain why the
3367:Academy of Korean Studies
3334:. Routledge. p. 73.
3244:Stark, Miriam T. (2008).
3216:Seth, Michael J. (2010).
3068:
2799:Wiman Joseon and Its Fall
2795:region around this time.
2426:
2296:says the first year, and
2294:Annals of the King Sejong
1857:Kwantung Leased Territory
554:
540:
526:
510:
494:
489:
475:
461:
447:
431:
415:
408:
386:
317:
313:
300:
287:
274:
264:
260:
250:
246:
233:
223:
211:
199:
186:
182:
172:
164:
154:
142:
117:
107:
95:
90:
75:
68:
56:
45:
39:
4932:
4914:A brief history of Korea
4317:
4077:Journal of Asian Studies
3575:
3198:
3073:In the book of Gogeumju(
2999:
2897:Four Commanderies of Han
2830:Four Commanderies of Han
2813:Four Commanderies of Han
2809:Han conquest of Gojoseon
2647:, nationalist historian
2319:in the 4th century BCE.
2100:(also known as Gija), a
1705:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
858:Four Commanderies of Han
366:Four Commanderies of Han
30:Not to be confused with
4802:Tennant, Roger (1996).
4749:Asia: A Concise History
4720:Peterson, Mark (2009).
3820:Proto-koreanic language
3564:Samguk Yusa《삼국유사》(三國遺事)
3395:. ABC-CLIO. p. 8.
3328:Hulbert, H. B. (2014).
3300:Peterson, Mark (2009).
3171:Three Kingdoms of Korea
2889:Xiongnu against the Han
2127:, who then established
2083:National Foundation Day
490:Alternative Korean name
225:• 194 BC – ?
213:• 220 BC – 194 BC
4939:] (in Korean). 솔.
4931:서, 의식; 강, 봉룡 (2002).
4893:A New History of Korea
4723:Brief History of Korea
4422:Korean History in Maps
4365:"두산백과 : 네이버 지식백과"
4210:10.1353/late.2007.0009
4181:Pai, Hyung Il (2000).
4163:Pai, Hyung Il (2000).
4071:Schmid, Andre (1997).
4056:Pai, Hyung Il (2000).
3902:Simons, G. L. (1999).
3389:Kim, Djun Kil (2014).
3303:Brief History of Korea
3272:Schmid, Andre (2013).
2922:arose out from Buyeo.
2833:
2619:new religious movement
2207:
2064:, founded in 1392 CE.
1862:Nationalist government
1433:World Heritage Sites (
1424:Science and technology
1202:Provisional Government
4889:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984).
4774:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
4336:Barnes, Gina (2000).
3859:Barnes, Gina (2014).
3540:Barnes, Gina (2000).
3506:Barnes, Gina (2000).
3275:Korea Between Empires
2972:The beginning of the
2820:
2676:Purham culture theory
2466:Academic perspectives
2421:Warring States period
2313:The Context of Guanzi
2198:
2140:invaded and conquered
1981:Korean pronunciation:
925:(Tributary of Baekje)
871:Three Kingdoms period
118:Common languages
4974:History of Manchuria
4874:. Psychology Press.
4484:. London: Batsford.
4467:www.country-data.com
4252:10.1353/ks.1995.0017
3992:10.1353/ks.1995.0017
3931:10.1353/ks.2001.0024
3331:The History of Korea
3025:Other types of tombs
2953:Mumun pottery period
2848:in the south of the
2300:says the 25th year.
1985:[ko.dʑo.sʌn]
1847:Far Eastern Republic
1617:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
1592:Yan (Warring States)
1237:North-South division
1227:Military governments
1000:(Tributary of Silla)
528:Revised Romanization
483:[ko.dʑo.sʌn]
449:Revised Romanization
4434:Pai, Hyung (2000).
