Kingdom of Jerusalem

3725:, literally translator, with Syriac administrators and Arabic headsmen represented the direct need for negotiation of interests on both sides. Comments on households with Arabic-speaking Christians and a few Arabized Jews and Muslims represent a less dichotomous relationship than the mid-20th-century historians depicted. Rather, the commonality of Frankish Christians having non-Frankish priests, doctors, and other roles within households and inter-cultural communities presents the lack of standardized discrimination. Jerusalemite William of Tyre complained about a trend to hire Jewish or Muslim medical practitioners over their Latin and Frankish counterparts. Evidence even indicates alterations to Frankish cultural and social customs regarding hygiene (notorious amongst Arabs for their lack of washing and knowledge of bathhouse culture), going so far as to ensure water supplies for domestic use in addition to irrigation. 563: 2548:, which lasted until 1191, Patriarch Heraclius, Queen Sibylla and her daughters, and many others died of disease. With the death of Sibylla in 1190, Guy now had no legal claim to the kingship, and the succession passed to Sibylla's half-sister Isabella. Isabella's mother Maria and the Ibelins (now closely allied to Conrad) argued that Isabella and Humphrey's marriage was illegal, as she had been underage at the time; underlying this was the fact that Humphrey had betrayed his wife's cause in 1186. The marriage was annulled amid some controversy. Conrad, who was now the nearest kinsman to Baldwin V in the male line, and had already proved himself a capable military leader, then married Isabella, but Guy refused to concede the crown. 2460: 2441:

her supporters went to Jerusalem, where it was decided that the kingdom should pass to her, on the condition that her marriage to Guy be annulled. She agreed but only if she could choose her own husband and king, and after being crowned, she immediately crowned Guy with her own hands. Raymond had refused to attend the coronation, and in Nablus he suggested that Isabella and Humphrey should be crowned instead, but Humphrey refused to agree to this plan which would have certainly started a civil war. Humphrey went to Jerusalem and swore allegiance to Guy and Sibylla, as did most of Raymond's other supporters. Raymond himself refused to do so and left for Tripoli;

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with a light duty on their fruit trees. The Muslims own their own houses and rule themselves in their own way. This is the way the farms and big villages are organized in Frankish territory. Many Muslims are sorely tempted to settle here when they see the far from comfortable conditions in which their brethren live in the districts under Muslim rule. Unfortunately for the Muslims, they always have reason for complaint about the injustices of their chiefs in the lands governed by their coreligionists, whereas they can have nothing but praise for the conduct of the Franks, whose justice they can always rely on.

110: 2280:; he was Baldwin IV's cousin, and the king offered him the regency and command of the army, both of which Philip refused, although he objected to the appointment of Raynald as regent. Philip then attempted to intervene in the negotiations for Sibylla's second husband, and suggested one of his own retinue, but the native barons refused his suggestion. In addition, Philip seemed to think he could carve out a territory of his own in Egypt, but he refused to participate in the planned Byzantine-Jerusalem expedition. The expedition was delayed and finally cancelled, and Philip took his army away to the north. 2491:, probably hoping that Saladin would help him overthrow Guy. Saladin, meanwhile, had pacified his Mesopotamian territories, and was now eager to attack the crusader kingdom; he did not intend to renew the truce when it expired in 1187. Before the truce expired, Raynald of Chatillon, the lord of Oultrejourdain and of Kerak and one of Guy's chief supporters, recognized that Saladin was massing his troops, and attacked Muslim caravans in an attempt to disrupt this. Guy was on the verge of attacking Raymond, but realized that the kingdom would need to be united in the face of the threat from Saladin, and 7974: 7859: 7844: 7819: 7809: 7794: 7784: 7744: 7734: 2265: 3817: 2851:. However, al-Kamil presumably did not know of the small size of Frederick's army, nor the divisions within it caused by his excommunication, and wished to avoid defending his territories against another crusade. Frederick's presence alone was sufficient to regain Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and a number of surrounding castles without a fight: these were recovered in February 1229, in return for a ten-year truce with the Ayyubids and freedom of worship for Jerusalem's Muslim inhabitants. The terms of the treaty were unacceptable to the Patriarch of Jerusalem 93: 3184:, the Templars, and the Teutonic Knights supported the Venetians, who also convinced the Pisans to join them, while the Hospitallers supported the Genoese. In 1257 the Venetians conquered the monastery and destroyed its fortifications, although they were unable to expel the Genoese completely. They blockaded the Genoese quarter, but the Genoese were supplied by the Hospitallers, whose complex was nearby, and by Philip of Montfort who sent food from Tyre. In August 1257, John of Arsuf tried to end the war by granting commercial rights in Acre to the 7994: 7281: 7126: 7899: 7889: 7879: 7869: 7774: 7764: 7754: 7711: 7701: 7691: 7681: 7671: 7984: 7824: 7570: 7500: 7483: 7451: 7421: 7276: 7210: 7188: 7173: 7163: 7148: 7072: 7045: 7001: 79: 7632: 7620: 7603: 7591: 7554: 7537: 7521: 7494: 7467: 7415: 7393: 7366: 7324: 7312: 7270: 7258: 7236: 7199: 7142: 7100: 7083: 7066: 7039: 7017: 8024: 7648: 7399: 7372: 7296: 7050: 7023: 3681:

Although Muslims, as well as Jews and Eastern Christians, had virtually no rights in the countryside, where they were essentially the property of the crusader lord who owned the land, tolerance for other faiths was, in general, no higher or lower than that found elsewhere in the Middle East. Greeks, Syriacs, and Jews continued to live as they had before, subject to their own laws and courts, with their former Muslim overlords simply replaced by the Crusaders; Muslims now joined them at the lowest level of society. The

3941: 7962: 3580: 2480: 6663: 2776:, who succeeded his mother to the throne although he never appeared in the East. Frederick had reneged on his promise to lead the Fifth Crusade, but was now eager to cement his claim to the throne through Conrad. There were also plans to join with al-Kamil in attacking al-Mu'azzam in Damascus, an alliance which had been discussed with Egyptian envoys in Italy. But after continually delaying his departure for the Holy Land, including suffering an outbreak of disease in his fleet, he was excommunicated by 3785:

for prisoners of war; the large numbers of prisoners taken during raids and battles every year ensured that ransom money flowed freely between the Christian and Muslim states. Escape for prisoners and slaves was probably not difficult, as the inhabitants of the countryside were majority Muslim, and fugitive slaves were always a problem. The only legal means of manumission was conversion to (Catholic) Christianity. No Christian, whether Western or Eastern, was permitted by law to be sold into slavery.

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with peace in his northern territories, he could focus on Jerusalem in the south. King Baldwin was so incapacitated by his leprosy that it was necessary to appoint a regent, and Guy of Lusignan was chosen, as he was Baldwin's legal heir and the king was not expected to live. The inexperienced Guy led the Frankish army against Saladin's incursions into the kingdom, but neither side made any real gains, and Guy was criticized by his opponents for not striking against Saladin when he had the chance.

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travels through Antioch and Jerusalem described a level of aristocratic exchange elevated above ethnic prejudice. Contact between Muslims and Christians came on the administrative or personal level (on the basis of taxes or translation), not communal or cultural, representative of a hierarchical lord over subject relationship. Evidence of inter-cultural integration remains scarce, but evidence of inter-cultural cooperation and complex social interaction proves more common. Key use of the word

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already being practised in Europe, a mixture of urban and rural civilization centred around fortresses. The Crusaders were neither totally integrated with the native population, nor segregated in the cities away from the rural natives; rather they settled in both urban and rural areas; specifically, in areas traditionally inhabited by Eastern Christians. Areas that were traditionally Muslim had very little crusader settlement, just as they already had very few native Christian inhabitants.

2226:, Amalric's first cousin, became regent. It is highly probable that Raymond or his supporters engineered the assassination. Baldwin reached his majority in 1176, and despite his illness he no longer had any legal need for a regent. Since Raymond was his nearest relative in the male line with a strong claim to the throne, there was concern about the extent of his ambitions, although he had no direct heirs of his own. To balance this, the king turned from time to time to his uncle, 2034: 3572: 8004: 7575: 7473: 7340: 7286: 7242: 7225: 7215: 7183: 7106: 2353:, although he did not make it that far. It was probably around this time that Raynald also attacked a Muslim caravan. The kingdom had a truce with Saladin at the time, and Raynald's actions have been seen as an independent act of brigandage; it is possible that he was trying to prevent Saladin from moving his forces north to take control of Aleppo, which would have strengthened Saladin's position. In response, Saladin attacked the kingdom in 1182, but was defeated at 3303: 2645:. In 1196, al-Afdal was driven out of Damascus by al Adil in alliance with Uthman. When Uthman died in 1198, al Afdal returned to power as regent in Egypt for Uthman's infant son. Allied with az-Zahir, he then attacked his uncle in Damascus. The alliance fell apart, and al-Adil then defeated al Afdal in Egypt and annexed the country. In 1200 Al-Adil proclaimed himself Sultan of Egypt and Syria, entrusting Damascus to al-Mu'azzam and al-Jazira to another son, 8801: 1774: 2346:

education, but politically they were allied with opposite parties, as Heraclius was one of Agnes of Courtenay's supporters. The canons of the Holy Sepulchre asked the king for advice, and Heraclius was chosen through Agnes' influence. There were rumours that Agnes and Heraclius were lovers, but this information comes from the partisan 13th-century continuations of William of Tyre's history, and there is no other evidence to substantiate such a claim.

3125:, who then released Louis in May in return for Damietta and a large ransom. For the next four years Louis resided in Acre, and helped refortify that city along with Caesarea, Jaffa, and Sidon. He also made truces with the Ayyubids in Syria, and sent embassies to negotiate with the Mongols, who were beginning to threaten the Muslim world, before returning home in 1254. He left behind a large garrison of French soldiers in Acre, under the command of 3295:(herself a daughter of Isabella I and Amalric II), claimed the throne as the oldest living relative of Isabella I, but for the moment her claim was ignored. By this time, the Mamluks under Baibars were taking advantage of the kingdom's constant disputes, and began conquering the remaining crusader cities along the coast. In 1265, Baibars took Caesarea, Haifa and Arsuf, and Safad and Toron in 1266. In 1268 he captured Jaffa and Beaufort, and then 3067:, were met by the Frankish army, led by Philip of Montfort, Walter of Brienne, and the masters of the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights, along with al-Mansur and Dawud. On October 17 the Egyptian-Khwarazmian army destroyed the Frankish-Syrian coalition, and Walter of Brienne was taken captive and later executed. By 1247, Ayyub had reoccupied most of the territory that had been conceded in 1239, and had also gained control of Damascus. 2190:, and recent arrivals from Europe who were inexperienced in the affairs of the kingdom and who were in favour of war with Saladin; and the "noble party", led by Raymond of Tripoli and the lesser nobility of the kingdom, who favoured peaceful co-existence with the Muslims. This is the interpretation offered by William of Tyre, who was firmly placed in the "noble" camp, and his view was taken up by subsequent historians; in the 20th century, 8037: 6542: 3996: 8014: 7291: 3034:

that he had come of age in 1242, eliminating both Frederick's claim to the regency and the need for an imperial guardian to govern in his place, although he had not yet turned 15, the age of majority according to the customs of Jerusalem. Through Conrad, Frederick tried to send an imperial regent, but the anti-imperial faction in Acre argued that Jerusalem's laws allowed them to appoint their own regent. In June the

4256:. Thereafter, this claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem was treated as a tributary of the crown of Naples, which often changed hands by testament or conquest rather than direct inheritance. As Naples was a papal fief, the Popes often endorsed the title of King of Jerusalem as well as of Naples, and the history of these claims is that of the Neapolitan Kingdom. In 1441, control of the Kingdom of Naples was lost to 3188:, an Italian ally of Genoa, but aside from Philip of Montfort and the Hospitallers, the rest of the nobles continued to support Venice. In June 1258, Philip and the Hospitallers marched on Acre while a Genoese fleet attacked the city by sea. The naval battle was won by Venice, and the Genoese were forced to abandon their quarter and flee to Tyre with Philip. The war also spread to Tripoli and Antioch, where the 1568: 6337: 2206:, on the other hand, argues that William, as well as the thirteenth-century authors who continued William's chronicle in French and were allied to Raymond's supporters in the Ibelin family, cannot be considered impartial. Although the events were clearly a dynastic struggle, "the division was not between native barons and newcomers from the West, but between the king's maternal and paternal kin." 1942:. The Latin Patriarch intervened to settle the dispute, but an assassination attempt was then made on Hugh, for which Fulk was blamed. This scandal allowed Melisende and her supporters to gain control of the government, just as her father had intended. Accordingly, Fulk "became so uxorious that...not even in unimportant cases did he take any measures without her knowledge and assistance." 2394:, was crowned as co-king in November. King Baldwin himself then went to relieve the castle, carried on a litter, and attended by his mother. He was reconciled with Raymond of Tripoli and appointed him military commander. The siege was lifted in December and Saladin retreated to Damascus. Saladin attempted another siege in 1184, but Baldwin repelled that attack as well, and Saladin raided 2430: 1894: 3287:, and Hugh II died in 1267 before he reached the age of majority. Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan won the dispute and succeeded Hugh II on Cyprus as Hugh III. When Conradin was executed in Sicily in 1268, there was no other Hohenstaufen heir to succeed him, and Hugh III inherited the Kingdom of Jerusalem as well in 1269. This was disputed by another branch of the Lusignan family: 2878: 1659:, with the intention to set up a theocratic state directly under papal control. According to William of Tyre, Godfrey may have supported Daimbert's efforts, and he agreed to take possession of "one or two other cities and thus enlarge the kingdom" if Daimbert were permitted to rule Jerusalem. Godfrey did indeed increase the boundaries of the kingdom, by capturing 3433: 1926:. Not everyone appreciated the imposition of a foreigner as king. In 1132 Antioch, Tripoli, and Edessa all asserted their independence and conspired to prevent Fulk from exercising the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them. He defeated Tripoli in battle, and settled the regency in Antioch by arranging a marriage between the countess, Melisende's niece 3378:. Charles of Anjou also died in 1285, and the military orders and the commune of Acre accepted Henry II as king; Odo Poilechen refused to recognize him, but was allowed to hand Acre over to the Templars rather than Henry directly, and the Templars then handed it to the king. War broke out between the Venetians and Genoese again in 1287, and 3663:, and Samaritans) all had major differences between each other as well as with the crusaders. Relations between eastern Christians and the Latin Crusaders were "complex and ambiguous", not simply friendly or hostile. He argues that Eastern Christians probably felt closer ties to their fellow Christian crusaders than Muslim Arabs. 2836:, Frederick demanded that John give up not only the regency of Cyprus, but also John's own lordship of Beirut on the mainland. John argued that Frederick had no legal authority to make such demands and refused to give up either title. Frederick then imprisoned John's sons as hostages to guarantee John's support for his crusade. 2179:. Saladin soon began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Nur ad-Din's Syrian possessions as well. Upon the death of the pro-western Emperor Manuel in 1180, the Kingdom of Jerusalem lost its most powerful ally. 1961:, who wished to assert imperial suzerainty over all the crusader states, did nothing to stop the threat of Zengi; in 1139 Damascus and Jerusalem recognized the severity of the threat to both states, and an alliance was concluded which halted Zengi's advance. Fulk used this time to construct numerous castles, including 3025:

territorial concessions that restored Jerusalem to Christian control, as well as much of the rest of the former kingdom, even more territory than Frederick had recovered in 1229. Theobald, however, was frustrated by the Lombard War, and returned home in September 1240. Almost immediately after Theobald's departure,

2070:. In 1153 Baldwin had himself crowned as sole ruler, and a compromise was reached by which the kingdom was divided in two, with Baldwin taking Acre and Tyre in the north and Melisende remaining in control of Jerusalem and the cities of the south. Baldwin was able to replace Manasses with one of his own supporters, 3752:

points out, there simply is not enough existing evidence to accurately count the population and any estimate is inherently unreliable. Contemporary chronicler William of Tyre recorded the census of 1183, which was intended to determine the number of men available to defend against an invasion, and to

2862:

Meanwhile, in Italy, the Pope used Frederick's excommunication as an excuse to invade his Italian territories; the papal armies were led by Frederick's former father-in-law John of Brienne. Frederick was forced to return home in 1229, leaving the Holy Land "not in triumph, but showered with offal" by

2440:

Baldwin V's rule, with Raymond of Tripoli as regent and his great-uncle Joscelin of Edessa as his guardian, was short. He was a sickly child and died in the summer of 1186. Raymond and his supporters went to Nablus, presumably in an attempt to prevent Sibylla from claiming the throne, but Sibylla and

2008:

was a complete failure; when the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls, and was driven back. The Crusaders retreated within three days. There were rumours of treachery and bribery, and Conrad III felt betrayed by the nobility

5797:

According to Ludolph of Suchem (which seems exaggeration): "In Acre and the other places nearly a hundred and six thousand men were slain or taken, and more than two hundred thousand escaped from thence. Of the Saracens more than three hundred thousand were slain, as is well known even to this day."

