Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

1646: 1664: 1517: 1682: 1304:) settlements in the eastern part of the Cucuteni–Trypillia area, co-existing for some time with those of the Cucuteni–Trypillia. Artifacts from both cultures found within each of their respective archaeological settlement sites attest to an open trade in goods for a period, though he points out that the archaeological evidence clearly points to what he termed "a dark age," its population seeking refuge in every direction except east. He cites evidence of the refugees having used caves, islands and hilltops (abandoning in the process 600–700 settlements) to argue for the possibility of a gradual transformation rather than an armed onslaught bringing about cultural extinction. The potential issue with that theory is the limited common historical life-time between the Cucuteni–Trypillia (4800–2750 BC) and the 1655: 2840: 706: 1864: 3000:, "in conclusion, the results show that Verteba Cave represents a significant mortuary site that connects East and West. The genetic structure of the CTCC peoples includes ancestry related to both earlier hunter-gatherers from the west and farmers from the Near East, and one that is genetically distinct from those of Moldovan CTCC peoples. The lack of local ancestry associated with Ukrainian Neolithic hunter-gatherers suggests that these farmers mostly replaced local foragers. Additionally, during the Bronze Age, Verteba Cave was used by successive waves of nomadic pastoralists from the east that eventually brought significant genetic and cultural changes to Europe that eventually mixed with the local descendants of Trypillia-culture population". 1285: 2752:, which are believed to be imbued with powers that can help and protect the people who look after them. These Cucuteni–Trypillia figurines have become known popularly as goddesses; however, this term is not necessarily accurate for all female anthropomorphic clay figurines, as the archaeological evidence suggests that different figurines were used for different purposes (such as for protection), and so are not all representative of a goddess. There have been so many of these figurines discovered in Cucuteni–Trypillia sites that many museums in eastern Europe have a sizeable collection of them, and as a result, they have come to represent one of the more readily identifiable visual markers of this culture to many people. 1505:) began to appear throughout the region, and members of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture began to acquire skills necessary to use it to create various items. Along with the raw copper ore, finished copper tools, hunting weapons and other artefacts were also brought in from other cultures. This marked the transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic, also known as the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. Bronze artifacts began to show up in archaeological sites toward the very end of the culture. The primitive trade network of this society, that had been slowly growing more complex, was supplanted by the more complex trade network of the Proto-Indo-European culture that eventually replaced the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. 1308:(3300–2600 BC). At the same time, genetic analyses of Trypillian remains from the CII period of Trypillian chronology indicate a substantial presence of the so-called "steppe" genetic ancestry that characterizes representatives of the Yamna culture complex. Another potential contradicting indication is that the kurgans that replaced the traditional horizontal graves in the area now contain human remains of a fairly diversified skeletal type approximately ten centimeters taller on average than the previous population. At the same time, some Eneolithic steppe burials from the northwest Pontic region already displayed rather tall stature hundreds of years before the emergence of the Yamna culture complex. 1799: 1526: 1962: 2843:"(A) PCA built with modern European populations in which Neolithic and Bronze Age populations of Eastern Europe have been projected. It is observed that the Verteba_Trypillia individuals are located within the European Neolithic populations genetic diversity (B) ADMIXTURE analysis of the most representative populations included in the analysis (K = 4). The different colors represent the source ancestries of the studied individuals: Yellow represents Anatolia_N related ancestry, Red represents WHG related ancestry and the purple colors represent Steppe related ancestries, each individual is represented by the proportions of these ancestries" per Gelabert et al. 2022. 1721: 1201: 2142: 1742: 1808: 1490:. Although this culture's settlements sometimes grew to become the largest on Earth at the time (up to 15,000 people in the largest), there is no evidence that has been discovered of labour specialisation. Every household probably had members of the extended family who would work in the fields to raise crops, go to the woods to hunt game and bring back firewood, work by the river to bring back clay or fish and all of the other duties that would be needed to survive. Contrary to popular belief, the Neolithic people experienced considerable abundance of food and other resources. 2130: 1703: 2106: 2756: 1772: 1691: 816: 1556: 2250: 2118: 2075: 2185: 2157: 2262: 2169: 1619: 1592: 2392: 2725: 1637: 1087: 964: 2384: 1781: 1601: 2710:, an Indologist at the University of Helsinki in Finland, believe that the CT-culture used the wheel with wagons. However, only miniature models of animals and cups on 4 wheels have been found, and they date to the first half of the fourth millennium BC. Such models are often thought to have been children's toys; nevertheless, they do convey the idea that objects could be pulled on wheels. Up to now there is no evidence for wheels used with real wagons. 1730: 1538: 2090: 1479: 6672: 2368: 2376: 1547: 1763: 1628: 1583: 1574: 1107: 1610: 1565: 1944:

with extra sources of salt beyond their normal diet or their milk production is reduced. Cucuteni–Trypillia mega-sites, with a population of likely thousands of people and animals, are estimated to have required between 36,000 and 100,000 kg of salt per year. This was not available locally, and so had to be moved in bulk from distant sources on the western Black Sea coast and in the Carpathian Mountains, probably by river.

5537:"Results reveal that the CTCC individuals' ancestry is related to both western hunter-gatherers and Near Eastern farmers, has no local ancestry associated with Ukrainian Neolithic hunter-gatherers and has steppe ancestry...In fact, most of the Trypillian individuals can be modeled by Eneolithic populations from Europe that have steppe ancestry, however four out of the 20 individuals could be modeled as Moldovan Trypillians." 779:(Vikentiy Khvoyka), a Czech-born Ukrainian archeologist, in Kyiv at Kyrylivska street 55. The year of his discoveries has been variously claimed as 1893, 1896 and 1887. Subsequently, Vincenc Chvojka presented his findings at the 11th Congress of Archaeologists in 1897, which is considered the official date of the discovery of the Trypillia culture in Ukraine. In the same year, similar artifacts were found in the village of 106: 1673: 2737: 1712: 1281:

successfully imposing a new administrative system, language, and religion upon the indigenous groups. Accordingly, these proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis hold that this invasion took place during the third wave of Kurgan expansion between 3000–2800 BC, permanently ending the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. The theory "may find corroboration in the frequent evidence of violent death discovered in Verteba cave".

2332: 671:, with the inhabitants knowing how to grow plants that could withstand the ecological constraints of growth. Cultivation practices of the culture were important in the establishment of the cultural steppe in the present-day region as well. The civilization was further marked by social organization that avoided inequality in wealth, and it has been described by some as having invented civilization. 31: 1790: 1754: 2887:, the latter also being the oldest sample of the set. The authors conclude that the population living around Verteba Cave was fairly heterogenous, but that the wide chronological age of the specimens might indicate that the heterogeneity might have been due to natural population flow during this timeframe. The authors also link the R0(xHV) and HV(xH) haplogroups with European 2988:

H40, J1c5, K1a1b1, K1b1, N1a1a1a, T2, T2c1d1, U5a and U5a2. According to admixture analysis, all studied Ukrainian Trypillian samples "are mostly defined by the ancestral component dominant in Anatolia-Neolithic individuals, which suggests a strong relationship with European Neolithic populations, similar to previous studies. However, these samples also show the presence of

1272:, effectively destroyed the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in a series of invasions undertaken during their expansion to the west. Based on this archaeological evidence Gimbutas saw distinct cultural differences between the patriarchal, warlike Kurgan culture and the more peaceful egalitarian Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, which she argued was a significant component of the " 1364: 2980:

to Anatolian farmers. Three of the specimens also showed considerable amounts of steppe-related ancestry, suggesting influx into the CTCC gene-pool from people affiliated with the steppe populations of the North Pontic. The authors conclude that "...the steppe component arrived in eastern Europe farming communities maybe as early as 3500 BCE".

2301:, Romania, which became known as the "Cucuteni Frumusica Dance" (after a nearby village of the same name). It was used as a support or stand, and upon its discovery was hailed as a symbolic masterpiece of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. It is believed that the four stylised feminine silhouettes facing inward in an interlinked circle represented a 693:, with each single-habitation site having a lifetime of roughly 60 to 80 years. The purpose of burning these settlements is a subject of debate among scholars; some of the settlements were reconstructed several times on top of earlier habitational levels, preserving the shape and the orientation of the older buildings. One location, the 1332:, and were able to maintain their survival much more effectively in drought conditions. This has led some scholars to come to the conclusion that the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture ended not violently, but as a matter of survival, converting their economy from agriculture to pastoralism, and becoming integrated into the Yamnaya culture. 2023:

ceramic vases, ovens, figurines and innumerable objects made of perishable materials, shared the same circle of life, and all of the buildings in the settlement were physically linked together as a larger symbolic entity. As with living beings, the settlements may have been seen as also having a life cycle of death and rebirth.

6226:. Volume 16 of the Bibliotheca memoriae antiquitatis series (Papers originally presented at a conference co-hosted by the Cucuteni Culture International Research Centre in Piatra-Neamț, and the Institute of Archaeology in Iași, on 21–24 Oct. 2004 in Piatra Neamț, Romania); Piatra-Neamț, Romania: Constantin Matasa, 2005. 3646: 2733:

within the structure, that are clearly of a religious nature, and have provided insights into some of the beliefs, and perhaps some of the rituals and structure, of the members of this society. Additionally, artefacts of an apparent religious nature have also been found within many domestic Cucuteni–Trypillia homes.

5900:. Catalog of an exhibit co-hosted by the Romanian Ministry of Culture, the Romanian Academy and the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, held at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, 21 September – 31 December 1997 – the English version of the catalog by Bogdan Stefanescu; Athena, Greece: Hypourgeio Politismou, 1997. 2807:. Although very large settlements have been explored by archaeologists, the evidence for mortuary activity is almost invisible. Making a distinction between the eastern Trypillia and the western Cucuteni regions of the Cucuteni–Trypillia geographical area, American archaeologist Douglass W. Bailey writes: 2979:

In 2020 Immel et al. published a study of four unrelated females from two late CTCC period sites in Moldova. They carried mtDNA haplogroup K1a1, T1a, T2c1d1, U4a1 and "all individuals carried a large Neolithic-derived ancestry component and were genetically more closely related to Linear Pottery than

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and the graves of warrior-chieftains, as well as in the religious transformation from the matriarchy to patriarchy, in a correlated east–west movement. In this, "the process of Indo-Europeanization was a cultural, not a physical, transformation and must be understood as a military victory in terms of

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in Ukraine for the manganese Jacobsite ore. No traces of the iron magnetite pigment mined in the easternmost limit of the Cucuteni–Trypillia region have been found to be used in ceramics from the western settlements, suggesting exchange throughout the entire cultural area was limited. In addition to

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Characteristically, vessels were elaborately decorated with swirling patterns and intricate designs. Sometimes decorative incisions were added prior to firing, and sometimes these were filled with coloured dye to produce a dimensional effect. In the early period, the colours used to decorate pottery

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These settlements underwent periodical acts of destruction and re-creation, as they were burned and then rebuilt every 60–80 years. Some scholars have theorised that the inhabitants of these settlements believed that every house symbolised an organic, almost living, entity. Each house, including its

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places it in the steppe region adjacent to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture at roughly the same time (4000–3500 BC), so it is possible the culture was familiar with the domestic horse. At this time horses could have been kept both for meat or as a work animal. The direct evidence remains inconclusive.

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Today, the finds from both Romania and Ukraine, as well as those from Moldova, are recognised as belonging to the same cultural complex. It is generally called the Cucuteni culture in Romania and the Trypillia culture in Ukraine. In English, "Cucuteni–Tripolye culture" is most commonly used to refer

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analyzed 18 individuals from Verteba Cave in Ukraine some of which have been reported in previous studies. With respect to Y-DNA haplogroup, three carried G2a2b2a3, two G2a2a1a, one G2a2a1, G2a2a1a3, C1a, I2a1a2a-L161.1, I2a2a1, and I2c, while mtDNA haplogroup, two J1c2, K1a2, T2b and one H, H15a1,

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In 2017, Nikitin et al. presented mtDNA data of eight additional individuals from Verteba Cave, seven of them dating to the Trypillian period and one dating to the Iron Age. The Trypillia-age individuals carried haplogroups H, HV, HV0, H5a, as well as T2b, U8b1b, and U8b1a2. The authors linked H5a,

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Each household was mostly self-sufficient and there was very little need for trade. However, there were certain mineral resources that, because of limitations due to distance and prevalence, did form the rudimentary foundation for a trade network that towards the end of the culture began to develop

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societies such as the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, where the first indications of social stratification began to be found. However, it would be a mistake to overemphasise the impact of social stratification in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, since it was still (even in its later phases) very much an

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Rivers in northern Ukraine and along both banks of the Dnieper river near Kiev. Members of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture who lived along the coastal regions near the Black Sea came into contact with other cultures. Animal husbandry increased in importance, as hunting diminished; horses also became

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and Dniester river valleys. During its middle phase (c. 4100 to 3500 BC), populations belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture built the largest settlements in all of Eurasia, some of which contained as many as three thousand structures and were possibly inhabited by 20,000 to 46,000 people. The

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The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is known by its distinctive settlements, architecture, intricately decorated pottery and anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, which are preserved in archaeological remains. At its peak it was one of the most technologically advanced societies in the world at the

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Throughout the 2,750 years of its existence, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was fairly stable and static; however, there were changes that took place. This article addresses some of these changes that have to do with the economic aspects. These include the basic economic conditions of the culture,

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The homepage for The Institute of Archaeomythology, an international organization of scholars dedicated to fostering an interdisciplinary approach to cultural research with particular emphasis on the beliefs, rituals, social structure and symbolism of ancient societies. Much of their focus covers