4198:Late Imperial China
3247:Archaeology of Asia
3145:developed into the
3083:Gongmudohaga(公無渡河歌)
2674:, according to his
2666:in China and which
2635:Shiratori Kurakichi
2488:of this article is
2364:. By the middle of
2317:war against the Yan
2235:, who descended to
2152:chaotic 4th century
2150:and the subsequent
1755:Jurchen Jin dynasty
1714:Andong Protectorate
1192:Japanese occupation
266:• Established
4390:The New York Times
3650:– 단기가 최초로 산정된 것은 《
3646:2014-11-01 at the
3045:Jin (Korean state)
2834:
2745:(齊) of China. The
2689:Changbai Mountains
2653:Japanese mythology
2542:Shandong peninsula
2376:Eight Prohibitions
2208:
2077:and a bear-woman,
1837:Beiyang government
1543:Prehistoric period
1135:(Vassal of Goryeo)
745:4th–2nd century BC
619:700,000 BC-8000 BC
606:Prehistoric period
235:• ? – 108 BC
144:Ethnic groups
102:Gojoseon in 108 BC
4904:978-0-674-61575-5
4881:978-0-7007-1323-3
4733:978-1-4381-2738-5
3341:978-1-317-84941-4
3313:978-1-4381-2738-5
3285:978-0-231-50630-4
3257:978-1-4051-5303-4
3229:978-0-7425-6717-7
2859:invaded near the
2857:Emperor Wu of Han
2660:shinsŏng chongjok
2611:Japanese folklore
2581:, was founded by
2529:
2528:
2521:
2309:The Growth of Yan
2144:four commanderies
2067:According to the
2025:[tɕo.sʌn]
1944:
1943:
1886:Chinese Civil War
1882:Liaoshen Campaign
1872:Japanese invasion
1827:Russian invasions
1687:Göktürk Khaganate
1549:Liao civilization
1506:
1505:
1267:
1266:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1174:
1105:
1104:
1008:
1007:
945:
944:
758:
757:
675:
674:
568:
567:
562:[tɕo.sʌn]
542:McCune–Reischauer
463:McCune–Reischauer
404:
403:
382:
381:
378:
377:
134:Classical Chinese
32:Kingdom of Joseon
16:(Redirected from
4981:
4950:
4927:
4908:
4896:
4885:
4855:
4847:
4819:
4805:History Of Korea
4791:
4763:
4737:
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4631:
4618:
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4606:
4600:
4599:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4557:. Archived from
4556:
4548:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4477:
4471:
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3809:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:"古朝鮮과 琵琶形銅劍의 問題"
3780:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3715:
3704:
3703:, pp. 9–10.
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3669:
3663:
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3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3607:, pp. 9–14.
3602:
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3289:
3261:
3233:
3211:
3188:History of Korea
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2850:Korean Peninsula
2729:Gojoseon–Yan War
2591:Founding of Rome
2524:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2123:vassal state of
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2034:Korean mythology
2030:Korean Peninsula
2027:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1905:Russian Far East
1637:Sima Jin dynasty
1536:
1526:
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1484:
1472:Korea portal
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1039:(Later Goguryeo)
1023:
1022:
960:
959:
911:Gaya confederacy
876:
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820:
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4550:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4518:terms.naver.com
4512:
4511:
4507:
4492:
4478:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4443:
4432:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4369:terms.naver.com
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4334:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4287:10.2307/2054553
4271:
4267:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4194:
4190:
4179:
4172:
4161:
4157:
4134:10.2307/2058236
4118:
4114:
4090:10.2307/2646342
4069:
4065:
4054:
4050:
4027:10.2307/2058236
4011:
4007:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3950:
3946:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3893:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3856:
3843:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3813:
3806:terms.naver.com
3800:
3799:
3795:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3761:status.daum.net
3755:
3754:
3747:
3732:10.2307/4126600
3716:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:, 207–38 (2002)
3670:
3666:
3648:Wayback Machine
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3538:
3525:
3518:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3448:terms.naver.com
3442:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3342:
3314:
3286:
3258:
3230:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3179:
3135:Jun of Gojoseon
3109:
3103:
3071:
3057:confederacies.
3047:
3041:
3027:
3007:
3002:
2970:
2964:
2949:
2928:
2828:, establishing
2815:
2801:
2731:
2725:
2723:State formation
2670:does in Japan.