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The Italian communes were granted almost complete autonomy from the very early days of the Kingdom, thanks to their military and naval support in the years following the First Crusade. This autonomy included the right to administer their own justice, although the kinds of cases that fell under their

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Although the kingdom had essentially been restored, the Lombard War continued to occupy the kingdom's nobility. As the Templars and Hospitallers supported opposite sides, they also attacked each other, and the Templars broke the treaty with the Ayyubids by attacking Nablus in 1241. Conrad proclaimed

3024:

Although Ayyub was Dawud's prisoner, the two now allied against al-Adil in Egypt, which Ayyub seized in 1240. In Damascus, Isma'il recognized the threat of Dawud and Ayyub against his own possessions, and turned to the Crusaders for assistance. Theobald concluded a treaty with Isma'il, in return for

3015:

took over Damascus, and Ayyub was taken prisoner by an-Nasir Dawud. The Crusaders, meanwhile, marched to Ascalon. Along the way, Walter of Brienne captured livestock intended to resupply Damascus, as the Ayyubids had probably learned of the Crusaders' plans to attack it. The victory was short-lived,

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essentially ended the first Kingdom of Jerusalem. Much of the population, swollen with refugees fleeing Saladin's conquest of the surrounding territory, was allowed to flee to Tyre, Tripoli, or Egypt (whence they were sent back to Europe), but those who could not pay for their freedom were sold into

2500:

near Nazareth. Raymond and Guy finally agreed to attack Saladin at Tiberias, but could not agree on a plan; Raymond thought a pitched battle should be avoided, but Guy probably remembered the criticism he faced for avoiding battle in 1183, and it was decided to march out against Saladin directly. On

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Meanwhile, the succession crisis had prompted a mission to the West to seek assistance. In 1184, Patriarch Heraclius travelled throughout the courts of Europe, but no help was forthcoming. Heraclius offered the "keys of the Holy Sepulchre, those of the Tower of David and the banner of the Kingdom of

2405:

nomads from his base in Ascalon. Unlike Raynald's attacks on caravans, which may have had some military purpose, Guy attacked a group that was usually loyal to Jerusalem and provided intelligence about the movements of Saladin's troops. At the same time, King Baldwin contracted his final illness and

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In 1183 a general tax was levied throughout the kingdom, which was unprecedented in Jerusalem and almost all of medieval Europe to that point. The tax helped pay for larger armies for the next few years. More troops were certainly needed, since Saladin was finally able to gain control of Aleppo, and

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When Baldwin died childless in 1162, a year after his mother Melisende, the kingdom passed to his brother Amalric, who renewed the alliance negotiated by Baldwin. In 1163 the chaotic situation in Egypt led to a refusal to pay tribute to Jerusalem, and requests were sent to Nur ad-Din for assistance;

1769:

says, Baldwin was "the true founder of the kingdom of Jerusalem", who "had transformed a tenuous arrangement into a solid feudal state. With brilliance and diligence, he established a strong monarchy, conquered the Palestinian coast, reconciled the crusader barons, and built strong frontiers against

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in 1120. Benjamin Z. Kedar argued that the canons of the Council of Nablus were in force in the 12th century but had fallen out of use by the thirteenth. Marwan Nader questions this and suggests that the canons may not have applied to the whole kingdom at all times. The most extensive collection of

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lived in the Kingdom. There was a very large slave market in Acre that functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Italian merchants were sometimes accused of selling Southeastern European Christians as slaves along with Muslim slaves. Slavery was less common than ransom, especially

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by a road running past farms where Muslims live who do very well under the Franks-may Allah preserve us from such a temptation! The regulations imposed on them are the handing over of half of the grain crop at the time of harvest and the payment of a poll tax of one dinar and seven qirats, together

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believed that the Crusaders, Muslims and Christians lived in a totally integrated society. Ronnie Ellenblum claims this view was influenced by French imperialism and colonialism; if medieval French crusaders could integrate themselves into local society, then certainly modern French colonies in the

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granted the regency to Alice of Champagne, who, as the daughter of Isabella I, was Conrad's great-aunt and his closest relative living in the kingdom. Alice ordered Filangieri to be arrested, and along with the Ibelins and Venetians, besieged Tyre, which fell in July 1243. The Lombard War was over,

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in 1192, recovering most of the coast, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. It has been suggested that this may have actually been a strategic decision by Richard rather than a failure as such, as he may have recognized that Jerusalem, in particular, was in

1365:

The kingdom was ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse, although the Crusaders established themselves and their descendants as an elite Catholic minority. They imported many customs and institutions from their homelands in Europe, and there were close familial and political connections

3720:

21st century positions on the question of cultural integration or cultural apartheid remain divergent. Interactions between the Franks and the native Muslims and Christians, though muddled, exhibited a practical coexistence. Though likely overstated, the accounts of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh of Shaizar's

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For the next hundred years, the Kingdom of Jerusalem remained a tiny kingdom hugging the Syrian coastline. Its capital was moved to Acre and controlled most of the coastline of present-day Israel and southern and central Lebanon, including the strongholds and towns of Jaffa, Arsuf, Caesarea, Tyre,

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was placed under siege. However, the Byzantine fleet sailed with enough provisions for only three months. By the time the Crusaders were ready, supplies were already running out and the fleet retired. Each side sought to blame the other for the failure, but both knew that they could not take Egypt

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With the capture of Ascalon the southern border of the kingdom was now secure, and Egypt, formerly a major threat to the kingdom but now destabilized under the reign of several underaged caliphs, was reduced to a tributary state. Nur ad-Din remained a threat in the east, and Baldwin had to contend

1850:

that year. The influence of Jerusalem was further extended over Edessa and Antioch, where Baldwin II acted as regent when their own leaders were killed in battle, although there were regency governments in Jerusalem as well during Baldwin's captivity. Baldwin was married to the Armenian noblewoman

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For example, King Baldwin III "was fairly well educated", and "particularly enjoyed listening to the reading of history..." (William of Tyre, vol. 2, bk. 16, ch. 2, pg. 138.) King Amalric I "was fairly well educated, although much less so than his brother" Baldwin III; he "was well skilled in the

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It is impossible to give an accurate estimate of the population of the kingdom. Josiah Russell calculates that all of Syria had about 2.3 million people at the time of the crusades, with perhaps eleven thousand villages; most of these, of course, were outside of crusader rule even at the greatest

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In the cities, Muslims and Eastern Christians were free, although no Muslims were permitted to live in Jerusalem itself. They were second-class citizens and played no part in politics or law, and owed no military service to the crown, although in some cities they may have been the majority of the

3680:

As Hans Mayer says, "the Muslim inhabitants of the Latin Kingdom hardly ever appear in the Latin chronicles", so information on their role in society is difficult to find. The Crusaders "had a natural tendency to ignore these matters as simply without interest and certainly not worthy of record."

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argued instead that the Crusaders lived totally segregated from the native inhabitants, who were thoroughly Arabicized and/or Islamicized and were a constant threat to the foreign crusaders. Prawer argued further that the kingdom was an early attempt at colonization, in which the Crusaders were a

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When Richard arrived in 1191, he and Philip took different sides in the succession dispute. Richard backed Guy, his vassal from Poitou, while Philip supported Conrad, a cousin of his late father Louis VII. After much ill feeling and ill health, Philip returned home in 1191, soon after the fall of

2162:

in 1167, and an embassy led by William of Tyre was sent to Constantinople to negotiate a military expedition, but in 1168 Amalric pillaged Bilbeis without waiting for the naval support promised by Manuel. Amalric accomplished nothing else, but his actions prompted Shawar to switch sides again and

1168:

in 1192. The re-established state is commonly known as the "Second Kingdom of Jerusalem" or, alternatively, as the "Kingdom of Acre" after its new capital city. Acre remained the capital for the rest of its existence, excluding the two decades that followed the Crusaders' establishment of partial

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Jerusalem, where warfare was far more important than philosophy or theology. Nonetheless, the nobility and general Frankish population were noted for their high literacy: lawyers and clerks were in abundance, and the study of law, history, and other academic subjects was a beloved pastime of the

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Although the Crusaders came upon an ancient urban society, Ellenblum argues that they never completely abandoned their rural European lifestyle, nor was European society completely rural to begin with. Crusader settlement in the Levant resembled the types of colonization and settlement that were

1607:

were recognized as the leaders of the crusade and the siege of Jerusalem. Raymond was the wealthier and more powerful of the two, but at first he refused to become king, perhaps attempting to show his piety and probably hoping that the other nobles would insist upon his election anyway. The more

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Jerusalem collected money through tribute payments, first from the coastal cities which had not yet been captured, and later from other neighbouring states such as Damascus and Egypt, which the Crusaders could not conquer directly. After Baldwin I extended his rule over Oultrejordain, Jerusalem

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The dispute between the two factions in the kingdom affected the election of a new Patriarch in 1180. When Patriarch Amalric died on 6 October 1180, the two most obvious choices for his successor were William of Tyre and Heraclius of Caesarea. They were fairly evenly matched in background and

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arrived to attempt to negotiate a truce. Neither side could agree to terms, despite the Ayyubid offer of a thirty-year truce and the restoration of Jerusalem and most of the rest of the former kingdom. The Crusaders finally managed to starve out the city and captured it in November. Al-Kamil

3875:, the latter of which chronicler William of Tyre called "very necessary for the use and health of mankind." In the countryside, wheat, barley, legumes, olives, grapes, and dates were grown. The Italian city-states made enormous profits from this trade, thanks to commercial treaties like the 2121:

The relationship between Byzantium and Jerusalem has divided historians, with some historians supporting the Byzantine interpretation that Amalric recognised Manuel as his overlord, while other scholars such as Andrew Jotischky see the relationship as one of Byzantine protection of Orthodox

3624:

small ruling class, who were dependent on the native population for survival but made no attempt to integrate with them. For this reason, the rural European society to which the Crusaders were accustomed was replaced by a more secure urban society in the pre-existing cities of the Levant.

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royal family and the nobility. Jerusalem had an extensive library not only of ancient and medieval Latin works but of Arabic literature, much of which was apparently captured from Usamah ibn Munqidh and his entourage after a shipwreck in 1154. The Holy Sepulchre contained the kingdom's

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to Qalawun in 1289. Although it was only a matter of time before Acre also fell, the end of the crusader kingdom was actually instigated in 1290 by newly arrived Crusaders, who rioted in Acre and attacked the city's Muslim merchants. Qalawun died before he could retaliate, but his son

2664:

in 1204, and most of the crusaders involved never arrived in the kingdom. Aimery, however, not knowing of the diversion to Constantinople, raided Egypt in advance of the expected invasion. Both Isabella and Aimery died in 1205 and again an underage girl, Isabella and Conrad's daughter

2314:. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a 3980:

where royal charters and other documents were produced. Aside from Latin, the standard written language of medieval Europe, the populace of crusader Jerusalem communicated in vernacular forms of French and Italian; Greek, Armenian, and even Arabic were used by Frankish settlers.

3020:

was killed and Amaury of Montfort captured. The Crusaders returned to Acre, possibly because the native barons of the kingdom were suspicious of Filangieri in Tyre. Dawud took advantage of the Ayyubid victory to recapture Jerusalem in December, the ten-year truce having expired.

2004:, the emir of Aleppo. Perhaps remembering attacks launched on Jerusalem from Damascus in previous decades, Damascus seemed to be the best target for the crusade, rather than Aleppo or another city to the north which would have allowed for the recapture of Edessa. The subsequent 3414:

The Crusaders moved their headquarters north to cities such as Tortosa, but lost that too, and were forced to relocate their headquarters offshore to Cyprus. Some naval raids and attempts to retake territory were made over the next ten years, but with the loss of the island of

3338:'s plans for another crusade in 1274, no further large-scale expedition ever arrived. Hugh III's authority on the mainland began to break down; he was an unpopular king, and Beirut, the only territory left outside of Acre and Tyre, started to act independently. Its heiress, 2049:

In Jerusalem, the Crusaders were distracted by a conflict between Melisende and Baldwin III. Melisende continued to rule as regent long after Baldwin came of age. She was supported by, among others, Manasses of Hierges, who essentially governed for her as constable; her son

4121:, and default of service. Punishments included forfeiture of land and exile, or in extreme cases death. The first laws of the kingdom were, according to tradition, established during Godfrey of Bouillon's short reign, but were more probably established by Baldwin II at the 2249:. It was hoped that by allying with a relative of the Western emperor, Frederick would come to the kingdom's aid. Jerusalem looked again towards the Byzantine Empire for help, and Emperor Manuel was looking for a way to restore his empire's prestige after his defeat at the 1344:

invaders. As a relatively minor kingdom, it received little financial or military support from Europe; despite numerous small expeditions, Europeans generally proved unwilling to undertake an expensive journey to the east for an apparently losing cause. The Mamluk sultans

3229:, one of the generals at the sieges of Baghdad and Damascus, but despite this, the nobles of Acre refused to submit. As the kingdom was by now a relatively unimportant state, the Mongols paid little attention to it, but there were a few skirmishes in 1260: the forces of 3419:

in 1302–1303, the Kingdom of Jerusalem ceased to exist on the mainland. The kings of Cyprus for many decades hatched plans to regain the Holy Land, but without success. For the next seven centuries, up to today, a veritable multitude of European monarchs have used the

2389:

by Saladin, who perhaps hoped to take some valuable prisoners. As King Baldwin, although now blind and crippled, had recovered enough to resume his reign and his command of the army, Guy was removed from the regency and his five-year-old stepson, King Baldwin's nephew

3908:. In the 13th century, sugar production continued to increase in Palestine, and merchants could export it duty-free through the port of Acre until its conquest in 1291. The sugar exploitation system pioneered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem is seen as a precursor to the 2301:

was expected to come to Jerusalem and marry Sibylla, but Hugh was unable to leave France due to the political unrest there in 1179–1180 following the death of Louis VII. Meanwhile, Baldwin IV's stepmother Maria, mother of Isabella and stepmother of Sibylla, married

2764:, while King John returned to Acre briefly to defend against al-Mu'azzam, who was raiding the kingdom from Damascus in John's absence. Still expecting the emperor's imminent arrival, in July 1221, the Crusaders set off towards Cairo, but they were stopped by the 2422:. Both kings preferred to remain at home to defend their own territories, rather than act as regent for a child in Jerusalem. The few European knights who did travel to Jerusalem did not even see any combat, since the truce with Saladin had been re-established. 5915:, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis, vol. 38 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1986), bk. 19, ch. 12, pp. 879–881. This chapter was discovered after the publication of Babcock and Krey's translation and is not included in the English edition. 2963:

Meanwhile, the treaty with the Ayyubids was set to expire in 1239. Plans for a new crusade to be led by Frederick came to nothing, and Frederick himself was excommunicated by Gregory IX again in 1239. However, other European nobles took up the cause, including

3435: 2819:

Frederick immediately came into conflict with the native nobles of Outremer, some of whom resented his attempts to impose Imperial authority over both Cyprus and Jerusalem. The Cypriot nobles were already quarrelling amongst themselves about the regency for

3440: 3438: 3434: 3494:, and other eastern languages, and intermarried with the native Christians (whether Greek, Syriac, or Armenian) and sometimes with converted Muslims. Nonetheless, the Frankish principalities remained a distinctive Occidental colony in the heart of Islam. 2373:

to be executed in public. Like his earlier raids, Raynald's expedition is usually seen as selfish and ultimately fatal for Jerusalem, but according to Bernard Hamilton, it was actually a shrewd strategy, meant to damage Saladin's prestige and reputation.

3807:

were considered to be the property of the king and under his protection. They could be sold or alienated just like any other property, and later in the 12th century, they were often under the protection of a lesser noble or one of the military orders.

2154:. It seemed likely that Antioch itself would fall to Nur ad-Din, but he withdrew when Emperor Manuel sent a large Byzantine force to the area. Nur ad-Din sent Shirkuh back to Egypt in 1166, and Shawar again allied with Amalric, who was defeated at the 3441: 3439: 3442: 2241:. Baldwin and his advisors recognised that it was essential for Sibylla to be married to a Western nobleman in order to access support from European states in a military crisis; while Raymond was still regent, a marriage was arranged for Sibylla and 3208:

It was during this period that the Mongols arrived in the Near East. Their presence further east had already displaced the Khwarazmians, and emissaries had been sent by various popes as well as Louis IX to ally or negotiate with them, but they were

3747:

estimates that there were between 300,000 and 360,000 non-Franks in the Kingdom, 250,000 of whom were villagers in the countryside, and "one may assume that Muslims were in the majority in some, possibly most parts of the kingdom of Jerusalem…" As

4082:

within the kingdom. This was continued by Godfrey's successors. The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain. The king was assisted by a number of

2771:

After the failure of the crusade, John travelled throughout Europe seeking assistance, but found support only from Frederick, who then married John and Maria's daughter Isabella II in 1225. The next year, Isabella died giving birth to their son

2083:, the fortress in the south from which Fatimid Egyptian armies had continually raided Jerusalem since the foundation of the kingdom. The fortress was captured and was added to the County of Jaffa, still in the possession of his brother Amalric. 3109:. Once again the target was Egypt. Damietta was captured without resistance when the Crusaders landed in June 1249, but the crusade halted there until November, by which time the Egyptian sultan Ayyub had died and had been succeeded by his son 3325:, where Louis died. Baibars was free to continue his campaigns: in 1270 he had the Assassins kill Philip of Montfort, and in 1271 he captured the Hospitaller and Teutonic Knights strongholds of Krak des Chevaliers and Montfort Castle. He also 2017:

The failure of the Second Crusade had dire long-term consequences for the kingdom. The West was hesitant to send large-scale expeditions; for the next few decades, only small armies came, headed by minor European nobles who desired to make a

3670:

Into this mixed society the crusaders adapted existing institutions and introduced their familiar customs from Europe. As in Europe the nobles had vassals and were themselves vassals to the king. Agricultural production was regulated by the

1795:(although never named such by contemporaries), whom he had married to gain political support from the Armenian population in Edessa, and whom he quickly set aside when he no longer needed Armenian support in Jerusalem. He bigamously married 3895:

in Palestine also took on agricultural ventures in their concessions. They especially cultivated Sugar for export to Europe. Sugar cane had been introduced in Palestine by the Arabs. To work on the sugar fields, Italian colonists utilized

2951:

and the Genoese. Neither side could make any headway, and in 1234 Gregory IX excommunicated John and his supporters. This was partly revoked in 1235, but still no peace could be made. John died in 1236 and the war was taken up by his son

3333:

arrived, the only part of Louis IX's crusade to arrive in the east. Edward could do nothing except arrange a ten-year truce with Baibars, who nevertheless attempted to have him assassinated as well. Edward left in 1272, and despite the

2357:. King Baldwin, although quite ill, was still able to command the army in person. Saladin attempted to besiege Beirut from land and sea, and Baldwin raided Damascene territory, but neither side did significant damage. In December 1182, 2495:

effected a reconciliation between the two during Easter in 1187. Saladin attacked Kerak again in April, and in May, a Muslim raiding party ran into the much smaller embassy on its way to negotiate with Raymond, and defeated it at the

2110:, who claimed suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch. In order to bolster the defences of the kingdom against the growing strength of the Muslims, Baldwin III made the first direct alliance with the Byzantine Empire, by marrying 2078:

in Jerusalem. Melisende surrendered and retired to Nablus, but Baldwin appointed her his regent and chief advisor, and she retained some of her influence, especially in appointing ecclesiastical officials. In 1153, Baldwin launched

3180:. The Genoese, assisted by the Pisan merchants, attacked the Venetian quarter and burned their ships, but the Venetians drove them out. The Venetians were then expelled from Tyre by Philip of Monfort. John of Arsuf, John of Jaffa, 3029:

arrived. He completed the rebuilding of Ascalon, and also made peace with Ayyub in Egypt. Ayyub confirmed Isma'il's concessions in 1241, and prisoners taken at Gaza were exchanged by both sides. Richard returned to Europe in 1241.

