Kingdom of Beni Abbas

2009:

who was extending his alliances and influence. Ahmed encouraged the French to conduct the Iron Gates expedition in October 1839, to take control of this strategic route through the Biban mountains. Ahmed ensured that his vassals in the area allowed the French army to pass through unmolested. Using this route allowed the French to take more effective control of the area and to link Algiers with Constantine. Abdesselem Mokrani was left with no real support, Ahmed Mokrani had rebuilt his domain with French assistance. Emir Abdelkader considered the Iron Gates to be part of his own territory and therefore declared war on France and on the local chiefs who supported her. The resulting conflict had serious consequences for the Medjana, and Ahmed Mokrani, allied to the French, was forced to retreat into the

90: 1936:. In the east, the "djouad" were more firmly established, as was the Beylik of Constantine. The resilience of the beylik was largely due to the flexible policies of Ahmed Bey and his advisors, who relied on the leading feudal chieftains. Nevertheless, even here there was a tribal rebellion against him. This divided the Mokrani family, as Abdesselem Mokrani supported the rebels in the name of Ben Abdallah Mokrani, Sheikh of the Medjana. His cousin and rival Ahmed Mokrani, however, remained loyal to Ahmed Bey. He and other chiefs allied to the Bey, including sheikh Bengana, managed to win back or bribe various rebel tribes, so that their insurrection came to nothing. 1507: 1307: 2469: 97: 273: 2145: 2298:

by his military success, was able to require Algiers to pay him the "ouadia" to secure passage of its troops, merchants and dignitaries because of his control of the Iron Gates pass through the Biban mountains. This was the only instance in the country where the Turkish-held cities paid tribute to the local tribespeople. This relative independence continued until the end of the 18th century, when divisions and internal battles among the Mokranis meant that most of them ended up as vassals of Constantine, which granted them titles of caïd and assigned them to rule over tribes in the

1772:

wanted him to allow its armies to cross his territory in order to link Algiers with Constantine, particularly through the strategic pass known as "the iron gates" in the Biban mountains. Having defeated Algiers, he reinstituted the "ouadia", a system which required Algiers to pay him if it wished to move its troops across his land. This arrangement remained in place until the fall of the Regency of Algiers in 1830. The origins of the ouadia lay in the victory of the Aït Abbas over the Turks in 1553 and 1554, which had effectively made the Mokranis lords of the

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the Aït Abbas tribe itself was founded at the same time as the Kalâa, shortly after the fall of Béjaïa to the Spanish in 1510. The Hafsid emirs of Béjaïa set themselves up on the Kalâa and gathered around them a new tribe of loyalists in their chosen centre of power. In the 17th century, kabyle society was profoundly changed by the influx of people fleeing the authority of the Regency; this helped to give it the characteristics of an overpopulated mountain region which it was to retain until the period of independence.

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Algiers recognised his independence, renouncing their claim that the tribes under Mokrani control needed to pay taxes to Algiers. Each year, the "Sheikh of the Medjana" was to receive a kaftan of honour from Algiers together with gifts recognising his independence. This diplomatic solution allied the Turks to find pretexts for intervening in Mokrani affairs or demanding support for a faction favourable to them. The territory of El Hadj Bouzid was a state-within-a-state of the Ottoman domains.

350: 2617:. The land was mountainous with little arable space, and agriculture was vulnerable to natural disasters such as drought as well as political events such as armed conflict. This fragile system maintained its viability through specific forms of social organisation, including how land was inherited. While horticulture and arboriculture were key activities however, the poverty of resources meant that there was also a great deal of artisanal and commercial activity in the region. 2344: 1639: 1957: 2572: 1780: 298: 1588: 2384:

Abbas, Hachem and Ayad tribes were recognised as tributaries of the Mokrani, and the Deys of Algiers tacitly recognised the independence of the Mokranis by not demanding tax revenues from these tribes. The kabyle "village republics" based in their "tajamâat" were neither an immutable structure in kabyle society nor a form of kabyle particularism but a result of the fall of the Hafsid state in the region.

2180:, with 150,000 Kabylies under arms at the height of the rebellion. However, divisions between feudal and religious leaders, as well as mistrust between tribes, meant that these forces could not be mobilised to strike decisively against the French. Even with much inferior forces, the better-armed French were able to relieve towns under siege. Mohamed Mokrani died on 5 May 1871 at Oued Soufflat, near 1683:. The date of these expeditions is generally held to be around 1573. This period marks the high point of the kingdom in terms of its governance and the administration of its territories. Ahmed Amokrane was bold enough to send his own son to Algiers in 1580 to welcome the newly arrived Jaafar Pasha. By 1590, his influence was such that whole tribes paid tribute to him rather than to Algiers. 2489: 2124:

fee in return for bearing letters or orders from the administration (formerly, on behalf of the Bey). These measures provoked discontent among the traditional chiefs allied to France, but they still sought to avoid armed conflict and hoped that the French would continue to let them administer the territory. The reassuring official statements from the French government and from

1400:,(High Plains) to Béjaïa. Abderahmane chose the site for security reasons. His son Ahmed became famous for his religious status with the Kabylian and Arab tribes in the region who settled in the Kalâa, fleeing the relative chaos in the country. Benefiting from growing support among the surrounding tribes, he proclaimed himself "Sultan of the Kalâa". He was buried in 2640:. The scarcity of arable soil compelled the peasants to exploit the smallest plots. Trees and grasses played a key role, allowing them to produce fruits and olive oil and raise cattle, sheep and goats. Links with the landowners of the plains kept them provisioned with wheat and barley, their staple foods. A junior marabout branch of the Mokrani family, near 1331: 1270:, but were still described as sultans or kings of the Beni Abbés. At the end of the eighteenth century, the kingdom led by the Mokrani family (Amokrane) broke up into several clans, some of which became vassals of the Regency of Algiers. However, the Sheikh of the Medjana maintained himself at the head of his principality as a tributary of the 1948:. Ahmed Mokrani was appointed sheikh of the Medjana by Ahmed Bey, in the place of Ben Abdallah Mokrani who soon died. Ahmed Mokrani took part in the defence of Constantine in 1836, and again when the city fell to the French in 1837. His rival Abdesselem Mokrani, took advantage of the chaos to escape from Constantine in 1837. 1548:. He feared that their ambition to control the country would end up making his kingdom a target and considered it a political mistake to have favored them through the two expeditions. The narratives of the Aït Abbas report that the rupture was linked to an attempt by the Regency of Algiers to have Abdelaziz assassinated by 2624:) to the south, which was more extensive and more fertile than their home territory. Here, at a large scale, they cultivated olives for their oil which was traded as well as used in local crafts. Cereals, figs and grapes were also grown and dried for storage and trade. Their territory also produced a great quantity of 1281:, some Mokrani took the side of the colonisers, while others sided with the resistance. The French relied on local lords to strengthen their hold in the region, maintaining an appearance of autonomy in the region under its traditional leaders until 1871. Its sovereigns assumed various titles, successively sultan, 2086: 2297:

in 1552. However, despite these alliances, there were many armed conflicts in the late 16th and the early 17th centuries. Algiers could not succeed in taking the Kalâa, and had to content itself with receiving tribute in recognition of its pre-eminence. In the 17th-century sultan Bouzid, strengthened

1858:

The Turks in Algiers wanted revenge for a massacre in 1737, when an entire column of their troops and its commander had been slaughtered by the "Sheikh of the Medjana" in retaliation for a crime of honour. Allied with the Ouled Gandouz and exploiting divisions between Bourenane et Abdesselam Mokrani,

1817:

The Berbers sought to negotiate with the duke of Beaufort, who was dug in around Djidjelli, but he rejected their peace proposals. The expedition ended with victory for the Berbers and Turks and a major defeat for Louis XIV, whose armies abandoned their artillery. The Mokranis took the cannon away to

1755:

His successor was Sidi Naceur Mokrani, who was very religious and surrounded himself with scholars and students of Islam, neglecting the affairs of his kingdom. This provoked the anger of his military commanders and of the merchants of Aït Abbas. Sidi Naceur was ambushed and assassinated in 1620. His

2238:

in Algiers, he gradually established relations with the Spanish based in Béjaïa, and eventually entered into a formal alliance with them. This provoked the hostility of the Regency of Algiers which sent an expedition against him in 1516, prompting him to break the alliance with Spain. After the fall

1890:

By this means the Mokrani became vassals of the Bey of Constantine, though with unusual arrangements. Rather than paying tribute to him, they received it in the form of the "ouadia", which gave him the right to march his troops over their land. He recognised the right of the Sheikh of the Medjana to

1455:

brothers because his kingdom was not oriented towards the sea. The Barbarossa brothers, wishing to isolate the Spaniards, attacked Abdelaziz and met him around Bejaïa in 1516. Faced with the technical superiority of their firearms, Abdelaziz submitted to them and preferred to break the alliance with

2760:

The forests of Kabylie allowed for the extraction of timber, used in the craft manufacture of doors, roofs, furniture and chests and exported to the shipyards of the Tunisian, Egyptian and Ottoman navies. Local wool supported cottage industries, mostly of women, in the making of clothes such as the

2528:. The surprising degree of literacy and the flourishing of a written culture may be attributed in part to the way urban elites from the coastal cities used the mountains as a refuge in hostile political conditions. Links with Béjaïa were important in this respect, as was the influx of refugees from 2404:

For their part, following on the practices of their ancestors (in Berber "imgharen Naït Abbas"), the Mokranis helped the local population by providing a minimum level of assistance to those who came to the Kalâa to seek help. This tradition dated back to the first Aït Abbas princes. It appears that

2330:

dissipated after the death of Ahmed Amokrane and his successor Sidi Naceur abandoned the South, where henceforth the Douaouida chief Ahmed Ben Ali, known as Bou Okkaz, who dominated the region. he gave his daughter in marriage to Sidi Naceur and his grandson Ben Sakheri was the victor at the battle

2288:

In the 16th century, the sultan of the Kalâa was a source of constant concern to the Regency of Algiers, considering his important influence in Kabylie, the high plateau of the interior and the Sahara. They were briefly allies in the early 16th century when the Kingdom of Kuku occupied Algiers from

2123:

Finally, the "oukil" or local agents of the Mokrani were replaced by caïds or sheikhs appointed directly by the colonial administration. 1859 and 1860 saw the suppression of the right of feudal lords to administer and the right to the "khedma", which traditionally allowed the beneficiary to claim a

2053:

and the Biban mountains were detached from his command and placed under the authority of more pliable nobles or caïds. In 1849, the tribes of the Hodna were similarly removed from his control. It was against this background that one of the leading figures of kabylie resistance to the French emerged

1972:

arrived in the Biban mountains to organise the administration of a region he considered to be part of his realm, each of the rivals offered allegiance to him if he would agree to their respective terms. As Abdesselem Mokrani was in a better position, it was he whom Abdelkader recognised as "khalifa

1886:

Before his death in 1783, El hadj Bouzid Mokrani married his daughter Daïkra to the Bey of Constantine, Ahmed el Kolli. He was succeeded by his brother, Abdessalam Mokrani, while his eldest son became heir apparent. The Ouled Bourenane and Ouled Gandouz rebelled however, and this provided a pretext

1882:

order so that they could form a united front against the Turks. They defeated them, demolished the fort at Bordj Bou Arreridj and sent the surviving janissaries back to Algiers with a letter affirming Mokrani independence. El hadj Bouzid Mokrani resumed authority over the Medjana and the Regency of

1559:

Salah Raïs, for fear the reputation of Sultan Abdelaziz would increase, launched an expedition in late 1552 and reached the Boni Mountains near the Kalâa by winter. Abdelaziz's brother, Sidi Fadel, died in battle, but the snow prevented the Turks from advancing further and exploiting their victory.