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Investigation of Neolithic ceramic pigments using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction Roxana Bugoi and Bogdan Constantinescu "Horia Hulubei" National Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, 077125 Bucharest, Romania Emmanuel Pantos CCLRC, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United

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from local clay. Long coils of clay were placed in circles to form first the base and then the walls of the vessel. Once the desired shape and height of the finished product was built up the sides would then be smoothed to create a seamless surface. This technique was the earliest form of pottery

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Some Cucuteni–Trypillia homes were two storeys tall, and evidence shows that the members of this culture sometimes decorated the outsides of their homes with many of the same red-ochre complex swirling designs that are to be found on their pottery. Most houses had thatched roofs and wooden floors

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The provision of salt was a major logistical problem for the largest Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements. As they came to rely upon cereal foods over salty meat and fish, Neolithic cultures had to incorporate supplementary sources of salt into their diet. Similarly, domestic cattle need to be provided

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The transition to today's arid climate was not gradual, but occurred in two specific episodes. The first, which was less severe, occurred between 6,700 and 5,500 years ago. The second, which was brutal, lasted from 4,000 to 3,600 years ago. Summer temperatures increased sharply, and precipitation

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Traditionally separate schemes of periodization have been used for the Ukrainian Trypillia and Romanian Cucuteni variants of the culture. The Cucuteni scheme, proposed by the German archaeologist Hubert Schmidt in 1932, distinguished three cultures: Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiștea–Foltești;

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Some Cucuteni–Trypillia communities have been found that contain a special building located in the centre of the settlement, which archaeologists have identified as sacred sanctuaries. Artefacts have been found inside these sanctuaries, some of them having been intentionally buried in the ground

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In the late period of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, kilns with a controlled atmosphere were used for pottery production. These kilns were constructed with two separate chambers—the combustion chamber and the filling chamber— separated by a grate. Temperatures in the combustion chamber could reach

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rivers in present-day Russia. Dwellings were constructed differently from previous periods, and a new rope-like design replaced the older spiral-patterned designs on the pottery. Different forms of ritual burial were developed where the deceased were interred in the ground with elaborate burial

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spiral design, painted with black paint on a yellow and red base. Large pear-shaped pottery for the storage of grain, dining plates and other goods, was also prevalent. Additionally, ceramic statues of female "goddess" figures, as well as figurines of animals and models of houses dating to this

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analysis of these discoveries cannot be accurately determined at this time. Still, many questions remain concerning these issues, as well as why there seems to have been no male remains found at all. The only definite conclusion that can be drawn from archaeological evidence is that in the

2800:. However, Gimbutas' theories have been partially discredited by more recent discoveries and analyses. Today there are many scholars who disagree with Gimbutas, pointing to new evidence that suggests a much more complex society during the Neolithic era than she had been accounting for. 1875:

of Cucuteni–Trypillia sites indicate that the inhabitants practiced animal husbandry. Their domesticated livestock consisted primarily of cattle, but included smaller numbers of pigs, sheep and goats. There is evidence, based on some of the surviving artistic depictions of animals from

1042:- and garment-making, and played a leading role in community life. Men hunted, herded the livestock, made tools from flint, bone and stone. Of their livestock, cattle were the most important, with swine, sheep and goats playing lesser roles. The question of whether or not the horse was 1349:, notwithstanding the climatic evidence. Moreover, the technology stages varied widely globally. To this must be added that the first period of the climate transformation ended 500 years before the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture and the second approximately 1400 years after. 1058:, Moldova, consisting primarily of items of jewelry, which were dated back to the beginning of the fifth millennium BC. Some historians have used this evidence to support the theory that a social stratification was present in early Cucuteni culture, but this is disputed by others. 6305:

Marius Alexianu, Gheorghe Dumitroaia and Dan Monah, The Exploitation of the Salt-Water Sources in Moldavia: an Ethno-Archaeological Approach, in (eds.) D. Monah, Gh. Dumitroaia, O. Weller et J. Chapman, L'exploitation du sel à travers le temps, BMA, XVIII, Piatra-Neamt, 2007,

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Both remains and artistic depictions of horses have been discovered at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites. However, whether these finds are of domesticated or wild horses is debated. Before they were domesticated, humans hunted wild horses for meat. On the other hand, one hypothesis of

1256:, in her article "Notes on the chronology and expansion of the Pit-grave culture" (1961, later expanded by her and others), the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was destroyed by force. Arguing from archaeological and linguistic evidence, Gimbutas concluded that the people of the 1940:. The brine was then heated in a ceramic briquetage vessel until all moisture was evaporated, with the remaining crystallised salt adhering to the inside walls of the vessel. Then the briquetage vessel was broken open, and the salt was scraped from the shards. 2992:

EHG, CHG, and WHG components as described in Mathiesson et al., with the exception of one individual (I3151), who seems to be absent of any EHG/CHG ancestry". Phenotypically, all were lactose intolerant and almost all had a mutation associated with blue eyes.

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decorations. Toward the end of this early Cucuteni–Trypillia period, the pottery begins to be painted before firing. The white-painting technique found on some of the pottery from this period was imported from the earlier and contemporary (5th millennium)

2348:. It has also been suggested that these weights, especially "disposable" examples made from poor quality clay and inadequately fired, were used to weigh down fishing nets. These would probably have been frequently lost, explaining their inferior quality. 991:

from the south. Through colonisation and acculturation from these other cultures, the formative Pre-Cucuteni/Trypillia A culture was established. Over the course of the fifth millennium, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture expanded from its 'homeland' in the

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Clay figurines, 4900–4750 BC, discovered in Balta Popii, Romania (Cucuteni Neolithic Art Museum, Piatra-Neamţ, Romania). The "Council of the Goddesses" was discovered consisting of 36 artifacts: 21 anthropomorphic statuettes, 13 thrones, 1 cone and 1

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in west Ukraine. The discovery of skulls is more frequent than other parts of the body, however because there has not yet been a comprehensive statistical survey done of all of the skeletal remains discovered at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites, precise

1019:, though they were accompanied by an ever-increasing incidence of above-ground clay houses. The floors and hearths of these structures were made of clay, and the walls of clay-plastered wood or reeds. Roofing was made of thatched straw or reeds. 1077:

Cucuteni and the neighbouring Gumelnița–Karanovo cultures seem to be largely contemporary; the "Cucuteni A phase seems to be very long (4600–4050) and covers the entire evolution of the Gumelnița–Karanovo A1, A2, B2 phases (maybe 4650–4050)."

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The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is commonly divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods, with varying smaller sub-divisions marked by changes in settlement and material culture. A key point of contention lies in how these phases correspond to

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Todorova, Henrietta (1995). "The Neolithic, Eneolithic, and Transitional in Bulgarian Prehistory". in Bailey, Douglass W.; Panayotov, Ivan. Prehistoric Bulgaria. Monographs in World Archaeology. 22. Madison, WI: Prehistoric Press. pp. 79–98.

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for white. The black pigment, which was introduced during the later period of the culture, was a rare commodity: taken from a few sources and circulated (to a limited degree) throughout the region. The probable sources of these pigments were

1319:, resulting in the worst drought in the history of Europe since the beginning of agriculture. The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture relied primarily on farming, which would have collapsed under these climatic conditions in a scenario similar to the 4949: 1336:

However, the Blytt–Sernander approach as a way to identify stages of technology in Europe with specific climate periods is an oversimplification not generally accepted. A conflict with that theoretical possibility is that during the warm

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theories on these Cucuteni–Trypillia clay figurines. Her conclusions, which were always controversial, today are discredited by many scholars, but still there are some scholars who support her theories about how neolithic societies were

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Clay statues of females and amulets have been found dating to this period. Copper items, primarily bracelets, rings and hooks, are occasionally found as well. A hoard of a large number of copper items was discovered in the village of

6470:Ткачук Т. М. Семіотичний аналіз трипільсько-кукутенських знакових систем (мальований посуд) / Ткачук Т. М., Мельник Я. Г.; Національний заповідник "Давній Галич"; Прикарпатський ун-т ім. В.Стефаника. – Івано-Франківськ: Плай, 2000. 1125:

Tools made of flint, rock, clay, wood and bones continued to be used for cultivation and other chores. Much less common than other materials, copper axes and other tools have been discovered that were made from ore mined in

1932:, and later by the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture in the Pre-Cucuteni period. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring-water through the process of 2344:(because the clay was placed there before it was fired). These show that woven fabrics were common in Cucuteni–Trypillia society. Finds of ceramic weights with drilled holes suggest that these were manufactured with a 2907:) influence on Trypillian population at Verteba. Since the representatives of the H clade of mtDNA comprised 28.6% of the sample, authors suggested a genetic link between the Trypillian population at Verteba and the 2339:

No examples of Cucuteni–Trypillia textiles have yet been found – preservation of prehistoric textiles is rare and the region does not have a suitable climate. However, impressions of textiles are found on pottery

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Archaeologists have uncovered a large number of artefacts from these ancient ruins. The largest collections of Cucuteni–Trypillia artefacts are to be found in museums in Russia, Ukraine and Romania, including the

2322:...the stiff nude to be representative of death on the basis that the color white is associated with the bone (that which shows after death). Stiff nudes can be found in Hamangia, Karanovo, and Cucuteni cultures 6585: 2209:

were limited to a rusty-red and white. Later, potters added additional colours to their products and experimented with more advanced ceramic techniques. The pigments used to decorate ceramics were based on

764:, subsequently began the first excavations at Cucuteni in the spring of 1885. Their findings were published in 1885 and 1889, and presented in two international conferences in 1889, both in Paris: at the 2280:

Toward the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, as copper became more readily available, advances in ceramic technology levelled off as more emphasis was placed on developing metallurgical techniques.

1122:, which was situated in the centre of the dwelling. As the population in this area grew, more land was put under cultivation. Hunting supplemented the practice of animal husbandry of domestic livestock. 3355: 1103:(or western side) of the Dnieper River, in present-day Ukraine. The population grew considerably during this time, resulting in settlements being established on plateaus, near major rivers and springs. 1311:

In the 1990s and 2000s, another theory regarding the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture emerged based on climatic change that took place at the end of their culture's existence that is known as the

2920:, included a whole-genome analysis of four males from the Nikitin et al., 2017 study, and described them as roughly 80% EEF, with around 20% of the rest of their ancestry being intermediate between 5188:

Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019,

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Kirleis, Wiebke; Corso, Marta Dal; Pashkevych, Galyna; Schlütz, Frank; Hofmann, Robert; Terna, Andreea; Dreibrodt, Stefan; Rud, Vitalii; Videiko, Mykhailo Y.; Müller, Johannes (1 January 2024).

1074:. Historians point to this transition to kiln-fired, white-painted pottery as the turning point for when the Pre-Cucuteni culture ended and Cucuteni Phase (or Cucuteni–Trypillia culture) began. 4504:

Saharasia: the 4000 BCE origins of child abuse, sex-repression, warfare and social violence in the deserts of the Old World: the revolutionary discovery of a geographic basis to human behavior

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during this time of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is disputed among historians; horse remains have been found in some of their settlements, but it is unclear whether these remains were from

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by several hundred years. The culture also has the oldest evidence of wheels for vehicles, which predate any evidence of wheels for vehicles in Mesopotamia by several hundred years as well.

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A page from the UK-based group "Arattagar" about Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, which has many great photographs of the group's trip to the Trypillian Museum in Trypillia, Ukraine (in English).

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Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia

1130:, Ukraine, as well as some deposits along the Dnieper river. Pottery-making by this time had become sophisticated, however they still relied on techniques of making pottery by hand (the 894:

climatic periods in which the culture flourished, Europe was at its warmest and moistest since the end of the last Ice Age, creating favorable conditions for agriculture in this region.

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Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics. B. Constantinescu, R. Bugoi, E. Pantos, D. Popovici Documenta Praehistorica XXXIV (2007)

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or scratch plough), harvesting crops and tending livestock was probably the main occupation for most people. Typically for a Neolithic culture, the majority of their diet consisted of

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Immel, Alexander; Țerna, Stanislav; Simalcsik, Angela; Susat, Julian; Šarov, Oleg; Sîrbu, Ghenadie; Hofmann, Robert; Müller, Johannes; Nebel, Almut; Krause-Kyora, Ben (6 March 2020).

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PANTA RHEI: Studies on the Chronology and Cultural Development of South-Eastern and Central Europe in Earlier Prehistory Presented to Juraj Pavúk on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday

1645: 897:

As of 2003, about 3,000 cultural sites have been identified, ranging from small villages to "vast settlements consisting of hundreds of dwellings surrounded by multiple ditches".

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Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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Extant figurines excavated at the Cucuteni sites are thought to represent religious artifacts, but their meaning or use is still unknown. Some historians as Gimbutas claim that:

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time, developing new techniques for ceramic production, housing building, agriculture and producing woven textiles (although these have not survived and are known indirectly).

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Chapman, John; Videiko, Mikhail Yu; Hale, Duncan; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Burdo, Natalia; Rassmann, Knut; Mischka, Carsten; Müller, Johannes; Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Aleksey (2014).

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populations, and consider the T4 and J haplogroups as hallmarks of Neolithic demic intrusions from the southeast (the north-pontic region) rather than from the west (i.e. the

765: 4579:

Comșa, Eugen (1973). "Cultura plantelor în cursul epocii neolitice pe teritoriul României" [Cultivated plants of the Neolithic current epoch in Romanian territory].