2561:

fact a strategic liability as long as the Crusaders were obligated to defend it, as it was isolated from the sea where Western reinforcements could arrive. Conrad was unanimously elected king in April 1192, but was murdered by the

1546:, which had extended further into Syria before the arrival of the Seljuks. Warfare between the Fatimids and Seljuks caused great disruption for the local Christians and for Western pilgrims. The Fatimids, under the nominal rule of 3320:

Hugh III and Baibars made a one-year truce after these conquests; Baibars knew that Louis IX was planning another crusade from Europe, and assumed that the target would once again be Egypt. But instead the crusade was diverted to

3598:

to implement the laws and orders of the realm. With the arrival of Italian trading firms, the creation of the military orders, and immigration by European knights, artisans, and farmers, the affairs of the Kingdom improved and a

2742:

at the mouth of the Nile in May. The siege progressed slowly, and the Egyptian sultan al-Adil died in August 1218, supposedly of shock after the Crusaders managed to capture one of Damietta's towers. He was succeeded by his son

2690: 1366:

with the West throughout the kingdom's existence. The kingdom also inherited "oriental" qualities, influenced by pre-existing customs and populations. The majority of the kingdom's inhabitants were native Christians, especially

2859:. In March, Frederick crowned himself in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but because of his excommunication and the interdict Jerusalem was never truly reincorporated into the kingdom, which continued to be ruled from Acre. 2066:. Baldwin asserted his independence by mediating disputes in Antioch and Tripoli, and gained the support of the Ibelin brothers when they began to oppose Manasses' growing power, thanks to his marriage to their widowed mother 3039:

but the king was still absent, as Conrad never came to the East. Alice was prevented from exercising any real power as regent by Philip of Montfort, who took control of Tyre, and Balian of Beirut, who continued to hold Acre.

3450:

The Latin population of the kingdom was always small; although a steady stream of settlers and new crusaders continually arrived, most of the original crusaders who fought in the First Crusade simply went home. According to

3437: 4049:

styles. The major cities featured baths, interior plumbing, and other advanced hygienic tools which were lacking in most other cities and towns throughout the world. The foremost examples of crusader art are perhaps the

3742:

that there were at most 120,000 Franks and 100,000 Muslims living in the cities, with another 250,000 Muslim and Eastern Christian peasants in the countryside. The Crusaders accounted for 15–25% of the total population.

1707:

authorities, who retained their own hierarchies (the Catholics considered them schismatics and thus illegitimate, and vice versa). Under the Latin Patriarch, there were four suffragan archdioceses and numerous dioceses.

3541:, who began writing around 1167 and died around 1184, although he includes much information about the First Crusade and the intervening years from the death of Fulcher to his own time, drawn mainly from the writings of 4106:

Because the nobles tended to live in Jerusalem rather than on estates in the countryside, they had a larger influence on the king than they would have had in Europe. The nobles, along with the bishops, formed the

1748:

to the north – Edessa (which he had founded in 1097 during the crusade), Antioch, and Tripoli, which he helped capture in 1109. He successfully defended against Muslim invasions, from the Fatimids at the numerous

3000:. The arrival of the crusade was a brief respite from the Lombard War; Filangieri remained in Tyre and did not participate. The council decided to refortify Ascalon in the south and attack Damascus in the north. 4137:

provided justice for non-noble Latins, dealing with minor criminal offences such as assault and theft, and provided rules for disputes between non-Latins, who had fewer legal rights. Special courts such as the

3497:

Fulcher, a participant in the First Crusade and chaplain of Baldwin I, continued his chronicle up to 1127. Fulcher's chronicle was very popular and was used as a source by other historians in the West, such as

3117:, where Robert of Artois was killed. The crusaders were unable to cross the Nile, and, suffering from disease and lack of supplies, retreated towards Damietta in April. They were defeated along the way at the 2584:

to be made to Jerusalem, allowing the crusaders to fulfil their vows, after which they all returned home. The native crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities.

2768:, which al-Kamil allowed to flood by breaking the dams along its course. The sultan easily defeated the trapped Crusader army and regained Damietta. Emperor Frederick had, in fact, never left Europe at all. 2918:

In Cyprus, King Henry I came of age in 1232 and John's regency was no longer necessary. Both John and Filangieri raced back to Cyprus to assert their authority, and the imperial forces were defeated at the

1431:. Benjamin of Tudela estimated the total Jewish population of 14 cities in the kingdom to be 1,200, making the Samaritan population of the time larger than the Jewish, perhaps for the only time in history. 4087:. The king and the royal court were normally located in Jerusalem, but due to the prohibition on Muslim inhabitants, the capital was small and underpopulated. The king just as often held court at Acre, 3003:

The crusaders may have been aware of the new divisions among the Ayyubids; al-Kamil had occupied Damascus in 1238 but had died soon afterwards, and his territory was inherited by his family. His sons

2118:. As William of Tyre put it, it was hoped that Manuel would be able "to relieve from his own abundance the distress under which our realm was suffering and to change our poverty into superabundance". 4117:

was the only judicial body for the nobles of the kingdom, hearing criminal cases such as murder, rape, and treason, and simpler feudal disputes such as the recovery of slaves, sales and purchases of

4217:

to Jerusalem in 1393–4, and he later vowed to lead a crusade to recapture the city, but he did not undertake such a campaign before his death in 1413. The Levant remained under Ottoman control from

1188:, as were the knights and soldiers who made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred-year span of its existence; its rulers and elite were therefore predominantly 3233:

killed the nephew of Kitbuqa, who responded by sacking Sidon, and John II of Beirut was also captured by the Mongols during another raid. The apparently inevitable Mongol conquest was stalled when

2610:

but died along the way. Nevertheless, his troops recaptured Beirut and Sidon for the kingdom before returning home in 1198. A five-year truce was then concluded with the Ayyubids in Syria in 1198.

2406:

Raymond of Tripoli, rather than Guy, was appointed as his regent. His nephew Baldwin was paraded in public, wearing his crown as Baldwin V. Baldwin IV finally succumbed to his leprosy in May 1185.

4014:. This expansion consolidated all the separate shrines on the site into one building, and was completed by 1149. Outside of Jerusalem, castles and fortresses were the major focus of construction: 3753:

determine the amount of tax money that could be obtained from the inhabitants, Muslim or Christian. If the population was actually counted, William did not record the number. In the 13th century,

1814:, who had previously succeeded him in Edessa. Baldwin II was an able ruler, and he too successfully defended against Fatimid and Seljuk invasions. Although Antioch was severely weakened after the 2843:, who had welcomed the crusaders the year before and now acted as an ambassador to the Ayyubids. The death of al-Mu'azzam negated the proposed alliance with al-Kamil, who along with his brother 4113:(high court), which was responsible for confirming the election of a new king (or a regent if necessary), collecting taxes, minting coins, allotting money to the king, and raising armies. The 1622:

from Lower Lorraine. According to William of Tyre, writing in the later 12th century when Godfrey had become a legendary hero, he refused to wear "a crown of gold" where Christ had worn "a

5562:(London, 1884–); "Recueil de voyages et mémoires", published by the Société de Géographie (Paris, 1824–66); "Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à la géographie" (Paris, 1890–). 2142:, but Shawar quickly turned against him and allied with Amalric. Amalric and Shirkuh both besieged Bilbeis in 1164, but both withdrew due to Nur ad-Din's campaigns against Antioch, where 3800:. There were also multiple ways to become chattel slaves. People could be slaves by birth, enslaved by being captured in a raid, or as a penalty for debt or for helping a runaway slave. 3677:, a Muslim system of land ownership and payments roughly (though far from exactly) equivalent to the feudal system of Europe, and this system was not heavily disrupted by the Crusaders. 3403:, but they were vastly outnumbered. Henry II himself arrived in May during the siege, but the city fell on May 18. Henry, Amalric, Otton, and Jean escaped, as did a young Templar named 3366:. Hugh III attempted to re-assert his authority on the mainland by landing at Beirut in 1283, but this was ineffective and he died in Tyre in 1284. He was succeeded briefly by his son 2923:

on June 15. Henry became the undisputed king of Cyprus, but continued to support the Ibelins over the Lusignans and the imperial party. On the mainland, Filangieri had the support of

5925:

customary law by which the kingdom was governed", and "listened eagerly to history and preferred it to all other kinds of reading." (William of Tyre, vol. 2, bk. 19, ch. 2, pg. 296.)

109: 3844:

The urban composition of the area, combined with the presence of the Italian merchants, led to the development of an economy that was much more commercial than it was agricultural.

2287:, and Saladin took the opportunity to invade the kingdom. Baldwin proved to be an effective and energetic king as well as a brilliant military commander: he defeated Saladin at the 3506:. Almost as soon as Jerusalem had been captured, and continuing throughout the 12th century, many pilgrims arrived and left accounts of the new kingdom; among them are the English 2092: 3459:. From the very beginning, the Latins were little more than a colonial frontier exercising rule over the native Jewish, Samaritan, Muslim, Greek Orthodox, and Syriac populations. 3436: 2158:. Despite the defeat, both sides withdrew, but Shawar remained in control with a crusader garrison in Cairo. Amalric cemented his alliance with Manuel by marrying Manuel's niece 1305:, another crusader state founded during the Third Crusade. Dynastic ties also strengthened with Tripoli, Antioch, and Armenia. The kingdom was soon increasingly dominated by the 3603:

society developed, similar to but distinct from the society the crusaders knew in Europe. The nature of this society has long been a subject of debate among crusade historians.

3474:

For we who were Occidentals now have been made Orientals. He who was a Roman or Frank has in this land been made into a Galilaean, or an inhabitant of Palestine. He who was of

6369: 3241:, leaving Kitbuqa with a small garrison. The Mamluks of Egypt then sought, and were granted, permission to advance through Frankish territory, and defeated the Mongols at the 3482:

has now become a citizen of Tyre or Antioch. We have already forgotten the places of our birth; already they have become unknown to many of us, or, at least, are unmentioned.

1016: 3063:

in the summer of 1244, leaving it in ruins and useless to both Christians and Muslims. In October, the Khwarazmians, along with the Egyptian army under the command of

526: 512: 487: 473: 1957:

as well; the union of these three states would have been a serious blow to the growing power of Jerusalem. A brief intervention in 1137–1138 by the Byzantine emperor

8830: 2009:

of Jerusalem. Whatever the reason for the failure, the French and German armies returned home, and a few years later Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control.

2182:

The subsequent events have often been interpreted as a struggle between two opposing factions, the "court party", made up of Baldwin's mother, Amalric's first wife

2912: 2738:

began in earnest when German crusader fleets landed at Acre. Along with King John, who was elected leader of the crusade, the fleets sailed to Egypt and besieged

3462:

As new generations grew up in the kingdom, they began to think of themselves as natives. Although they never gave up their core identity as Western Europeans or

2074:. Baldwin and Melisende knew that this situation was untenable. Baldwin soon invaded his mother's possessions, defeated Manasses, and besieged his mother in the 1293:, with which Jerusalem had a close relationship in the twelfth century. Further east, various Muslim emirates were located which were ultimately allied with the 5646:

Mayer calls them "chattels of the state"; Hans Mayer, "Latins, Muslims, and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem", History 63 (1978), pg. 177; reprinted in

8880: 1977:, to head the army after Fulk's death, but Edessa could not be recaptured, despite Zengi's own assassination in 1146. The fall of Edessa shocked Europe, and a 4193:

After the loss of all territory in the Levant in 1291, there were late attempts at further crusades, nominally proposing to recapture Jerusalem, but with the

4146:(an admiralty court) existed in the coastal cities. The extent to which native Islamic and Eastern Christian courts continued to function is unknown, but the 2191: 2000:. Zengi's territory had been divided amongst his sons after his death, and Damascus no longer felt threatened, so an alliance had been made with Zengi's son 1382:

Muslims. The native Christians and Muslims, who were a marginalized lower class, tended to speak Greek and Arabic, while the crusaders, who came mainly from

3855:

of northern Europe, made their way to the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods were transported back to Europe. Jerusalem was especially involved in the

3685:, the leader of a Muslim or Syriac community, was a kind of vassal to whatever noble owned his land, but as the crusader nobles were absentee landlords the 8420: 5818:. Note that in a footnote Michaud claims reliance on "the chronicle of Ibn Ferat" (Michaud, Vol.3, p.22) for much of the information he has concerning the 4325: 3928:, an uncommon occurrence in medieval Europe. Mercenaries could be fellow European crusaders, or, perhaps more often, Muslim soldiers, including the famous 1810:, who had accompanied Baldwin and Godfrey on the crusade. Eustace was uninterested, and instead the crown passed to Baldwin's relative, probably a cousin, 645: 8875: 8775: 4063: 2172:

without the other's assistance: the alliance was maintained, and plans for another campaign in Egypt were made, which ultimately were to come to nought.

635: 6362: 5336:(gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 2: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311 (ed. R.L. Wolff and H.W. Hazard, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 394-395. 3267:

by Geoffrey of Sergines, Louis IX's lieutenant in Acre. Plaisance died in 1261, but as her son Hugh II was still underage, Cyprus passed to his cousin

1626:". Raymond was incensed and took his army to forage away from the city. The new kingdom, and Godfrey's reputation, was secured with the defeat of the 8870: 2904: 2242: 2203: 2067: 3354:

to represent him. The Venetians and Templars supported the claim, and Balian was powerless to oppose him. Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by

3363: 1533:. This disunity among the Anatolian and Syrian emirs allowed the Crusaders to overcome any military opposition they faced on the way to Jerusalem. 3951:

was the centre of education in the kingdom. There was a school in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where the basic skills of reading and writing

7264: 6296: 4281: 3772:(1291), those Christians unable to leave the cities were massacred or enslaved and the last traces of Christian rule in the Levant disappeared. 2418:; the latter, as a grandson of Fulk, was a first cousin of the royal family of Jerusalem, and had promised to go on crusade after the murder of 2030:

came to be interpreted as a kind of counter-crusade against the kingdom, which was an impediment to Muslim unity, both political and spiritual.

562: 2163:

seek help from Shirkuh. Shawar was promptly assassinated, and when Shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew Yusuf, better known as

2230:, who was appointed seneschal in 1176; Joscelin was more closely related to Baldwin than Raymond was, but had no claim to the throne himself. 8074: 6355: 3703:, who was hostile to the Franks, described the Muslims living under the Christian crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 12th-century: 3421: 3121:, with Louis being taken captive by Turanshah. During Louis' captivity, Turanshah was overthrown by his Mamluk soldiers, led by the general 1608:

popular Godfrey did not hesitate like Raymond, and accepted the position as leader. Most modern historians chronicle that he took the title

8534: 6534: 4335: 2525:

slavery, and those who could were often robbed by Christians and Muslims alike on their way into exile. The capture of the city led to the

1641:

one month after the conquest, on August 12, but Raymond and Godfrey's continued antagonism prevented the crusaders from taking control of

6721: 1818:

in 1119, and Baldwin himself was held captive by the emir of Aleppo from 1123 to 1124, Baldwin led the crusader states to victory at the

1285:(1109–1289). While all three were independent, they were closely tied to Jerusalem. Beyond these to the north and west lay the states of 1104: 5902:(Variorum, 1994), pg. V.264; originally published in Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon 117 (1985–86). 4882:(gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pg. 592ff. 1473:

and Arabs" and "to destroy this vile race from the lands of our friends." However, the main objective quickly became the control of the

8096: 7839: 7769: 3836:(1140–80). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s). Gold coins were first copied dinars and bore Kufic script, but after 1250 3342:(widow of Hugh II), actually placed it under Baibars' protection. Finding the mainland ungovernable, Hugh III left for Cyprus, leaving 2257:. After William of Montferrat arrived in 1176, he fell ill and died in June 1177, leaving Sibylla widowed and pregnant with the future 2233:

As a leper, Baldwin had no children and could not be expected to rule much longer, so the focus of his succession passed to his sister

3085:

had already vowed to go on crusade. Louis arrived in Cyprus in 1248, where he gathered an army of his own men, including his brothers

2594:

Sidon, and Beirut. At best, it included only a few other significant cities, such as Ascalon and some interior fortresses, as well as

6579: 3757:

drew up a list of fiefs and the number of knights owed by each, but this gives no indication of the non-noble, non-Latin population.