2561:Around the mid-
2559:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2429:
2331:
2325:
2298:Dongguk Tonggam
2275:Dongguk Tonggam
2237:Baekdu Mountain
2204:Baekdu Mountain
2193:
2185:
2179:
2032:. According to
1988:), also called
1980:
1940:
1911:
1910:
1901:Outer Manchuria
1896:Northeast China
1841:Fengtian Clique
1818:Chuang Guandong
1813:Amur Annexation
1808:
1800:
1799:
1730:Dongdan Kingdom
1725:Little Goguryeo
1700:
1692:
1691:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1464:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1326:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1185:
1184:Colonial period
1177:
1176:
1115:
1114:Dynastic period
1107:
1106:
1072:Dongdan Kingdom
1020:
1010:
1009:
986:Little Goguryeo
966:(Unified Silla)
957:
947:
946:
873:
863:
862:
854:
830:
823:
816:
797:
790:
770:
760:
759:
730:
718:
706:
685:
677:
676:
667:Liaoning dagger
629:8000 BC–1500 BC
608:
586:
579:
522:
506:
443:
427:
397:
393:
371:
357:
343:
306:
302:• Fall of
293:
280:
276:• Coup by
267:
236:
226:
214:
202:
189:
136:
132:
124:
103:
86:
81:
80:
73:
66:
65:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4952:
4951:
4946:978-8981335366
4945:
4928:
4922:
4909:
4903:
4886:
4880:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4815:978-0710305329
4814:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4787:978-0253000248
4786:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4759:978-0470825044
4758:
4742:
4741:
4732:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:"공무도하가(公無渡河歌)"
4692:
4672:
4654:
4633:
4613:
4601:
4594:
4574:
4543:
4532:
4523:
4505:
4490:
4472:
4454:
4448:Jae-eun Kang,
4441:
4426:
4408:
4395:
4374:
4353:
4346:
4328:
4325:on 2012-07-01.
4308:
4281:(3): 503–505.
4265:
4240:Korean Studies
4223:
4188:
4170:
4155:
4112:
4063:
4048:
4021:(4): 793–795.
4005:
3980:Korean Studies
3963:
3944:
3919:Korean Studies
3909:
3891:
3876:
3869:
3841:
3824:
3811:
3793:
3775:
3766:
3745:
3726:(2): 271–305.
3705:
3693:
3681:
3664:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3523:
3516:
3498:
3460:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3381:
3372:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Names of Korea
3178:
3175:
3105:Main article:
3102:
3099:
3070:
3067:
3043:Main article:
3040:
3037:
3026:
3023:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2966:Main article:
2963:
2960:
2948:
2945:
2927:
2924:
2800:
2797:
2724:
2721:
2664:Yellow Emperor
2563:Joseon dynasty
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2527:
2526:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2444:Wanggeom-seong
2428:
2425:
2371:Dongsa Gangmok
2327:Main article:
2324:
2321:
2192:
2189:
2181:Main article:
2178:
2177:Founding myths
2175:
2062:Joseon dynasty
2058:historiography
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1832:Russian Dalian
1829:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1393:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1320:
1315:
1313:Historiography
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
993:
992:
989:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
958:
953:
952:
949:
948:
943:
942:
939:
931:
930:
927:
918:
917:
914:
906:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
874:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
836:
835:
828:
821:
809:
804:
803:
802:
795:
783:
778:
772:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
756:
755:
753:
747:
746:
743:
737:
736:
734:
725:
724:
722:
713:
712:
710:
701:
700:
694:
686:
684:Ancient period
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
672:
670:
661:
660:
658:
651:
650:
649:1500 BC–300 BC
647:
641:
640:
638:
631:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
609:
604:
603:
600:
599:
591:
590:
581:
580:
573:
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
544:
538:
537:
530:
524:
523:
516:
514:
508:
507:
500:
498:
492:
491:
487:
486:
479:
473:
472:
465:
459:
458:
451:
445:
444:
437:
435:
429:
428:
421:
419:
413:
412:
402:
401:
388:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
368:
362:
361:
354:
348:
347:
340:
331:
328:
327:
322:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
301:
298:
297:
294:
288:
285:
284:
281:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
251:Historical era
248:
247:
244:
243:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
197:
196:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
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170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
93:
92:
88:
87:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4986:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4929:
4925:
4923:9781438127385
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4843:9780549440369
4839:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4595:9780521515955
4591:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4564:on 2015-07-04
4560:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4536:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4347:9780700713233
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3870:9780700713233
3866:
3862:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3587:on 2007-06-30
3586:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3561:
3553:
3551:9780700713233
3547:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3517:9780700713233
3513:
3509:
3502:
3488:on 2010-02-07
3487:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3429:9781285546230
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3402:9781610695824
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:Buyeo kingdom
3114:
3108:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3063:Nakdong River
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3033:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2947:Mumun Pottery
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:Choe Nam-seon