1896:, the spear and clubs. To help them in stalking game, they sometimes disguised themselves with camouflage. Remains of game species found at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites include 6142:. Catalog for an exhibit held at the Palazzo della Cancelleria museum in Vatican City from 16 September – 31 October 2008; Palazzo della Cancelleria: Rome–Vatican, 2008. 1300:, summarising the three existing theories concerning the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, mentions that archaeological findings in the region indicate Kurgan (i.e. 912: 6651: 2719: 138: 3311:

Diachenko, Aleksandr; Francesco Menotti (2012). "The gravity model: monitoring the formation and development of the Tripolye culture giant-settlements in Ukraine".

1099:

in the west to the Dnieper River in the east. During this period, the population immigrated into and settled along the banks of the upper and middle regions of the

6613: 1663: 757: 216: 4581:

Terra Nostra: Culegere de Materiale Privind Istoria Agriculturii în România (Our Earth: Selections from a Material Perspective of Agricultural History in Romania)

3797:[Cucuteni–Trypillia: a great civilization of ancient Europe] (Press release) (in Italian). Sapienza – Università di Roma. 16 September – 31 October 2008. 4171: 1231:

rituals. An increasingly larger number of Bronze Age artefacts originating from other lands were found as the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture drew near.

6501: 3590: 6661: 1516: 1240: 148: 4408:"Subdivisions of haplogroups U and C encompass mitochondrial DNA lineages of Eneolithic–Early Bronze Age Kurgan populations of western North Pontic steppe" 2419:. Presumably these tools were hafted with wood, but this is not preserved. Weapons are rare but not unknown, implying the culture was relatively peaceful. 1114:

Their dwellings were built by placing vertical poles in the form of circles or ovals. The construction techniques incorporated log floors covered in clay,

6302:

Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, IX, Iași, 2003 The Human Bone with Possible Marks of Human Teeth Found at Liveni Site (Cucuteni Culture) Sergiu Haimovici

919:, both schemes have been extended and revised since first proposed, incorporating new data and formalised mathematical techniques for artifact seriation. 6646: 3010: 1982: 1004:

rivers of central Ukraine. Settlements also developed in the southeastern stretches of the Carpathian Mountains, with the materials known locally as the

753: 8673: 6641: 4681: 1978: 128: 6111:

The Tripolye Culture giant-settlements in Ukraine. Formation, Development and Decline. F. Menotti, A. Korvin-Piotrovsky ed.; Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012

915:

in 1949 and divided the Trypillia culture into three main phases (A, B, and C) with further sub-phases (BI–II and CI–II). Initially based on informal

795:, Ukraine. As a result, this culture became identified in Ukrainian publications (and later in Soviet Russia), as the 'Tripolie' (or 'Tripolye', from 6636: 5648:

Bartel, Brad, "Cultural associations and mechanisms of change in anthropomorphic figurines during the Neolithic in the eastern Mediterranean basin".

1974: 1921: 1061:

Pottery remains from this early period are very rarely discovered; the remains that have been found indicate that the ceramics were used after being

123: 3684: 7312: 6264:

Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumänien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit

4025:

Cucuteni in der oberen Moldau, Rumănien: die befestigte Siedlung mit bemalter Keramik von der Steinkupferzeit bis in die vollentwickelte Bronzezeit

3835:

Butureanu, Grigore (1989). "Notita asupra sapaturilor si cercetarilor facute la Cucuteni" [Note on the Diggings and Research at Cucuteni].

4857: 1494:

into a more complex system, as is attested to by an increasing number of artifacts from other cultures that have been dated to the latter period.

9070: 8811: 8407: 7161: 5337:

Nikitin, Alexey G.; Potekhina, Inna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Reich, David; Lillie, Malcolm (24 February 2017). Capelli, Cristian (ed.).

4680:

Dergachev, Valentin A. (2002), "Two studies in defense of the migration concept", in Boyle, Katherine V.; Renfrew, Colin; Levine, Marsha (eds.),

983:(6500–5000 BC). During the early period of its existence (in the fifth millennium BC), the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was also influenced by the 4893: 3798: 3619: 2156: 1015:). Most of the settlements were located close to rivers, with fewer settlements located on the plateaus. Most early dwellings took the form of 410: 5715:

Drasovean, Florian; Popovici, Dragomir; Alamoreanu, Aledandru; Wullschleger, Manuela; Chamay, Jacques; van der Wielen-van Ommeren, Frederike.

7014: 6656: 6007:

Problems in European prehistory: a collection of 18 papers, each with a new introduction and bibliography, and an original introductory essay

1358: 627:

The majority of Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements were of small size, high density (spaced 3 to 4 kilometres apart), concentrated mainly in the

143: 3453:"A complex subsistence regime revealed for Cucuteni–Trypillia sites in Chalcolithic eastern Europe based on new and old macrobotanical data" 9026: 8535: 6606: 6575: 6541: 6512:

An interesting 6 minute video on an exhibition in Rome – "Cucuteni–Trypillia: A Great Civilization of Old Europe" with dialogue in English.

209: 5719:. Catalog for the exhibition held at the Historisches Museum in Olten, Switzerland, 3 June – 5 October 2008; Naples, Italy: arte'm, 2008. 5288:"Comprehensive Site Chronology and Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis from Verteba Cave – a Trypillian Culture Site of Eneolithic Ukraine" 2815:

Currently, the only Trypillian site where human remains dating to the first half of the 4th millennium BC have been consistently found is

1030:. Wheat, rye and peas were grown. Tools included ploughs made of antler, stone, bone and sharpened sticks. The harvest was collected with 9182: 9177: 9172: 5760:"Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture" 4343:"Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture" 663:, advanced architectural techniques that allowed for the construction of large buildings, advanced agricultural practices, and developed 399: 6528: 4990: 3765:

Monah, Dan (2005), "Religie si arta in cultura Cucuteni" [Religion and art in Cucuteni culture], in Dumitroaia, Gheorghe (ed.),

9207: 9197: 8858: 8309: 7229: 6764: 6706: 6002: 4054:

Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2010). "New data regarding the chronology of the Pre-Cucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiștea–Erbiceni cultures".

319: 6506: 5554:(1982), "Old Europe in the Fifth Millenium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans", in Polomé, Edgar C. (ed.), 5404:

Lillie, Malcolm C.; Budd, Chelsea E.; Potekhina, Inna D.; Price, Douglas; Sokhatsky, Mykhailo; Nikitin, Alexey G. (27 December 2017).

5035: 1525: 6311: 5312: 4666: 4242: 4909:"A fire cult in South European Chalcolithic traditions? On the relationship between ritual contexts and the instrumentality of fire" 2141: 9187: 5222:

Pre- & protohistorie van de lage landen, onder redactie van J.H.F. Bloemers & T. van Dorp 1991. De Haan/Open Universiteit.

4271: 3714: 3535: 2197:

shaping and the most common in the Neolithic; however, there is some evidence that they also used a primitive type of slow-turning

644:

as well. The settlements of the culture are claimed as the earliest cities to exist, and further represents the oldest evidence of

620:, and also as the "last great Eneolithic civilisation of Old Europe". The late Tripolye culture has also been described by scholar 4825: 4258: 2796:

Indo-European tribes who burst out of the steppes of Russia and Kazakhstan beginning around 2500 BC, and who worshipped a warlike

2168: 1681: 9167: 6599: 1892:

Hunting supplemented the Cucuteni–Trypillia diet. They used traps to catch their prey, as well as various weapons, including the

1462:. In between these two economic models (the hunter-gatherer tribes and Bronze Age civilisations) we find the later Neolithic and 473: 202: 6444:Дослідження трипільської цивілізації у науковій спадщині археолога Вікентія Хвойки. – Київ: Академперіодика,2007. – Частини І—ІІ 4915:, Cult in context: comparative approaches to prehistoric and ethnographic religious practices, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 269–284, 1654: 605:, encompassing an area of 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi), with a diameter of 500 km (300 mi; roughly from 537: 52: 39: 6140:

Cucuteni–Trypilla: a great civilization of old Europe; Palazzo della Cancelleria, Rome–Vatican, 16 September – 31 October 2008

2825:

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, in the vast majority of cases, the bodies were not formally deposited within the settlement area.

911:

which were further divided into phases (Pre-Cucuteni I–III and Cucuteni A and B). The Ukrainian scheme was first developed by

9192: 6147: 5875: 5724: 5703: 5583: 5406:"First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine" 5193: 5122: 4920: 4746: 4468: 4000: 3940: 3910: 3724: 3694: 3664: 3629: 3388: 3245: 1315:

phase. Beginning around 3200 BC, the Earth's climate became colder and drier than it had ever been since the end of the last

3156:"Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex: relations and synchronisms with other contemporaneous cultures from the Black Sea area" 2074: 7305: 5055: 4240:

Cucuteni–Tripolye Cultural Complex: Relations and Synchronisms with Other Contemporaneous Cultures from the Black Sea Area.

3854: 3408: 705: 2839: 2803:

One of the unanswered questions regarding the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is the small number of artefacts associated with

1471:

society. And of course, social stratification was just one of the many aspects of what is regarded as a fully established

5143: 3883: 2277:

1000–1100 °C but were usually maintained at around 900 °C to achieve a uniform and complete firing of vessels.

1863: 1379:

the development of trade, interaction with other cultures and the apparent use of barter tokens, an early form of money.

466: 6534: 6447:Дудкін В. П. Відейко М. Ю. Архітектура Трипільської цивілізації: від поселень до протоміст. – Київ: Мислене древо, 2009. 2239:

mineral sources, pigments derived from organic materials (including bone and wood) were used to create various colours.

1213:

During the late period, the Cucuteni–Trypillia territory expanded to include the Volyn region in northwest Ukraine, the

2105: 1741: 1284: 4151: 4029:

Cucuteni in upper Moldova, Romania: the fortified settlement with painted pottery from the stone age to the copper age

2019:

in Romania. However, smaller collections of artefacts are kept in many local museums scattered throughout the region.

2016: 8436: 7342: 6231: 6201: 6177: 6126: 6035: 6014: 5983: 5905: 5884: 5858: 5745: 5678: 5636: 5615: 5563: 5253: 5227: 4721: 4691: 4617: 4511: 4489: 3975: 3287: 3065: 1690: 70: 6924: 4079:], Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian), vol. 10, Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1071: 359: 8643: 8530: 6994: 5578:, Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series, vol. 18, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 3773:], Bibliotheca memoriae antiquitatis XV (in Romanian), Piatra-Neamț, Romania: Editura Foton, pp. 162–173, 769: 4070: 3175: 2117: 1312: 803:

to the whole culture, with the Ukrainian-derived term "Cucuteni–Trypillia culture" gaining currency following the

9055: 8446: 7484: 7298: 3045: 2407:

was the most common material for stone tools, but a number of other types are known to have been used, including

2147: 804: 744:, investigated the quarry in Cucuteni from where the material was mined, where he found fragments of pottery and 697:

site in Romania, revealed thirteen habitation levels that were constructed on top of each other over many years.

4769: 1328:

decreased, according to carbon-14 dating. According to that theory, the neighboring Yamnaya culture people were

713:

ceramic vessels (from left to right): a bowl on stand, a vessel on stand and an amphora, ca. 4300–4000 BC; from

6757: 6312:"Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei (Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova)" 6087: 5176: 2847:

The first archaeogenetic analysis of Trypillian remains was conducted by Nikitin et al. in 2010. They analyzed

2403:

and polished stone, organic materials (bone, antler and horn), and in the later period, copper. Local Miorcani

2096: 2089: 1988: 2249: 1150:

in nature. Indeed, it was partially the archaeological evidence from Cucuteni–Trypillia culture that inspired

8668: 8198: 7458: 7260: 6371:Збенович В. Г. Ранний этап трипольской культуры на территории Украины / АН УССР. ИА. – К.: Наук. думка, 1989. 4908: 4867: 1000:

region along the eastern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains into the basins and plains of the Dnieper and

7526: 6522: 4705: 3116:"7,000 years ago, Neolithic optical art flourished – Technology & science – Science – DiscoveryNews.com" 2261: 1382:

Members of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture shared common features with other Neolithic societies, including:

1276:" which finally met extinction in a process visible in the progressing appearance of fortified settlements, 48: 8663: 8203: 7676: 5450: 5339:"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots" 2129: 1961: 1798: 1269: 7352: 5671:

Fragmentation in archaeology: People, places, and broken objects in the prehistory of south eastern Europe

2517: 1720: 9202: 7629: 2961: 1200: 262: 6368:Збенович В. Г. Позднетрипольские племена Северного Причерноморья / АН УССР. НА. – К.: Наук. думка, 1974. 6090:. "Aspects of settlement diversity and its classification in southeast Europe before the Roman period". 5286:

Nikitin, Alexey G.; Sokhatsky, Mykhailo P.; Kovaliukh, Mykola M.; Videiko, Mykhailo Y. (14 April 2011).

3227: 2503: 2007:, and these Eastern European settlements predate the Sumerian cities by more than half of a millennium. 1175: 718: 8931: 8732: 5405: 4879: 3025: 2867:, Ukraine). It revealed that seven of the individuals whose remains where analysed belonged to: two to 2744:

Many of these artefacts are clay figurines or statues. Archaeologists have identified many of these as

1043: 1011: 530: 498: 6894: 351: 8737: 8552: 6969: 6815: 6750: 6189: 4406:

Nikitin, Alexey G; Ivanova, Svetlana; Kiosak, Dmytro; Badgerow, Jessica; Pashnick, Jeff (June 2017).

2834: 2046: 1418:

Earlier societies of hunter-gatherer tribes had no social stratification, and later societies of the

1265: 1245:

There is a debate among scholars regarding how the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture took place.