3225:

and Bohemond VI of Antioch had already submitted to the Mongols as vassals. Some of the Mongols were Nestorian Christians, including

2159: 605: 3955:

were taught; The relative wealth of the merchant class meant that their children could be educated there along with the children of

3283:(who was also Plaisance's uncle), but died in 1264. The regency in Acre was then claimed by Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan and his cousin 2900:

in 1231, under Richard Filangieri, who occupied Beirut and Tyre, but was unable to gain control of Acre. John's supporters formed a

2213: 8314: 6888: 4232:

in 1302, the Kingdom of Jerusalem lost its final outpost on the Levantine coast, its possession closest to the Holy Land now being

3011:

inherited Egypt and Damascus. Ayyub marched on Cairo in an attempt to drive out al-Adil, but during his absence al-Kamil's brother

2812:. The Ayyubids of Damascus did not dare attack, as al-Mu'azzam had suddenly died not long before. Frederick finally arrived on the 2512:

Over the next few months, Saladin easily overran the entire kingdom. Only the port of Tyre remained in Frankish hands, defended by

1145:

in 1291. Its history is divided into two periods with a brief interruption in its existence, beginning with its collapse after the

4154:

judged non-criminal matters among the native Christians (the "Syriacs"). For criminal matters, non-Latins were to be tried in the

2598:

over Tripoli and Antioch. The new king, Henry of Champagne, died accidentally in 1197, and Isabella married for a fourth time, to

2573:, which Richard had captured on the way to Acre, although Guy continued to claim the throne of Jerusalem until his death in 1194. 2326:

was already an established figure at court. Internationally, the Lusignans were useful as vassals of Baldwin and Sibylla's cousin

8840: 3760:

The Mamluks, led by Baibars, eventually made good their pledge to cleanse the entire Middle East of the Franks. With the fall of

3717:

population. Likewise, citizens of the Italian city-states owed nothing as they lived in autonomous quarters in the port cities.

3455:, "barely three hundred knights and two thousand foot soldiers could be found" in the kingdom in 1100 during Godfrey's siege of 2602:, Guy's brother. Aimery had already inherited Cyprus from Guy, and had been crowned king by Frederick Barbarossa's son, Emperor 1614:("advocate" or "defender" of the Holy Sepulchre). Others report that Godfrey himself seems to have used the more ambiguous term 8860: 8850: 8384: 2670: 2613:

The Ayyubid empire had fallen into civil war after the death of Saladin in 1193. His sons claimed various parts of his empire:

5533: 3245:

in September 1260. Kitbuqa was killed and all of Syria fell under Mamluk control. On the way back to Egypt, the Mamluk sultan

2295:. Although Baldwin's presence despite his illness was inspirational, direct military decisions were actually made by Raynald. 6341: 6137: 6092: 1724:

brought reinforcements to the kingdom. Baldwin repopulated Jerusalem with Franks and native Christians, after his expedition

943: 688: 625: 2022:. The Muslim states of Syria were meanwhile gradually united by Nur ad-Din, who defeated the Principality of Antioch at the 8835: 8205: 4342: 4084: 3538: 2793: 2111: 1440: 692: 3796:, animals or some other chattel » could be traded. « Villeins » were rural semi-free laborers akin to 8855: 8408: 8396: 8274: 6618: 5559: 4358: 4079: 3466:, their clothing, diet, and commercialism integrated much oriental, particularly Byzantine, influence. As the chronicler 3275:, Alice of Champagne and Hugh I of Cyprus' daughter and Hugh II's aunt, took over the regency in Acre. She appointed, as 2653:

and a number of other towns. Az-Zahir of Aleppo submitted to his uncle in 1202, thus re-uniting the Ayyubid territories.

1672: 969: 6751: 3249:

was assassinated by the general Baibars, who was far less favourable than his predecessor to alliances with the Franks.

1328:(1228–1243) among the kingdom's nobility. The kingdom became little more than a pawn in the politics and warfare of the 8890: 8133: 6991: 6843: 3909: 3555:, include lively accounts of crusader society in the east. Further information can be gathered from travellers such as 3102: 2839:

John did accompany Frederick to the mainland, but Frederick was not well-received there; one of his few supporters was

1799:, regent of Sicily, in 1113, but was convinced to divorce her as well in 1117; Adelaide's son from her first marriage, 5633:

Hans Mayer, "Latins, Muslims, and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem", History 63 (1978), pg. 175; reprinted in

8067: 6166: 6116: 6003: 4836: 4425: 3047:

The Ayyubids were still divided between Ayyub in Egypt, Isma'il in Damascus, and Dawud in Kerak. Isma'il, Dawud, and

3012: 7799: 1324:(reigned 1220–1250) had ambitions in the Crusader state, claiming the kingdom by marriage, but his presence sparked 8885: 8193: 2957: 2844: 2761: 1750: 1510: 1321: 1178: 917: 767: 406: 92: 3132:

In the midst of these events, Alice of Champagne had died in 1246 and had been replaced as regent by her son King

2751:. In the winter the crusaders were affected by floods and disease, and the siege dragged on throughout 1219, when 2026:

in 1149 and gained control of Damascus in 1154. Nur ad-Din was extremely pious and during his rule the concept of

8865: 8748: 8211: 8149: 8140: 4222: 3156:

for Hugh in Acre. John made peace with Damascus and attempted to regain Ascalon; the Egyptians, now ruled by the

2890: 2689: 2538: 2354: 2246: 1934:. Meanwhile, in Jerusalem, the native crusader nobles opposed Fulk's preference for his Angevin retinue. In 1134 1097: 3848:

had always been a crossroads for trade; now, this trade extended to Europe as well. European goods, such as the

3055:

to fight for him. The Khwarazmians were nomadic Turks from central Asia, who had recently been displaced by the

2649:. Following a second unsuccessful siege of Damascus by the two brothers, Al Afdal accepted a fief consisting of 1806:

Baldwin died without heirs in 1118, during a campaign against Egypt, and the kingdom was offered to his brother

8604: 8223: 6792: 2661: 875: 762: 6085:

La Contea Franca di Edessa. Fondazione e Profilo Storico del Primo Principato Crociato nel Levante (1098-1150)

2760:, but the crusaders remained in Damietta throughout 1219 and 1220, awaiting the arrival of Holy Roman Emperor 8825: 8763: 8199: 6726: 6572: 6415: 5062: 4265: 4130:, were written in the mid-13th century, although many of them are purported to be twelfth-century in origin. 3160:, besieged Jaffa in 1256 in response. John defeated them, and afterwards gave up the bailliage to his cousin 3140:

in Acre. During Louis IX's stay in Acre, Henry I died in 1253, and was succeeded in Cyprus by his infant son

3026: 2723:, but without success. After the departure of the Hungarians, the remaining Crusaders set about refortifying 2545: 1600: 1071: 911: 6813: 8060: 6881: 6465: 6398: 4007: 3924:. The money economy of Jerusalem meant that their manpower problem could be partially solved by paying for 2824:, who was still a child. The High Court of Cyprus had elected John of Ibelin as regent, but Henry's mother 2603: 1656: 1610: 1596: 870: 865: 7938: 6972: 6932: 4458: 4066:. Paintings and mosaics were popular forms of art in the kingdom, but many of these were destroyed by the 3221:

and Damascus in 1260, destroying both the Abbasid caliphate and the last vestiges of the Ayyubid dynasty.

1938:

revolted against Fulk, allying with the Muslim garrison at Ascalon, for which he was convicted of treason

1692: 7997: 7918: 6952: 6774: 6647: 6445: 3395:, the Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights, the Venetians and Pisans, the French garrison led by 2911:

merchants, the commune recaptured Beirut. John also attacked Tyre, but was defeated by Filangieri at the

2569:, nephew of Richard and Philip, but politically allied to Richard. As compensation, Richard sold Guy the 2544:

Guy of Lusignan, who had been refused entry to Tyre by Conrad, began to besiege Acre in 1189. During the

2273: 2127: 1969:. After the death of both Fulk and Emperor John in separate hunting accidents in 1143, Zengi invaded and 1286: 1230:, but at its height in the mid-12th century, the kingdom encompassed roughly the territory of modern-day 811: 734: 729: 724: 8794: 4078:

Immediately after the First Crusade, land was distributed to loyal vassals of Godfrey, forming numerous

1720:'s reign, the kingdom expanded even further. The number of European inhabitants increased, as the minor 78: 5572: 4194: 4019: 3977: 3781: 3314: 3200:, organised a council to re-establish order in the kingdom, though the Genoese did not return to Acre. 2677:. Maria died in childbirth in 1212, and John of Brienne continued to rule as regent for their daughter 2487:

Raymond of Tripoli allied with Saladin against Guy and allowed a Muslim garrison to occupy his fief in

1156:

The original Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted from 1099 to 1187 before being almost entirely overrun by the

1090: 757: 744: 739: 665: 5659:

Prawer, Crusader Institutions, pg. 207; Jonathan Riley-Smith, "Some lesser officials in Latin Syria" (

2167:. That year, Manuel sent a large Byzantine fleet of some 300 ships to assist Amalric, and the town of 1353:(reigned 1290–1293) eventually reconquered all the remaining crusader strongholds, culminating in the 1184:

The vast majority of the Crusaders who established and settled the Kingdom of Jerusalem were from the

8770: 6281: 6048: 5660: 4898:, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East (Cambridge University Press, 1952), pg. 404. 4571: 4540:

A History of the Crusades: Volume 1, The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

3526: 3222: 3118: 3114: 3060: 2977: 2785: 2622: 2521: 2459: 1691:". Daimbert compromised by crowning Baldwin I in Bethlehem rather than Jerusalem, but the path for a 1592: 1226:

At first the kingdom was little more than a loose collection of towns and cities captured during the

1146: 1011: 979: 787: 782: 777: 772: 377: 324: 311: 5945:

On the origins of the earliest laws of Frankish Jerusalem: The canons of the Council of Nablus, 1120

4927:

Peter W. Edbury, "Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin", in

1477:. The Byzantines were frequently at war with the Seljuks and other Turkish dynasties for control of 8845: 8267: 8217: 7749: 7093: 6900: 6711: 6565: 6485: 6425: 5474:

Steven Runciman, "The Crusader States, 1243-1291", in History of the Crusades, vol. 2, pp. 568-570.

3960: 3177: 3157: 2678: 2080: 2005: 1876: 1823: 1815: 1206:

served as the official language. While the majority of the population in the countryside comprised

1076: 1006: 938: 933: 595: 3358:. In 1281 the ten-year truce expired and was renewed by Roger. Roger returned to Europe after the 2939:

merchants. John was supported by his nobles on Cyprus, and by his continental holdings in Beirut,

2796:, arrived in the east late in 1227, and while waiting for the emperor they set about refortifying 8518: 8187: 8144: 7168: 6874: 6691: 6625: 6597: 6520: 6455: 6435: 6420: 6410: 6213: 6196:

Outremer: Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer

5742:

Josiah C. Russell, "Population of the Crusader States", in Setton, ed. Crusades, vol. 5, pg. 108.

5529:, trans. Frances Rita Ryan, University of Tennessee Press, 1969, bk. III, ch. XXXVII.3. pg. 271 ( 4315: 4109: 3761: 3754: 3379: 3326: 3296: 3214: 3098: 2423: 2323: 2307: 2283:

Most of the army of Jerusalem marched north with Philip, Raymond III, and Bohemond III to attack

2250: 2238: 2143: 1811: 1807: 1700: 1676: 1671:, and other cities, and reducing many others to tributary status. He set the foundations for the 1564:, a smaller Turkish tribe associated with the Seljuks, just before the arrival of the crusaders. 1278: 860: 275: 7973: 7858: 7843: 7818: 7808: 7793: 7783: 7743: 7733: 5060:

Hamilton, pp. 162–163; Edbury and Rowe, "William of Tyre and the Patriarchal election of 1180",

4091:, Tyre, or wherever else he happened to be. In Jerusalem, the royal family lived firstly on the 2335: 2254: 1784:

Les Passages d'outremer faits par les Français contre les Turcs depuis Charlemagne jusqu'en 1462

8780: 8758: 8530: 8349: 8344: 8167: 8158: 8017: 6716: 6696: 6684: 6546: 6440: 6405: 4198: 4055: 3765: 3335: 3218: 3210: 3193: 3017: 2924: 2708: 2630: 2557: 2391: 2358: 2258: 2227: 2223: 2147: 2051: 1973:

in 1144. Queen Melisende, now regent for her elder son Baldwin III, appointed a new constable,

1970: 1868: 1783: 1778: 1717: 1684: 1521:

respectively, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other, as well as

1066: 1046: 885: 7028: 4507:

The First Crusade is extensively documented in primary and secondary sources. See for example

4415: 8804: 8339: 8257: 8116: 6803: 6798: 4769: 4353: 4237: 3816: 3503: 3371: 3351: 3350:. Then in 1277, Maria of Antioch sold her claim to the kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who sent 3292: 3074: 2981: 2965: 2847:

had taken possession of Damascus (as well as Jerusalem) from their nephew, al-Mu'azzam's son

2716: 2566: 1993: 1819: 1762: 1061: 581: 8153: 3016:

however, as the Crusaders were then defeated by the Egyptian army at Gaza in November 1239.

2719:

arrived in Acre and, along with John of Brienne, raided territory further inland, including

2264: 8753: 8513: 8294: 8284: 8252: 7631: 7619: 7602: 7590: 7553: 7536: 7520: 7493: 7466: 7436: 7414: 7392: 7365: 7323: 7311: 7269: 7257: 7235: 7220: 7198: 7141: 7099: 7082: 7065: 7038: 7016: 6490: 6460: 6430: 6251: 5831: 4527: 4320: 4305: 4214: 4197:

their character was more and more that of a desperate defensive war rarely reaching beyond

4188: 4127: 3867:; other items that first appeared in Europe through trade with crusader Jerusalem included 3792:

provided a legal framework for slavery in the Kingdom. The document stipulated that «

3789: 3769: 3606:

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, French scholars, such as E. G. Rey, Gaston Dodu, and

3408: 3388: 3149: 3126: 3110: 3094: 3081:. The council deposed Frederick II, so no help could be expected from the empire, but King 2989: 2828:

wished to appoint one of her supporters; Alice and her party, members or supporters of the

2773: 2765: 2728: 2712: 2581: 2530: 2513: 2331: 2298: 2288: 2277: 2234: 2071: 2019: 1927: 1911: 1506: 1354: 1142: 1056: 974: 829: 797: 575: 391: 8: 8723: 8334: 7987: 7055: 6808: 6739: 6475: 6393: 6065: 6030: 4642: 4517: 4257: 4210: 4202: 4011: 3990: 3964: 3551: 3549:, a soldier and frequent ambassador from Damascus to Jerusalem and Egypt, whose memoirs, 3467: 3330: 3306: 3242: 3144:. Hugh was technically regent of Jerusalem as well, both for Conrad and for Conrad's son 3052: 2988:

at a council in Acre, attended by most of the important nobles of the kingdom, including

2932: 2897: 2882: 2872: 2816:

in September 1228, and claimed the regency of the kingdom in the name of his infant son.

2666: 2599: 2534: 2415: 2411: 2327: 2155: 1989: 1974: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1856: 1852: 1827: 1634: 1604: 1572: 1557: 1458: 1337: 1325: 1306: 1138: 1041: 961: 792: 675: 246: 54: 6823: 6224: 3522: 1846:, in 1124. The increase of naval and military support from Venice led to the capture of 1803:, never forgave Jerusalem, and for decades withheld much-needed Sicilian naval support. 1417:. This sets a lower bound for the Samaritan population at 1,500, since the contemporary 8580: 8490: 8478: 8455: 8319: 8229: 8171: 8041: 7864: 7789: 6848: 6744: 6731: 6706: 6635: 6510: 6500: 6347: 6146: 6060: 5949: 4285: 4206: 4171: 3892: 3845: 3556: 3546: 3534: 3339: 3272: 3268: 3185: 3173: 3082: 2985: 2969: 2852: 2825: 2781: 2748: 2747:. In the autumn of 1218 reinforcements arrived from Europe, including the papal legate 2634: 2349:

At the end of 1181, Raynald of Châtillon raided south into Arabia, in the direction of

2187: 2183: 1839: 1800: 1796: 1729: 1402: 1318: 1310: 1235: 1036: 984: 928: 895: 655: 546: 363: 261: 4244:

until his death in 1324, and the title continued to be claimed by his successors, the

3370:, who died soon after in 1285, and was succeeded by his brother, Hugh III's other son 7993: 7977: 7874: 7706: 7686: 7280: 7193: 7125: 6652: 6642: 6378: 6191: 6162: 6133: 6112: 6088: 5999: 4832: 4440: 4421: 4330: 4289: 4273: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4184: 4122: 4051: 3999: 3888: 3837: 3744: 3628: 3400: 3396: 3181: 3141: 3133: 3059:

further to the east and were now residing in Mesopotamia. With Ayyub's support, they

3048: 2940: 2832:, sided with Frederick, whose father had crowned Aimery of Lusignan king in 1197. At 2821: 2752: 2724: 2570: 2506: 2497: 2442: 2311: 2107: 2098: 2095: 1946: 1872: 1864: 1835: 1688: 1638: 1543: 1410: 1314: 1302: 1282: 1243: 1185: 1051: 948: 224: 6219: 3594:

The Kingdom at first was virtually bereft of a loyal subject population and had few

3148:

after Conrad died in 1254. Both Cyprus and Jerusalem were governed by Hugh's mother

2711:

in 1215 called for a new, better-organized crusade against Egypt. In late 1217 King

1728:

in 1115. With help from the Italian city-states and other adventurers, notably King

8612: 8401: 8377: 8329: 8244: 7983: 7898: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7868: 7823: 7773: 7763: 7753: 7710: 7700: 7690: 7680: 7670: 7569: 7499: 7482: 7450: 7420: 7275: 7209: 7187: 7172: 7162: 7147: 7071: 7044: 7000: 6761: 6630: 6505: 6470: 6074: 5955:

Burgesses and Burgess Law in the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1099–1325)

5530: 4667: 4269: 4006:

In Jerusalem itself, the greatest architectural endeavour was the expansion of the

3749: 3739: 3616: 3545:

and Fulcher himself. From the Muslim perspective, a chief source of information is

3529:. Aside from these, thereafter there is no eyewitness to events in Jerusalem until 3384: 3367: 3359: 3288: 3280: 3258: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3078: 2953: 2928: 2920: 2901: 2829: 2809: 2801: 2789: 2700: 2565:

only days later. Eight days after that, the pregnant Isabella was married to Count

2502: 2492: 2303: 2115: 2001: 1958: 1935: 1860: 1766: 1652: 1494: 1466: 1350: 1290: 1274: 843: 615: 519: 285: 8023: 7647: 7398: 7371: 7295: 7049: 7022: 6912: 5815: 4599:

Murray, Alan V. (1990), "The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem",

3607: 3411:. Tyre fell without a fight the next day, Sidon fell in June, and Beirut in July. 3172:

In 1256 the commercial rivalry between the Venetian and Genoese merchant colonies

1579:

The Crusaders arrived at Jerusalem in June 1099; a few of the neighbouring towns (

1575:, leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 8680: 8637: 8627: 8622: 8575: 8569: 8505: 8425: 8007: 7543: 7387: 6701: 6588: 6480: 6450: 6276: 6127: 6106: 6054: 6040: 5845:

Encounter between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

5537: 4915: 4891: 4563: 4535: 4508: 4253: 4252:, whose founder, Charles of Anjou, had in 1277 bought a claim to the throne from 4245: 4218: 4096: 4059: 4027: 3940: 3877: 3636: 3530: 3499: 3491: 3452: 3392: 3343: 3284: 3189: 3070: 2973: 2948: 2886: 2805: 2777: 2674: 2607: 2577: 2553: 2509:

escaped, but Raynald was executed by Saladin and Guy was imprisoned in Damascus.