2631:

These conditions allowed for division of labour and specialism between the mountainous areas and the plains, with exchange taking place principally in the market towns. In times of peace, this trade was of great benefit to the Kabyles. Agricultural work was undertaken almost exclusively within the

2562:

Among the Aït Yaala, libraries were known in kabyle as "tarma". This word is certainly of Mediterranean origin and is used from Iraq to Peru to designate libraries. It is testament not only to the cultural enrichment brought to the region by refugees from Andalusia and of literati from Béjaïa, but

2400:

launched his revolt in 1871. Support was not uniform however. Hocine El Wartilani, an 18th-century thinker from the Aït Ourtilane tribe, issued a formal opinion in 1765, circulated among the kabyles under Mokrani rule, which said they had grown tyrannical to the people to avenge themselves for the

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and Abdeldjebbar. Both Kuku and the Kingdom of Ait Abbas came into being in a society where the norm was for small self-governing 'republics', jealously guarding their independence. There were however earlier historic examples of larger Kabyle polities being formed; for example, during the Hafsid

2008:

In 1838 Abdesselem Mokrani was dismissed by Emir Abdelkader and replaced by his "khodja" (secretary), a man of marabout rather than noble pedigree. This was considered an affront for a "djouad", but was accepted by Abdesselem Mokrani as a means of blocking the advances of his cousin Ahmed Mokrani

1924:

spread rapidly across the country, carried by defeated tribesmen returning to their homelands. As the Turkish elite enjoyed no public sympathy, a series of uprisings threatened the foundations of Algerian society. This period of turbulence saw the strengthening of traditional tribal confederations

1854:

After the death of Bouzid Mokrani in 1734, his son El hadj Bouzid Mokrani came to power after his older brother Aderrebou Mokrani renounced the succession. He was opposed by two other brothers, Bourenane and Abdesselam Mokrani and by his cousin Aziz ben Gandouz Mokrani, son of Mohammed-el-Gandouz.

1767:

against the Pasha of Algiers. This led to the Beys of Constantine becoming effectively independent of Ottoman rule from Algiers. Si Betka Mokrani simply never recognised the authority of Algiers, and managed to reconquer the lands of his grandfather. However, instead of styling himself "Sultan of

2271:

valley, where it became a rival of the Kingdom of the Ait Abbas for control of the region. This division gave an advantage to the Ottomans in Algiers. The Kingdom of Kuku, led by Ahmed Belkadi, was allied to the Ottomans and helped them establish the Regency before 1519. That year, to counter the

2587:

The houses of the Kalâa are described as being of stone and tiled. According to Charles Farine who visited in the nineteenth century, the houses were spacious, with interior courtyards, shaded with trees and climbing plants which reached the balconies. The walls were covered with lime. The Kalâa

2383:

Rural kabyle communities had to preserve their autonomy, particularly in terms of resources such as their forests, from the hegemony of local lords, while at the same time they had to support them sufficiently in the face of pressure from the central government of the Regency of Algiers. The Aït

2108:, chief commander) was a creation of the French authorities, denoting an intermediate status between "caid" and "khalifa". The "khalifas", still of major importance, were later phased out. The French continued to appoint "caids" and commanders for the tribes previously assigned to Ahmed Mokrani. 1771:

The oldest son, Bouzid Mokrani, known as sultan Bouzid, ruled from 1680 to 1735 on the same terms as his father, entirely free from the authority of Algiers. After a period of dissent from hs brothers, he managed to maintain family stability. He twice fought against the Regency of Algiers, which

1895:

was not to be rebuilt. In 1803 the Mokranis faced a peasant revolt from the Ouled Derradj, Madid, Ayad, Ouled Khelouf, Ouled-Brahim and Ouled Teben, led by sheikh Ben el Harche. Ben el Harche, a religious leader, defeated the army of Osman Bey, who died in battle. He based himself in the Djebel

1426:

The reign of his grandson Abdelaziz El Abbes brought the name of the Kalâa to wider attention: at its peak, the city had 80,000 inhabitants. The Kalâa was equipped with weapons factories with the help of Christian renegades as well as some of the inhabitants of Bejaïa driven out by the Spanish

1598:

Abdelaziz was therefore in possession of the city of M'sila and raised an army of 6,000 men among the surrounding tribes in order to levy the tax normally intended for the Turks of the Regency. Hassan Pasha declared war on him in 1559, took M'sila without difficulty and fortified the bordj of

1318:

originated from Little Kabylia. In the second half of the 15th century the emir or prince Abderrahmane left Djebel Ayad and eventually settled in the Kalaa of Ait Abbes. His son took the title of Sultan, and fortified the Kalaa and made it the capital of a principality that extended from the

2119:

region. The Hachem tribe was also obliged to pay the "achour" (tithe), and eventually, the Mokrani themselves were brought under the cash payment system. In 1858 and 1859 they were granted an exemption, however, ostensibly because of poor harvests, but in fact in order to accommodate them

1899:

After numerous fratricidal struggles, by 1825 there were no more than two Mokrani factions with any real power: the Ouled el Hadj and the Ouled Abdesselem. These two groups were led by Ben Abdallah Mokrani, who held the title "Sheikh of the Medjana". The appointment of Ahmed Bey as Bey of

1667:

in the Sahara, and devoted great energy to defending his sultan's interests in the region. Ahmed Mokrane established a network of signalling posts on high peaks, which sent messages by fire at night and by smoke during the day to relay messages from the southern domains to the Kalâa.

2588:

echoed some of the architectural features of kabyle villages, on a larger scale, with the addition of fortifications, artillery posts and watchtowers, barracks, armouries and stables for the cavalry. The Kalâa also has a mosque with Berber-Andalusian architecture, still preserved.

2310:

From the 16th century, sultan Ahmed Amokrane pushed his forces into the Sahara where they clashed with the Douaouida confederation and conquered their lands. He managed to command the loyalty of some of the local tribes and appointed a khalifa in the South. However control over the

1768:

the Kalâa" he assumed the title "Sheikh of the Medjana'". He defeated the Aït Abbas tribe several times, but refused to return to his ancestral seat at the Kalaa. He died in 1680 at his fortress of "Borj Medjana", leaving four sons – Bouzid, Abdallah, Aziz and Mohammed-el-Gandouz.

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In parallel with the political situation, the years 1865 and 1866 were a social disaster for Algeria, where they were commonly referred to as "am ech cher" (the years of misery). A plague of locusts followed by a drought plunged the country into famine, followed by epidemics of

2431:" by Corneille Trumelet, the author described the flag of the lords of Medjana in the eighteenth century (the Mokrani), as follows: a flag with three stripes, one green and two red, with their motto edged with gold in the center: "El-Kheir en-Nasirin" (God is the best helper). 1846:, which was a Spanish possession until 1555. From there, it appears that they were passed on to the Aït Abbas when they were Spanish allies. A smaller cannon, also found in the Kalaa, indicates that there was a local foundry for small-bore guns, operated by a Spanish renegade. 1939:

In 1831, Abdesselem Mokrani and his allies proposed that the French recognise their authority, in return for a military effort that they hoped would help them get rid of Ahmed Bey. The French would not entertain this proposal however. A similar letter sent to the Bey of Tunis

2583:

are similar to those in the casbah of Constantine; the houses are of two stories, with balconies and arcades. The streets are narrow and paved, in contrast to the spaciousness of the dwellings. The doorways are built of hardwood, studded with floral and other patterns.

2387:

The Mokrani (or in kabyle the "Aït Mokrane") were a warrior aristocracy which was not alone in seeking to establish and maintain its authority over the people. Religious movements also exerted considerable power, most notably that of the family of Ben Ali Chérif in the

2280:. This victory opened the gates of Algiers to him from 1519 to 1527. These developments did not lead to any degree of rapprochement between the two Kabyle kingdoms. In 1559, Kuku formed an alliance with Algiers to limit the growing influence of the Sultan of the Kalaa. 2726:, the merchants preferred Béjaïa, their natural outlet to the Mediterranean. Overseas, the Aït Abbas and Aït Ourtilane sold their bournouses in Tunis and in Morocco. Overseas trade also brought materials of superior quality to the Kingdom, such as European iron. 2757:) of the Kabyle tribes had always manufactured whatever tools they needed locally, while also using this activity to generate surplus income. Iron working and other metal craft existed in several tribes, and indeed some, like the Aït Abbas, specialised in it. 2066:

in 1854. He took advantage of this action to punish certain Aït Abbas villages which in the past had been loyal to his rival Abdesselem, by accusing them of supporting Boubaghla. He died in 1854 at Marseille while returning from a visit to France, and his son

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about the role of the Algerian feudal nobility were unconvincing and unsupported by deeds. The transfer from military to civilian rule prompted Mohamed Mokrani to resign from his position as bachagha, and by 1870 he had begun to seriously consider rebellion.

1646:

In 1559, Sultan Ahmed Amokrane organised his army and welcomed renegades from Algiers as well as Christians, authorising them to follow their faith. With these revived forces of 8000 infantry and 3000 horses he launched a campaign in the south. He subjugated

2001:. The title "khalifa" was used only in territories where the French did not exercise direct rule and which enjoyed the same privileges as they had under the Beylik of Constantine. "Khalifas" received local taxes on behalf of the state, maintained a guard of 1996:

At the end of July 1838, Ahmed Mokrani escaped and presented himself to the French authorities in Constantine. Having been appointed caïd by them, he was also given, on 30 September, the title "khalifa of the Medjana" by the French, who had by now occupied

1907:. This lucrative task was coveted by Ahmed Mokrani, making it the starting point of a rivalry which lasted until the arrival of the French. The two lieutenants joined the forces of Ahmed Bey which went to the assistance of the Dey of Algiers in 1830. 1900:

Constantine, who was himself a relative of the Mokrani, led to further clan disputes, and Ahmed Bey was able to eliminate a number of Mokrani before being defeated by those who remained, from the dissident groups of Ouled Bourenane and Ouled Gandouz.