5740:. Volume 217 of the BAR international series; British Archaeological Reports (B.A.R): Oxford, 1984. 5205: 3794: 3565:"Trypillia Mega-Sites Avoided Wealth Inequalities between Individual Households, Archaeologists Say" 8926: 8018: 7563: 7265: 6914: 6696: 3564: 3055: 2925: 2921: 1936:. First, the brackish water from the spring was boiled in large pottery vessels, producing a dense 1273: 980: 820: 174: 20: 8090: 8085: 3820:

Beldiceanu, Nicolae (1885). "Antichitățile de la Cucuteni" [The Antiquities at Cucuteni].

3237: 9043: 8953: 8125: 7892: 7711: 7644: 7376: 7201: 6551: 6516: 4991:"Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics" 3190: 2973: 2969: 1412: 916: 6742: 6425:Черниш Е. К. Энеолит Правобережной Украины и Молдавии // Энеолит СССР. – М., 1982. – С. 166—347. 6099: 5657: 5033:

Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Scientific report 2003–2004

2811:

There are no Cucuteni cemeteries and the Trypillia ones that have been discovered are very late.

2312: 1497:

Toward the end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture's existence (from roughly 3000 BC to 2750 BC),

9131: 9005: 8611: 8502: 8490: 8186: 7927: 7766: 7403: 7337: 7321: 7211: 6831: 6820: 6711: 4795:"High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization" 3452: 3348:"High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization" 3040: 2965: 2904: 2900: 2892: 984: 574: 431: 7043: 6254:

Tripolje Großsiedlungen - Geomagnetische Prospektion und architektursoziologische Perspektiven

5575:

The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993

4950:"Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe" 4537:"The Second Phase of the Trypillia Mega-Site Methodological Revolution: A New Research Agenda" 3656: 3409:"Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe" 3378: 2949: 2290: 1925: 8870: 8806: 8680: 8373: 8299: 8073: 8068: 8006: 7945: 7882: 7830: 7823: 7369: 7068: 6797: 6545: 5165: 4997: 4794: 2989: 2957: 2908: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2458: 1807: 1387: 1214: 624:

as the "most thriving and populous agricultural community in the entire Copper Age world".

523: 8255: 7224: 5099:

Rekonstrukcija Ženske Odjeće U Eneolitiku Međuriječja Dunava, Drave I Save, Marina Milicevic

1729: 446: 9136: 9087: 9082: 9065: 9060: 9038: 8828: 8542: 8395: 8287: 8191: 7984: 7669: 7468: 7411: 7270: 7234: 7091: 6904: 5937: 5777: 5494: 5350: 5108:

Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze By E.J.W. Barber

5032: 4354: 3970:. BAR international series. Vol. 217. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (B.A.R). 3320: 3070: 2953: 2880: 2872: 2780: 2653: 2451: 2289:

An anthropomorphic ceramic artefact was discovered during an archaeological dig in 1942 on

2026:

The houses of the Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements were constructed in several general ways:

1431: 1288:

Cucuteni-Typillia ceramic vessel (National Museum of the History of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine)

1190: 1167: 1159: 867: 690: 133: 7639: 6859: 6331: 6322:. Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Piatra Neamț Museum of History). 6224:

Cucuteni: 120 ans de recherches. Le temps du bilan = 120 years of research: time to sum up

4657:. Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Historical Museum Piatra Neamț). 4646: 4239: 347: 8: 9126: 8791: 8596: 8429: 7962: 7835: 7716: 7691: 7136: 7009: 6974: 6810: 6721: 6691: 3080: 3060: 3015: 1885: 1821: 1399: 714: 380: 342: 311: 169: 7020: 6964: 6919: 6879: 6869: 5941: 5781: 5498: 5354: 4358: 4275: 3324: 1929: 1702: 972: 640:, and also in the entire world arguably. They were larger and older than sites found in 367: 363: 355: 9077: 8980: 8882: 8695: 7877: 7607: 7573: 7156: 7025: 6874: 6374:Круц В. А. Позднетрипольские племена Среднего Поднепровья. – Киев: Наукова думка, 1977. 6076: 5958: 5919: 5798: 5764: 5759: 5523: 5482: 5381: 5338: 5242: 4969: 4836: 4443: 4383: 4342: 4221: 3680: 3030: 2755: 2563: 2345: 2037: 1455: 1423: 1393: 1223: 1100: 1095:

In the middle era, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture spread over a wide area from Eastern

924: 784: 775:

At the same time, the first Ukrainian sites ascribed to the culture were discovered by

749: 426: 7058: 6899: 5287: 1991:(with a population of 15,000 and covering an area of 335 hectares) in the province of 9119: 9109: 9099: 9048: 8705: 8623: 7917: 7902: 7887: 7867: 7758: 7737: 7548: 7391: 7281: 6701: 6497:

The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley 5000–3500 BC, Exhibition Video (2010)

6418:Черныш Е. К., К истории населения энеолитического времени в Среднем Приднестровье // 6377:Маркевич В. И. Позднетрипольские племена Северной Молдавии. – Кишинев: Штиинца, 1981. 6323: 6267: 6234: 6227: 6204: 6197: 6180: 6173: 6150: 6143: 6129: 6122: 6102: 6095: 6080: 6068: 6031: 6017: 6010: 5979: 5963: 5908: 5901: 5887: 5880: 5861: 5854: 5838: 5803: 5748: 5741: 5738:

The Cucuteni–Tripolye culture: study in technology and the origins of complex society

5727: 5720: 5706: 5699: 5681: 5674: 5660: 5653: 5639: 5632: 5618: 5611: 5579: 5559: 5528: 5510: 5427: 5386: 5368: 5259: 5249: 5223: 5189: 5172: 5118: 4973: 4926: 4916: 4887: 4871: 4697: 4687: 4658: 4623: 4613: 4588: 4558: 4517: 4507: 4485: 4464: 4435: 4427: 4388: 4370: 4225: 4213: 4196:

Zbenovich, Vladimir G. (1 June 1996). "The Tripolye culture: Centenary of research".

4163: 4125: 4080: 4032: 4006: 3981: 3971: 3968:

The Cucuteni–Tripolye culture: study in technology and the origins of complex society

3774: 3730: 3720: 3690: 3660: 3625: 3513: 3472: 3428: 3384: 3293: 3283: 3277: 3241: 3167: 3035: 2937: 2933: 2776: 2548: 2231: 2214: 2198: 1849: 1487: 1338: 1249: 1131: 1062: 887: 819:

Chalcolithic cultures of Southeastern Europe, with major archaeological sites. (See:

679: 675: 649: 403: 372: 6984: 6519:

The French Government's Ministry of Culture's page on Cucuteni Culture (in English).

3624:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 40. 2193: 1323:

of the American Midwest in the 1930s. According to The American Geographical Union,

9114: 9021: 8764: 8547: 8347: 8267: 8223: 8023: 7845: 7696: 7656: 7255: 7151: 7063: 6944: 6929: 6773: 6731: 6686: 6162: 6060: 5953: 5945: 5924: 5828: 5793: 5785: 5518: 5502: 5417: 5376: 5358: 5302: 4961: 4806: 4553: 4548: 4536: 4447: 4419: 4378: 4362: 4205: 3652: 3503: 3464: 3420: 3328: 3233: 3202: 3050: 2941: 2915: 2490: 2484: 2355:, suggest that textiles were also knitted (specifically using a technique known as 2235: 2226: 2012: 2004: 1163: 1023: 844: 815: 796: 776: 736:, after having seen ceramic fragments in the gravel used to maintain the road from 668: 582: 567: 454: 164: 8606: 8562: 7053: 6716: 4738: 3944: 3914: 3090: 1771: 976: 324: 8995: 8965: 8727: 8655: 8633: 8591: 8486: 8456: 8321: 8316: 7967: 7850: 7421: 7116: 6989: 6949: 6805: 6571: 6114: 5976:

Maidanets'ke. Development and decline of a Trypillia mega-site in Central Ukraine

5933: 5773: 5573: 5551: 5363: 5039: 5023:

Kingdom Dragomir Popovici National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest, Romania

4725: 4607: 4246: 4088: 3615: 3206: 3095: 2864: 2821: 2772: 2030: 1555: 1372: 1368: 1305: 1301: 1261: 1253: 1194: 1155: 1151: 1115: 1027: 883: 840: 836: 761: 281: 277: 190: 7030: 6479:Цвек О. В. Поселення східнотрипільської культури (короткий нарис). – Київ, 2006. 6278:

Das Rätsel der Donauzivilisation. Die Entdeckung der ältesten Hochkultur Europas

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was not used yet). Characteristics of the Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery included a

963: 878:

on either side of the range. Its historical core lay around the middle to upper

737: 9104: 9031: 8853: 8818: 8749: 8638: 8510: 8218: 7803: 7793: 7614: 7595: 6939: 6934: 6889: 6854: 6844: 5789: 5506: 5483:"Genomes from Verteba cave suggest diversity within the Trypillians in Ukraine" 4366: 3468: 3075: 2789: 2473: 2422:

The following types of tools have been discovered at Cucuteni–Trypillia sites:

2184: 1872: 1853: 1468: 1427: 1257: 273: 269: 6999: 6789: 6511: 6496: 6064: 5135: 4965: 3887: 3734: 3424: 3332: 3191:"Neo-Eneolithic settlement pattern and salt exploitation in Romanian Moldavia" 2356: 1844:

in clay ovens or on heated stones in the home. They also grew peas and beans,

729: 616:

It is described as a culture of "unequalled wealth and importance" during the

9161: 8990: 8975: 8921: 8899: 8796: 8784: 8700: 8569: 8451: 8412: 8400: 8388: 8100: 8011: 7940: 7681: 7624: 7602: 7511: 7443: 7438: 7416: 7196: 7191: 7176: 7171: 7146: 7048: 7038: 7004: 6959: 6954: 6909: 6864: 6849: 6839: 6726: 6591: 6579: 6565: 6327: 5870: 5842: 5572:

Gimbutas, Marija (1997), Dexter, Miriam Robbins; Jones-Bley, Karlene (eds.),

5514: 5431: 5372: 5263: 4930: 4913:

Explorations into the conditions of spiritual creativity in prehistoric Malta

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Like other Neolithic societies, the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture had almost no

1297: 1170:

of peaceful, egalitarian (counter to a widespread misconception, "matristic"

988: 933:• Early (Pre-Cucuteni I–III to Cucuteni A–B, Trypillia A to Trypillia BI–II): 875: 733: 628: 459: 450: 440: 395: 376: 338: 328: 285: 185: 7531: 6072: 6028:

Tripolye Typo-Chronology: Mega and Smaller Sites in the Sinyukha River Basin

5307: 5301:(1–2). Archaeological Centre Olomouc, Government Funded Organisation: 9–18. 4701: 4627: 4592: 4521: 4407: 4167: 4129: 4092: 4084: 4010: 3985: 2996:

According to the paper, it indicates shared ancestry with the population of

1928:, Romania. It was first used in the early Neolithic, around 6050 BC, by the 1618: 8909: 8865: 8846: 8801: 8601: 8525: 8282: 8277: 8233: 7860: 7742: 7706: 7686: 7538: 7516: 7428: 7219: 7181: 7166: 7111: 6979: 6778: 5967: 5817:"Anthropomorphic statuettes from Cucuteni–Tripolye: some signs and symbols" 5807: 5532: 5390: 4439: 4392: 4036: 3710: 3223: 2856: 2852: 2816: 2764: 2707: 2601: 2594: 2303: 1893: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1591: 1472: 1447: 1435: 1403: 1252:

of the origin of Proto-Indo-Europeans, and in particular the archaeologist

1127: 1118:

walls that were woven from pliable branches and covered in clay and a clay

1096: 1001: 710: 645: 621: 571: 387: 232: 8958: 6238: 6154: 5912: 5731: 5710: 5627:

Bailey, Douglass Whitfield; Whittle, Alasdair W.R.; Cummings, Vicki, eds.

4718: 4152:"Archeological transformations: crossing the pastoral/agricultural bridge" 3115: 1065:. The outer colour of the pottery is a smoky grey, with raised and sunken 827:

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture flourished in the territory of what is now

652:. The population of the culture at its peak exceeded one million people. 8948: 8938: 8894: 8889: 8841: 8779: 8742: 8715: 8616: 8586: 8461: 8383: 8304: 8292: 8053: 8038: 8028: 7999: 7957: 7872: 7840: 7788: 7721: 7558: 7433: 7290: 7239: 7126: 7086: 6299:

Biblioteca Antiquitatis, The first Cucuteni Museum of Romania Foton, 2005

6208: 6184: 6133: 5997: 5891: 5879:, J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams (eds.), Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. 5865: 5752: 5685: 5643: 5622: 4119: 3716:

A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next

2888: 2860: 2793: 2785: 2724: 2510: 2391: 2080: 1996: 1966: 1636: 1408: 1329: 1227: 1218: 1035: 979:

cultures of the 6th to 5th millennia, with additional influence from the

792: 683: 641: 304: 6271: 6106: 6021: 5949: 5664: 4810: 4423: 3621:

Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought

3591:"The rise and fall of the mysterious culture that invented civilisation" 1086: 9092: 8985: 8943: 8759: 8722: 8685: 8581: 8168: 8080: 7907: 7808: 7781: 7701: 7499: 7453: 7364: 7332: 6415:Трипольская культура в Украине. Поселение-гигант Тальянки. – Киев, 2008 6045: 5896:

Mantu, Cornelia-Magda; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe; Tsaravopoulos, Aris, eds.