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:Choe Nam-seon
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Shang dynasty
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:Controversies
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2520:
2512:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:Bamboo Annals
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:Shang dynasty
2335:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:Shang dynasty
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Green Ukraine
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:Modern period
1804:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Northern Yuan
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
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1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Xianbei state
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Takri Kingdom
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:
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1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1499:
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1468:
1463:
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1427:
1425:
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1411:
1406:
1404:
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1368:
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1342:
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1335:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
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1309:
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1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:Modern period
1216:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1167:Korean Empire
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:(Later Silla)
1049:
1048:Unified Silla
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
961:
956:
951:
950:
940:
938:
937:
933:
932:
928:
926:
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920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
872:
867:
866:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
805:
800:
796:
793:
789:
788:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
764:
763:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
742:
739:
738:
735:
733:
727:
726:
723:
721:
715:
714:
711:
709:
703:
702:
695:
693:
690:
689:
681:
680:
671:
669:
668:
663:
662:
659:
657:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
637:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
601:
597:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
577:
572:
571:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
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460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
420:
418:
414:
411:
407:
400:
396:
392:
389:
387:Today part of
385:
369:
367:
364:
363:
355:
353:
350:
349:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
329:
326:
323:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
304:Wanggeom City
299:
295:
292:
286:
282:
279:
273:
269:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
232:
228:
222:
219:
216:
210:
207:
204:
198:
194:
191:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
135:
128:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:Wanggeom City
110:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
63:
52:
38:
33:
19:
18:Dangun Joseon
4936:
4913:
4892:
4870:
4862:Bibliography
4832:
4804:
4776:
4748:
4722:
4714:
4695:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4625:
4616:
4604:
4584:
4577:
4566:. Retrieved
4559:the original
4546:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4481:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4435:
4429:
4421:
4403:
4398:
4389:
4368:
4337:
4331:
4323:the original
4311:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4243:
4239:
4226:
4204:(1): 42–43.
4201:
4197:
4191:
4182:
4164:
4158:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4018:
4014:
4008:
3983:
3979:
3966:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3903:
3885:
3879:
3860:
3827:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3723:
3719:
3696:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:에서 확인할 수 있다.
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:the original
3580:
3569:
3560:
3541:
3507:
3501:
3490:. Retrieved
3486:the original
3452:. Retrieved
3447:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3357:
3330:
3302:
3274:
3246:
3218:
3133:
3110:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3072:
3059:
3048:
3039:Iron Culture
3028:
3020:
3008:
3005:Dolmen Tombs
2986:
2982:
2971:
2962:Bronze Tools
2957:
2950:
2929:
2901:
2893:
2855:In 109 BCE,
2854:
2836:In 195 BCE,
2835:
2826:Wiman Joseon
2805:Wiman Joseon
2785:
2777:Zhou dynasty
2769:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2732:
2697:Qing dynasty
2685:Mount Paektu
2659:
2657:
2642:
2639:Imanishi Ryū
2630:
2626:
2560:
2530:
2515:
2509:January 2023
2506:
2484:
2453:
2447:
2430:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2344:and founded
2342:Zhou dynasty
2332:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2290:Samgungnyusa
2289:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2263:Samgungnyusa
2261:
2259:
2255:
2222:
2211:
2209:
2186:
2160:
2133:
2129:Wiman Joseon
2114:
2095:
2068:
2066:
2041:
1989:
1946:
1945:
1745:Liao dynasty
1735:Later Balhae
1710:Tang dynasty
1662:Northern Yan
1566:
1455:
1409:Christianity
1283:Architecture
1263:1948–present
1252:1948–present
1241:1945–present
1144:
1131:
1094:
1084:Later Balhae
1082:
1070:
1060:Later Sabeol
1058:
1027:Later Baekje
996:
984:
964:United Silla
934:
921:
909:
904:57 BC–935 AD
894:18 BC–660 AD
884:37 BC–668 AD
691:
665:
615:Palaeolithic
409:
325:Succeeded by
324:
82:
3837:Qin dynasty
3701:Barnes 2001
3605:Barnes 2001
3450:(in Korean)
3131:in 313 CE.