2351:

Traditional kabyle society was an agglomeration of "village republics" running their own affairs through village councils ("tajamâat"), gathered together in tribes. These tribes maintained links with the prevailing local dynasties, such as the

2480:" that during the period of the Bey and the first years of French colonization, the Mokrani had as their distinctive insignia, a silk standard, in the middle of which were written in gold letters "Help comes from God, and victory is near". 2417: 2302:. The Beys of Constantine cleverly cultivated minor branches of the Mokrani family, so as to ensure that the Sheikh of the Medjana was not a serious threat. The matrimonial alliance of the Mokranis with Ahmed Bey caused further disorder. 2255:, the Spanish no longer pursued ambitions in eastern Algeria. Nevertheless, the Kingdom of Ait Abbas maintained an ambassador in Spain as well as at the Ottoman court, ensuring that the kabyle language had a presence outside its homeland. 1475:

Abdelaziz used his reign and periods of peace with the Regency to fortify the Kalâa and to extend his influence further to the south. His infantry became a regular corps of 10,000 men, and he bought two regular cavalry corps. He built two

1539:

Two hypotheses explain the eventual rupture with Algiers, according to Spanish historiography. The first is that Salah Raïs tried to arrest Abdelaziz during his time in Algiers, suspecting him of wanting to raise the country against the

4750:

Nodier, Charles (1780-1844) Auteur du texte; Raffet, Denis-Auguste-Marie (1804-1860) Dessinateur; Graveur, Hébert; Graveur, Pinaud; Graveur, Brévière; Graveur, Lavoignat; Dauzats, Adrien (1804-1868) Graveur; Graveur, Montigneul (1844).

2058:. In 1851 he began moving through the Medjana plain, the Kalaa, and the lands of the Beni Mellikech who had still not submitted to the French. Though the intermediary of a man named Djersba Ben Bouda, who was intendant of the Kalaa, 1567:

which resulted in defeat and many losses among the Turks. Their reputation was tarnished by this battle because they avoided a disaster only with to the support of the Arab tribes. Abdelaziz also repelled an expedition commanded by

1251:. Their know-how enriched a local industrial fabric whose legacy is the handicraft of the Ait Abbas tribe. The surrounding tribes were also home to intense intellectual activity and a literary tradition that rivalled those of other 2612:

The traditional kabyle economy which prevailed until the 19th century was based on a relative poverty of natural resources, combined with a relatively high population density - a contrast which had been noted since the time of

1694:

went back to war with him and laid siege to the Kalâa for two months, but was unable to take it. Instead, he pillaged the surrounding countryside, razing its villages. Hostilities were eventually ended following mediation by a

1419: 1887:

for the Bey to involve himself in a Mokrani affairs. Without intervening militarily, he succeeded in getting all the Mokrani clans to weaken each other, recognising as Sheikh whichever of them was able to send him tribute.

2013:. The followers of Abdelkader were finally repulsed in 1841. After this Ahmed Mokrani ruled his territories with little regard for French authority, remaining however in contact with captain Dargent in the base at Sétif 2500:

was known in Berber as "l'qelâa taƐassamt", or "fortress of wonders", indicating its status as a prestigious centre in the region. Indeed, the Kalâa and the Buban mountains were the seat of an active intellectual life.

1607:. These two forts and their garrisons were immediately destroyed by a counter-attack by Abdelaziz who also took the artillery pieces to improve the defense of the Kalâa. Hassan Pasha, married to the daughter of the 1756:

children survived however, and his oldest son, Betka Mokrani, was taken in by the Hashemite tribe and raised among them. They helped him regain his princely rank by marrying him to the daughter of the chief of the

2233:

power had originated. This base allowed him to shelter from Spanish raids and organise a resistance to prevent them penetrating more deeply unto the country. However, with the arrival and growing influence of the

1530:

and 1,600 horsemen, in addition to the 3,000 arquebusiers of Salah Raïs. The Berbers of Abdelaziz dragged cannons, hoping to learn how to maneuver them and know how to hoist them up to the fortress of the Kalâa.

2508:, were home to a substantial written culture as well. The most noteworthy example was the Aït Yaâla tribe, whose reputation was summed up in the local saying "In the lands of the Beni Yaala, religious scholars ( 2141:. The traditional leaders emptied their personal granaries to feed their people, and once these were exhausted, borrowed to keep them supplied. These loans were later to place Mohamed Mokrani in difficulties. 2188:. The Kalaa itself, impregnable since the 16th century, surrendered on 22 July 1871. Boumezrag Mokrani, brother and successor of Mohamed Mokrani, struggled to pursue the rebellion in Kabylie, and then in the 1626:, his chosen successor, drove back the Turkish and Kuku forces. This decisive victory of the Kalâa made Hasan abandon his ambitions for a time; he consoled himself by carrying the head of Abdelaziz to 4753:"[Illustrations de Journal de l'expédition des Portes de Fer.] / Raffet [des.]; Hébert, Pinaud, Brévière, Lavoignat, Dauzats, Montigneul [grav.]; Charles Nodier, aut. du texte" 2714:

Commercial links existed likewise with the cities under the Regency of Algiers, notably Constantine, where Aït Yaala, Aït Yadel et Aït Ourtilane merchants did business. Aït Abbas armourers supplied

1584:

allowed a return to peace for a year. Hassan Pasha delivered the town of M'sila and its defenses, including three pieces of artillery to Abdelaziz, while maintaining control over tax contributions.

2331:

of Guidjel (1638) against the Bey of Constantine. During the following centuries, commercial relations were maintained between the Aït Abbas, the Aït Yaala and the oases of the south, particularly

1663:

where he named a member of a loyal tribe, the Hachem, El Hadj Khichan el Merbaï, as Sheikh. One of his close relatives was made sheikh of the Tolga and Biskra oases, and Abd el-Kader Ben Dia, made

2746:

The Aït Abbas tribe was famed for its riches, its commerce and its manufactures, and it is likely that the Mokrani family invested in a wide range of these, including the manufacture of firearms.

2062:

sent Ahmed Mokrani a letter proposing war against the French, but the "khalifa" did not take this proposal seriously. Instead, he provided support for the columns of French troops sent to defeat

2660:

There were a number of weekly Berber markets, which served as places of local exchange. The Aït Abbas had four, including the Thursday market at the Kalâa. To the south, the Sunday market at

1177:

state of North Africa, then a fief and a principality, controlling Lesser Kabylie and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. It is referred to in the Spanish

1085: 2016:

His standing as a French ally continued to change. A French Royal ordinance of 15 April 1845 superseded the decrees of 1838 and gave him the status of a high official. Some tribes of the

2413:

There is no exhaustive study of the flags or emblems of the Ait Abbas kingdom, while various sources have reported flags attributed to the reigning family of the kingdom (the Mokrani).

4726: 2005:

paid for by France and governed their people according to Islamic law. These allies were invaluable to the French as supporters of their rule in a country they barely yet knew.

2579:

The villages of the region are characterised by a certain urban refinement unusual in Berber villages, and this legacy originates with the Kingdom of Ait Abbas. The houses of

2401:

loss of their supremacy in the region following the assassination of their forefather Sidi Naceur Mokrani, and his descendants carried out a form of vengeance on the region.

5195: 2632:

family unit, without use of additional labour except in exceptional cases where families might provide mutual aid for each other. This agricultural practice was known as

2548: 1925:

and social arrangements which the Regency of Algiers had worked to diminish. Aside from the tribal confederations in the mountainous regions, it was the traditional

1615:

in 1559, without being able to take it and suffered many losses. However, his rival, Sultan Abdelaziz, died on the second day of the fighting and his brother Sultan

1503:, Abdelaziz commanded an infantry corps of 6,000 men for the Tlemcen expedition. According to historian Hugh Roberts, the Kabyle contingent amounted to 2,000 men. 5394: 732: 2196:

on 20 January 1872. The suppression and expropriation of the Mokranis marked the final extinction of their political role and their dominion over the region.

2551:

likewise reported that individuals still held property deeds issued by the administration of Ahmed Amokrane in the 19th century. The 19th century library of

2424:

In a map by the Portuguese cartographer Teixeira Domingos, dating from 1570, a striped flag (yellow and blue) is attributed to the region of Bugia (Bejaia).

2055: 2243:

in 1555, Abderrahmane's successor Abdelaziz acquired artillery and welcomed a 1000-strong Spanish militia to reinforce his armies, particularly during the

1552:

auxiliaries. They refused to murder a chief of the same region and warned him instead. Allied with the Zouaoua, the troop of Sultan Abdelaziz defeated the

5389: 2552: 1719: 797: 2555:

is another indication of the extent of literacy in Berber society; it contained more than 500 manuscripts from different periods on subjects including

1903:

Ben Abdallah Mokrani had two lieutenants, Ahmed Mokrani and his cousin Abdesselem Mokrani. He entrusted the latter with collecting taxes for him in the

1859:

they inflicted defeat on them in 1740. The Aït Abbas had to abandon the Medjana and take refuge in the mountains, with El hadj Bouzid sheltering at the

110: 5188: 1487:

This increasing power of the Sultan of the Kalâa worried the Turks of the Regency of Algiers, who in 1550 twice sent troops that Abdelaziz repulsed.

2043: 1616: 1798:

Despite this arrangement, the Mokranis refused to allow Algerian troops to cross their land when the French attacked the coast in 1664 during the

4776: 2779: 2244: 1439:

Following successive annexations of territory, the Kingdom of Ait Abbas under Abdelaziz extended to the south and the surrounding mountains. The

979: 872: 2370: 2774: 2596: 2032: 1929:

elements and the hereditary leadership, known as the "djouad" – which included the Mokrani – who took the lead in reasserting their positions.

3586:

Le Correspondant: religion-- philosophie-- politique-- histoire-- sciences-- économie sociale-- voyages-- littérature-- beaux-arts, Volume 216

2021: 2599:. Today the Kalâa is in a degraded condition because of bombardments during fighting with the French, and 3/5 of the buildings are in ruins. 1684: 1385: 1013: 3426:

Topographia e historia general de Argel: repartida en cinco tratados, do se veran casos estraños, muertes espantosas, y tormentos exquisitos

5181: 1734: 1120: 1079: 1018: 1977:, the Ouled Madi of Msila and the marabouts. Even the Aït Abbas tribe, until then favouring Ahmed Mokrani, saw unrest grow against him in 2063: 2059: 1748:, but he was killed in the fighting. He left as his legacy to his descendants the family name "Amokrane" (meaning 'great' or 'leader" in 935: 862: 1285:

and sheikh of the Medjana. Temporarily integrated into the French military administration before the revolt of 1871, they were known as

2700: 1401: 5384: 1807: 2563:

also of the extent to which local people travelled; far from being secluded in their villages, they had links with the wider world.

2347:

Map of the Béjaïa region with the tribes under Mokrani rule, 17th-18th century. Tribes paying tribute to the Mokrani shown in orange

5404: 2312: 1612: 89: 3533: 1806:

likewise refused passage to the armies of Algiers. Nevertheless, they did join a jihad with Algiers and Constantine to repel the

1003: 443: 1896:

Megris, but died fighting in 1806 after two battles against the Mokranis, supported by a column of Turkish troops from the Bey.