5608:

Prehistoric figurines: representation and corporeality in the Neolithic

4686:, McDonald Institute monographs, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 93–112, 4649:[Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova]. 4209: 4121:

Prehistoric figurines: representation and corporeality in the Neolithic

3020: 2797: 2584: 2210: 1992: 1933: 1780: 1600: 1463: 1419: 1342: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1147: 1135: 1047: 855: 745: 667:. The economy was based on a elaborate agricultural system, along with 664: 617: 508: 489: 300: 6502:

The rise and fall of the mysterious culture that invented civilisation

6257: 5056:"Will the "Great Goddess" resurface?: Reflections in Neolithic Europe" 4651:

Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis (BMA) (Memorial Library Antiquities)

2383: 2351:

Other pottery sherds with textile impressions, found at Frumușica and

2308: 2294: 1537: 1055: 9000: 8769: 8754: 8352: 8337: 8262: 8245: 8163: 8048: 7989: 7979: 7974: 7897: 7776: 7664: 7590: 7357: 7347: 7186: 6671: 6555: 6316:

BMA: Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis (Memorial Library Antiquities)

6168:. Part of the Cambridge world archaeology series (revised edition of 5833: 5816: 5422: 2911:

groups, which displayed similar frequencies of H-bearing haplotypes.

2745: 2222: 2218: 1909: 1841: 1478: 1346: 1320: 1143: 1016: 891: 859: 780: 292: 249: 244: 4826:"Regarding the Problem of the Size of the Settlement Near Tal'yanki" 4072:

Periodizatsiia tripolʹskikh poseleniĭ, iii–ii tysiacheletie do n. ė.

3645:

Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela, eds. (1 March 2015).

2162:

House with raised platform at Maidanetsk, c. 3700 BC, reconstruction

1987:

In terms of overall size, some of Cucuteni–Trypillia sites, such as

1762: 1627: 1582: 1573: 1546: 610: 8774: 8710: 8557: 8515: 8250: 8158: 8033: 7855: 7818: 7798: 7131: 6038: 5987: 5652:

13, no. 1 (1981): pp. 73–86. Abingdon, UK: Routledge Journals

3347: 2760: 2416: 2375: 2367: 2352: 2202: 1901: 1897: 1609: 1564: 1277: 1106: 927:. The following chart represents this most current interpretation: 879: 748:

figurines. Burada and other scholars from Iași, including the poet

725: 586: 513: 422: 6561: 6538:

topics that relate to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (in English).

6222:

Chapman, John; Dumitroaia, Gheorghe; Weller, Olivier; et al, eds.

6159:

Mykhailo Videiko Ukraine: from Trypillia to Rus. Kiev, Krion, 2010

5295:

Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica - Natural Sciences in Archaeology

4934: 4777:

Tripolye settlements-giants. The international symposium materials

3229:

The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and The Indus Civilization

3155: 1867:

Site of a hill-top Trypillia settlement at Trinca-La Șanț, Moldova

8836: 8628: 8574: 8520: 8342: 8148: 8058: 7912: 7813: 7771: 7634: 7553: 7506: 7494: 6772: 6525:

The Romanian Dacian Museum page on Cucuteni Culture (in English).

3490:

Chapman, John; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Nebbia, Marco (31 May 2019).

1905: 1845: 1672: 1502: 1451: 1439: 1316: 1039: 863: 832: 828: 656: 637: 602: 598: 594: 590: 6119:

Economy and society in prehistoric Europe: changing perspectives

6094:

19, no.1 (1987) pp. 1–22. Abingdon, UK: Routledge Journals

5285: 2736: 1711: 1422:

had noticeable social stratification, which saw the creation of

1034:

made of flint-inlaid blades. The grain was milled into flour by

741: 105: 8904: 8441: 8419: 8272: 8208: 8153: 7543: 7521: 7489: 7463: 7141: 7106: 7101: 6394:Рыбаков Б. А., Космогония и мифология земледельцев энеолита // 5117:

Carmen Marian Mestesuguri Textile in Cultura Cucuteni page 102

3279:

In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth

2605: 2412: 2341: 2331: 2201:, an innovation that did not become common in Europe until the 2060: 1829: 1498: 1459: 1443: 1066: 1031: 871: 851: 694: 436: 6403:Древнейшее металлообрабатывающее производство Восточной Европы 6046:"Neolithic stamps: cultural patterns, processes and potencies" 5336: 5058:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 3941:"The Trypilska Kultura – The Spiritual Birthplace of Ukraine?" 2307:, or ritualistic dance. Similar artefacts were later found in 766:

International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences

8970: 8690: 8424: 8378: 8240: 8095: 8043: 7619: 7585: 7121: 6572:

The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC

6458:Пізній етап трипільської культури. Археологія Української РСР 6256:. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 17, 2015, pp. 17–99. 3450: 2964:. According to admixture analysis they had approximately 75% 2945: 2929: 2848: 2749: 2408: 2404: 2000: 1995:, Ukraine, are as large as (or perhaps even larger than) the 1937: 1222:

more important. Outlying communities were established on the

997: 682:

is the oldest ever found, and predates evidence of wheels in

493: 6507:

Trypillia: 7000-year-old civilisation silenced by communists

5898:

Cucuteni: the last great Chalcolithic civilization of Europe

4405: 3377:

Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (2016).

1856:– though there is no solid evidence that they actually made 1446:, contrasted with those individuals on the other end of the 971:

The roots of Cucuteni–Trypillia culture can be found in the

636:'mega-sites' of the culture were the largest settlements in 8916: 8877: 8357: 8213: 8143: 8063: 7935: 7448: 7096: 5167:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

4861: 4534: 3795:"Cucuteni-Trypillya: una grande civiltà dell'antica Europa" 3380:

Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100–3400 BCE

2441: 1857: 1840:, barley and hemp, which were probably ground and baked as 1142:

Some scholars have used the abundance of these clay female

1119: 993: 941:• Middle (Cucuteni B, Trypillia BII to CI–II): 660: 632: 606: 6484:Ранньотрипільське поселення Ленківці на Середньому Дністрі 5072:

This site was a student brief done for a class assignment.

4587:. Bucharest: Consiliul Superior al Agriculturii: 243–252. 3689:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6, 51–70. 3407:

Gaydarska, Bisserka; Nebbia, Marco; Chapman, John (2020).

3310: 1789: 1753: 8228: 7994: 7952: 6548:

in Romania, supported by many international institutions.

5459:, Extended Data Figure 2: Supervised ADMIXTURE analysis.. 4775:. In Korvin-Piotrovsky, A; Kruts, V; Ryzhov, S M (eds.). 4506:. Greensprings, Oregon: Orgone Biophysical Research Lab. 949:• Late (Horodiștea–Foltești, Trypillia CII): 5403: 5244:

The civilization of the Goddess: the world of Old Europe

4835:. Kiev: Institut Arkheologii NAN Ukrainy. Archived from 4340: 3536:"Cucuteni-Trypillia: Eastern Europe's lost civilisation" 1363: 689:

One of the most notable aspects of this culture was the

655:

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture had elaborately designed

6382:Раннеземледельческие (трипольские) племена Поднестровья 6363:Раннетрипольское поселение Лука-Врублевецкая на Днестре 4858:"The Tripolye house, a sacred and profane coexistence!" 4321: 4319: 4317: 2051: 1877: 1860:. There is also evidence that they may have kept bees. 6172:, 1985); Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 5692:

Mysteries of ancient Ukraine: the remarkable Trypilian

4911:, in Barrowclough, David A.; Malone, Caroline (eds.), 3857:. The Institute of archaeology in Iași. Archived from 3489: 3406: 6586:

360 Virtual Tour of Cucuteni Museum from Piatra-Neamt

6121:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997. 5438: 3943:. The Trypillian Civilization Society. Archived from 3913:. The Trypillian Civilization Society. Archived from 3911:"Trypillian Civilization in the prehistory of Europe" 3886:. The Trypillian Civilization Society. Archived from 3376: 2976:

and less than 5% traces of Yamnaya-related ancestry.

2720:

Religion and ritual of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

2174:

Illustration of interconnected houses from Maidanetsk

724:

The culture was initially named after the village of

5994:

Trypillia Mega-Sites: Neither Urban nor Low-Density?

5556:

The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Third Millennia

4459: 4457: 4314: 4259:

Fibonacci Numbers In The Ancient “Cucuteni” Culture.

3644: 1178:

neolithic European societies that were wiped out by

110:

Characteristic example of Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery

6410:Труды одиннадцатого археологического сьезда в Киеве 6166:

Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds

4779:. Kiev: Institute of Archaeology. pp. 203–211. 1965:Reconstruction of the main occupation phase of the 585:. It extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the 5241: 4788: 4786: 4479: 4477: 4049: 4047: 4045: 3837:Arhiva Societății științifice și Literare din Iași 2792:, but were subsequently wiped out by invasions of 2728:A typical Cucuteni–Trypillia clay "goddess" fetish 1947: 6476:, т. І, АН УРСР, Інститут Археології. Київ, 1940. 5462: 4647:"Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei" 4609:The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting 4454: 3719:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–5. 3370: 1920:The earliest known salt works in the world is at 1241:Decline and end of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1146:statues to base the theory that this culture was 9159: 6439:Трипільська культура. Археологія Української РСР 5136:"The Cucutenian Communities in the Bahlui Basin" 4767: 3878: 3876: 2914:A study by Mathiesson et al., published 2018 in 1820:The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture was a society of 6408:Хвойко В. Каменный век Среднего Поднепровья // 6009:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1979. 4985: 4983: 4783: 4474: 4042: 3011:Barter tokens of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 2899:T2b and U8b1 with Anatolian Neolithic Farmers ( 2622:Flint pieces inlaid into antler or wood blades 1983:House burning of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1501:traded from other societies (notably, from the 1081: 799:Триполье), 'Tripolian' or 'Trypillia' culture. 6621: 4770:"The provision of salt to Tripolye mega-sites" 4683:Ancient Interactions: East and West in Eurasia 4261:Romania Journal (2023) - www.romaniajournal.ro 1979:Architecture of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 958: 419:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation 7306: 6758: 6607: 4336: 4334: 3873: 3188: 1975:Settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 1208: 850:The culture thus extended northeast from the 531: 210: 6576:Institute for the Study of the Ancient World 5920:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe" 4980: 3998: 2763:', 4500 BC. Cucuteni Eneolithic Art Museum, 6486:. АН УРСР, Інститут Археології. Київ, 1959. 6420:Неолит и энеолит юга Европейской части СССР 4817: 3789: 3787: 3232:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–46. 2936:(G-CTS688 and G-PF3330), while one carried 1475:, which began to appear in the Bronze Age. 16:Neolithic–Eneolithic archaeological culture 7320: 7313: 7299: 6765: 6751: 6707:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe 6614: 6600: 6582:, from 10 November 2009 to 25 April 2010 . 6196:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. 5814: 5281: 5279: 5049: 5047: 4892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4851: 4849: 4331: 4249:Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, VII, 2000 4053: 4031:] (in German), Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 3934: 3932: 3819: 3195:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2788:, non-warlike, and worshipped an "earthy" 2234:in Romania for the iron magnetite ore and 2188:Model of a Cucuteni-Trypillia pottery kiln 597:and covering substantial parts of western 538: 524: 320:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe 217: 203: 5996:Journal of Urban Archaeology, 5, 81-100. 5957: 5917: 5832: 5797: 5522: 5456: 5444: 5421: 5380: 5362: 5306: 4947: 4906: 4679: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4552: 4382: 4195: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 3834: 3507: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3238:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.001.0001 2903:) and Early Neolithic Farmers of Europe ( 1359:Economy of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 71:Learn how and when to remove this message 6453:, Київ, Укрполіграфмедіа, 2004, т. І—ІІ. 5571: 5550: 5480: 5239: 4792: 4768:Chapman, J; Gaydarska, Bisserka (2003). 4574: 4572: 4325: 4308: 4296: 3784: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3709: 3651:. Oxford University Press. p. 113. 3614: 3189:Brigand, Robin; Weller, Olivier (2018). 2851:recovered from Cucuteni–Trypillia human 2838: 2754: 2735: 2723: 2495:plungers, pressing and retouching tools 2399:Cucuteni–Trypillia tools were made from 2390: 2382: 2374: 2366: 2330: 2183: 1960: 1862: 1824:farmers. Cultivating the soil (using an 1477: 1362: 1283: 1199: 1105: 1085: 962: 814: 704: 6266:. Berlin–Leipzig: W. de Gruyter, 1932. 6043: 5698:. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 2008. 5276: 5133: 5044: 4855: 4846: 4612:, New York: Routledge, pp. 40–41, 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4022: 3929: 3679: 3657:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545841.001.0001 3648:The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe 3588: 3562: 3275: 3222: 3166:. Iași, Romania: Iași University: 267. 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 967:Goddess figurine, Romania, 4050–3900 BC 9160: 5998:https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JUA.5.129844 5851:Early stamp seals in South-east Europe 4823: 4633: 4117: 4098: 4068: 4062: 3686:The Wheel: Inventions And Reinventions 3533: 3254: 2713: 8484: 8123: 7389: 7294: 6746: 6595: 6451:Енциклопедія Трипільської цивілізації 6309: 5876:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5757: 5610:. London; New York, Routledge, 2005. 5468: 5248:, San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 4948:Gaydarska, Bisserka (February 2020). 4749:from the original on 21 February 2009 4644: 4605: 4578: 4569: 4501: 4495: 4191: 4189: 4002:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 3965: 3771:The first Cucuteni museum for Romania 3764: 3741: 3558: 3556: 3529: 3527: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3383:. Taylor & Francis. p. 347. 3153: 3126:from the original on 24 December 2015 2658:hammer axes and possible battle axes 2335:Reconstructed Cucuteni–Trypillia loom 1434:of individuals who were of the elite 1110:One of the 'Council of the Goddesses' 768:by Butureanu and at a meeting of the 8485: 6296:. București: Editura Meridiane, 1979 5918:Mathieson, Iain (21 February 2018). 5240:Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė (1991), 4669:from the original on 9 October 2010. 4149: 4136: 3884:"Welcome to the Trypillian e-Museum" 3492:"The Origins of Trypillia Megasites" 3457:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3402: 3400: 3358:from the original on 13 January 2017 3218: 3216: 3138: 2362: 2284: 2192:Most Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery was 1268:, being most likely speakers of the 1248:According to some proponents of the 24: 6552:National Museum of Romanian History 6258:https://doi.org/10.12766/jna.2015.3 5853:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984. 5815:Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda (2005). 5206:"The temple pediment from Trușești" 5053: 4077:Trypillia settlement periodization… 4069:Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949), 3999:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (1997), 3938: 3908: 3608: 3589:Spinney, Laura (24 February 2021). 1876:Cucuteni–Trypillia sites, that the 1398:Rudimentary economy, most likely a 1022:The inhabitants were involved with 691:periodic destruction of settlements 13: 9183:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine 9178:Archaeological cultures in Romania 9173:Archaeological cultures in Moldova 6562:National History Museum of Moldova 6389:Периодизация трипольских поселений 5318:from the original on 24 April 2012 4736: 4186: 3553: 3524: 3439: 3345: 3178:from the original on 11 July 2011. 2828: 1234: 1139:period have also been discovered. 1038:. Women were involved in pottery, 14: 9219: 9208:Archaeological cultures of Europe 9198:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 8437:Megalithic architectural elements 7282:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓ 6790:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑ 6535:The Institute of Archaeomythology 6490: 6194:The Ukrainians: unexpected nation 5978:. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2020. 5758:Immel, Alexander (6 March 2020). 5134:Boghian, Dumitru (7 April 2008). 4174:from the original on 17 July 2011 3801:from the original on 17 July 2011 3767:Primul muzeu Cucuteni din Romania 3534:Kovtun, Valeria (6 August 2021). 3397: 3313:Journal of Archaeological Science 3213: 3066:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 1197:north and east of the Black Sea. 8124: 6670: 6558:. Their web site is in Romanian. 6391:. МИА, н. 10. М. — П. 1949. 6053:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6039:https://doi.org/10.59641/m5457py 5988:https://doi.org/10.59641/h0912kt 5558:, Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 5146:from the original on 8 July 2011 4954:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4799:Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 4272:"Interview with Marija Gimbutas" 4238:Cornelia-Magda Mantu (PDF file) 3413:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2260: 2248: 2167: 2155: 2140: 2128: 2123:Top view of Cucuteni house model 2116: 2104: 2088: 2083:mega-site, c. 3700 BC, 3D model. 2073: 1880:was employed as a draft animal. 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1524: 1515: 1438:or religious classes, full-time 905: 770:Society of Anthropology of Paris 719:Moldavia National Museum Complex 593:regions, centered on modern-day 104: 29: 9188:Chalcolithic cultures of Europe 9056:Evolutionary origin of religion 6529:Trypillian Culture from Ukraine 6365:. МИА н. 38. М. — П. 1953. 5593: 5474: 5397: 5330: 5233: 5216: 5198: 5182: 5158: 5127: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5075: 5026: 5016: 4941: 4900: 4761: 4730: 4712: 4673: 4599: 4541:European Journal of Archaeology 4528: 4399: 4302: 4290: 4264: 4252: 4232: 4162:. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 151–190. 4124:. London; New York: Routledge. 4016: 3992: 3959: 3902: 3847: 3828: 3813: 3703: 3673: 3638: 3582: 3569:Sci.News: Breaking Science News 3563:Prostak, Sergio (2 July 2024). 3496:Frontiers in Digital Humanities 3483: 3160:Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 3046:Nebelivka (archaeological site) 2656:, including double-headed axes, 2017:Archaeology Museum Piatra Neamț 1948:Technology and material culture 1924:, near the village of Lunca in 1296:, Irish-American archaeologist 1294:In Search of the Indo-Europeans 805:dissolution of the Soviet Union 717:, Romania and displayed at the 700: 659:made with the help of advanced 5543: 4554:10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000062 3339: 3304: 3182: 3154:Mantu, Cornelia-Magda (2000). 3108: 2241: 2059:Semi-underground homes called 1956: 1204:Pottery, Romania, 3700-3500 BC 1: 8669:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 8199:British megalith architecture 7261:Secondary products revolution 5481:Gelabert, Pere (4 May 2022). 5140:Eneoliticul est-carpatic blog 4868:World Archaeological Congress 4005:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 3282:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2111:House interior reconstruction 1696:Anthropomorphic clay figurine 1264:and its predecessors) of the 1158:and some latter 20th century 900: 866:. It encompassed the central 578: 92: 9193:Neolithic cultures of Europe 8664:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 8204:Nordic megalith architecture 6542:The Vădastra Village Project 6138:Stratulat, Lacramioara, ed. 5606:Bailey, Douglass Whitfield, 5364:10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 4833:Title Forthcoming (in press) 4118:Bailey, Douglass W. (2005). 3207:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.032 2493:tools, e.g. abrasive pieces, 2468:Stone, antler, horn, copper 2267:Pottery wheel reconstruction 2255:Pottery wheel reconstruction 1270:Proto-Indo-European language 1082:Middle period (5000–3500 BC) 810: 7: 6384:, МИА, н. 84. Москва, 1961. 6030:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. 5673:. London: Routledge, 2000. 4856:Menotti, Francesco (2007), 4198:Journal of World Prehistory 3003: 2775:based at least part of her 2326: 2052: 1424:occupational specialization 1026:, agriculture, fishing and 987:from the north, and by the 959:Early period (5800–5000 BC) 831:, eastern and northeastern 10: 9224: 9168:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 8812:British Isles and Brittany 8733:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6623:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 6280:. München: C.H.Beck, 2011. 6026:Shatilo, Liudmyla (2021). 5790:10.1038/s41598-020-61190-0 5629:(Un)settling the neolithic 5507:10.1038/s41598-022-11117-8 4907:Gheorghiu, Dragoș (2006), 4367:10.1038/s41598-020-61190-0 3469:10.1007/s00334-023-00936-y 2983:A 2022 study published in 2832: 2717: 2680: 2646: 2625: 2577: 2561: 2533: 2481: 2434: 2179: 2015:in St. Petersburg and the 1972: 1508: 1356: 1352: 1341:, Denmark was occupied by 1313:Blytt–Sernander Sub-Boreal 1238: 1209:Late period (3500–3000 BC) 1072:Gumelnița–Karanovo culture 1012:Prehistory of Transylvania 947: 939: 931: 552:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 499:Domestication of the horse 360:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture 334:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 87:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 18: 9014: 8827: 8654: 8501: 8497: 8480: 8366: 8330: 8179: 8136: 8132: 8119: 7926: 7757: 7730: 7655: 7581: 7572: 7477: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7385: 7328: 7279: 7248: 7210: 7077: 6830: 6816:First Temperate Neolithic 6796: 6787: 6679: 6668: 6629: 6356:Археология Украинской ССР 6065:10.1017/S0959774307000248 4966:10.1017/S0959774319000301 4412:Journal of Human Genetics 3425:10.1017/S0959774319000301 3333:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.025 3276:Mallory, James P (1989). 2932:, two carried haplogroup 2835:Archaeogenetics of Europe 2740:Ceramic altar (replica). 2701: 2684: 2647: 2626: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2542: 2534: 2497: 2482: 2445: 2435: 2427: 1193:tribes that swept out of 913:Tatiana Sergeyevna Passek 788: 648:, at least dating to the 6697:Old Europe (archaeology) 5717:Neolithic art in Romania 5038:24 December 2015 at the 4150:Khol, Philip L. (2002). 4023:Schmidt, Hubert (1932), 3855:"In search of time past" 3509:10.3389/fdigh.2019.00010 3102: 2706:Some researchers, e.g., 1832:grains. They cultivated 236:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic, 43:may need to be rewritten 21:Old Europe (archaeology) 9044:Evolutionary musicology 8447:Oldest extant buildings 8374:Archaeological features 7893:Prepared-core technique 7202:Unchambered long barrow 6163:Whittle, Alasdair W. R. 6044:Skeates, Robin (2007). 5821:Documenta Praehistorica 5631:. Oxford: Oxbow, 2005. 5410:Documenta Praehistorica 5308:10.24916/iansa.2011.1.1 4793:Rassmann, Knut (2014). 4739:"Sarea, Timpul și Omul" 2974:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer 2150:temple, reconstruction. 1915: 1815: 1186:-worshipping, warlike, 870:as well as the plains, 854:river basin around the 678:from the middle of the 352:Decea Mureşului culture 9006:Unchambered long cairn 8854:Mound Builders culture 8187:Neolithic architecture 7322:Prehistoric technology 6821:Linear Pottery culture 6712:Linear Pottery culture 6310:Cucoș, Ștefan (1999). 6294:Arta culturii Cucuteni 4824:Harper, T. K. (2012). 4645:Cucoș, Ștefan (1999). 3041:Linear Pottery culture 3026:Dnieper–Donets culture 2893:Linear Pottery culture 2844: 2813: 2768: 2741: 2729: 2396: 2388: 2380: 2372: 2336: 2324: 2189: 2095:Reconstruction of the 2041: 1970: 1969:mega-site, c. 3800 BC. 1912:, fox and brown bear. 1868: 1483: 1375: 1367:Dniester landscape in 1345:cultures, rather than 1334: 1289: 1205: 1111: 1092: 1050:or domesticated ones. 985:Linear Pottery culture 968: 824: 758:Dimitrie C. Butculescu 721: 575:archaeological culture 8681:List of Stone Age art 7883:Microblade technology 7831:Langdale axe industry 7429:Ard / plough 6546:living history museum 5992:Ohlrau, René (2022). 5974:Ohlrau, René (2020). 