2464: 2319: 2209: 2195: 2176: 2151: 2059: 1996:

agreed with Melisende, Baldwin III and the major nobles of the kingdom to attack

1985: 1962: 1843: 1831: 1792: 1721: 1704: 1696: 1680: 1623: 1560:, had lost Jerusalem to the Seljuks in 1073; they recaptured it in 1098 from the 1371: 1270: 1157: 890: 505: 98: 84: 6818: 6734: 5762:, ed. Thomas F. Madden, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Kedar quotes his numbers from 4169:

The king was recognised as head of the Haute Cour, although he was legally only

3579: 3407:, but most of the other defenders did not, including the master of the Templars 1405:, who travelled through the kingdom around 1170, there were 1,000 Samaritans in 1192:. French Crusaders also brought their language to the Levant, thus establishing 8662: 8632: 8617: 8559: 8549: 8484: 8467: 8309: 8027: 7638: 7478: 7247: 7153: 6785: 6780: 6291: 6059:

An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades; Memoirs of

6023: 5758:, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990, pg. 148; reprinted in 5571:

Ronnie Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (

4293: 4261: 4100: 4070:

in the 13th century; only the most durable fortresses survived the reconquest.

3952: 3868: 3825: 3804: 3632: 3514: 3511: 3487: 3230: 3008: 2997: 2848: 2840: 2673:

governed as regent until 1210 when Maria married an experienced French knight,

2657: 2618: 2614: 2517: 2386: 2292: 2075: 2055: 2038: 2023: 1978: 1915: 1899: 1888: 1863:, who married into the families of the Count of Tripoli and Prince of Antioch; 1745: 1550: 1498: 1489:, but this empire had collapsed into several smaller states after the death of 1367: 1126: 824: 819: 492: 154: 135: 39: 8162: 6662: 4395:

William Harris, "Lebanon: A History, 600–2011," Oxford University Press, p. 51

3734:

extent of all four crusader states. It has been estimated by scholars such as

3238: 3237:, the Mongol commander in Syria, returned home after the death of his brother 2479: 2369:. The expedition was defeated and two of Raynald's men were actually taken to 1871:, who was his heir and succeeded him upon his death in 1131, with her husband 8819: 8697: 8554: 8437: 8359: 8299: 8262: 7834: 7779: 7759: 7666: 7116: 6766: 6321: 6241: 6231: 5763: 4907: 4347: 4248:. The title of "king of Jerusalem" was also continuously used by the Angevin 4042: 4031: 4023: 3905: 3821: 3735: 3612: 3542: 3416: 3404: 3197: 3161: 3056: 2993: 2813: 2735: 2695: 2642: 2526: 2454: 2419: 2339: 2199: 2063: 1847: 1725: 1486: 1462: 1452: 1227: 1198: 1189: 1174: 1150: 1134: 996: 991: 478: 350: 337: 298: 162: 114:

The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the

7829: 2291:

in September 1177 despite being greatly outnumbered and having to rely on a

1648:

There was still some uncertainty about what to do with the new kingdom. The

8685: 8657: 8587: 8279: 8123: 8091: 8083: 7849: 7676: 7527: 7510: 6679: 6671: 4229: 4092: 4038: 3620: 2033: 1649: 1490: 1470: 1428: 1273:

founded during and after the First Crusade were located further north: the

1251: 1165: 855: 848: 834: 208: 181: 173: 3571: 1687:

successfully outmanoeuvred Daimbert and claimed Jerusalem for himself as "

1683:, but his reign was short, and he died of an illness in 1100. His brother 8743: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8690: 8675: 8670: 8389: 8372: 8324: 7560: 7505: 7377: 7230: 7131: 5070:(Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 23–25. 4046: 3973: 3917: 3882: 3864: 3692: 3627:

According to Ellenblum's interpretation, the inhabitants of the Kingdom (

3302: 3234: 2757: 2720: 2562: 2472: 2434: 2175:

In the end, Nur ad-Din was victorious and Saladin established himself as

1537: 212: 204: 8003: 7574: 7472: 7339: 7285: 7241: 7224: 7214: 7182: 7105: 6159:

The age of the crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517

4878:

Marshall W. Baldwin, "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189", in

3995: 2984:, who arrived in Acre in September 1239. Theobald was elected leader of 2907:, of which John himself was elected mayor in 1232. With the help of the 2780:

in 1227. The crusaders, led not by Frederick but by his representatives

2656:

Meanwhile, schemes were hatched to reconquer Jerusalem through Egypt. A

8564: 8445: 7626: 7355: 6236:

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages

4443:, "Samaritan History: The Frankish Period", in Alan David Crown (ed.), 3929: 3904:

of Arab or Syrian origin, or local serfs. Sugar manufacturing began in

3700: 3696: 3560: 3004: 2595: 2219: 1773: 1741: 1540: 1395: 1387: 1214:

from local Levantine ethnicities, many Europeans (primarily French and

1207: 1193: 158: 5754:

Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in

2268:

An idealized twelfth-century map of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.

1834:; the earliest surviving written laws of the kingdom, compiled at the 8592: 7804: 7609: 7404: 7252: 7089: 6111:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6102: 5558:

Many chronicles of individual pilgrims are collected together in the

3948: 3925: 3600: 3518: 2856: 2626: 2042: 1588: 1474: 1424: 1170: 554: 216: 130: 115: 3507: 3446:

Animation of twelfth century Jerusalem, Latin with English subtitles

1945:

Fulk was then faced with a new and more dangerous enemy: the atabeg

1301:. The kingdom was ruled by King Aimery of Lusignan (1197–1205), the 8413: 8367: 8304: 8128: 8112: 8036: 7597: 7488: 7205: 6897: 6853: 6605: 6541: 6495: 6307:

Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1291

4310: 4133:

There were other, lesser courts for non-nobles and non-Latins; the

3968: 3967:; the development of a university was impossible in the culture of 3959:– it is likely that William of Tyre was a classmate of future king 3956: 3793: 3722: 3479: 3145: 2833: 2744: 2739: 2660:

was planned after the failure of the Third, but it resulted in the

2650: 2646: 2638: 2488: 2168: 1997: 1954: 1907: 1754: 1668: 1561: 1522: 1518: 1502: 1478: 1379: 1215: 1001: 200: 140: 6557: 5720: 5718: 2501:

4 July 1187, the army of the kingdom was utterly destroyed at the

2471:(left), clad in a traditional (Islamic) royal garment, painted by 1446: 8461: 8450: 8289: 7814: 7739: 7721: 7696: 7178: 7077: 6866: 3852: 3652: 3355: 3226: 3064: 2468: 2402: 2362: 2164: 2139: 2131: 2091: 1642: 1627: 1419: 1414: 1346: 1329: 1298: 1294: 1263: 1239: 1211: 1161: 880: 838: 189: 177: 8013: 7290: 6186:

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260

6037:, trans. Frances Rita Ryan. University of Tennessee Press, 1969. 2429: 1599:

to establish a king for the newly created Kingdom of Jerusalem.

1137:. It lasted for almost two hundred years, from the accession of 8472: 8052: 7929: 7658: 7330: 7006: 6983: 6963: 6923: 6336: 5715: 5586:

The Crusaders' Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages

4088: 4067: 3921: 3897: 3860: 3833: 3611:

Levant could thrive. In the mid-20th century, scholars such as

3595: 3475: 3463: 3375: 2395: 2366: 2350: 2315: 2222:'s minority. Miles was assassinated in October 1174, and Count 2135: 1950: 1893: 1791:

Baldwin brought with him an Armenian wife, traditionally named

1733: 1567: 1554: 1547: 1526: 1514: 1406: 1383: 1341: 1333: 1255: 1247: 1231: 1130: 444: 46: 4477: 4150:

probably exercised some legal authority on a local level. The

3097:, and those of Cyprus and Jerusalem, led by the Ibelin family 2866: 7909: 7894: 7854: 7580: 7456: 7426: 7345: 7318: 7301: 7111: 6943: 6087:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Antonianum. 4918:, 1972; 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 127–128. 4649:, 2nd ed., trans. John Gillingham (Oxford: 1988), pp. 171–76. 4015: 3901: 3872: 3829: 3797: 3708: 3656: 3644: 3456: 3322: 3310: 3246: 3122: 2944: 2908: 2877: 2797: 2426:

was one of the few who came to his grandson Baldwin V's aid.

2382: 2370: 2130:, but was turned back when the Egyptians flooded the Nile at 2114:, a niece of emperor Manuel; Manuel married Baldwin's cousin 2027: 1966: 1758: 1737: 1664: 1660: 1630: 1580: 1530: 1482: 1375: 1266: 1259: 1203: 185: 6203:

Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100–1291

2684: 8120: 7729: 7446: 6830: 6256:

The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277

5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4958: 4118: 3856: 3849: 3673: 3660: 3648: 3640: 3486:

The crusaders and their descendants often learned to speak

2936: 2483:

The Near East, c. 1190, at the outset of the Third Crusade.

2284: 2138:

again requested help from Nur ad-Din, who sent his general

2086: 1882: 1391: 5934:

William of Tyre, introduction by Babcock and Krey, pg. 16.

5365: 5363: 4766:

The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom

4545: 4058:

commissioned between 1135 and 1143 and now located in the

2448: 3374:. That year Qalawun captured the Hospitaller fortress of 1910:

and had brought military support to the kingdom during a

1584: 6377: 5483:

Runciman, "The Crusader States, 1243-1291", pp. 570-575.

5425:

The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and its Consequences

4583:

Riley-Smith (1979), "The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon",

4465: 1753:

and elsewhere in the southwest of the kingdom, and from

1218:) also arrived to settle in villages across the region. 1164:. Following the Third Crusade, it was re-established in 16:

Christian state In The Levantine (1099 C.E. – 1291 C.E.)

5498: 5486: 5456: 5406: 5404: 5360: 5348: 5289: 5229: 5217: 5193: 5042: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4934: 3840:

were added following Papal complaints (British Museum).

3391:

in April 1291. Acre was defended by Henry II's brother

3192:, descended from Genoese crusaders, was pitted against 3176:. In Acre, the two colonies disputed possession of the 2445:

also refused, gave up his fiefs, and left for Antioch.

2381:

In October 1183, Isabella married Humphrey of Toron at

5427:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 159-177. 5323:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986), pp. 128-135. 4946: 4459:"Pope Urban II's Speech Calling for the First Crusade" 4420:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. 3963:. Higher education had to be undertaken at one of the 3196:, who supported the Venetians. In 1261 the Patriarch, 2401:

In October 1184, Guy of Lusignan led an attack on the

2101:, who became a close ally of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1822:

in 1125. His reign saw the establishment of the first

1423:, a Samaritan chronicle, also mentions communities in 5880: 5788:

William of Tyre, vol. 2, bk. 22, ch. 23, pp. 486–488.

5770:, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568–72. 5588:(Praeger, 1972), pg. 60; pp. 469–470; and throughout. 5181: 4931:(ed. Maya Shatzmiller, Leiden: Brill, 1993), pg. 174. 4658:

William of Tyre, vol. 1, bk. 11, ch. 27, pp. 507–508.

4034:

are among the numerous examples of crusader castles.

3689:

and their communities had a high degree of autonomy.

2669:, became queen of Jerusalem. Isabella's half-brother 2310:

attempted to force Sibylla to marry Balian's brother

1914:

in 1120. He brought Jerusalem into the sphere of the

1591:, and others) were taken first, and Jerusalem itself 6301:. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. 5401: 5301: 5251:(2nd ed., Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 146-147. 4489: 4326:

History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem

2629:(often called "Saphadin" by the Crusaders) acquired 2433:

The tomb of Baldwin V on an 18th-century drawing by

1867:, who became an influential abbess; and the eldest, 1246:, the kingdom extended in a thin strip of land from 8776:

Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions

6035:

A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127

5068:

Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus

3263:John of Arsuf had died in 1258 and was replaced as 2516:, who had coincidentally arrived just in time from 1732:, Baldwin captured the port cities of Acre (1104), 1655:convinced Godfrey to hand over Jerusalem to him as 1536:Egypt and much of Palestine were controlled by the 1493:in 1092. Malik-Shah was succeeded in the Anatolian 4534:(Pennsylvania: 1991); and the lively but outdated 4099:, and later in the palace complex surrounding the 3944:Main entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 3820:Crusader coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Left: 3113:. In February, the Crusaders were defeated at the 2731:throughout the winter of 1217 and spring of 1218. 1838:in 1120; and the first commercial treaty with the 1595:on July 15. On 22 July, a council was held in the 6178:The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374 5900:Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 4817:William of Tyre, vol. II, bk. 18 ch. 16, pg. 265. 4737:William of Tyre, vol. II, bk. 14, ch. 18, pg. 76. 4142:(for commercial disputes in the markets) and the 3521:, the Byzantine Johannes Phocas, and the Germans 2338:, thereby removing her from the influence of the 1571:After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, 8831:1090s establishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem 8817: 5898:Hans E. Mayer, "Guillaume de Tyr à l'école", in 5516:William of Tyre, vol. 1, bk. 9, ch. 19, pg. 408. 4826: 4624:William of Tyre, vol. 1, bk. 9, ch. 16, pg. 404. 4585:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 2576:The crusade came to an end peacefully, with the 1699:hierarchy was established, overtop of the local 5648:Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem 5635:Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem 2330:. Baldwin betrothed eight-year-old Isabella to 1447:First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom 6194:, Hans Eberhard Mayer & R. C. Smail, ed., 5750: 5748: 4929:Crusaders and Moslems in Twelfth-Century Syria 4073: 3051:of Homs went to war with Ayyub, who hired the 2410:Jerusalem", but not the crown itself, to both 1897:Depiction of Crusaders from a 1922 edition of 8881:States and territories disestablished in 1291 8068: 6882: 6573: 6363: 6275: 6225:The Crusaders: The Struggle for the Holy Land 5332:Thomas C. Van Cleve, "The Fifth Crusade", in 4292:as Habsburg pretender until 1958, and by the 2808:, which later became the headquarters of the 1098: 5911:Note the famous example of William of Tyre, 5624:Prawer, Crusader Institutions, pp. 197, 205. 4417:Research on Old French: The State of the Art 4350:, contemporary crusader state in the Baltics 4336:Family tree of Kingdom of Jerusalem monarchs 4103:; there was another palace complex in Acre. 3427: 2693:Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right). 2505:. Raymond of Tripoli, Balian of Ibelin, and 2306:. At Easter in 1180, Raymond and his cousin 6722:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos 6290: 6263:The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading 5745: 5663:, vol. 87, no. 342 (Jan., 1972)), pp. 1–15. 4532:The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading 4447:(Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1989), pp. 82–94. 3916:gained revenue from the taxation of Muslim 2867:War of the Lombards and the Barons' Crusade 2106:with the advances of the Byzantine emperor 1485:. The Sunni Seljuks had formerly ruled the 31: 8876:States and territories established in 1099 8075: 8061: 6889: 6875: 6580: 6566: 6370: 6356: 6082: 5666: 4674:(Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), pp. 40–43. 2633:(northern Mesopotamia), and al-Adil's son 1105: 1091: 108: 6312: 6132:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5886: 5865: 4851:Tyerman, pp. 347–348; Mayer, pg. 118–119. 3291:, daughter of Bohemond IV of Antioch and 2685:Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II 2245:, a cousin of Louis VII of France and of 8871:Political entities in the Land of Israel 6286:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6180:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6125: 5913:Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon 5549:Fulcher, bk. III, ch. XXXVII.4, pg. 271. 5527:A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 5175: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4522:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 4456:Quote from the speech of Pope Urban II, 4166:jurisdiction varied at different times. 3994: 3939: 3815: 3578: 3570: 3431: 3301: 2876: 2688: 2478: 2458: 2428: 2263: 2253:in 1176; this mission was undertaken by 2247:Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 2090: 2087:Byzantine alliance and invasion of Egypt 2032: 1892: 1883:Edessa, Damascus, and the Second Crusade 1879:, was named co-heir by his grandfather. 1772: 1695:had been laid. Within this framework, a 1566: 1221: 6913:Sorted by modern states, with crusader 6322:Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099–1291) 5877:Prawer, Crusader Institutions, pg. 214. 5856:Prawer, Crusader Institutions, pg. 209. 5685:Prawer, Crusader Institutions, pg. 202. 4672:The New Concise History of the Crusades 4551: 4516: 4414:Arteaga, Deborah L. (2 November 2012). 4413: 4162:if the crime was sufficiently severe). 3984: 2625:, retained Damascus. Saladin's brother 2449:Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade 1875:as king-consort. Their son, the future 8818: 6324:– Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia 6216:, 1965 (trans. John Gillingham, 1972). 6175: 6045:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea 5953:74, 1999), pp. 330–331; Marwan Nader, 5768:Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem 5504: 5492: 5462: 5369: 5354: 5307: 5295: 5235: 5223: 5199: 5187: 4568:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea 4260:and the title thus was claimed by the 3042: 2671:John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut 2588: 2552:Acre. Richard defeated Saladin at the 1457:The First Crusade was preached at the 1149:in 1187 and its restoration after the 8056: 6870: 6561: 6351: 6047:, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. 5993: 4570:, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, 3167: 6315:The beginning of Modern Colonization 6198:. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1982. 6156: 5800:—From Ludolph of Suchem, p. 268-272 5760:The Crusades: The Essential Readings 4495: 4471: 4434: 4343:Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 2794:Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights 2756:retreated to the nearby fortress of 2580:negotiated in 1192; Saladin allowed 2541:, though the last drowned en route. 1441:Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1390:. There were also a small number of 693:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem 6587: 6317:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 6265:. University of Pennsylvania, 1991. 6101: 5756:Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100–1300 4483: 4359:Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 3566: 3136:, for whom John of Jaffa served as 2359:Raynald launched a naval expedition 1949:of Mosul, who had taken control of 1770:the kingdom's Muslim neighbours." 1336:dynasties in Egypt, as well as the 13: 8134:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6896: 6519: 6270:The Oxford History of the Crusades 6151:The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives 4831:. Taylor and Francis. p. 94. 3399:, and the English garrison led by 2621:held Cairo, while his eldest son, 1618:, or simply retained his title of 1505:, who died in 1095. Tutush's sons 14: 8902: 6329: 6205:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1932. 5998:. London: Macmillan. p. 32. 5834:, The Feudal Nobility, pp. 62–63. 4829:Crusading and the Crusader States 3910:sugar plantations in the Americas 2398:and other towns on the way home. 2261:. Raynald was then named regent. 1675:in the kingdom, establishing the 1465:, with the goal of assisting the 1202:of the Crusader states, in which 8800: 8799: 8082: 8035: 8022: 8012: 8002: 7992: 7982: 7972: 7960: 7897: 7887: 7877: 7867: 7857: 7842: 7822: 7817: 7807: 7792: 7782: 7772: 7762: 7752: 7742: 7732: 7709: 7699: 7689: 7679: 7669: 7646: 7630: 7618: 7601: 7589: 7573: 7568: 7552: 7535: 7519: 7498: 7492: 7481: 7471: 7465: 7449: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7391: 7370: 7364: 7338: 7322: 7310: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7256: 7240: 7234: 7223: 7213: 7208: 7197: 7186: 7181: 7171: 7161: 7146: 7140: 7124: 7104: 7098: 7081: 7070: 7064: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7021: 7015: 6999: 6661: 6540: 6335: 6248:. Oxford University Press, 1980. 6108:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 5987: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5937: 5928: 5918: 5905: 5892: 5871: 5859: 5850: 5837: 5825: 5804: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5736: 5727: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5653: 5640: 5627: 5618: 5560:Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society 4513:The First Crusade: A New History 4404:including 120,000–140,000 Franks 4002:Folio 9v - The Harrowing of Hell 2365:, which made it as far south as 561: 524: 510: 485: 471: 91: 77: 8749:Latin Church in the Middle East 5609: 5600: 5591: 5578: 5565: 5552: 5543: 5519: 5510: 5477: 5468: 5443: 5430: 5417: 5388: 5375: 5339: 5326: 5321:Anatomy of a Crusade: 1213-1221 5313: 5276: 5267: 5254: 5241: 5205: 5054: 4921: 4901: 4885: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4845: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4661: 4652: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4593: 4577: 4557: 4501: 4223:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 4095:, before the foundation of the 3920:passing from Syria to Egypt or 3329:, but abandoned it in May when 3252: 2891:Latin Emperor of Constantinople 2463:17th-century interpretation of 1689:King of the Latins of Jerusalem 1439:For a chronological guide, see 8841:1291 disestablishments in Asia 6793:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 6680:Latin Empire of Constantinople 6399:Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre 4450: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4384:Richard and John: Kings at War 4376: 3297:besieged and destroyed Antioch 2529:, launched in 1189 and led by 2467:(right) being held captive by 2202:favoured this interpretation. 1922:and grandfather of the future 1501:, and in Syria by his brother 1469:against the invasions of the " 1: 8861:Medieval history of Palestine 8851:Former countries in West Asia 6727:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia 5733:Tyerman, God's War, pg 237-8. 5063:The English Historical Review 4574:, 1943, vol. 1, bk. 9, ch. 9. 4364: 4266:War of the Spanish Succession 3728: 3584: 3362:in 1282, and was replaced by 1988:in June, the crusading kings 1765:in the northeast in 1113. As 1601:Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse 6258:. The Macmillan Press, 1973. 6129:The Leper King and his Heirs 4486:, pp. 410, 411 note 61. 4369: 4126:laws, together known as the 4008:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 3935: 3780:An unknown number of Muslim 2855:, who placed the city under 2727:and the Templar fortress of 2237:and his younger half-sister 2081:an offensive against Ascalon 2012: 1711: 1597:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1179:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 1129:that was established in the 871:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 7: 8836:1099 establishments in Asia 7998:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 6775:State of the Teutonic Order 6648:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 6313:Verlinden, Charles (1970). 6268:Jonathan Riley-Smith, ed., 6083:Ferdinandi, Sergio (2017). 5816:in full at Internet Archive 5814:, Vol. 3, p. 18; available 5812:The History of the Crusades 5724:Tyerman, God's War, pg 235. 5712:Tyerman, God's War, pg 234. 5703:Tyerman, God's War, pg 231. 5694:Tyerman, God's War, pg 230. 4299: 4074:Government and legal system 3575:Crusaders coin, Acre, 1230. 3174:broke out into open warfare 1740:(1111), while exerting his 1553:but actually controlled by 1177:, through the diplomacy of 10: 8907: 8856:Medieval history of Jordan 6126:Hamilton, Bernard (2000). 6016: 5847:. Brill, 2002, throughout. 5573:Cambridge University Press 4195:rise of the Ottoman Empire 4182: 4037:Crusader art was a mix of 3988: 3881:, and it influenced their 3811: 3775: 3422:title of King of Jerusalem 3315:UNESCO World Heritage Site 3256: 3203: 2870: 2734:In the spring of 1218 the 2452: 2334:, stepson of the powerful 1953:and had set his sights on 1886: 1855:, and had four daughters: 1611:Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri 1450: 1438: 1434: 1254:in the south; into modern 1238:and the southern parts of 8891:Former monarchies of Asia 8789: 8771:Eastern Catholic Churches 8736: 8650: 8603: 8542: 8529: 8504: 8436: 8358: 8243: 8180: 8105: 8090: 7952: 7928: 7908: 7720: 7657: 6982: 6962: 6942: 6922: 6911: 6907: 6839: 6760: 6670: 6659: 6604: 6595: 6530: 6517: 6389: 6297:A History of the Crusades 6282:A History of the Crusades 6176:Edbury, Peter W. (1991). 6049:Columbia University Press 5661:English Historical Review 5334:A History of the Crusades 4896:A History of the Crusades 4880:A History of the Crusades 4827:Andrew Jotischky (2014). 4572:Columbia University Press 4288:. It was also claimed by 4178: 3699:geographer and traveller 3428:Life in the early kingdom 3211:uninterested in alliances 2786:Henry IV, Duke of Limburg 2122:Christians in Jerusalem. 1360: 1269:in the west. Three other 1262:in the east, and towards 450: 440: 436: 426: 416: 412: 405: 401: 388: 373: 360: 347: 334: 321: 308: 295: 291: 281: 271: 267: 252: 237: 233: 223: 196: 169: 150: 123: 107: 73: 66: 23: 6712:Duchy of the Archipelago 6309:. Clarendon Press, 1989. 6184:Humphreys, R. S. (1997) 5957:(Ashgate: 2006), pg. 45. 5575:, 1998), pp. 3–4, 10–11. 4276:. The title is still in 3631:living alongside native 3331:Prince Edward of England 3269:Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan 3178:monastery of Saint Sabas 2896:Nevertheless, Frederick 2889:, King of Jerusalem and 2617:took control of Aleppo, 2342:and that of her mother. 2276:arrived in Jerusalem on 1906:Fulk was an experienced 1816:Battle of Ager Sanguinis 1349:(reigned 1260–1277) and 1181:vis-à-vis the Ayyubids. 944:Greek Orthodox Patriarch 8886:Former Christian states 8519:Liturgical use of Latin 8145:Pierbattista Pizzaballa 6692:Kingdom of Thessalonica 6626:Principality of Antioch 6598:List of Crusader states 6228:. Ignatius Press, 2003. 6214:Oxford University Press 5396:The Crusades: A History 5385:, 2nd ed., pp. 180-182. 5383:The Crusades: A History 5284:The Crusades: A History 5262:The Crusades: A History 5249:The Crusades: A History 4316:Haute Cour of Jerusalem 3824:in European style with 3539:chancellor of Jerusalem 2800:, where they built the 2424:William V of Montferrat 2308:Bohemond III of Antioch 2251:Battle of Myriokephalon 2144:Bohemond III of Antioch 1930:, and his own relative 1808:Eustace III of Boulogne 1677:Principality of Galilee 1279:Principality of Antioch 151:Official languages 143:(1191–1229 , 1244–1291) 138:(1177-1198 , 1200-1288) 133:(1099–1187 , 1229–1244) 47: 33:Regnum Hierosolymitanum 8866:Middle Ages by country 8781:Western Rite Orthodoxy 8421:Santiago de Compostela 8350:1983 Code of Canon Law 8325:Protestant Reformation 8268:Historical development 8042:Catholicism portal 8018:Order of Saint Lazarus 6814:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek 6717:Triarchy of Negroponte 6697:Principality of Achaea 6685:Duchy of Philippopolis 6524: 6261:Jonathan Riley-Smith, 5273:Humphreys, pp. 111-122 4240:retained the title of 4056:illuminated manuscript 4003: 3965:universities in Europe 3945: 3841: 3714: 3591: 3583:Crusaders coin, Acre, 3576: 3484: 3447: 3336:Second Council of Lyon 3317: 3194:Bohemond VI of Antioch 3018:Henry II, Count of Bar 2925:Bohemund IV of Antioch 2913:Battle of Casal Imbert 2893: 2863:the citizens of Acre. 2709:Fourth Lateran Council 2704: 2662:sack of Constantinople 2484: 2476: 2437: 2322:, whose older brother 2269: 2228:Joscelin III of Edessa 2224:Raymond III of Tripoli 2148:Raymond III of Tripoli 2134:. The Egyptian vizier 2102: 2046: 1903: 1788: 1576: 1133:immediately after the 970:Religious significance 32: 8795:Doctors of the Church 8258:History of the papacy 8117:Patriarch of the West 6804:Bishopric of Courland 6799:Archbishopric of Riga 6523: 6246:Crusader Institutions 5994:Bevan, Bryan (1994). 5615:Ellenblum, pp. 36–37. 5606:Ellenblum, pp. 26–28. 5536:15 April 2008 at the 5525:Fulcher of Chartres, 4781:Tyerman, pp. 344–345. 4772:, 2007), pp. 216–227. 4770:Yale University Press 4710:Tyerman, pp. 207–208. 4633:Tyerman, pp. 201–202. 4474:, pp. 11, 14–15. 4354:Timeline of Jerusalem 4238:Henry II of Jerusalem 4183:Further information: 3998: 3943: 3819: 3705: 3582: 3574: 3504:William of Malmesbury 3472: 3445: 3352:Roger of San Severino 3305: 3293:Melisende of Lusignan 3115:Battle of al-Mansurah 3073:was discussed at the 2982:Amaury VI of Montfort 2898:sent an Imperial army 2880: 2841:Balian, Lord of Sidon 2717:Leopold VI of Austria 2692: 2567:Henry II of Champagne 2531:Richard the Lionheart 2482: 2462: 2432: 2267: 2243:William of Montferrat 2150:were defeated at the 2094: 2054:, whom she set up as 2036: 1994:Conrad III of Germany 1896: 1776: 1763:Battle of al-Sannabra 1570: 1281:(1098–1268), and the 1222:Geographic boundaries 378:2nd Fall of Jerusalem 325:1st Fall of Jerusalem 48:Roiaume de Jherusalem 8826:Kingdom of Jerusalem 8514:Ecclesiastical Latin 8285:Early African church 8253:Apostolic succession 7968:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6915:names in parentheses 6614:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6383:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6344:at Wikimedia Commons 6342:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6252:Jonathan Riley-Smith 6157:Holt, P. M. (1989). 5832:Jonathan Riley-Smith 5345:Powell, pp. 137-195. 4528:Jonathan Riley-Smith 4518:Tyerman, Christopher 4461:. 25 September 2013. 4386:chapter 5, page 118. 4321:History of Palestine 4306:Assizes of Jerusalem 4284:, currently held by 4189:Assizes of Jerusalem 4128:Assizes of Jerusalem 4012:western Gothic style 3985:Art and architecture 3885:in later centuries. 