5379: 3424: 892: 3332: 3055: 2858: 3251: 2176:

brotherhood under its leader Sheikh Aheddad. The whole of eastern Algeria now rose, from the outskirts of Algiers itself to

3228:. Publications du CHEAM. Paris: Centre des hautes études sur l'Afrique et l'Asie modernes (diff. Documentation française). 2591:

The building of military installations took place largely under Abdelaziz El Abbès in the sixteenth century, including the

17: 3092:

Histoire de la Grande Kabylie, XIXe-XXe siècles: anthropologie historique du lien social dans les communautés villageoises

1855:

Aziz created a "soff" (faction) of dissidents who aligned themselves with the Turks, who were known as the Ouled Gandouz.

1763:

Si Betka took part in the battle of Guidjel on 20 September 1638), at which the tribes fought together with the armies of

5204: 2512:) grow like the grass in Spring." Some compared the level of learning of the Aït Yaala with that of the universities of 1960:

A group crossing the Iron Gates pass in 1839. To make use of this narrow route, the Regency of Algiers paid the "ouadia".

1822:

decorations. Other French-type cannons were also found at the Kalaa later, and most probably these date from the time of

867: 790: 1293:. The defeat of 1871 marked the end of the political role of the Mokrani with the surrender of the Kalâa to the French. 3387:

Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie): depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830)

3259: 3189: 1338:

and the kingdom of Ait Abbas (Labes) according to a Spanish map of the sixteenth century, preserved in the archives of

974: 924: 2707:, was conducted by the merchants of Aït Abbas, Aït Yaala and Aït Ourtilane. The kabyle tribes exported oil, weapons, 3233: 3139: 3118: 3080: 3034: 1506: 2898: 2765:, carpets and covers. Other industries included pottery, tiles, basket weaving, salt extraction, soap, and plaster. 2442:", two flags in green and red. Flags that he attributed to the Khalifat of Medjana (Ahmed El Mokrani) in his book " 2364:. They were also organised into domains that the Spanish, after taking Béjaïa, termed the "kingdoms" of Aït Abbas, 2111:

In 1858, he was obliged to turn over some fines which he had collected in his own name to the French treasury. The

1113: 584: 391: 359: 3447: 4684: 3375: 1964:

Ahmed Mokrani followed Ahmed Bey and fled to the south before returning to his territory and falling back on the

1706:

In 1598, Ahmed Amokrane laid siege to Algiers: with the help of the townspeople. He managed to force the gate at

1581: 1488: 1032: 998: 529: 1266:

and its capital the Kalâa rivalled the biggest cities. In the seventeenth century, its chiefs took the title of

940: 3281: 3212: 3158: 3099: 3013: 2687:, the regular tax-raising expedition, since the Middle Ages. By the sixteenth century the kingdom's merchants ( 1072: 993: 3415:

Descripciôn General de Africa: sus guerras y vicisitudes, desde la Fundación del mahometismo hasta el año 1571

5374: 2521: 1863:. This was the second period of domination by Algiers after the first in 1559. The Turks rebuilt the fort of 1835: 1418: 395: 2667:

The Kingdom of the Ait Abbas controlled the Iron Gates pass on the Algiers-Constantine road, and levied the

1544:. The second is that Abdelaziz was suspicious of the Turks and their ability to attack distant cities like 1042: 3318: 1968:; his rival Abdesselem Mokrani meanwhile took possession of the Medjana plain. In December 1837, when the 1580:

and he continued to strengthen his positions in the mountains. However, Salah Raïs died and the return of

841: 1799: 1788: 1523: 1106: 1066: 329: 3409: 1500: 4711:

L' Algérie légendaire : en pélérinage çà et là aux tombeaux des principaux thaumaturges de l'Islam

2540: 1985:. To avoid being cut off in the Kalaa, he had to take refuge with the neighbouring Beni Yadel tribe at 785: 1181:

as "reino de Labes"; sometimes more commonly referred to by its ruling family, the Mokrani, in Berber

831: 5409: 2971: 2924: 2808: 2251:

in 1560, Spanish power was significantly reduced by the Ottomans, and while they retained control of

1278: 1710:

and break into the city, though he could not maintain his hold there. The siege lasted eleven days.

2941:

Aïssani, Djamil (2008). "Le Milieu Intellectuel des Bibans à l'époque de la Qal'a des Beni Abbes".

2869: 1839: 3483: 3443: 1306: 5399: 1941: 1831: 1576:. The capture of Béjaïa by Salah Rais in 1555 confirmed Abdelaziz's fears about the power of the 1092: 988: 814: 802: 577: 489: 485: 513: 3047:

Histoire d'amour de Sheshonq 1er: Roi berbère et pharaon d'Egypte - Contes et comptines kabyles

1932:

In the west of the country, it was the marabouts who predominated, leading to the emergence of

1008: 882: 809: 278: 3324:

Histoire Des Villes de la Province de Constantine: Sétif, Bordj-Bou-Arreridj, Msila, Boussaâda

2144: 2997:

Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine: La conquête et les débuts de la colonisation (1827-1871)

2826: 2620:

The Mokrani extended their power from the Kalaa to the Medjana plain (known in kabyle as the

1944:

was intercepted by Ahmed Bey. Abdesselem Mokrani was subsequently captured and imprisoned in

1611:, formed an alliance with the latter to put an end to the sultan of Kalâa. He brought him to 430: 3351:

Itinéraire historique et descriptif de l'Algérie, comprenant le Tell et le Sahara: 1830-1871

3204: 2497: 2185: 2010: 1973:

of the Medjana." Ahmed Mokrani was unable to overthrow his cousin, who was supported by the

1965: 1860: 1792: 1564: 1412: 1372: 1197: 124: 3354: 2625: 2505: 2277: 1945: 1871:

there. They also installed their ally Aziz ben Gandouz Mokrani as caïd, at the head of the

1764: 1452: 1220: 857: 548: 1724: 1591:

The troops of the Regency of Algiers allied to the kingdom of Beni Abbes marching towards

8: 3269: 3243: 1827: 756: 537: 505: 216: 2369:

period, around 1340, a woman leader had wielded power, supported by her sons, among the

5262: 2845: 2784: 2704: 2661: 2468: 2169: 2157: 2116: 1892: 1864: 1577: 1573: 1541: 1519: 1461: 1448: 1212: 1061: 969: 952: 768: 724: 399: 338: 96: 5173: 3512:

this Sultan was the victim of an Aït Abbas plot in 1600 because of his unpopular rule.

2184:, during a battle against the French army, and his body was immediately taken to the 2152: 5346: 5298: 5286: 5268: 4770: 3362: 3328: 3308: 3277: 3255: 3229: 3208: 3185: 3154: 3135: 3114: 3095: 3076: 3051: 3030: 3009: 2980: 2933: 2873: 2849: 2817: 2513: 2048: 1656: 1621: 1491:

therefore concluded a treaty with him and obtained his aid in his expedition against

1428: 1224: 763: 680: 672: 592: 521: 403: 5340: 5322: 5310: 5280: 5256: 5238: 5226: 5220: 2976: 2929: 2907: 2837: 2813: 2723: 2718:

with weapons. Like the Aït Yaala and the Aït Ourtilane, the Aït Abbas maintained a

2392:. Marabouts and religious confraternities also played a major role, among them the 2248: 2098: 1142: 961: 704: 616: 558: 455: 134: 45: 4808: 4752: 3026:

Les Archs, tribus berbères de Kabylie: histoire, résistance, culture et démocratie

2919: 2911: 2881: 2375: 1371:

of the region sought protection in the interior and took as their new capital the

887: 5328: 5316: 5244: 4791: 3619: 3585: 3573: 3322: 3223: 3177: 3066: 3045: 3024: 2543:, nearly all of the Aït Yaala owned deeds to their land or contracts drawn up by 2365: 2264: 2037: 1969: 1933: 1803: 1749: 1608: 1335: 1186: 1159: 1037: 877: 836: 824: 751: 744: 688: 624: 600: 382: 65: 4709: 3413: 2217:, Aberrahmane, in 1510, following the conquest of the city by the Spanish under 2026: 5304: 3463: 3129: 2952: 2943:

Extrait de conférence à l’occasion du 137e anniversaire de la mort d’El Mokrani

2893: 2435: 2397: 2299: 2235: 2222: 2168:

joined the revolt of the spahis in eastern Algeria. He sent 6000 men to attack

2165: 2090: 2080: 2068: 1689: 1648: 1457: 1447:, offered him an alliance, and he temporarily ignored the establishment of the 1440: 1397: 1390: 1360: 1352: 1208: 1178: 819: 776: 696: 497: 476: 374: 291: 2595:

mounted with four wide-calibre cannon and the curtain wall, ere ted after the

2192:. Seeking to escape with his followers to Tunisia, he was finally arrested at 5368: 5334: 5292: 5274: 3500: 2966: 2877: 2803: 2539:

The use of writing was not however confined to an educated elite. Before the

2389: 2268: 2218: 1739: 1604: 1259: 1170: 947: 656: 2240: 2017: 1672: 1642:

Kingdom of Beni Abbas in the 16th century during the reign of Ahmed Amokrane

1515: 3550:

Afrique barbaresque dans la littérature française aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles

2827:"Écrits de langue berbère de la collection de manuscrits Oulahbib (Béjaïa)" 2719: 2458: 2454: 2440:

The Taking of Setif during the Conquest of Algeria, 21st October 1839, 1844

2125: 2104: 1878:

The feuding Mokrani brothers were eventually reconciled by a leader of the

1819: 848: 154: 115:

Kingdom of Ait Abbas at its greatest extent in the end of the 16th century.

3395:

Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine

2675:

on those passing through it. The Kalaa also stood on the 'Sultan's Road' (

2332: 2172:, which he besieged and burned. On 8 April he was joined in revolt by the 1989:. In the end, he was captured by Abdesselem Mokrani who exiled him to the 1676: 349: 5232: 3072: 2841: 2734: 2696: 2641: 2614: 2533: 2465:

assures that the Mokrani family's coat of arms was the fleur de lys (⚜).

2214: 1921: 1872: 1868: 1843: 1757: 1553: 1484:(representative), who was in charge of patrolling through his territory. 1406: 1347: 1320: 1310:

Family tree of the Amokrane (or Mokrani) according to Louis Rinn (c.1891)

1258:

At its peak, the influence of the kingdom of Ait Abbas extended from the

1232: 909: 899: 608: 3429:(in Spanish). Diego Fernandez de Cordoua y Ouiedo - impressor de libros. 2950:

Moufok, Ghania (2006). "Kabylie, sur les sentiers de la belle rebelle".

2343: 1703:

to secure Khizr Pasha's withdrawal and recognition of his independence.

1638: 5250: 4807:

Académie des sciences, lettres et arts (Arras) Auteur du texte (1872).

2711:, soap and wooden utensils, exchanging them for wool, henna and dates. 2492:

Copy of a manuscript on the genealogy of the saint Sidi Yahia El Aidli.

2393: 2173: 1849: 1569: 1364: 1236: 1228: 468: 1431:

and Muslims, as well as a Jewish community welcomed for its know-how.