5696:culture, 5400–2700 BC 5690:Ciuk, Krzysztof, ed. 4724:30 April 2011 at the 4502:DeMeo, James (1998). 3966:Ellis, Linda (1984). 3122:. 22 September 2008. 2909:Funnel Beaker culture 2855:remains found in the 2842: 2833:Further information: 2809: 2758: 2739: 2727: 2446:Stone, flint, copper 2394: 2386: 2378: 2370: 2334: 2320: 2187: 1964: 1866: 1747:Copper and gold hoard 1531:Copper hoard, 4000 BC 1481: 1388:social stratification 1366: 1325: 1287: 1274:Old European cultures 1266:Pontic–Caspian steppe 1260:(a term grouping the 1203: 1109: 1089: 966: 818: 708: 9088:Prehistoric medicine 9083:Prehistoric counting 9066:Prehistoric religion 9061:Paleolithic religion 9039:Behavioral modernity 8396:Causewayed enclosure 8288:Abri de la Madeleine 7412:Neolithic Revolution 7271:Proto-Indo-Europeans 7235:Neolithic long house 7092:Causewayed enclosure 6474:Трипільська культура 6396:Советская археология 5873:"Tripolye culture". 3824:(in Romanian). Iași. 3226:(1 September 2015). 3071:Proto-Indo-Europeans 2859:(on the bank of the 2781:Old European culture 2677:Flint, bone, copper 1168:Old European culture 981:Bug–Dniester culture 868:Carpathian Mountains 732:, Romania. In 1884, 613:in the southwest). 609:in the northeast to 581:5500 to 2750 BC) of 554:, also known as the 9127:Prehistoric warfare 7873:Magdalenian culture 7836:Levallois technique 7767:Earliest toolmaking 7137:Megalithic entrance 7015:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 6811:Corded Ware culture 6722:Sredny Stog culture 6692:Chalcolithic Europe 6652:Religion and ritual 6460:, т. I. Київ, 1971. 6441:, т. І. Київ, 1971. 5950:10.1038/nature25778 5942:2018Natur.555..197M 5782:2020NatSR..10.4253I 5499:2022NatSR..12.7242G 5355:2017PLoSO..1272952N 5142:. Dumitru Boghian. 4811:10.12766/jna.2014.3 4708:on 21 February 2012 4606:Crane, Eva (1999), 4424:10.1038/jhg.2017.12 4359:2020NatSR..10.4253I 4245:8 June 2015 at the 3909:Videiko, Mykhailo. 3861:on 4 September 2011 3681:Bulliet, Richard W. 3325:2012JArSc..39.2810D 3081:Sredny Stog culture 3061:Prehistoric Romania 3016:Chalcolithic Europe 2714:Ritual and religion 2674:Knives and daggers 2566:and spindle whorls 2225:ores for black and 2223:manganese Jacobsite 2068:covered with clay. 2036:Log homes, called ( 1886:horse domestication 1413:subsistence farmers 1386:Almost nonexistent 1191:Proto-Indo-European 973:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 650:fifth millennium BC 381:Monte Claro culture 170:Chalcolithic Europe 139:Religion and ritual 9203:Pre-Indo-Europeans 9078:Origin of language 9071:Spiritual drug use 8981:Rectangular dolmen 8883:Dartmoor kistvaens 8696:Carved stone balls 8408:Circular enclosure 8367:Other architecture 8310:Alp pile dwellings 7898:Solutrean industry 7809:Gravettian culture 7459:Secondary products 7157:Rectangular dolmen 6925:Gumelnița–Karanovo 6885:Cucuteni–Trypillia 6574:an exhibit at the 6465:Археологія України 6276:Haarmann, Harald. 5765:Scientific Reports 5487:Scientific Reports 5164:Christoph Baumer, 5062:on 12 October 1999 4347:Scientific Reports 4210:10.1007/BF02221076 3939:Taranec, Natalie. 3822:Schiță Arheologică 3346:Müller, Johannes. 3031:History of Ukraine 2985:Scientific Reports 2944:. With respect to 2928:. With respect to 2877:haplogroup R0(xHV) 2845: 2771:The archaeologist 2769: 2759:'The Thinker from 2742: 2730: 2649:Other/multipurpose 2431:Typical materials 2397: 2389: 2381: 2373: 2346:warp-weighted loom 2337: 2190: 1971: 1869: 1484: 1376: 1290: 1206: 1112: 1093: 969: 825: 752:and archeologists 750:Nicolae Beldiceanu 722: 432:Ahar–Banas culture 427:Hakra Ware culture 301:Ghassulian culture 9155: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9100:Prehistoric music 9049:music archaeology 8706:Cup and ring mark 8531:Clothing/textiles 8476: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8110: 7918:Yubetsu technique 7903:Striking platform 7868:Lithic technology 7753: 7752: 7738:Game drive system 7657:Projectile points 7549:Mortar and pestle 7288: 7287: 7225:Lithic industries 6782: 6740: 6739: 6702:Kurgan hypothesis 6358:, Киев, 1985, т.1 6334:on 9 October 2010 6262:Schmidt, Hubert. 6148:978-973-0-05830-7 6092:World Archaeology 5871:Mallory, James P. 5725:978-88-569-0001-9 5704:978-0-88854-465-0 5650:World archaeology 5585:978-0-941694-56-8 5210:capodopere2019.ro 5194:978-615-5766-30-5 5171:I.B.Tauris, 2012 5123:978-973-155-128-9 5054:Collins, Gloria. 4922:978-1-84217-303-9 4842:on 13 April 2014. 4469:978-0-691-05887-0 4278:on 7 October 2016 3726:978-1-63557-361-9 3696:978-0-231-54061-2 3666:978-0-19-954584-1 3631:978-1-4766-4075-4 3390:978-1-317-24791-3 3247:978-0-19-022690-9 3036:Khvalynsk culture 2869:haplogroup HV(xH) 2777:Kurgan hypothesis 2699: 2698: 2540:Knitting needles 2363:Weapons and tools 2285:Ceramic figurines 2274: 2273: 2215:calcium carbonate 2050: 1488:division of labor 1473:civilised society 1448:economic spectrum 1292:In his 1989 book 1250:Kurgan hypothesis 1162:to set forth the 956: 955: 917:ceramic seriation 754:Grigore Butureanu 680:5th millennium BC 601:and northeastern 560:Trypillia culture 548: 547: 404:Afanasevo culture 373:Remedello culture 348:Cernavodă culture 265:(2600 BC–1600 AD) 227: 226: 81: 80: 73: 53:lead layout guide 9215: 9115:Divje Babe flute 9022:Archaeoastronomy 8765:Petrosomatoglyph 8499: 8498: 8482: 8481: 8331:Water management 8134: 8133: 8121: 8120: 8024:Denticulate tool 7846:Lithic reduction 7579: 7578: 7400: 7399: 7387: 7386: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7256:Danubian culture 7152:Polygonal dolmen 6995:Seine–Oise–Marne 6915:Globular Amphora 6776: 6774:Neolithic Europe 6767: 6760: 6753: 6744: 6743: 6732:Catacomb culture 6687:Neolithic Europe 6674: 6630:Topical articles 6616: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6523:Cucuteni Culture 6517:Cucuteni Culture 6467:. Торонто, 1961. 6412:. І. Киев, 1901. 6343: 6341: 6339: 6330:. Archived from 6306:pp. 279–298 6170:Neolithic Europe 6115:Sherratt, Andrew 6084: 6050: 5971: 5961: 5846: 5836: 5834:10.4312/dp.32.10 5811: 5801: 5588: 5568: 5552:Gimbutas, Marija 5538: 5536: 5526: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5423:10.4312/dp.44.18 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5366: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5247: 5237: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5202: 5196: 5186: 5180: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5131: 5125: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5051: 5042: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5002: 4996:. Archived from 4995: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4933:, archived from 4904: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4883: 4882:on 13 April 2014 4878:, archived from 4870:(WAC6), Dublin, 4853: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4737:Andrei, Vasile. 4734: 4728: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4704:, archived from 4677: 4671: 4670: 4642: 4631: 4630: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4499: 4493: 4481: 4472: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4338: 4329: 4323: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274:. Archived from 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4115: 4096: 4095: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4040: 4039: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3762: 3739: 3738: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3616:Haarmann, Harald 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3319:(8): 2810–2817. 3308: 3302: 3301: 3273: 3252: 3251: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3151: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3112: 3051:Neolithic Europe 2527:Polishing tools 2491:Pressure flaking 2485:Lithic reduction 2425: 2424: 2264: 2252: 2242: 2227:calcium silicate 2171: 2159: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2092: 2077: 2055: 2045: 2013:Hermitage Museum 2005:Fertile Crescent 1930:Starčevo culture 1842:unleavened bread 1810: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1744: 1735:Copper jewellery 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1528: 1519: 1024:animal husbandry 952:3500 to 3000 BC 944:5000 to 3500 BC 936:5800 to 5000 BC 930: 929: 925:radiocarbon data 845:Southern Ukraine 790: 734:Teodor T. Burada 669:animal husbandry 583:Southeast Europe 580: 564:Tripolye culture 556:Cucuteni culture 540: 533: 526: 455:Anarta tradition 423:Bhirrana culture 368:Coțofeni culture 364:Petreşti culture 356:Gorneşti culture 229: 228: 219: 212: 205: 165:Neolithic Europe 157:Related articles 108: 99: 97: 94: 83: 82: 76: 69: 65: 62: 56: 49:improve the lead 33: 32: 25: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9143: 9010: 8996:Stone box grave 8966:Megalithic tomb 8871:Cotswold-Severn 8823: 8728:Guardian stones 8656:Prehistoric art 8650: 8493: 8468: 8457:Timber trackway 8362: 8326: 8322:Wattle and daub 8175: 8154:Standing stones 8128: 8107: 7922: 7749: 7726: 7651: 7568: 7478:Food processing 7473: 7422:New World crops 7394: 7381: 7324: 7319: 7289: 7284: 7275: 7244: 7206: 7117:Guardian stones 7079: 7073: 7035: 6895:Decea Mureşului 6826: 6806:Cardium pottery 6792: 6783: 6777:(including the 6771: 6741: 6736: 6675: 6666: 6662:Decline and end 6625: 6620: 6493: 6422:, Москва, 1962. 6337: 6335: 6292:Dumitrescu, V. 6088:Taylor, Timothy 6048: 5934:Nature Research 5849:Makkay, János. 5774:Nature Research 5596: 5591: 5586: 5566: 5546: 5541: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5402: 5398: 5349:(2): e0172952. 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5256: 5238: 5234: 5221: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5187: 5183: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5132: 5128: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5065: 5063: 5052: 5045: 5040:Wayback Machine 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4946: 4942: 4923: 4905: 4901: 4885: 4884: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4791: 4784: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4726:Wayback Machine 4717: 4713: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4653:(in Romanian). 4643: 4634: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4577: 4570: 4533: 4529: 4514: 4500: 4496: 4482: 4475: 4462: 4455: 4404: 4400: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4247:Wayback Machine 4237: 4233: 4194: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4156:Iranica Antiqua 4148: 4137: 4116: 4099: 4067: 4063: 4052: 4043: 4021: 4017: 3997: 3993: 3978: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3947:on 21 June 2008 3937: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3917:on 21 June 2008 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3839:(in Romanian). 3833: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3763: 3742: 3727: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3561: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3525: 3488: 3484: 3449: 3440: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3340: 3309: 3305: 3290: 3274: 3255: 3248: 3221: 3214: 3187: 3183: 3152: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096:Yamnaya culture 3006: 2948:, they carried 2865:Ternopil Oblast 2837: 2831: 2829:Archaeogenetics 2822:post excavation 2773:Marija Gimbutas 2722: 2716: 2704: 2657: 2555:Sewing needles 2494: 2365: 2329: 2287: 2268: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2163: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2133: 2124: 2121: 2112: 2109: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2031:Wattle-and-daub 1985: 1973:Main articles: 1959: 1950: 1922:Poiana Slatinei 1918: 1818: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1745: 1736: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1394:political elite 1373:Western Ukraine 1369:Ternopil Oblast 1361: 1355: 1339:Atlantic period 1306:Yamnaya culture 1302:Yamnaya culture 1262:Yamnaya culture 1254:Marija Gimbutas 1243: 1237: 1235:Decline and end 1211: 1176:goddess-centred 1156:Joseph Campbell 1152:Marija Gimbutas 1116:wattle-and-daub 1084: 1063:fired in a kiln 961: 908: 903: 884:Podolian Upland 813: 777:Vincenc Chvojka 762:George Diamandy 703: 544: 511: 502: 501: 497: 487: 479: 478: 447:Savalda Culture 282:C-Group culture 278:A-Group culture 259: 247: 237: 235: 223: 194: 191:Yamnaya culture 188: 149:Decline and end 111: 95: 90: 89: 77: 66: 60: 57: 46: 34: 30: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9221: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9153: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9105:Alligator drum 9097: 9096: 9095: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9032:lunar calendar 9029: 9018: 9016: 9015:Other cultural 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8819:Venus figurine 8816: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8750:Megalithic art 8747: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8708: 8703: 8701:Cave paintings 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8507: 8505: 8503:Material goods 8495: 8494: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8302: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8226: 8221: 8219:Cliff dwelling 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8130: 8129: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7804:Fire hardening 7801: 7796: 7794:Clovis culture 7791: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7763: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7717:Manis Mastodon 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7596:throwing stick 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7408: 7406: 7396: 7395: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6680:Related topics 6677: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6588:(in Romanian). 6583: 6569: 6559: 6549: 6539: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6491:External links 6489: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6416: 6413: 6406: 6401:Рындина Н. В. 6399: 6398:, 1965, № 1—2. 6392: 6385: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6359: 6345: 6344: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6260: 6252:Ohlrau, René, 6242: 6241: 6212: 6211: 6190:Wilson, Andrew 6187: 6160: 6157: 6136: 6112: 6109: 6085: 6059:(2): 183–198. 6041: 6024: 6003:Renfrew, Colin 6000: 5990: 5972: 5915: 5894: 5868: 5847: 5812: 5755: 5736:Ellis, Linda. 5734: 5713: 5688: 5669:Chapman, John 5667: 5646: 5625: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5569: 5564: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5473: 5461: 5457:Mathieson 2018 5449: 5445:Mathieson 2018 5437: 5396: 5329: 5275: 5254: 5232: 5215: 5197: 5181: 5157: 5126: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5081:Pasternak 1963 5074: 5043: 5025: 5015: 5003:on 14 May 2011 4979: 4940: 4937:on 11 May 2008 4921: 4899: 4845: 4816: 4782: 4760: 4729: 4711: 4692: 4672: 4632: 4618: 4598: 4568: 4547:(3): 369–406. 4527: 4512: 4494: 4473: 4453: 4418:(6): 605–613. 4398: 4330: 4313: 4309:Gimbutas (1997 4301: 4297:Gimbutas (1982 4289: 4263: 4251: 4231: 4204:(2): 199–241. 