3079:Western Jin
2822:Han dynasty
2754:Shanhaijing
2713:Gija Joseon
2701:Han Chinese
2680:Shamanistic
2644:Samguk yusa
2603:Shin Chaeho
2579:Gija Joseon
2567:Gija Joseon
2440:Han dynasty
2417:Qin dynasty
2393:Book of Han
2362:Jewang ungi
2357:Samguk yusa
2346:Gija Joseon
2329:Gija Joseon
2286:Emperor Yao
2269:Jewang Ungi
2231:had a son,
2224:Jewang Ungi
2213:Samguk Yusa
2200:Heaven Lake
2191:Dangun myth
2158:in 313 CE.
2148:3rd century
2110:Gija Joseon
2091:South Korea
2016::
2006::
1996::
1973::
1963::
1953::
1602:Han dynasty
1523:History of
1374:Politics (
1346:Family tree
585:History of
410:Korean name
395:South Korea
391:North Korea
4958:Categories
4568:2015-04-29
4491:0713453699
4128:(4): 800.
3925:(2): 158.
3656:《동국통감》〈외기〉
3591:2006-02-10
3492:2006-02-10
3454:2021-05-02
2974:Bronze Age
2943:province.
2861:Liao River
2803:See also:
2727:See also:
2615:Daejonggyo
2486:neutrality
2136:Emperor Wu
1652:Former Qin
1647:Former Yan
1370:Newspapers
645:Bronze Age
296:109–108 BC
165:Government
137:(literary)
4752:. Wiley.
4303:145140808
4260:154659765
4218:143779357
4150:162622386
4107:162879663
4083:(1): 32.
4043:162622386
4000:154659765
3939:145784087
3857:Cited in
2824:destroys
2793:Pyongyang
2748:Zhanguoce
2739:Bohai Bay
2717:sadaejuui
2668:Amaterasu
2651:attacked
2497:talk page
2455:Sanguozhi
2323:Gija myth
2171:Jin state
2167:Pyongyang
1892:Manchuria
1877:Manchukuo
1795:Qing rule
1780:Later Jin
1770:Ming rule
1760:Yuan rule
1657:Later Yan
1525:Manchuria
1358:Era names
1308:Geography
1303:Education
1231:1945–1948
1206:1919–1948
1196:1910–1945
1171:1897–1910
1161:1392–1897
1151:1029–1030
625:Neolithic
188:• ?
159:Shamanism
155:Religion
4964:Gojoseon
4681:"요령강상유적"
4622:"요령누상유적"
4500:15593505
3960:: 69–70.
3644:Archived
3629:Lee 1984
3576:고조선(古朝鮮)
3363:"Dangun"
3177:See also
3167:Byeonhan
3129:Goguryeo
3113:Goguryeo
2990:Liaoning
2978:Liaoning
2941:Shandong
2916:Goguryeo
2838:King Jun
2597:refugee
2575:Goguryeo
2490:disputed
2460:King Jun
2412:Analects
2409:and the
2278:and the
2165:(modern
2163:Wanggeom
2156:Goguryeo
1976:Gojoseon
1947:Gojoseon
1750:Xingliao
1632:Goguryeo
1567:Gojoseon
1514:a series
1512:Part of
1457:Timeline
1402:Buddhism
1396:Religion
1341:Monarchs
1334:Goguryeo
1323:Military
1318:Language
1298:Currency
1276:By topic
1139:938–1105
1126:918–1392
880:Goguryeo
840:Goguryeo
692:Gojoseon
576:a series
574:Part of
455:Gojoseon
168:Monarchy
127:Koreanic
91:?–108 BC
79:(Hangul)
41:Gojoseon
4514:"청동기문화"
4295:2054553
4142:2058236
4099:2646342
4035:2058236
3740:4126600
3617:서강 2002
2951:In the
2937:Dolmens
2926:Culture
2885:Wi Jang
2881:Wi Jang
2695:of the
2693:Manchus
2687:in the
2623:Susanoo
2593:by the
2452:of the
2247:Ungnyeo
2242:mugwort
2233:Hwanung
2079:Ungnyeo
2075:Hwanung
1740:Jeongan
1667:Kumo Xi
1622:Cao Wei
1597:Xiongnu
1293:Cuisine
1146:Heungyo
1101:938–986
1096:Jeongan
1089:927–935
1077:926–936
1065:919–927