5352: 2739: 2715: 2679:) which linked Béjaïa with the south and had formed the route of the 2580: 2529: 2357: 2327: 2317: 2294: 1978: 1956: 1823: 1811: 1784: 1707: 1660: 1545: 664: 632: 450: 416: 2209:

The Kingdom of Ait Abbas owed its founding to the withdrawal of the

1563:

In 1553, the son of Salah Rais, Mohamed-bey led an offensive on the

1510:

Elements of Andalusian architecture in the Mausoleum of Sultan Ahmed

1444: 1356: 2230: 1926: 1879: 1779: 1696: 1549: 1527: 1380: 1339: 648: 640: 563: 553: 168: 3486:

who travelled in the Biban mountains in 1725 during Bouzid's reign

2999:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 1998: 5208: 2762: 2708: 2361: 2323: 2290: 2193: 2134: 2115:

tax, already paid in kind to the Mokranis, was introduced in the

1986: 1730: 1671:

Ahmed Amokrane then turned his attention to the territory of the

1627: 1600: 1592: 1492: 1469: 1368: 1252: 1248: 1216: 1174: 460: 366: 316: 158: 1522:

confirmed the alliance with Abdelaziz, and they jointly led the

2592: 2396:, founded in 1774. It was with this fraternity's support that 2353: 2273: 2210: 2181: 2138: 1974: 1904: 1745: 1680: 1652: 1587: 1496: 1376: 1263: 1207:

The kingdom was for a long time a bastion of resistance to the

1201: 421: 411: 175: 138: 4809:"Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, lettres et arts d'Arras" 2525: 2517: 2509: 2504:

Although kabyle culture was predominantly oral, a network of

2462: 2416: 2272:

Regency's growing influence, Belkadi allied himself with the

2226: 2189: 2177: 2112: 2085: 2002: 1990: 1982: 1773: 1324: 1244: 904: 149: 3068:

Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria

2722:

in Constantine. Although the Aït Yaala also operated one in

2571: 2488: 4796:(in French). Librairie de Firmin-Didot et cie. p. 310. 3534:"Le Royaume fort et indépendant des Ath Abbas (1510 -1871)" 2559:, literature, astronomy, mathematics, botany and medicine. 2556: 2544: 2472:

Banner of the Mokrani in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

2252: 1699:, which involved Ahmed Amokrane paying a tribute of 30,000 1379:

mountains. This city was an ancient fortified place of the

1240: 4749: 3436:

Rihla: Nuzhat al-andhar fi fadhl 'Ilm at-Tarikh wal akhbar

2652:) to exploit local forests on behalf of the Ottoman navy. 2664:

drew merchants and clients from a wide surrounding area.

1330: 3499:, this latter kingdom was founded in the valley of the 2689: 2634: 2420:

Map of the region of Bejaia (Bugia) in the 16th century.

2148:

Map showing the geographic extent of the Mokrani revolt.

37: 5203: 2267:

established itself in Kabylie on the other side of the

1891:

administer justice, and it was agreed that the fort at

1910: 1718:

In 1600, Ahmed Amokrane marched against the forces of

4806: 4685:"Museoteca - Portuguese portolan, Teixeira, Domingos" 4298: 4296: 2856: 2575:

Interior courtyard of a house in the Kalâa (c. 1865).

1153: 2607: 1850:

Dissent and relations with the Beylik of Constantine

1460:

immediately with inadequate resources. In 1542, the

1274:

of Constantine, managing his affairs independently.