4185: 4135: 4097: 4061: 4041: 4015: 3991: 3976: 3958: 3928: 3901: 3890:on 7 June 2008 3872: 3846: 3827: 3812: 3783: 3740: 3725: 3702: 3695: 3672: 3665: 3637: 3630: 3607: 3581: 3552: 3523: 3482: 3438: 3396: 3389: 3369: 3338: 3303: 3288: 3253: 3246: 3212: 3181: 3137: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3076:Samara culture 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2830: 2827: 2805:funerary rites 2790:mother goddess 2718:Main article: 2715: 2712: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2661:Stone, copper 2659: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610:grinding slabs 2598: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2474:Gouges/chisels 2470: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2395:Bone artefacts 2364: 2361: 2328: 2325: 2286: 2283: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2247: 2219:iron magnetite 2213:for red hues, 2199:potter's wheel 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2034: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1926:Vânători-Neamț 1917: 1914: 1873:zooarchaeology 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1432:social classes 1416: 1415: 1406: 1396: 1390: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1258:Kurgan culture 1239:Main article: 1236: 1233: 1210: 1207: 1174:matriarchal), 1164:popular theory 1132:potter's wheel 1083: 1080: 1006:Ariușd culture 960: 957: 954: 953: 950: 946: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 907: 904: 902: 899: 886:). During the 812: 809: 702: 699: 676:potter's wheel 546: 545: 543: 542: 535: 528: 520: 517: 516: 504: 503: 488: 486:Related topics 485: 484: 481: 480: 476:(6500–1000 BC) 469:(5000–2900 BC) 463: 462: 457: 444: 437:Kaytha culture 434: 429: 413:(4300–1800 BC) 407: 406: 390:(3700–1700 BC) 384: 383: 370: 345: 336: 331: 322: 314:(5500–2200 BC) 308: 307: 295:(6000–3500 BC) 289: 288: 274:Gerzeh culture 270:Naqada culture 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 240: 239: 225: 224: 222: 221: 214: 207: 199: 196: 195: 189: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 159: 158: 154: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 118: 117: 113: 112: 109: 101: 100: 79: 78: 38:The article's 37: 35: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9220: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8991:Simple dolmen 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8976:Passage grave 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8922:Gallery grave 8920: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8837:Burial mounds 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797:Statue menhir 8795: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8785:Stone carving 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624:Sewing needle 8622: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8452:Timber circle 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8401:Tor enclosure 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8389:fulacht fiadh 8387: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8118: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7625:spear-thrower 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7603:Bow and arrow 7601: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7512:Grinding slab 7510: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7444:Domestication 7442: 7440: 7439:Digging stick 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417:Founder crops 7415: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7358:New Stone Age 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7302: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197:Tor enclosure 7195: 7193: 7192:Timber circle 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7177:Statue menhir 7175: 7173: 7172:Simple dolmen 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147:Passage grave 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7069:Windmill Hill 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:Pit–Comb Ware 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6761: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727:Yamna culture 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6717:Vinča culture 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6647:House burning 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6580:New York City 6577: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463:Пастернак Я. 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232:973-7777-02-6 6229: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6202:0-300-08355-6 6199: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6178:0-521-44476-4 6175: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6127:0-691-01697-6 6124: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036:9789088909511 6033: 6029: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015:0-85224-355-3 6012: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984:9789088908484 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5906:973-98191-6-8 5903: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885:1-884964-98-2 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859:963-05-3424-X 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5746:0-86054-279-3 5743: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5679:0-415-15803-6 5676: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637:1-84217-179-8 5634: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5616:0-415-33151-X 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565:0-89720-041-1 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5255:0-06-250368-5 5251: 5246: 5245: 5236: 5229: 5228:90-269-4448-9 5225: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5019: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4960:(1): 97–121. 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693:1-902937-19-8 4689: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4619:0-415-92467-7 4615: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4513:0-9621855-5-8 4509: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4490:1-881094-11-1 4487: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4326:Gelabert 2022 4322: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4190: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3977:0-86054-279-3 3973: 3969: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3711:Standage, Tom 3706: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3596: 3595:New Scientist 3592: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419:(1): 97–121. 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3289:0-500-05052-X 3285: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3224:Parpola, Asko 3219: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091:Vinča culture 3089: 3087: 3086:Varna culture 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2998:Baden culture 2994: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885:haplogroup T4 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2643:Bone, copper 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:Ground stones 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589:Antler, horn 2586: 2583: 2581: 2574:Loom weights 2573: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2558:Bone, copper 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522:Antler, horn 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2385: 2377: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:Cetatuia Hill 2282: 2278: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2186: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2135:Village model 2131: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:bow and arrow 1890: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836:, oats, rye, 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1333: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:J. P. Mallory 1295: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 989:Boian culture 986: 982: 978: 974: 965: 951: 948: 943: 940: 935: 932: 928: 926: 920: 918: 914: 906:Periodization 898: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:forest steppe 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 835:and parts of 834: 830: 822: 817: 808: 806: 800: 798: 794: 786: 782: 778: 773: 772:by Diamandi. 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 720: 716: 712: 707: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 541: 536: 534: 529: 527: 522: 521: 519: 518: 515: 510: 506: 505: 500: 495: 491: 483: 482: 477: 475: 471: 470: 468: 461: 458: 456: 452: 451:Jorwe culture 448: 445: 442: 441:Malwa culture 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 412: 405: 401: 397: 396:Botai culture 394: 393: 392: 391: 389: 382: 378: 377:Gaudo culture 374: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346: 344: 340: 339:Yamna culture 337: 335: 332: 330: 329:Varna culture 326: 325:Vinča culture 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 315: 313: 306: 302: 299: 298: 297: 296: 294: 287: 286:Kerma culture 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 267: 266: 264: 255: 254: 251: 246: 242: 241: 238:or Copper Age 234: 231: 230: 220: 215: 213: 208: 206: 201: 200: 198: 197: 192: 187: 186:Boian culture 182: 181: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 156: 155: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 134:House burning 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 115: 114: 107: 103: 102: 88: 85: 84: 75: 72: 64: 54: 51:and read the 50: 44: 41: 36: 27: 26: 22: 8932:wedge-shaped 8917:Funeral pyre 8910:Great dolmen 8866:Chamber tomb 8847:Round barrow 8802:Stone circle 8674:Blombos Cave 8602:Grooved ware 8526:Chalcolithic 8430:Thornborough 8348:Flush toilet 8283:Blombos Cave 8278:Rock shelter 8234:Quiggly hole 8126:Architecture 8101:illustration 7743:Buffalo jump 7564:Storage pits 7527:Aşıklı Höyük 7517:Ground stone 7353:Subdivisions 7220:Grooved ware 7182:Stone circle 7167:Round barrow 7112:Great dolmen 7080:architecture 6905:Funnelbeaker 6884: 6779:Chalcolithic 6642:Architecture 6622: 6483: 6473: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6438: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6419: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336:. Retrieved 6332:the original 6319: 6315: 6293: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6277: 6263: 6253: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6223: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6193: 6169: 6165: 6139: 6118: 6091: 6056: 6052: 6027: 6006: 5993: 5975: 5929: 5923: 5897: 5874: 5850: 5824: 5820: 5769: 5763: 5737: 5716: 5695: 5691: 5670: 5649: 5628: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594:Bibliography 5574: 5555: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5320:. Retrieved 5298: 5294: 5267:, retrieved 5243: 5235: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5184: 5166: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5139: 5129: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5090:Brjusov 1951 5086: 5077: 5064:. Retrieved 5060:the original 5028: 5018: 5005:. Retrieved 4998:the original 4957: 4953: 4943: 4935:the original 4912: 4902: 4880:the original 4862: 4837:the original 4832: 4819: 4802: 4798: 4776: 4763: 4751:. Retrieved 4743:www.cimec.ro 4742: 4732: 4714: 4706:the original 4682: 4675: 4654: 4650: 4608: 4601: 4584: 4580: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4503: 4497: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4350: 4346: 4304: 4292: 4280:. 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Retrieved 3119: 3110: 2995: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2916: 2913: 2897: 2881:haplogroup J 2873:haplogroup H 2857:Verteba Cave 2853:osteological 2846: 2817:Verteba Cave 2814: 2810: 2802: 2770: 2765:Piatra Neamt 2743: 2731: 2708:Asko Parpola 2705: 2685:Flint, bone 2648: 2627: 2579: 2535: 2530:Bone, stone 2518:Soft hammers 2511:Hammerstones 2483: 2478:Stone, bone 2436: 2421: 2398: 2371:loom weights 2350: 2338: 2321: 2317: 2302: 2299:Neamț County 2288: 2279: 2275: 2207: 2191: 2066: 2025: 2021: 2009: 1986: 1951: 1942: 1919: 1891: 1882: 1870: 1838:proso millet 1819: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1482:Copper tools 1442:and wealthy 1417: 1409:Pastoralists 1404:gift economy 1381: 1377: 1335: 1330:pastoralists 1326: 1310: 1293: 1291: 1247: 1244: 1212: 1171: 1141: 1124: 1113: 1097:Transylvania 1094: 1076: 1060: 1052: 1044:domesticated 1036:quern-stones 1021: 1009: 1005: 1002:Southern Bug 970: 921: 909: 896: 849: 826: 801: 774: 738:Târgu Frumos 723: 711:Chalcolithic 701:Nomenclature 688: 673: 654: 626: 622:Asko Parpola 615: 572:Chalcolithic 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 472: 465: 464: 460:Ajay culture 409: 408: 400:BMAC culture 388:Central Asia 386: 385: 333: 310: 309: 291: 290: 261: 233:Chalcolithic 175:"Old Europe" 129:Architecture 86: 67: 61:January 2023 58: 47:Please help 42: 40:lead section 8954:unchambered 8949:Long barrow 8939:Grave goods 8895:Court cairn 8890:Clava cairn 8842:Bowl barrow 8780:Rock cupule 8723:Golden hats 8716:Hill figure 8617:Unstan ware 8597:Cord-marked 8462:Sweet Track 8384:Burnt mound 8305:Stilt house 8293:Sibudu Cave 8086:Tally stick 8054:Quern-stone 8039:Hammerstone 8029:Fire plough 8000:Pesse canoe 7958:Bannerstone 7928:Other tools 7841:Lithic core 7789:Aurignacian 7677:Bare Island 7559:Quern-stone 7240:Unstan ware 7127:Long barrow 7087:Bank barrow 7044:Tiszapolgár 7010:Sredny Stog 6975:Pitted Ware 6637:Settlements 6456:Захарук Ю. 6437:Бібіков С. 6405:, М., 1971. 6361:Бибиков С. 6338:28 November 5936:: 197–203. 5827:: 145–154. 5544:Works cited 5493:(1): 7242. 5416:: 306–325. 5269:11 December 5150:22 February 4353:(1): 4253. 4178:21 November 3951:21 November 3921:21 November 3894:21 November 3865:21 November 3805:21 November 3540:www.bbc.com 3130:24 December 2968:, 10% both 2889:Paleolithic 2883:and one to 2861:Seret River 2794:patriarchal 2786:matriarchal 2682:Arrow tips 2640:Fish hooks 2437:Woodworking 2387:Stone tools 2379:Stone tools 2194:hand coiled 2081:Maidanetske 2053:ploshchadky 1997:city-states 1967:Maidanetske 1957:Settlements 1854:wine grapes 1850:cherry plum 1822:subsistence 1469:egalitarian 1400:subsistence 1195:the steppes 1180:patriarchal 1148:matriarchal 1136:monochromic 1048:wild horses 793:Kiev Oblast 730:Iași County 684:Mesopotamia 642:Mesopotamia 474:Mesoamerica 343:Corded Ware 305:Uruk period 124:Settlements 98:to 3000 BC) 96: 4800 9162:Categories 9093:trepanning 8986:Ring cairn 8944:Jar burial 8927:transepted 8859:U.S. sites 8760:Petroglyph 8686:Bird stone 8644:wine press 8317:Stone roof 8300:Roundhouse 8192:long house 8169:Stonehenge 8137:Ceremonial 8081:Stone tool 7908:Tool stone 7878:Metallurgy 7782:Mousterian 7759:Toolmaking 7697:Cumberland 7670:Transverse 7640:Schöningen 7532:Qesem cave 7500:Earth oven 7454:Irrigation 7365:Technology 7333:Prehistory 7266:Old Europe 7230:Metallurgy 7212:Technology 7078:Monumental 6875:Cortaillod 6482:Черниш К. 6387:Пассек Т. 6380:Пассек Т. 5469:Immel 2020 5230:, NUGI 644 5177:1780760604 5066:1 December 5007:17 January 4805:: 96–134. 3735:1184237267 3056:Old Europe 3021:Copper Age 2942:E-CTS10894 2938:G2a-PF3141 2767:, Moldavia 2357:nalbinding 2211:iron oxide 1993:Uman Raion 1934:briquetage 1834:club wheat 1464:Eneolithic 1420:Bronze Age 1392:Lack of a 1343:Mesolithic 1188:Bronze-Age 1184:Sky Father 1101:Right Bank 1017:pit-houses 1010:see also: 901:Chronology 856:Iron Gates 821:Old Europe 746:terracotta 665:metallurgy 618:Eneolithic 509:Bronze Age 490:Metallurgy 411:South Asia 19:See also: 9137:symbolism 9001:Tor cairn 8959:Grønsalen 8900:Cremation 8792:Sculpture 8770:Pictogram 8755:Petroform 8575:amber use 8543:Cosmetics 8353:Reservoir 8338:Check dam 8268:Pueblitos 8263:Pit-house 8246:Longhouse 8180:Dwellings 8049:Microlith 7980:Bow drill 7975:Bone tool 7968:prismatic 7777:Acheulean 7692:Cresswell 7665:Arrowhead 7591:Boomerang 7507:Granaries 7469:Terracing 7348:Stone Age 7187:Stone row 6860:Cernavodă 6556:Bucharest 6431:Ukrainian 6328:223302267 6239:243473152 6155:481221536 6100:0043-8243 6081:162937371 5913:480166927 5843:442196598 5732:260224420 5711:267124474 5658:0043-8243 5515:2045-2322 5432:1854-2492 5373:1932-6203 5264:123210574 4974:208245898 4931:309578661 4876:368044032 4663:223302267 4563:1461-9571 4432:1434-5161 4375:2045-2322 4226:161588641 4218:1573-7802 4093:22401126M 3779:319165024 3518:2297-2668 3477:1617-6278 3433:0959-7743 3298:246601873 3201:: 68–78. 3172:228808567 2879:, one to 2875:, one to 2871:, two to 2695:Spatulas 2632:Harpoons 2313:Drăgușeni 2148:Nebelivka 2099:mega-site 2047:romanized 2038:Ukrainian 1910:wild boar 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7682:Cascade 7645:woomera 7635:harpoon 7608:history 7574:Hunting 7554:Pottery 7495:Cooking 7404:Farming 7370:history 7343:Outline 7059:Vučedol 6990:Rzucewo 6950:Lengyel 6900:Dudești 6657:Economy 6349:Russian 6272:4942033 6107:2243103 6022:6092588 5959:6091220 5938:Bibcode 5799:7060214 5778:Bibcode 5665:2243103 5600:English 5524:9068698 5495:Bibcode 5382:5325568 5351:Bibcode 5212:. 2019. 4448:7459815 4384:7060214 4355:Bibcode 4282:17 July 4037:4942033 3600:29 July 3321:Bibcode 2970:Western 2934:G2a2b2a 2798:Sky God 2628:Fishing 2606:metates 2580:Farming 2401:knapped 2309:Berești 2295:Bodești 2236:Nikopol 2180:Pottery 2049:: 2003:in the 1906:aurochs 1846:apricot 1509:Gallery 1503:Balkans 1353:Economy 1317:Ice age 1056:Cărbuna 1040:textile 1032:scythes 864:Dnieper 858:to the 841:Central 837:Western 833:Romania 829:Moldova 797:Russian 657:pottery 638:Eurasia 603:Romania 599:Ukraine 595:Moldova 591:Dnieper 193:→ 144:Economy 9110:flutes 8905:Dolmen 8829:Burial 8639:winery 8612:Linear 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