3790:assizes of Jerusalem 3409:Guillaume de Beaujeu 3152:, but John remained 3150:Plaisance of Antioch 3127:Geoffrey of Sergines 3095:Alphonse of Poitiers 2947:, as well as by the 2713:Andrew II of Hungary 2539:Frederick Barbarossa 2514:Conrad of Montferrat 2392:and namesake Baldwin 2336:Raynald of Châtillon 2332:Humphrey IV of Toron 2299:Hugh III of Burgundy 2289:Battle of Montgisard 2255:Raynald of Châtillon 2072:Humphrey II of Toron 1507:Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan 1250:in the north to the 1121:, also known as the 1119:Kingdom of Jerusalem 606:Second Temple Period 312:Capture of Jerusalem 25:Kingdom of Jerusalem 8724:Pre-Tridentine Mass 8335:Counter-Reformation 8097:order of precedence 7988:Knights Hospitaller 6809:Bishopric of Dorpat 6740:Knights Hospitaller 6294:, ed. (1955–1989). 6161:. London: Longman. 6031:Fulcher of Chartres 5943:Benjamin Z. Kedar, 5597:Ellenblum, pp. 5–9. 5178:, pp. 223–231. 5166:, pp. 216–223. 5154:, pp. 212–216. 5142:, pp. 204–210. 5130:, pp. 202–203. 5118:, pp. 192–196. 5106:, pp. 186–192. 5094:, pp. 174–183. 5082:, pp. 170–171. 5039:, pp. 150–158. 5027:, pp. 132–136. 5015:, pp. 122–130. 4967:, pp. 105–106. 4860:Mayer, pp. 119–120. 4764:Jonathan Phillips, 4643:Hans Eberhard Mayer 4601:Collegium Medievale 4554:, pp. 159–160. 4258:Alfonso V of Aragon 4211:Henry IV of England 4203:Alexandrian Crusade 4062:, and the sculpted 3991:Art of the crusades 3976:and the city had a 3828:(1162–75). Center: 3470:wrote around 1124, 3468:Fulcher of Chartres 3307:Krak des Chevaliers 3243:Battle of Ain Jalut 3223:Hethum I of Armenia 3043:Crusade of Louis IX 3027:Richard of Cornwall 2933:Knights Hospitaller 2883:Maria of Montferrat 2873:War of the Lombards 2667:Maria of Montferrat 2637:took possession of 2627:Al-Adil Sayf ad-Din 2589:The Kingdom of Acre 2416:Henry II of England 2412:Philip II of France 2328:Henry II of England 2324:Amalric of Lusignan 2192:Marshall W. Baldwin 2156:Battle of al-Babein 2045:as it appears today 1990:Louis VII of France 1975:Manasses of Hierges 1932:Raymond of Poitiers 1924:Henry II of England 1920:Geoffrey V of Anjou 1918:, as the father of 1853:Morphia of Melitene 1828:Knights Hospitaller 1812:Baldwin of Le Bourg 1685:Baldwin of Boulogne 1673:system of vassalage 1635:al-Afdal Shahanshah 1605:Godfrey of Bouillon 1573:Godfrey of Bouillon 1558:al-Afdal Shahanshah 1459:Council of Clermont 1355:destruction of Acre 1307:Italian city-states 1139:Godfrey of Bouillon 918:Demographic history 247:Godfrey of Bouillon 8581:Extraordinary form 8491:Isidore of Seville 8479:Augustine of Hippo 8456:Hilary of Poitiers 8172:Francesco Moraglia 8154:Filipe Neri Ferrão 7865:Saint Louis Castle 7790:Citadel of Tripoli 6849:Crusading movement 6745:Hospitaller Rhodes 6707:Duchy of Neopatras 6525: 6292:Setton, Kenneth M. 6201:John L. La Monte, 6153:. Routledge, 2000. 6147:Carole Hillenbrand 6061:Usamah ibn-Munqidh 5984:Nader, pp. 170–77. 5975:Nader, pp. 158–170 5779:Ellenblum, pg. 31. 5398:, 2nd ed., p. 182. 4808:Madden, pp. 64–65. 4615:Asbridge, pg. 326. 4542:(Cambridge: 1953). 4286:Felipe VI of Spain 4207:Smyrniote crusades 4172:primus inter pares 4156:Cour des Bourgeois 4135:Cour des Bourgeois 4004: 3946: 3842: 3592: 3577: 3557:Benjamin of Tudela 3547:Usamah ibn Munqidh 3535:archbishop of Tyre 3448: 3340:Isabella of Ibelin 3318: 3273:Isabella of Cyprus 3186:Republic of Ancona 3168:War of Saint Sabas 3119:Battle of Fariskur 3083:Louis IX of France 2970:Count of Champagne 2958:Philip of Montfort 2894: 2853:Gerald of Lausanne 2826:Alice of Champagne 2782:Richard Filangieri 2749:Pelagius of Albano 2705: 2600:Aimery of Lusignan 2485: 2477: 2438: 2274:Philip of Flanders 2270: 2184:Agnes of Courtenay 2103: 2047: 1904: 1840:Republic of Venice 1801:Roger II of Sicily 1797:Adelaide del Vasto 1789: 1730:Sigurd I of Norway 1577: 1403:Benjamin of Tudela 1319:Holy Roman Emperor 1147:siege of Jerusalem 1141:in 1099 until the 896:Al-Quds University 8813: 8812: 8732: 8731: 8646: 8645: 8500: 8499: 8239: 8238: 8050: 8049: 7978:County of Tripoli 7948: 7947: 7875:Scandelion Castle 7194:Caesarea Maritima 7033:Saint Jean d'Acre 6864: 6863: 6831:Free City of Riga 6653:Kingdom of Cyprus 6643:County of Tripoli 6555: 6554: 6481:John I of Brienne 6340:Media related to 6192:Benjamin Z. Kedar 6139:978-1-316-34763-8 6094:978-88-7257-103-3 6075:Secondary sources 6068:). New York, 1929 5966:Nader, pp. 28–30. 5843:Yvonne Friedman, 5650:(Variorum, 1983), 5637:(Variorum, 1983). 5507:, pp. 92–99. 5495:, pp. 85–90. 5465:, pp. 81–85. 5372:, pp. 57–64. 5357:, pp. 55–56. 5319:James M. Powell, 5298:, pp. 40–41. 5238:, pp. 31–33. 5226:, pp. 26–29. 5202:, pp. 25–26. 5066:93 (1978), repr. 4869:Tyerman, pg. 350. 4746:Mayer, pp. 86–88. 4728:Mayer, pp. 83–84. 4719:Mayer, pp. 83–85. 4701:Mayer, pp. 72–77. 4692:Mayer, pp. 71–72. 4498:, pp. 11–14. 4441:Benjamin Z. Kedar 4331:King of Jerusalem 4290:Otto von Habsburg 4274:House of Habsburg 4242:king of Jerusalem 4185:King of Jerusalem 4123:Council of Nablus 4085:officers of state 4064:Nazareth Capitals 4052:Melisende Psalter 4000:Melisende Psalter 3889:Colonies of Genoa 3838:Christian symbols 3745:Benjamin Z. Kedar 3637:Syriac Christians 3443: 3401:Otton de Grandson 3397:Jean I de Grailly 3198:Jacques Pantaleon 3182:John II of Beirut 3134:Henry I of Cyprus 3049:al-Mansur Ibrahim 2990:Walter of Brienne 2822:Henry I of Cyprus 2753:Francis of Assisi 2522:fall of Jerusalem 2507:Reginald of Sidon 2498:Battle of Cresson 2443:Baldwin of Ibelin 2312:Baldwin of Ibelin 2272:Soon afterwards, 2218:or regent during 2108:Manuel I Comnenus 2099:Manuel I Comnenus 2096:Byzantine Emperor 2006:Siege of Damascus 1981:arrived in 1148. 1836:Council of Nablus 1726:across the Jordan 1639:Battle of Ascalon 1544:Fatimid Caliphate 1283:County of Tripoli 1277:(1097–1144), the 1244:Mediterranean Sea 1186:Kingdom of France 1158:Ayyubid Sultanate 1115: 1114: 1052:Greater Jerusalem 876:Hebrew University 719:Before Common Era 703: 702: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 498: 497: 317:15 July 1099 C.E. 254:• 1285–1291 239:• 1099–1100 225:King of Jerusalem 8898: 8803: 8802: 8613:Benedictine Rite 8601: 8600: 8540: 8539: 8531:Liturgical rites 8356: 8355: 8330:Council of Trent 8315:Age of Discovery 8295:East–West Schism 8103: 8102: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8054: 8053: 8040: 8039: 8026: 8016: 8006: 7996: 7986: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7901: 7891: 7885:Sidon Sea Castle 7881: 7871: 7861: 7846: 7830:Deir Kifa Castle 7826: 7821: 7811: 7796: 7786: 7776: 7766: 7756: 7746: 7736: 7713: 7703: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7650: 7635: 7634: 7623: 7622: 7606: 7605: 7594: 7593: 7577: 7572: 7557: 7556: 7540: 7539: 7524: 7523: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7485: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7453: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7401: 7396: 7395: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7342: 7327: 7326: 7315: 7314: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7261: 7260: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7202: 7201: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7169:Belvoir Fortress 7165: 7150: 7145: 7144: 7128: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7086: 7085: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7003: 6909: 6908: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6867: 6824:Order of Dobrzyń 6752:Genoese colonies 6665: 6631:County of Edessa 6582: 6575: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6545: 6544: 6506:John I of Cyprus 6372: 6365: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6339: 6318: 6302: 6287: 6277:Runciman, Steven 6181: 6172: 6143: 6122: 6098: 6066:Kitab al i'tibar 6010: 6009: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5889:, pp. 19–21 5884: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5868:, pp. 81–82 5863: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5752: 5743: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5531:available online 5523: 5517: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5213:God's Battalions 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4905: 4899: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4525: 4515:(Oxford: 2004); 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4270:House of Bourbon 4264:, and after the 4152:Cour des Syriens 4080:feudal lordships 3750:Ronnie Ellenblum 3740:Meron Benvenisti 3629:Latin Christians 3617:Meron Benvenisti 3589: 3586: 3567:Crusader society 3552:Kitab al i'tibar 3523:John of Würzburg 3444: 3385:al-Ashraf Khalil 3360:Sicilian Vespers 3327:besieged Tripoli 3289:Maria of Antioch 3281:Henry of Antioch 3259:Fall of Outremer 3158:Mamluk sultanate 3107:Balian of Beirut 3091:Charles of Anjou 3087:Robert of Artois 3079:Pope Innocent IV 3061:sacked Jerusalem 3013:as-Salih Isma'il 3005:al-Adil abu Bakr 2954:Balian of Beirut 2929:Teutonic Knights 2921:Battle of Agridi 2830:Lusignan dynasty 2810:Teutonic Knights 2790:Hermann of Salza 2701:Giovanni Villani 2571:island of Cyprus 2556:in 1191 and the 2503:Battle of Hattin 2493:Balian of Ibelin 2304:Balian of Ibelin 2188:immediate family 2112:Theodora Comnena 1971:conquered Edessa 1959:John II Comnenus 1936:Hugh II of Jaffa 1751:battles at Ramla 1701:Eastern Orthodox 1653:Daimbert of Pisa 1495:Sultanate of Rum 1467:Byzantine Empire 1351:al-Ashraf Khalil 1291:Byzantine Empire 1287:Armenian Cilicia 1275:County of Edessa 1107: 1100: 1093: 962:Political status 844:Dome of the Rock 616:Aelia Capitolina 592: 591: 565: 542: 541: 528: 527: 520:Mamluk Sultanate 514: 513: 502: 501: 489: 488: 475: 474: 468: 467: 452: 451: 397:18 May 1291 C.E. 380: 286:High Middle Ages 257: 242: 112: 95: 81: 58: 50: 43: 35: 21: 20: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8846:Former kingdoms 8816: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8785: 8728: 8718:Missa Venatoria 8642: 8638:Norbertine Rite 8628:Cistercian Rite 8623:Carthusian Rite 8599: 8576:Tridentine Mass 8572:(Ordinary form) 8570:Mass of Paul VI 8535:Liturgical days 8533: 8525: 8496: 8432: 8354: 8235: 8176: 8137: 8094: 8086: 8081: 8051: 8046: 8034: 8008:Knights Templar 7961: 7959: 7944: 7924: 7904: 7750:Beaufort Castle 7716: 7653: 7629: 7617: 7600: 7588: 7551: 7534: 7518: 7491: 7464: 7412: 7390: 7363: 7360:Castellum Regis 7321: 7309: 7267: 7255: 7233: 7221:Château Pèlerin 7196: 7139: 7097: 7090:Ateret Fortress 7080: 7063: 7056:Apollonia–Arsuf 7036: 7014: 6978: 6958: 6938: 6918: 6903: 6895: 6865: 6860: 6844:Military orders 6835: 6764: 6756: 6702:Duchy of Athens 6666: 6657: 6600: 6591: 6589:Crusader states 6586: 6556: 6551: 6539: 6526: 6515: 6385: 6376: 6332: 6327: 6305:Steven Tibble, 6272:. Oxford, 2002. 6238:. London, 1972. 6220:Pernoud, Régine 6208:Hans E. Mayer, 6169: 6140: 6119: 6095: 6071: 6055:Philip K. Hitti 6041:William of Tyre 6024:Primary sources 6019: 6014: 6013: 6006: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5910: 5906: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5584:Joshua Prawer, 5583: 5579: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5538:Wayback Machine 5524: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5423:Michael Lower, 5422: 5418: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5190:, pp. 4–5. 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4916:John Gillingham 4906: 4902: 4892:Steven Runciman 4890: 4886: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790:Mayer, 108–111. 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683:Madden, pg. 43. 4682: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4598: 4594: 4582: 4578: 4564:William of Tyre 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4536:Steven Runciman 4509:Thomas Asbridge 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4302: 4254:Mary of Antioch 4250:kings of Naples 4246:kings of Cyprus 4191: 4181: 4140:Cour de la Fond 4097:Knights Templar 4076: 4060:British Library 3993: 3987: 3938: 3878:Pactum Warmundi 3814: 3778: 3731: 3615:, R. C. Smail, 3587: 3569: 3531:William of Tyre 3500:Orderic Vitalis 3453:William of Tyre 3432: 3430: 3393:Amalric of Tyre 3344:Balian of Arsuf 3285:Hugh of Brienne 3271:, whose mother 3261: 3255: 3231:Julian of Sidon 3206: 3190:Embriaco family 3170: 3075:Council of Lyon 3045: 2998:Balian of Sidon 2974:King of Navarre 2956:and his nephew 2949:Knights Templar 2887:John of Brienne 2875: 2869: 2778:Pope Gregory IX 2729:Château Pèlerin 2703:(14th century). 2687: 2675:John of Brienne 2608:crusade in 1197 2591: 2578:Treaty of Ramla 2558:Battle of Jaffa 2554:Battle of Arsuf 2535:Philip Augustus 2465:Guy of Lusignan 2457: 2451: 2320:Guy of Lusignan 2210:Miles of Plancy 2204:Peter W. Edbury 2196:Steven Runciman 2177:Sultan of Egypt 2152:Battle of Harim 2128:Amalric invaded 2089: 2068:Helvis of Ramla 2060:Philip of Milly 2015: 1986:meeting in Acre 1891: 1885: 1873:Fulk V of Anjou 1844:Pactum Warmundi 1832:Knights Templar 1824:military orders 1777:The funeral of 1746:crusader states 1744:over the other 1722:crusade of 1101 1714: 1705:Syriac Orthodox 1697:Catholic church 1681:County of Jaffa 1657:Latin Patriarch 1624:crown of thorns 1455: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1372:Syriac Orthodox 1363: 1271:Crusader states 1224: 1123:Crusade Kingdom 1111: 1082: 1081: 1077:Historical maps 1032: 1031: 1022: 1021: 965: 964: 953: 952: 925: 924: 914: 901: 900: 891:Tomb of Lazarus 815: 814: 803: 802: 749: 715: 714: 705: 704: 676:British Mandate 589: 588: 578: 525: 511: 506:Ayyubid dynasty 486: 472: 432:480,000–650,000 429: 419: 394: 381: 376: 366: 364:Barons' Crusade 353: 340: 327: 314: 301: 258: 255: 243: 240: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 157: 146: 139: 134: 119: 103: 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8362: 8360:Apostolic sees 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8310:Western Schism 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8255: 8249: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8206:Constantinople 8203: 8197: 8191: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8109: 8107: 8100: 8088: 8087: 8080: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8057: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8031: 8030: 8028:Teutonic Order 8020: 8010: 8000: 7990: 7980: 7970: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7934: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7862: 7852: 7847: 7837: 7835:Hasbaya Castle 7832: 7827: 7812: 7802: 7797: 7787: 7777: 7767: 7757: 7747: 7737: 7726: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7704: 7694: 7684: 7674: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7639:Khirbat Jiddin 7636: 7624: 7607: 7595: 7578: 7558: 7541: 7528:Tel Tanninim ( 7525: 7508: 7503: 7486: 7476: 7454: 7444: 7434: 7424: 7402: 7385: 7375: 7353: 7343: 7328: 7316: 7299: 7262: 7250: 7245: 7228: 7218: 7203: 7191: 7176: 7166: 7151: 7129: 7114: 7109: 7087: 7075: 7053: 7026: 7011:Casal Imbertia 7004: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6786:Livonian Order 6783: 6781:Teutonic Order 6771: 6769: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6610: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6331: 6330:External links 6328: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6303: 6288: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6249: 6239: 6229: 6217: 6206: 6199: 6189: 6182: 6173: 6167: 6154: 6144: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6099: 6093: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6070: 6069: 6052: 6038: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6004: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5936: 5927: 5917: 5904: 5891: 5887:Verlinden 1970 5879: 5870: 5866:Verlinden 1970 5858: 5849: 5836: 5824: 5803: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5714: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5665: 5652: 5639: 5626: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5577: 5564: 5551: 5542: 5518: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5455: 5453:, pp. 784-803. 5442: 5440:, pp. 770-771. 5429: 5416: 5414:, pp. 725-726. 5400: 5387: 5374: 5359: 5347: 5338: 5325: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5286:, pp. 153-160. 5275: 5266: 5253: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5053: 5051:, p. 161. 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 5003:, p. 118. 4993: 4991:, p. 115. 4981: 4979:, p. 101. 4969: 4957: 4945: 4943:, p. 158. 4933: 4920: 4900: 4884: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4837: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4799:Mayer, pg. 112 4792: 4783: 4774: 4757: 4755:Mayer, pg. 92. 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4660: 4651: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4606:, pp. 163–178. 