4063: 4059: 4057: 4048: 3976: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3393: 3134:. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. 4727:"La prise de Sétif lors de la conquête de l'Al..." 4293: 2276:sultan of Tunis and inflicted a serious defeat on 2695:) were trading grain with the Spanish enclave of 2478:Histoire Des Villes de la Province de Constantine 5366: 4054: 3772: 3295:. Alger: Office des publications universitaires. 3172:. Alger: Office des publications universitaires. 2457:before 1871, carried a white flag with a golden 2074: 1499:. According to the contemporary Spanish writer 4619: 4617: 2812:(in French). Vol. 26. pp. 4027–4033. 2780:Second Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1559) 2536:. It certainly predates any Ottoman influence. 2461:. The Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts of 2245:Second Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1559) 1729:, Pasha of Algiers, which were trying to enter 1301: 5014: 5012: 3861: 3859: 3678: 3676: 2967:"Kabylie: Économie ancienne ou traditionnelle" 2775:First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1553) 2597:First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes (1553) 1572:and Ramdan Pasha near Wadi el Hammam, towards 27:1510–1872, Kabyle Berber state in North Africa 5395:States and territories disestablished in 1872 5189: 4793:L'Algérie: Histoire, conquête et colonisation 4623: 4580: 4578: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3449:Voyages dans les régences de Tunis et d'Alger 3310:Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie 3176: 2289:1520-1527, as well as for the expeditions to 1951: 1114: 5077: 5075: 4880: 4878: 4865: 4863: 4614: 4110: 4108: 3561:"Amokrane" means "chief" or "big" in kabyle. 3545: 3543: 3452:(in French). Vol. 1. Librairie de Gide. 3433: 2751: 2681: 2669: 2646: 2451:Algeria - History, Conquest and Colonization 2199: 1915: 57: 5009: 4775:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 3888: 3886: 3856: 3673: 3569: 3567: 3397:. Vol. 44. Constantine: Arnolet. 1910. 3151:Ibn Khaldoun, 1332-1406: un génie maghrébin 2859:"Art et Artisanat traditionnels de Kabylie" 5390:States and territories established in 1510 5196: 5182: 4575: 4397: 4395: 4139: 4137: 4135: 3825: 3442: 3408: 3182:Études d'ethnologie des affects en Kabylie 3148: 1713: 1633: 1121: 1107: 109: 5158: 5152: 5140: 5072: 5066: 5024: 4991: 4943: 4919: 4875: 4860: 4724: 4509: 4461: 4424: 4422: 4386: 4302: 4239: 4105: 3904: 3807: 3766: 3631: 3540: 3242: 3184:. Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. 3003: 2476:Laurent-Charles Feraud indicates in the " 2453:" that a Mokrani who had been invited by 2444:Diary of the expedition of the Iron Gates 1752:) which was later Arabised as "Mokrani". 1215:. Strategically located on the road from 4961: 4955: 4789: 4707: 4629: 4434: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3883: 3615: 3613: 3564: 3422: 3300: 3268: 3198: 3127: 3108: 2733: 2699:, while trans-Saharan trade, centred on 2570: 2487: 2467: 2415: 2342: 2338: 2151: 2143: 2084: 1955: 1778: 1637: 1586: 1505: 1456:the Spaniards, rather than confront the 1434: 1417: 1329: 1305: 5164: 5128: 5116: 5093: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5003: 4979: 4967: 4855: 4843: 4671: 4659: 4596: 4584: 4569: 4533: 4497: 4485: 4392: 4132: 3838: 3730: 3667: 3655: 3402: 3384: 3361: 3221: 3064: 3043: 3022: 2964: 2940: 2928:(in French). 2011. pp. 3675–3677. 2857:Dehbia Akkache-Maacha (December 2008). 2824: 14: 5367: 4907: 4831: 4647: 4521: 4428: 4419: 4167: 4155: 4126: 4099: 4087: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3865: 3850: 3819: 3795: 3754: 3742: 3718: 3706: 3682: 3643: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3574:La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle 3373: 3348: 3317: 3006:La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle 2994: 2801: 2644:, controlled the rights (known as the 1359:, which was in the hands of dissident 5177: 5105: 5081: 4896: 4884: 4869: 4635: 4449: 3610: 3496: 3327:. Vol. 5. Constantine: Arnolet. 3313:. Algiers: Librairie Adolphe Jourdan. 2918: 2891: 2749:As well as farming, the blacksmiths ( 2283: 4608: 4557: 4545: 4473: 4413: 4401: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4143: 4114: 4075: 3964: 3916: 3892: 3877: 3783: 3694: 3604: 3306: 3290: 3167: 3089: 2408: 1783:Sketch of a cannon from the time of 1296: 1243:, in the sixteenth century, fleeing 1231:, the Kalâa of Ait Abbas, attracted 4931: 3622:, Issues 1-3. La Boîte à documents. 3591: 3248:La conquête de l'Algérie: 1830-1871 2949: 2628:. Sheep were also raised for wool. 1911:The fall of the Mokranis, 1830-1872 1534: 1411:, a village in the vicinity of the 1190: 1163: 1086:List of people on stamps of Algeria 58: 24: 3342: 3293:Chroniques des Beys de Constantine 2892:Lalmi, Nedjma Abdelfettah (2004). 2729: 2483: 2258: 1818:the Kalaa as trophies, with their 1422:Map of Béjaïa in the 16th century. 1396:, the commercial route going from 1363:emirs, and organized raids in the 25: 5421: 3201:Louis XIV en Algérie: Gigeri 1664 3131:Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510 3050:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 3029:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 2975:(in French). pp. 4034–4038. 2608:Natural resources and agriculture 1733:. He defeated them and destroyed 1556:, who had to retreat to Algiers. 5385:1872 disestablishments in Africa 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5099: 5087: 5060: 5048: 5036: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4890: 4849: 4837: 4825: 2981:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1419 2934:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1554 2818:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1416 2804:"Kabylie: Anthropologie sociale" 2225:, from where, centuries before, 2221:. Abderrahmane retreated to the 1832:alliance with the Ottoman Empire 1495:(1551), then occupied by Sherif 1464:made the lord of the Kalâa, his 1200:, an impregnable citadel in the 348: 296: 271: 95: 88: 5405:Early modern history of Algeria 4800: 4783: 4743: 4718: 4701: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4602: 4590: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4407: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4120: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3871: 3844: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3661: 3649: 3506: 3489: 3476: 3225:Les Kabyles: Propos d'un témoin 2790: 2566: 2156:Engraving showing the siege of 1383:era and a staging point on the 3637: 3625: 3579: 3555: 3526: 2995:Julien, Charles-André (1964). 1480:around the Kalâa, each with a 1073:List of wars involving Algeria 13: 1: 5380:1510 establishments in Africa 3519: 3457: 3434:El Wartilani, Hocine (1768). 3389:. Vol. 3. Paris: Leroux. 3276:. Paris: Paris-Méditerranée. 2912:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4710 2894:"Du mythe de l'isolat kabyle" 2305: 2075:Collapse of Mokrani authority 1867:, and left a garrison of 300 1834:. They were then captured by 4714:(in French). pp. 74–75. 4708:Trumelet, Corneille (1892). 3620:Etudes et documents berbères 3576:. Youssef Benoudjit. Dahlab. 3128:Valérian, Dominique (2006). 3008:(in French). Alger: Dahlab. 2836:(in French) (15–16): 81–99. 2834:Études et documents berbères 2449:Paul Gaffarel indicates in " 2434:In 1844, the French painter 1842:in 1535, and transported to 1613:battle in front of the Kalâa 1302:Early 16th-century: Founding 1154: 7: 3588:. Bureaux du Correspondant. 3250:. Blanche et rouge. Paris: 3004:Benoudjit, Youssef (1997). 2956:(in French). No. 332, 2899:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2768: 2655: 2438:mentioned in his painting " 1789:Djidjelli Expedition (1664) 1524:Touggourt Expedition (1552) 1443:, who had fallen back into 1139:Sultanate of the Beni Abbas 1067:Military history of Algeria 10: 5426: 3199:Bachelot, Bernard (2003). 3149:Goumeziane, Smaïn (2006). 2602: 2547:or other literate people. 2541:French conquest of Algeria 2078: 1952:The period of the khalifas 1314:The Mokrani rulers of the 1146: 38: 5216: 3369:. Alger: Impr. nationale. 3094:. Saint-Denis: Bouchène. 2200:Relations with neighbours 2089:Portrait of the bachagha 1916:After the fall of Algiers 1080:Postal history of Algeria 1019:Insurgency in the Maghreb 842:Sétif and Guelma massacre 312: 250: 246: 236: 226: 222: 212: 208: 198: 188: 184: 174: 164: 144: 130: 120: 108: 85: 80: 32: 4064:Société Constantine 1910 4049:Société Constantine 1910 3977:Société Constantine 1910 3552:by Guy Turbet-Delof p.25 3469: 3423:De Haëdo, Diego (1612). 3385:Mercier, Ernest (1891). 3374:Farine, Charles (1865). 3109:Oussedik, Tahar (2005). 3044:Allioui, Youcef (2013). 3023:Allioui, Youcef (2006). 2870:University of Tizi Ouzou 2825:Aïssani, Djamel (1998). 2204: 1830:to Tunis as part of his 1826:, and were presented by 1501:Luis del Mármol Carvajal 1468:(representative) in the 1367:from this position. The 1345:In 1510, as part of the 1277:With the arrival of the 1135:Kingdom of the Ait Abbas 4790:Gaffarel, Paul (1883). 3319:Féraud, Laurent-Charles 3178:Yacine-Titouh, Tassadit 3113:. Alger: ENAG édition. 2802:Abrous, Dahbia (2011). 2752: 2690: 2635: 1942:Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud 1714:17th and 18th centuries 1634:The kingdom at its peak 1565:Kalâa of the Beni Abbes 1373:Kalâa of the Beni Abbas 1196:). Its capital was the 1093:History of North Africa 893:Independence referendum 832:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 3503:some 30km from Béjaïa. 3444:Peyssonnel, Jean André 3349:Piesse, Louis (1862). 3291:Gaïd, Mouloud (1978). 3274:Et l'Algérie se libéra 3222:Morizot, Jean (1985). 3168:Gaïd, Mouloud (1990). 3065:Roberts, Hugh (2014). 2965:Doumane, Saïd (2004). 2958:Algérie La renaissance 2743: 2682: 2670: 2647: 2576: 2549:Laurent-Charles Féraud 2493: 2473: 2421: 2348: 2161: 2149: 2102: 2097:The title "bachagha" ( 2094: 1961: 1795: 1643: 1595: 1511: 1427:occupation, including 1423: 1375:, in the heart of the 1342: 1311: 375:Iberomaurusian Culture 238:• Disestablished 3484:Jean-André Peyssonnel 3418:(in Spanish). Venise. 3367:Études sur la Kabilie 3301:Old secondary sources 2737: 2574: 2491: 2471: 2419: 2346: 2339:Social basis of power 2247:. However, after the 2155: 2147: 2088: 1959: 1782: 1675:, which he took from 1641: 1590: 1526:. Abdelaziz sent 180 1509: 1435:Alliance with Algiers 1421: 1333: 1316:Kingdom of Beni Abbas 1309: 1268:sheikh of the Medjana 1260:valley of the Soummam 999:High Council of State 779:(19th–20th centuries) 740:Emirate of Beni Abbas 727:(16th–19th centuries) 431:Archeology of Algeria 131:Common languages 34:Kingdom of Beni Abbas 5375:Kingdom of Ait Abbas 3403:Contemporary sources 3377:À travers la Kabylie 3307:Rinn, Louis (1891). 3153:. Alger: EDIF 2000. 3111:Le Royaume de Koukou 3090:Mahé, Alain (2001). 2972:Encyclopédie berbère 2925:Encyclopédie berbère 2887:on 21 February 2016. 2842:10.3917/edb.015.0081 2809:Encyclopédie berbère 2278:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2071:was named Bachagha. 1920:News of the fall of 1800:Djidjelli Expedition 1787:, probably from the 1167:salṭanat Beni Ɛabbas 549:Early African Church 530:Prefecture of Africa 514:Kingdom of the Aurès 204:Boumezrag El Mokrani 73:salṭanat Beni Ɛabbas 18:Kingdom of Ait Abbas 2960:. pp. 100–108. 1828:Francis I of France 1744:, built in 1595 at 1518:at the head of the 1155:tagelda n At Ɛebbas 1147:ⵜⴰⴳⴻⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵄⴻⴱⴱⴰⵙ 757:Barbary Slave Trade 538:Exarchate of Africa 506:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 228:• Established 217:Early modern period 53:Tagelda n Ith Abbas 39:ⵜⴰⴳⴻⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵄⴻⴱⴱⴰⵙ 4624:Yacine-Titouh 2006 4599:, pp. 406–407 4452:, pp. 515–516 4305:, pp. 251–253 4170:, pp. 301–303 4051:, pp. 180–182 3798:, pp. 222–223 3745:, pp. 220–221 3646:, pp. 208–211 3252:Pygmalion Editions 2868:(in French) (12). 