1053:892–935
1042:901–918
1037:Taebong
1031:892–936
1004:662–925
991:699–820
979:698–926
969:668–892
941:512–930
929:498–660
850:Nakrang
792:Eastern
699:–108 BC
697:2333 BC
636:Jeulmun
469:Kojosŏn
289:•
255:Ancient
240:Wi Ugeo
195:(first)
122:Ye-Maek
108:Capital
72:(Hanja)
4943:
4920:
4901:
4878:
4840:
4812:
4784:
4756:
4730:
4663:"누상무덤"
4645:"강상무덤"
4609:Unesco
4592:
4498:
4488:
4344:
4301:
4293:
4258:
4216:
4148:
4140:
4105:
4097:
4041:
4033:
3998:
3937:
3867:
3833:Jinhan
3802:"기자조선"
3738:
3689:Guanzi
3548:
3514:
3444:"기자조선"
3426:
3399:
3338:
3310:
3282:
3254:
3226:
3165:, and
3163:Jinhan
3151:Baekje
3147:Samhan
3125:Dongye
3123:, and
3115:, the
3069:Poetry
3055:Samhan
3012:dolmen
2933:dolmen
2920:Baekje
2912:Dongye
2873:;
2842:Wi Man
2811:, and
2757:, and
2735:Guanzi
2709:Balhae
2627:minjok
2607:Dangun
2599:Aeneas
2595:Trojan
2538:Dongyi
2449:Weilüe
2432:Wi Man
2427:Wi Man
2384:;
2366:Goryeo
2251:Dangun
2229:Hwanin
2219:Dangun
2215:(삼국유사)
2117:Wi Man
2050:;
2038:Dangun
2019:Joseon
2012:;
2002:;
1994:Korean
1990:Joseon
1969:;
1959:;
1951:Korean
1823:Korean
1774:Nurgan
1720:Balhae
1682:Shiwei
1672:Khitan
1607:Wuhuan
1582:Yemaek
1577:Donghu
1572:Sushen
1516:on the
1377:Joseon
1157:Joseon
1122:Goryeo
975:Balhae
916:42–562
890:Baekje
812:Samhan
781:Dongye
751:Yemaek
707:Dangun
578:on the
548:Chosŏn
534:Joseon
496:Hangul
417:Hangul
352:Samhan
338:Yemaek
309:108 BC
283:194 BC
278:Wi Man
242:(last)
229:Wi Man
193:Dangun
178:
149:Yemaek
83:Joseon
62:Hangul
4935:[
4562:(PDF)
4555:(PDF)
4299:S2CID
4291:JSTOR
4256:S2CID
4246:: 2.
4236:(PDF)
4214:S2CID
4146:S2CID
4138:JSTOR
4103:S2CID
4095:JSTOR
4039:S2CID
4031:JSTOR
3996:S2CID
3986:: 3.
3976:(PDF)
3935:S2CID
3788:단군학연구
3736:JSTOR
3673:단군학연구
3199:Notes
3159:Mahan
3155:Silla
3121:Okjeo
3032:cairn
3016:cists
3000:Tombs
2994:Hebei
2908:Okjeo
2904:Buyeo
2765:Shiji
2760:Shiji
2571:Silla
2087:North
2004:Hanja
1961:Hanja
1642:Yuwen
1627:Buyeo
1442:South
1436:North
1429:Women
1416:Islam
1389:South
1383:North
1365:Naval
1353:Names
1259:South
1248:North
1133:Tamna
998:Tamna
923:Tamna
900:Silla
845:Tamna
825:Byeon
807:Okjeo
799:Galsa
786:Buyeo
776:Takri
731:Wiman
656:Mumun
587:Korea
512:Hanja
433:Hanja
399:China
51:Hanja
4941:ISBN
4918:ISBN
4899:ISBN
4876:ISBN
4838:ISBN
4810:ISBN
4782:ISBN
4754:ISBN
4728:ISBN
4590:ISBN
4496:OCLC
4486:ISBN
4342:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3652:동국통감
3546:ISBN
3512:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3252:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3153:and
2918:and
2865:Ugeo
2637:and
2617:, a
2583:Jizi
2569:and
2483:The
2387:犯禁八條
2381:범금팔조
2360:and
2334:Gija
2311:and
2102:sage
2098:Jizi
2089:and
1903:(in
1825:and
1789:Jaxa
1677:Mohe
1328:List
936:Usan
719:Gija
174:King
4318:고조선
4283:doi
4248:doi
4206:doi
4130:doi
4085:doi
4023:doi
3988:doi
3927:doi
3728:doi
3143:Jin
3139:Jin
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