4592: 4576: 4556: 4544: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4449: 4445:The Samaritans 4433: 4426: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4382:Frank McLynn, 4374: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4294:kings of Italy 4262:kings of Spain 4180: 4177: 4144:Cour de la Mer 4101:Tower of David 4075: 4072: 3989:Main article: 3986: 3983: 3937: 3934: 3826:Holy Sepulchre 3813: 3810: 3805:Bedouin tribes 3777: 3774: 3755:John of Ibelin 3730: 3727: 3568: 3565: 3429: 3426: 3364:Odo Poilechien 3279:, her husband 3257:Main article: 3254: 3251: 3215:sacked Baghdad 3205: 3202: 3169: 3166: 3044: 3041: 3009:as-Salih Ayyub 2978:Peter of Dreux 2881:Coronation of 2871:Main article: 2868: 2865: 2849:an-Nasir Dawud 2686: 2683: 2658:Fourth Crusade 2619:al-Aziz Uthman 2606:. Henry led a 2590: 2587: 2518:Constantinople 2453:Main article: 2450: 2447: 2355:Belvoir Castle 2293:levee-en-masse 2088: 2085: 2076:Tower of David 2056:Count of Jaffa 2039:Tower of David 2024:Battle of Inab 2014: 2011: 1979:Second Crusade 1916:Angevin Empire 1900:Petit Larousse 1889:Second Crusade 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1820:Battle of Azaz 1781:from the book 1713: 1710: 1499:Kilij Arslan I 1451:Main article: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1362: 1359: 1303:King of Cyprus 1223: 1220: 1127:Crusader state 1113: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1017:US recognition 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 966: 960: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 949:Crusader kings 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 908: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 852: 851: 849:Al-Aqsa Mosque 846: 832: 827: 822: 816: 810: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 754: 753: 748: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 721: 720: 716: 712: 711: 710: 707: 706: 701: 700: 697: 696: 685:Modern period 682: 681: 678: 672: 671: 668: 662: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 628: 622: 621: 618: 612: 611: 608: 602: 601: 598: 590: 587: 586: 585: 584: 572: 571: 570: 567: 566: 558: 557: 551: 550: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 522: 516: 515: 508: 499: 496: 495: 493:Jund al-Urdunn 490: 482: 481: 476: 464: 463: 458: 448: 447: 442: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 427: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 389: 386: 385: 382: 374: 371: 370: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 348: 345: 344: 341: 335: 332: 331: 330:2 October 1187 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 309: 306: 305: 302: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 282:Historical era 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 253: 250: 249: 244: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 198: 194: 193: 171: 167: 166: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 136:Holy Sepulchre 127: 125: 121: 120: 113: 105: 104: 97: 90: 89: 83: 76: 75: 74: 71: 70: 64: 63: 60: 59: 44: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8903: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8806: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8704:Missa Nautica 8701: 8699: 8698:Gallican Rite 8696: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8555:Rite of Braga 8553: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8300:Scholasticism 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:First Martyrs 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8263:Papal primacy 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8093: 8092:Patriarchates 8089: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8071: 8066: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7969: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7780:Byblos Castle 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7760:Beirut Castle 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7667:Ajloun Castle 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7515:Blanche Garde 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7495: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248:Castle Arnold 7246: 7243: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6522: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6279:(1951–1954). 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6242:Joshua Prawer 6240: 6237: 6233: 6232:Joshua Prawer 6230: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6168:9780582493025 6164: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6118:0-521-59984-9 6114: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6007: 6005:0-948695-35-8 6001: 5997: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5931: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5764:Joshua Prawer 5761: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5719: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5675: 5674:The Crusaders 5669: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5394:Riley-Smith, 5391: 5384: 5381:Riley-Smith, 5378: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5310:, p. 48. 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5282:Riley-Smith, 5279: 5270: 5263: 5260:Riley-Smith, 5257: 5250: 5247:Riley-Smith, 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5176:Hamilton 2000 5172: 5165: 5164:Hamilton 2000 5160: 5153: 5152:Hamilton 2000 5148: 5141: 5140:Hamilton 2000 5136: 5129: 5128:Hamilton 2000 5124: 5117: 5116:Hamilton 2000 5112: 5105: 5104:Hamilton 2000 5100: 5093: 5092:Hamilton 2000 5088: 5081: 5080:Hamilton 2000 5076: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5049:Hamilton 2000 5045: 5038: 5037:Hamilton 2000 5033: 5026: 5025:Hamilton 2000 5021: 5014: 5013:Hamilton 2000 5009: 5002: 5001:Hamilton 2000 4997: 4990: 4989:Hamilton 2000 4985: 4978: 4977:Hamilton 2000 4973: 4966: 4965:Hamilton 2000 4961: 4955:, p. 93. 4954: 4953:Hamilton 2000 4949: 4942: 4941:Hamilton 2000 4937: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4908:Hans E. Mayer 4904: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4840: 4838:9781317876021 4834: 4830: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4668:Thomas Madden 4664: 4655: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4429: 4427:9789400747685 4423: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4348:Terra Mariana 4346: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282:Spanish Crown 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4158:(or even the 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024:Oultrejordain 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3736:Joshua Prawer 3726: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613:Joshua Prawer 3609: 3608:René Grousset 3604: 3602: 3597: 3581: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3543:Albert of Aix 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3405:Roger de Flor 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3162:John of Arsuf 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:Guy of Ibelin 3100: 3099:John of Jaffa 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071:A new crusade 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2994:John of Arsuf 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2915:in May 1232. 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2814:Sixth Crusade 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2736:Fifth Crusade 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2696:Nuova Cronica 2691: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2546:lengthy siege 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Third Crusade 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2455:Third Crusade 2446: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420:Thomas Becket 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2340:Ibelin family 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200:Hans E. Mayer 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2160:Maria Komnene 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126:in response, 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:Ibelin family 2061: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767:Thomas Madden 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:Seljuk Empire 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:Pope Urban II 1460: 1454: 1453:First Crusade 1442: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401:According to 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374:, as well as 1373: 1369: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:First Crusade 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1199:lingua franca 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175:Sixth Crusade 1172: 1169:control over 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151:Third Crusade 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:First Crusade 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 997:Jerusalem Day 995: 993: 992:Jerusalem Law 990: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 967: 963: 957: 956: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 919: 916: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 904: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 840: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 813: 807: 806: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 751: 750: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 717: 709: 708: 698: 694: 690: 686: 684: 683: 679: 677: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 663: 659: 657: 656:Late Medieval 654: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 633: 629: 627: 624: 623: 619: 617: 614: 613: 610:538 BCE–70 CE 609: 607: 604: 603: 599: 597: 596:City of David 594: 593: 583: 580: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 568: 564: 560: 559: 556: 553: 552: 548: 544: 543: 523: 521: 518: 517: 509: 507: 504: 503: 500: 494: 491: 484: 483: 480: 479:Jund Filastin 477: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 425: 421: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 396: 393: 387: 383: 379: 372: 368: 365: 359: 355: 352: 351:Sixth Crusade 346: 342: 339: 338:Third Crusade 333: 329: 326: 320: 316: 313: 307: 303: 300: 299:First Crusade 294: 290: 287: 284: 280: 277: 274: 270: 266: 263: 260: 251: 248: 245: 236: 232: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 163:lingua franca 160: 156: 153: 149: 142: 137: 132: 129: 128: 126: 122: 117: 111: 106: 100: 94: 86: 80: 72: 65: 56: 49: 45: 41: 34: 30: 29: 22: 19: 8764:Titular sees 8716: 8709: 8702: 8681:Hereford Use 8658:African Rite 8588:Anglican Use 8280:Great Church 8127: 8084:Latin Church 7967: 7956:Associations 7937: 7917: 7850:Mseilha Fort 7800:Dubay Castle 7677:Kerak Castle 7642: 7613: 7584: 7564: 7547: 7529: 7514: 7511:Tell es-Safi 7460: 7440: 7430: 7408: 7381: 7359: 7350:Château Neuf 7349: 7334: 7305: 7157: 7136:Beth Gibelin 7135: 7120: 7059: 7032: 7010: 6995: 6971: 6951: 6931: 6914: 6819:Dobrzyń Land 6735:Stato da Màr 6613: 6396: 6382: 6314: 6306: 6295: 6280: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6245: 6235: 6223: 6210:The Crusades 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188:, SUNY Press 6185: 6177: 6158: 6150: 6128: 6107: 6084: 6058: 6044: 6034: 5995: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5930: 5920: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5894: 5882: 5873: 5861: 5852: 5844: 5839: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5738: 5729: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5567: 5554: 5545: 5526: 5521: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5411: 5395: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5350: 5341: 5333: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5248: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4912:The Crusades 4911: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4828: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4765: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4654: 4647:The Crusades 4646: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4590:, pp. 83–86. 4587: 4584: 4579: 4567: 4559: 4552:Tyerman 2006 4547: 4539: 4531: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4296:until 1946. 4277: 4268:both by the 4230:Fall of Ruad 4227: 4192: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4093:Temple Mount 4077: 4036: 4005: 3947: 3914: 3887: 3876: 3843: 3803:The nomadic 3802: 3787: 3779: 3768:(1289), and 3759: 3732: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3626: 3621:Claude Cahen 3605: 3593: 3550: 3517:, the Frank 3515:Abbot Daniel 3496: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3413: 3389:besiege Acre 3380:Tripoli fell 3347: 3319: 3276: 3264: 3262: 3253:Fall of Acre 3207: 3171: 3153: 3137: 3131: 3069: 3053:Khwarazmians 3046: 3035: 3032: 3023: 3002: 2962: 2917: 2895: 2861: 2838: 2818: 2770: 2762:Frederick II 2733: 2706: 2694: 2655: 2612: 2592: 2575: 2550: 2543: 2511: 2486: 2439: 2408: 2400: 2380: 2376: 2348: 2344: 2297: 2282: 2271: 2232: 2214: 2212:was briefly 2208: 2181: 2174: 2124: 2120: 2104: 2048: 2016: 1983: 1944: 1939: 1905: 1898: 1805: 1790: 1782: 1736:(1110), and 1715: 1650:papal legate 1647: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1593:was captured 1578: 1535: 1491:Malik-Shah I 1456: 1418: 1400: 1364: 1322:Frederick II 1252:Sinai Desert 1225: 1197: 1183: 1155: 1143:fall of Acre 1122: 1118: 1116: 1047:Municipality 1030:Other topics 1012:Islamization 980:Christianity 886:Biblical Zoo 856:Western Wall 835:Temple Mount 636:Early Muslim 461:Succeeded by 460: 455: 428:• 1180 418:• 1131 392:Fall of Acre 384:15 July 1244 209:Governorship 182:Samaritanism 174:Christianity 85:Royal banner 18: 8744:Latin cross 8711:Missa sicca 8676:Durham Rite 8671:Celtic Rite 8226:(1555–1663) 8214:(1524–1963) 8212:West Indies 8208:(1204–1964) 8202:(1098–1964) 8196:(1276–1964) 8163:Rui Valério 8150:East Indies 7614:La Sephorie 7561:Tel Yokneam 7530:Torin Selin 7506:Tel Hanaton 7378:Migdal Afek 7154:Beit She'an 7132:Bayt Jibrin 6547:Catholicism 6535:Family tree 6486:Isabella II 6426:Baldwin III 5505:Edbury 1991 5493:Edbury 1991 5463:Edbury 1991 5370:Edbury 1991 5355:Edbury 1991 5308:Edbury 1991 5296:Edbury 1991 5236:Edbury 1991 5224:Edbury 1991 5200:Edbury 1991 5188:Edbury 1991 4280:use by the 4199:the Balkans 3974:scriptorium 3961:Baldwin III 3926:mercenaries 3883:Renaissance 3865:spice trade 3588: 1230 3387:arrived to 3239:Möngke Khan 3077:in 1245 by 2986:the crusade 2966:Theobald IV 2766:rising Nile 2758:al-Mansurah 2721:Mount Tabor 2679:Isabella II 2643:Transjordan 2635:al-Mu'azzam 2582:pilgrimages 2563:Hashshashin 2473:Jan Lievens 2435:Elzear Horn 1940:in absentia 1877:Baldwin III 1633:army under 1551:al-Musta'li 1461:in 1095 by 1413:and 300 in 1338:Khwarezmian 1326:a civil war 1242:. From the 1173:during the 1007:Judaization 939:Grand Mufti 934:Chief Rabbi 456:Preceded by 272:Legislature 213:Imperialism 205:Aristocracy 8820:Categories 8565:Roman Rite 8446:Tertullian 8345:Vatican II 8232:(560–1451) 8220:(560–1751) 8194:Alexandria 7707:Vaux Moise 7627:Umm Khalid 7441:Beauverium 7117:Bayt 'Itab 6496:Conrad III 6456:Isabella I 6436:Baldwin IV 6411:Baldwin II 6103:Gil, Moshe 6057:, trans., 5820:Mussulmans 4524:. Penguin. 4365:References 4221:until the 4215:pilgrimage 4160:Haute Cour 4115:haute cour 4110:haute cour 3930:Turcopoles 3729:Population 3701:Ibn Jubayr 3697:Andalusian 3561:Ibn Jubayr 3527:Theoderich 3219:and Aleppo 3036:Haute Cour 2935:, and the 2802:sea castle 2596:suzerainty 2318:newcomer, 2278:pilgrimage 2220:Baldwin IV 2062:; and the 2020:pilgrimage 2002:Nur ad-Din 1912:pilgrimage 1742:suzerainty 1513:inherited 1396:Samaritans 1297:caliph in 1208:Christians 1194:Old French 861:Synagogues 752:Common Era 630:325–638 CE 620:130–325 CE 407:Population 276:Haute Cour 197:Government 159:Old French 99:Royal arms 55:Old French 8686:Sarum Use 8593:Zaire Use 8340:Vatican I 8141:Jerusalem 7805:Gibelacar 7610:Sepphoris 7405:Qalansawe 7265:Jerusalem 7253:Ein Hemed 7121:Bethaatap 6996:Fontenoid 6992:Abu Ghosh 6491:Conrad II 6441:Baldwin V 6416:Melisende 6406:Baldwin I 6299:(6 vols.) 6284:(3 vols.) 6105:(1997) . 5810:Michaud, 5451:God's War 5449:Tyerman, 5438:God's War 5436:Tyerman, 5412:God's War 5410:Tyerman, 5264:, p. 150. 4496:Holt 1989 4472:Holt 1989 4370:Citations 4228:With the 4225:in 1918. 4043:Byzantine 3949:Jerusalem 3936:Education 3846:Palestine 3519:Fretellus 3217:in 1258, 3111:Turanshah 2857:interdict 2845:al-Ashraf 2774:Conrad IV 2715:and Duke 2631:al-Jazira 2385:during a 2259:Baldwin V 2043:Jerusalem 2013:Civil war 1928:Constance 1869:Melisende 1779:Baldwin I 1718:Baldwin I 1712:Expansion 1589:Bethlehem 1475:Holy Land 1409:, 200 in 1357:in 1291. 1236:Palestine 1171:Jerusalem 1153:in 1192. 1067:Transport 1062:City Line 689:Jordanian 680:1917–1948 670:1517–1917 660:1187–1517 650:1099–1187 626:Byzantine 555:Jerusalem 369:1239–1241 356:1228–1229 343:1189–1192 304:1096–1099 217:Feudalism 170:Religion 131:Jerusalem 116:Near East 69:1192–1291 67:1099–1187 8805:Category 8737:See also 8691:York Use 8667:British 8506:Language 8414:Barnabas 8385:Syracuse 8320:Humanism 8305:Crusades 8224:Ethiopia 8218:Aquileia 8190:(?−1964) 8188:Carthage 8129:cathedra 7840:Moinetre 7770:Belhacem 7687:Montreal 7598:Tiberias 7489:Tel Afek 7409:Calanson 7388:Montfort 7231:Destroit 7206:Cafarlet 6898:Crusader 6854:Crusades 6732:Venetian 6511:Henry II 6461:Conrad I 6379:Monarchs 5996:Henry IV 5950:Speculum 5676:pg. 172. 5672:Pernoud 5534:Archived 4914:(trans. 4520:(2006). 4484:Gil 1997 4311:Crusades 4300:See also 4278:de facto 4272:and the 4020:Montreal 3978:chancery 3969:crusader 3918:caravans 3853:textiles 3794:villeins 3764:(1268), 3723:dragoman 3707:We left 3480:Chartres 3372:Henry II 3146:Conradin 2941:Caesarea 2834:Limassol 2806:Montfort 2745:al-Kamil 2740:Damietta 2725:Caesarea 2651:Samosata 2647:al-Kamil 2623:al-Afdal 2615:az-Zahir 2604:Henry VI 2489:Tiberias 2316:Poitevin 2239:Isabella 2169:Damietta 1998:Damascus 1955:Damascus 1908:crusader 1857:Hodierna 1830:and the 1755:Damascus 1693:monarchy 1679:and the 1669:Tiberias 1645:itself. 1631:Egyptian 1616:princeps 1562:Artuqids 1523:Kerbogha 1519:Damascus 1503:Tutush I 1479:Anatolia 1411:Caesarea 1386:, spoke 1289:and the 1125:, was a 1002:Quds Day 830:Old City 646:Crusader 640:638–1099 600:1000 BCE 582:Timeline 547:a series 545:Part of 441:Currency 262:Henry II 201:Monarchy 141:Nazareth 118:in 1135. 8793:* also 8651:Defunct 8543:Current 8462:Ambrose 8451:Cyprian 8290:Vulgate 8245:History 8200:Antioch 8181:Defunct 8124:Francis 8106:Current 7815:Coliath 7740:Batroun 7722:Lebanon 7697:Tafilah 7565:Caymont 7548:Belmont 7382:Mirabel 7356:Mi'ilya 7179:Burgata 7158:Bethsan 7078:Ascalon 6767:Livonia 6762:Prussia 6619:vassals 6466:Henry I 6446:Sibylla 6431:Amalric 6394:Godfrey 6381:of the 6051:, 1943. 6017:Sources 5211:Stark, 4213:made a 4068:Mamluks 4047:Islamic 4039:Western 3869:oranges 3812:Economy 3776:Slavery 3766:Tripoli 3762:Antioch 3653:Bedouin 3647:Arabs, 3596:knights 3368:John II 3356:Qalawun 3227:Kitbuqa 3213:. They 3204:Mongols 3142:Hugh II 3065:Baibars 3057:Mongols 2909:Genoese 2905:in Acre 2902:commune 2469:Saladin 2403:Bedouin 2363:Red Sea 2361:on the 2235:Sibylla 2165:Saladin 2140:Shirkuh 2132:Bilbeis 2052:Amalric 1761:at the 1716:During 1643:Ascalon 1637:at the 1628:Fatimid 1541:Shi'ite 1435:History 1420:Tolidah 1415:Ascalon 1347:Baibars 1330:Ayyubid 1299:Baghdad 1295:Abbasid 1264:Fatimid 1240:Lebanon 1216:Italian 1212:Muslims 1196:as the 1162:Saladin 1057:Cuisine 975:Judaism 881:Knesset 866:Mosques 839:Al-Aqsa 735:587 BCE 730:597 BCE 725:701 BCE 666:Ottoman 576:History 422:250,000 390:• 375:• 362:• 349:• 336:• 323:• 310:• 297:• 241:(First) 190:Druzism 178:Judaism 124:Capital 8759:Turkey 8754:Latins 8605:Orders 8473:Jerome 8168:Venice 8159:Lisbon 8126:(with 7965: 7930:Turkey 7855:Nephin 7659:Jordan 7585:Ibelin 7461:Saphet 7437:Qastal 7331:Latrun 7306:Caypha 7007:Achziv 6984:Israel 6964:Greece 6924:Cyprus 6672:Greece 6636:Marash 6606:Levant 6501:Hugh I 6471:Aimery 6165: 6136: 6115: 6091: 6002: 4835: 4424: 4234:Cyprus 4179:Legacy 4089:Nablus 4045:, and 4028:Ibelin 3957:nobles 3922:Arabia 3898:slaves 3893:Venice 3861:cotton 3850:woolen 3834:bezant 3822:Denier 3782:slaves 3709:Tibnin 3619:, and 3601:feudal 3512:Kievan 3510:, the 3508:Sæwulf 3492:Arabic 3476:Rheims 3464:Franks 3376:Marqab 3348:bailli 3277:bailli 3265:bailli 3235:Hulagu 3154:bailli 3138:bailli 3105:, and 3093:, and 2996:, and 2980:, and 2943:, and 2931:, the 2927:, the 2804:, and 2788:, and 2520:. 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