2785:Kingdom of Tlemcen 2744: 2662:Bordj Bou Arreridj 2577: 2498:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 2494: 2474: 2422: 2349: 2284:Regency of Algiers 2186:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 2170:Bordj Bou Arreridj 2162: 2158:Bordj Bou Arreridj 2150: 2117:Bordj Bou Arreridj 2095: 2011:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 1966:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 1962: 1893:Bordj Bou Arreridj 1865:Bordj Bou Arreridj 1796: 1793:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 1644: 1596: 1578:Regency of Algiers 1542:Regency of Algiers 1520:Regency of Algiers 1512: 1462:Regency of Algiers 1449:Regency of Algiers 1424: 1343: 1312: 1213:Regency of Algiers 1198:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 1062:Outline of Algeria 970:Algerian Civil War 769:Second Barbary War 725:Regency of Algiers 125:Kalâa of Ait Abbas 5362: 5361: 5205:Islamic dynasties 3380:. Paris: Ducrocq. 3334:978-2-296-54115-3 3270:Kaddache, Mahfoud 3244:Montagnon, Pierre 3057:978-2-296-53739-2 2553:Cheikh El Mouhoub 2429:Legendary Algeria 2409:Flags and Emblems 2164:On 15 March 1871 2054:in the person of 1720:Soliman Veneziano 1297:History 1510-1830 1225:Mediterranean Sea 1152: 1131: 1130: 1043:COVID-19 pandemic 764:First Barbary War 733:Ottoman governors 593:Umayyad Caliphate 522:Kingdom of Altava 322: 321: 308: 307: 304: 303: 284: 283: 279:Hafsids of Béjaïa 200:• 1871–1872 190:• 1510–1559 16:(Redirected from 5417: 5410:Berber dynasties 5198: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4867: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4626:, pp. 12–13 4621: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4548:, pp. 10–13 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4353:, pp. 35–36 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4291: 4290:, pp. 26–27 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4194:, pp. 19–20 4189: 4183: 4182:, pp. 17–19 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4117:, pp. 16–17 4112: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3493: 3487: 3480: 3453: 3439: 3430: 3419: 3410:Del Mármol, Luis 3398: 3390: 3381: 3370: 3358: 3338: 3314: 3296: 3287: 3265: 3239: 3218: 3195: 3173: 3164: 3145: 3124: 3105: 3086: 3061: 3040: 3019: 3000: 2984: 2961: 2946: 2937: 2915: 2906:(175): 507–531. 2888: 2886: 2880:. Archived from 2863: 2853: 2831: 2821: 2755: 2693: 2685: 2673: 2650: 2638: 2379: 2321: 2249:Battle of Djerba 2056:Chérif Boubaghla 2052: 2041: 2031:, Qsar, Sebkra, 2030: 1808:duke of Beaufort 1776:and the Bibans. 1743: 1728: 1693: 1625: 1535:War with Algiers 1410: 1394: 1204:mountain range. 1192: 1165: 1157: 1151:romanized: 1150: 1148: 1143:Berber languages 1123: 1116: 1109: 1088: 1075: 1026:2010s to present 941:1965 coup d'état 925:Contemporary era 791:French governors 709: 701: 693: 685: 677: 669: 661: 653: 645: 637: 629: 621: 613: 605: 597: 589: 559:Fossatum Africae 542: 534: 526: 518: 510: 502: 494: 481: 473: 465: 456:Ancient Carthage 387: 379: 371: 352: 342: 324: 323: 300: 299: 288: 287: 275: 274: 268: 267: 252: 251: 113: 99: 92: 75: 69: 61: 60: 55: 49: 46:Berber languages 41: 40: 30: 29: 21: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5212: 5202: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5073: 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2046: 2035: 2024: 1970:Emir Abdelkader 1954: 1934:Emir Abdelkader 1918: 1913: 1852: 1791:, found at the 1737: 1722: 1716: 1687: 1636: 1619: 1537: 1514:The arrival of 1437: 1404: 1388: 1336:kingdom of Kuku 1304: 1299: 1127: 1098: 1097: 1084: 1082: 1071: 1069: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1023: 957: 927: 917: 916: 915: 914: 837:Operation Torch 825:Cheikh Bouamama 810:Emir Abdelkader 786:French conquest 773: 752:Barbary pirates 745:Emirate of Kuku 721: 713: 712: 707: 699: 691: 683: 675: 667: 659: 651: 643: 635: 627: 619: 611: 603: 595: 587: 580: 570: 569: 568: 540: 532: 524: 516: 508: 500: 493:(146 BC–590 AD) 492: 479: 471: 463: 446: 436: 435: 426: 385: 383:Capsian culture 377: 369: 367:Aterian Culture 362: 340: 333: 297: 272: 239: 229: 201: 194:Abdelaziz Labes 191: 152: 116: 104: 101: 100: 93: 76: 71: 70: 63: 56: 51: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5423: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5400:Berber history 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 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2304: 2300:Hautes Plaines 2285: 2282: 2260: 2257: 2236:Ottoman Empire 2223:Hautes Plaines 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2081:Mokrani Revolt 2079:Main article: 2076: 2073: 2044:Beni Mellikech 1981:, Tazaert and 1953: 1950: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1851: 1848: 1814:'s commander. 1715: 1712: 1635: 1632: 1617:Ahmed Amokrane 1536: 1533: 1436: 1433: 1398:Hautes Plaines 1353:Spanish Empire 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1211:, then to the 1209:Spanish Empire 1179:historiography 1164:سلطنة بني عباس 1129: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1077: 1064: 1058: 1056:Related topics 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1038:Hirak Movement 1035: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 985: 984: 983: 982: 977: 966: 956: 955: 950: 944: 943: 938: 932: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 913: 912: 907: 902: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 854: 845: 844: 839: 834: 828: 827: 822: 820:Mokrani Revolt 817: 815:Fatma N'Soumer 812: 806: 805: 800: 794: 793: 788: 782: 777:French Algeria 772: 771: 766: 760: 759: 754: 748: 747: 742: 736: 735: 729: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 708:(1235–1556 AD) 702: 700:(1229–1574 AD) 694: 692:(1215–1465 AD) 686: 684:(1121–1269 AD) 678: 676:(1040–1147 AD) 670: 668:(1014–1152 AD) 662: 654: 646: 638: 630: 622: 614: 606: 598: 590: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 545: 544: 543: 535: 527: 519: 511: 503: 498:Vandal Kingdom 495: 482: 477:Jugurthine War 474: 466: 458: 453: 447: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 425: 424: 419: 414: 408: 407: 406: 388: 380: 372: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 345: 344: 335: 334: 327: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 294: 292:French Algeria 285: 282: 281: 276: 264: 263: 258: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 213:Historical era 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 153:• Minorities: 146: 142: 141: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 114: 106: 105: 102: 94: 87: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 59:سلطنة بني عباس 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5422: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5166: 5161: 5155:, p. 334 5154: 5149: 5143:, p. 336 5142: 5137: 5131:, p. 122 5130: 5125: 5119:, p. 407 5118: 5113: 5107: 5102: 5096:, p. 406 5095: 5090: 5084:, p. 520 5083: 5078: 5076: 5068: 5063: 5057:, p. 358 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5021:, p. 357 5020: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4994:, p. 330 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4956:Kaddache 2003 4952: 4946:, p. 244 4945: 4940: 4934:, p. 108 4933: 4928: 4922:, p. 139 4921: 4916: 4910:, p. 388 4909: 4904: 4898: 4893: 4887:, p. 524 4886: 4881: 4879: 4872:, p. 521 4871: 4866: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4846:, p. 113 4845: 4840: 4834:, p. 203 4833: 4828: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4731: 4730:MeisterDrucke 4728: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4690: 4689:museoteca.com 4686: 4680: 4674:, p. 167 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4650:, p. 239 4649: 4644: 4638:, p. 517 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4587:, p. 207 4586: 4581: 4579: 4572:, p. 206 4571: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4536:, p. 152 4535: 4530: 4524:, p. 216 4523: 4518: 4512:, p. 171 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4464:, p. 104 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4416:, p. 350 4415: 4410: 4404:, p. 647 4403: 4398: 4396: 4389:, p. 415 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4242:, p. 250 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4218:, p. 114 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4158:, p. 273 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4129:, p. 262 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4102:, p. 277 4101: 4096: 4090:, p. 250 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4066:, p. 151 4065: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4039:, p. 371 4038: 4037:Bachelot 2003 4033: 4027:, p. 427 4026: 4025:Bachelot 2003 4021: 4015:, p. 228 4014: 4013:Bachelot 2003 4009: 4003:, p. 276 4002: 4001:Bachelot 2003 3997: 3991:, p. 304 3990: 3989:Bachelot 2003 3985: 3979:, p. 155 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3955:, p. 269 3954: 3949: 3943:, p. 261 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 259 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3907:, p. 289 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3874: 3868:, p. 232 3867: 3862: 3860: 3853:, p. 229 3852: 3847: 3841:, p. 192 3840: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3822:, p. 226 3821: 3816: 3810:, p. 243 3809: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3757:, p. 221 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 195 3732: 3727: 3721:, p. 219 3720: 3715: 3709:, p. 217 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3685:, p. 214 3684: 3679: 3677: 3670:, p. 205 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3509: 3502: 3501:Soummam River 3498: 3495:According to 3492: 3485: 3482:according to 3479: 3475: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3235:2-903-18212-4 3231: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:Les Beni-Yala 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3141:9782728307487 3137: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3120:9789961624081 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3082:9781845112516 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3036:2-296-01363-5 3032: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2902:(in French). 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239:of Béjaïa to 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:Pedro Navarro 2216: 2212: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2120:politically. 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1631: 1630:as a trophy. 1629: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:Bordj Zemoura 1602: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1308: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223:and from the 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Ouled Moqrane 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014:Peace Charter 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:Civil Concord 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 967: 965: 964: 963: 954: 951: 949: 948:Berber Spring 946: 945: 942: 939: 937: 936:FFS rebellion 934: 933: 931: 926: 921: 920: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 894: 891: 889: 888:Évian Accords 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 853: 852: 850: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 781: 780: 778: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 734: 731: 730: 728: 726: 717: 716: 706: 703: 698: 695: 690: 687: 682: 679: 674: 671: 666: 663: 660:(973–1152 AD) 658: 655: 652:(970–1068 AD) 650: 647: 644:(909–1171 AD) 642: 639: 634: 631: 626: 623: 618: 615: 610: 607: 604:(742–1066 AD) 602: 599: 594: 591: 586: 585:Arab conquest 583: 582: 579: 574: 573: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 539: 536: 531: 528: 523: 520: 515: 512: 507: 504: 499: 496: 491: 487: 483: 478: 475: 470: 467: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 445: 440: 439: 432: 428: 427: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 381: 376: 373: 368: 365: 364: 361: 356: 355: 351: 347: 346: 343: 337: 336: 331: 326: 325: 318: 315: 313:Today part of 311: 295: 293: 290: 289: 286: 280: 277: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 249: 245: 241: 235: 231: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 207: 203: 197: 193: 187: 183: 179: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 112: 107: 98: 91: 84: 79: 74: 67: 54: 47: 31: 19: 5165:Doumane 2004 5160: 5148: 5136: 5129:Morizot 1985 5124: 5117:Carette 1849 5112: 5101: 5094:Carette 1849 5089: 5069:, p. 86 5062: 5055:Carette 1849 5050: 5045:, p. 58 5043:Morizot 1985 5038: 5031:Doumane 2004 5026: 5019:Carette 1849 5006:, p. 59 5004:Morizot 1985 4999: 4987: 4982:, p. 34 4980:Roberts 2014 4975: 4968:Doumane 2004 4963: 4958:, p. 54 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4892: 4856:Aïssani 2008 4851: 4844:Allioui 2006 4839: 4827: 4816:. Retrieved 4812: 4802: 4792: 4785: 4760:. Retrieved 4756: 4745: 4734:. Retrieved 4729: 4720: 4710: 4703: 4692:. Retrieved 4688: 4679: 4672:Roberts 2014 4667: 4662:, p. 97 4660:Allioui 2006 4655: 4643: 4631: 4611:, p. 16 4604: 4597:Carette 1849 4592: 4585:Mercier 1891 4570:Mercier 1891 4565: 4560:, p. 18 4553: 4541: 4534:Roberts 2014 4529: 4517: 4505: 4500:, p. 18 4498:Allioui 2013 4493: 4488:, p. 79 4486:Allioui 2006 4481: 4476:, p. 11 4469: 4457: 4409: 4382: 4377:, p. 50 4370: 4365:, p. 37 4358: 4346: 4341:, p. 32 4334: 4329:, p. 31 4322: 4317:, p. 29 4310: 4283: 4278:, p. 25 4271: 4266:, p. 24 4259: 4254:, p. 22 4247: 4235: 4230:, p. 21 4223: 4211: 4206:, p. 20 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4146:, p. 17 4122: 4095: 4083: 4078:, p. 15 4071: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3967:, p. 10 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3919:, p. 14 3912: 3900: 3895:, p. 12 3880:, p. 14 3873: 3846: 3839:Roberts 2014 3815: 3803: 3791: 3786:, p. 13 3762: 3750: 3738: 3731:Roberts 2014 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3668:Allioui 2006 3663: 3658:, p. 57 3656:Morizot 1985 3651: 3639: 3634:, p. 85 3627: 3607:, p. 13 3581: 3557: 3549: 3528: 3508: 3491: 3478: 3448: 3438:(in Arabic). 3435: 3425: 3414: 3394: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3350: 3323: 3309: 3292: 3273: 3247: 3224: 3200: 3181: 3169: 3150: 3130: 3110: 3091: 3067: 3046: 3025: 3005: 2996: 2988: 2987: 2970: 2957: 2951: 2945:(in French). 2942: 2923: 2903: 2897: 2882:the original 2865: 2833: 2807: 2795: 2794: 2791:Bibliography 2759: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2713: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2659: 2645: 2633: 2630: 2626:prickly pear 2621: 2619: 2611: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2567:Architecture 2561: 2538: 2503: 2495: 2477: 2475: 2459:fleur-de-lys 2455:Napoleon III 2450: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2412: 2403: 2386: 2382: 2350: 2309: 2293:in 1551 and 2287: 2262: 2208: 2163: 2131: 2126:Napoleon III 2122: 2110: 2096: 2033:Beni Mansour 2015: 2007: 1995: 1963: 1938: 1931: 1919: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1857: 1853: 1820:fleur de lys 1816: 1804:king of Kuku 1797: 1770: 1762: 1754: 1717: 1705: 1700: 1670: 1664: 1659:and reached 1645: 1609:King of Kuku 1597: 1582:Hassan Pasha 1562: 1558: 1538: 1528:arquebusiers 1513: 1489:Hassan Pasha 1486: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1465: 1438: 1425: 1384: 1346: 1344: 1315: 1313: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1206: 1193: 1182: 1166: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1025: 1024: 1009:Black Spring 959: 958: 929: 849:Algerian War 847: 846: 803:Pacification 775: 774: 739: 723: 720:Modern times 636:(800–909 AD) 628:(789–828 AD) 620:(776–909 AD) 612:(771–793 AD) 596:(703–744 AD) 588:(647–709 AD) 541:(585–698 AD) 533:(534–585 AD) 525:(578–708 AD) 517:(484–703 AD) 509:(477–578 AD) 501:(435–534 AD) 480:(111–106 BC) 472:(264–146 BC) 390:Rock art in 261:Succeeded by 260: 255: 155:Christianity 72: 52: 5355:(1837–1969) 5349:(1711–1835) 5347:Karamanlids 5343:(1705–1957) 5331:(1549–1659) 5325:(1472–1554) 5319:(1269–1465) 5313:(1235–1556) 5307:(1229–1574) 5301:(1147–1269) 5295:(1059–1158) 5293:Khurasanids 5289:(1040–1147) 5283:(1008–1152) 5263:Sulaymanids 5233:Muhallabids 5167:, p. 4 5033:, p. 3 4970:, p. 2 4908:Piesse 1862 4832:Féraud 1872 4732:(in French) 4648:Féraud 1872 4522:Féraud 1872 4431:, p. 2 4429:Abrous 2011 4168:Féraud 1872 4156:Féraud 1872 4127:Féraud 1872 4100:Féraud 1872 4088:Féraud 1872 3953:Féraud 1872 3941:Féraud 1872 3929:Féraud 1872 3866:Féraud 1872 3851:Féraud 1872 3820:Féraud 1872 3796:Féraud 1872 3769:, p. 4 3755:Féraud 1872 3743:Féraud 1872 3719:Féraud 1872 3707:Féraud 1872 3697:, p. 9 3683:Féraud 1872 3644:Féraud 1872 3073:I.B. Tauris 2920:"Ighil-Ali" 2796:Periodicals 2677:triq sultan 2615:Ibn Khaldun 2534:Reconquista 2522:Qaraouiyine 2374: [ 2316: [ 2047: [ 2036: [ 2025: [ 1946:Constantine 1922:Hussein Dey 1873:Ouled Madhi 1869:janissaries 1765:Constantine 1758:Ouled Madhi 1738: [ 1723: [ 1688: [ 1685:Khizr Pacha 1620: [ 1554:janissaries 1451:led by the 1429:Andalusians 1405: [ 1389: [ 1386:triq sultan 1348:Reconquista 1334:Map of the 1321:Sahel River 1233:Andalusians 1221:Constantine 1191:أولاد مقران 1033:Arab Spring 910:Oujda Group 900:Pieds-noirs 883:1961 putsch 878:1958 crisis 858:Nationalism 851:(1954–1962) 609:Muhallabids 578:Middle Ages 464:(202–46 BC) 386:(10,000 BC) 378:(20,000 BC) 370:(80,000 BC) 339:History of 256:Preceded by 5369:Categories 5287:Almoravids 5277:(973–1148) 5253:(790–1066) 5223:(710–1019) 5082:Lalmi 2004 4885:Lalmi 2004 4870:Lalmi 2004 4818:2020-12-06 4762:2020-12-06 4736:2020-12-06 4694:2020-12-06 4636:Lalmi 2004 4450:Lalmi 2004 3520:References 3497:Lalmi 2004 3283:2842721799 3214:2268048322 3203:. Monaco: 3160:2352700019 3101:2912946123 3015:9961611322 2532:after the 2394:Rahmaniyya 2371:Aït Iraten 2306:The Sahara 2241:Salah Raïs 2174:Rahmaniyya 2018:Ouled Naïl 1840:took Tunis 1735:Borj Hamza 1673:Ouled Naïl 1570:Sinan Reis 1516:Salah Raïs 1453:Barbarossa 1365:hinterland 1237:Christians 1229:the Sahara 953:1988 riots 798:Resistance 673:Almoravids 486:Mauretania 469:Punic Wars 360:Prehistory 165:Government 5353:Senussids 5341:Husaynids 5323:Wattasids 5311:Zayyanids 5281:Hammadids 5271:(909–973) 5265:(814–922) 5259:(800–909) 5257:Aghlabids 5247:(788–985) 5241:(777–909) 5239:Rustamids 5235:(771–793) 5229:(757–976) 5227:Midrarids 4609:Rinn 1891 4558:Rinn 1891 4546:Rinn 1891 4474:Rinn 1891 4414:Rinn 1891 4402:Rinn 1891 4375:Rinn 1891 4363:Rinn 1891 4351:Rinn 1891 4339:Rinn 1891 4327:Rinn 1891 4315:Rinn 1891 4288:Rinn 1891 4276:Rinn 1891 4264:Rinn 1891 4252:Rinn 1891 4228:Rinn 1891 4216:Gaïd 1978 4204:Rinn 1891 4192:Rinn 1891 4180:Rinn 1891 4144:Rinn 1891 4115:Rinn 1891 4076:Rinn 1891 3965:Gaïd 1978 3917:Rinn 1891 3893:Rinn 1891 3878:Gaïd 1978 3784:Rinn 1891 3695:Gaïd 1978 3605:Rinn 1891 3353:. Paris: 3321:(2011) . 2878:1112-783X 2850:250122531 2753:iḥeddaden 2740:Ighil Ali 2716:Ahmed Bey 2691:ijelladen 2622:Tamejjant 2581:Ighil Ali 2530:Andalusia 2358:Hammadids 2333:Bou Saâda 2328:Touggourt 2295:Touggourt 2064:Boubaghla 2060:Boubaghla 2022:Aït Yaala 1979:Ighil Ali 1836:Charles V 1824:Louis XII 1812:Louis XIV 1785:Louis XIV 1708:Bab Azoun 1677:Bou Saâda 1661:Touggourt 1546:Touggourt 1441:Spaniards 1183:At Muqran 980:Massacres 930:1960s–80s 705:Ziyyanids 665:Hammadids 649:Maghrawas 633:Aghlabids 617:Rustamids 451:Phoenicia 444:Antiquity 429:Related: 417:Madghacen 145:Religion 81:1510–1872 5335:'Alawids 5317:Marinids 5299:Almohads 5269:Fatimids 5251:Ifranids 5245:Idrisids 5221:Salihids 4932:Géo 2006 4771:cite web 3458:See also 3446:(1838). 3412:(1571). 3365:(1849). 3355:Hachette 3272:(2003). 3246:(1997). 3180:(2006). 2872:: 4–21. 2769:See also 2701:Bousaada 2656:Commerce 2510:"oulema" 2231:Hammadid 2213:Emir of 2160:in 1871. 1927:marabout 1880:Shadhili 1838:when he 1697:marabout 1657:Laghouat 1603:and the 1550:Zouaouas 1402:Takorabt 1381:Hammadid 1340:Simancas 1291:bachagha 1283:amokrane 1255:cities. 1169:) was a 975:Timeline 689:Marinids 681:Almohads 641:Fatimids 625:Idrisids 601:Ifranids 564:Gemellae 554:Partenia 330:a series 328:Part of 169:Monarchy 5329:Sa'dids 5305:Hafsids 5209:Maghreb 4813:Gallica 4757:Gallica 2763:burnous 2742:region. 2724:Mascara 2720:fondouk 2709:burnous 2683:mehalla 2648:karasta 2603:Economy 2514:Zitouna 2506:zaouïas 2362:Hafsids 2324:Ouargla 2291:Tlemcen 2269:Soummam 2194:Ouargla 2135:cholera 2099:Turkish 1987:El Main 1875:tribe. 1802:. Ali, 1731:Kabylie 1665:khalifa 1628:Algiers 1601:Medjana 1593:Tlemcen 1493:Tlemcen 1482:khalifa 1470:Medjana 1466:khalifa 1369:Berbers 1355:seized 1287:khalifa 1262:to the 1253:Maghreb 1249:Algiers 1235:, both 1217:Algiers 697:Hafsids 461:Numidia 404:Ahaggar 400:Tassili 341:Algeria 317:Algeria 159:Judaism 121:Capital 5275:Zirids 5211:region 3331: 3280: 3258: 3232: 3211: 3205:Rocher 3188: 3157: 3138: 3117: 3098: 3079: 3054: 3033: 3012: 2876: 2866:Campus 2848: 2705:M'sila 2697:Béjaïa 2671:ouadia 2642:Béjaïa 2636:tiwizi 2593:casbah 2354:Zirids 2313:Zibans 2274:Hafsid 2215:Béjaïa 2211:Hafsid 2182:Bouira 2139:typhus 2003:spahis 1975:Hachem 1905:Bibans 1844:Béjaïa 1750:kabyle 1746:Bouira 1701:douros 1681:Djelfa 1653:Biskra 1574:M'sila 1445:Bejaïa 1377:Bibans 1361:Hafsid 1357:Bejaïa 1351:, the 1279:French 1264:Sahara 1187:Arabic 1175:Berber 1171:Kabyle 1160:Arabic 960:1990s– 905:Harkis 657:Zirids 490:Africa 484:Roman 422:Jedars 412:Roknia 396:Djelfa 332:on the 180: 176:Sultan 139:Arabic 135:Berber 66:Arabic 62: 42: 3470:Notes 2989:Works 2885:(PDF) 2862:(PDF) 2846:S2CID 2830:(PDF) 2545:cadis 2518:Tunis 2463:Arras 2378:] 2320:] 2227:Zirid 2205:Spain 2190:Hodna 2178:Collo 2113:zakat 2051:] 2040:] 2029:] 1999:Sétif 1991:Hodna 1983:Azrou 1861:Kalaa 1774:Hodna 1742:] 1727:] 1692:] 1649:Tolga 1624:] 1497:Saadi 1478:borjs 1458:Turks 1413:Kalâa 1409:] 1393:] 1325:Hodna 1245:Spain 1202:Biban 962:2000s 150:Islam 4777:link 3329:ISBN 3278:ISBN 3256:ISBN 3230:ISBN 3209:ISBN 3186:ISBN 3155:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3115:ISBN 3096:ISBN 3077:ISBN 3052:ISBN 3031:ISBN 3010:ISBN 2874:ISSN 2703:and 2557:fiqh 2496:The 2427:In " 2366:Kuku 2360:and 2326:and 2263:The 2253:Oran 2229:and 2137:and 1651:and 1289:and 1241:Jews 1239:and 1133:The 873:GPRA 863:RCUA 488:and 402:and 392:Oran 242:1872 232:1510 157:and 103:Flag 5207:in 2977:doi 2953:Géo 2930:doi 2908:doi 2838:doi 2814:doi 2526:Fès 2524:in 2520:or 2516:in 2446:". 2105:ağa 2103:baş 1679:to 1323:to 1272:bey 1247:or 1227:to 1219:to 1137:or 994:GIA 989:FIS 868:FLN 5371:: 5074:^ 5011:^ 4877:^ 4862:^ 4811:. 4773:}} 4769:{{ 4755:. 4687:. 4616:^ 4577:^ 4436:^ 4421:^ 4394:^ 4295:^ 4134:^ 4107:^ 4056:^ 3885:^ 3858:^ 3827:^ 3774:^ 3675:^ 3612:^ 3593:^ 3566:^ 3542:^ 3254:. 3207:. 3075:. 3071:. 2969:. 2922:. 2904:44 2896:. 2864:. 2844:. 2832:. 2806:. 2380:. 2376:fr 2356:, 2335:. 2322:, 2318:fr 2101:: 2049:fr 2042:, 2038:fr 2027:fr 2020:, 1993:. 1810:, 1760:. 1740:fr 1725:fr 1690:fr 1655:, 1622:fr 1472:. 1415:. 1407:fr 1391:fr 1327:. 1189:: 1173:, 1162:: 1158:; 1149:, 1145:: 398:, 394:, 148:• 137:, 5197:e 5190:t 5183:v 4821:. 4779:) 4765:. 4739:. 4697:. 3536:. 3357:. 3337:. 3286:. 3264:. 3238:. 3217:. 3194:. 3163:. 3144:. 3123:. 3104:. 3085:. 3060:. 3039:. 3018:. 2983:. 2979:: 2936:. 2932:: 2914:. 2910:: 2852:. 2840:: 2820:. 2816:: 2093:. 1185:( 1141:( 1122:e 1115:t 1108:v 1089:) 1083:( 1076:) 1070:( 68:) 64:( 48:) 44:( 20:)

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Kingdom of Beni Abbas

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