297:
354:. It stressed the need for Muslims to coexist peaceably with unbelievers and so justified a separation of religion and politics. In this understanding, Muslims must nurture their own learning and piety and thereby furnish good examples to the non-Muslims around them. They could accept jurisdiction of non-Muslim authorities as long as they had the necessary protection and conditions to practice the faith. In this teaching, Suwari followed a strong predilection in Islamic thought for any government, even if non-Muslim or tyrannical, as opposed to none. The military
484:, who employed Mande warriors to guard their caravans and if necessary could call in larger contingents from the Sudanic kingdoms. In the seventeenth century, tensions between the Muslims and the local pagans in Begho erupted into a destructive war which eventually led to the total abandonment of the Banda capital. The local people eventually settled in a number of towns further east, while the dyula withdrew to the west to the further side of the Banda hills where they established the new trading center of
616:, from whom they easily obtained prized European goods, most notably rifles, gunpowder, and textiles. The acquisition of weapons allowed for the creation of an armed militia force that protected trade routes passing through the territories of various minor rulers. In the course of developing his state, Seku Wattara built a strong army composed mostly of defeated pagan groups. The leadership of the army eventually developed into a new warrior class, called
204:
818:
628:
century, many of Kong's provinces had formed independent chiefdoms. The city of Kong retained the prestige of an
Islamic commercial center, but it was no longer the seat of an important political power. It eventually came under French colonial control in 1898. Despite the fall from glory, the seventeenth-century Kong Friday Mosque survived, and the city was largely rebuilt in a traditional
781:, with older males possessing the most power and influence. Men and women commonly reside in separate houses made of mud or cement - men occupying roundhouses and women in rectangular ones. The father heads the family, and inheritances are passed down from fathers to their sons. Despite being illegal, the
576:
brought their trading skills and connections and transformed Kong into an international market for the exchange of northern desert goods, such as salt and cloth, and southern forest exports, such as cola nuts, gold, and slaves. The city was also a religious center that housed a substantial academic
479:
and Banda. As the economic value of gold and kola became appreciated, forests south of these states which had hitherto been little inhabited because of limited agricultural potential became more thickly populated, and the same principles of political and military mobilization began being applied
721:
supported Samori because he actively encouraged commerce and protected trade routes, thus promoting a free circulation of people and goods. Samori put up the strongest resistance to
European colonial penetration in West Africa, fighting both the French and British for seventeen years. Samori's
627:
The Kong Empire started to decline after the death of Seku
Wattara. Succession struggles divided the kingdom into two parts, with the northern area being controlled by Seku's brother Famagan who refused to recognize the rule of Seku's oldest son in the south. Towards the end of the nineteenth
512:
by Naba'a in the 16th century. This was motivated by a general worsening of the competitive position of dyula traders and was occasioned by three factors: (1) a near-monopoly control in exporting forest produce achieved by the Akan kingdom of Bono; (2) the rise to power further north of the
641:
768:
groups, and clan affiliation continues to be a dominant aspect of both collective and individual identity. People are fiercely loyal to their clan lineage, often expressing their cultural history and devotion through the oral traditions of dance and storytelling. The
366:(missionary activity), instead contending that God would bring non-Muslims to Islam in his own way; it was not a Muslim's responsibility to decide when ignorance should give way to belief. Since their Islamic practice was capable of accommodating traditional cults,
537:
to control the kingdom. But Gonja was not a fruitful land in which to try to maintain a centralized government. This is because the
Dagomba power to the north and Akan power to the south were too powerful; thus, the new kingdom rapidly declined in strength.
804:
had long been accustomed to surrounding their cities with fortifications and taking up arms when it was deemed necessary in order to defend themselves and maintain the smooth flow of trade caravans. As a result, they became closely associated with the
480:
there. Village communities became tributaries of ruling groups, with some members becoming the clients and slaves needed to support royal households, armies, and trading enterprises. Sometimes these political changes were not to the advantage of the
567:
presence in the Kong area grew rapidly in the seventeenth century as a result of the developing trade between the commercial centers along the Niger banks and the forest region to the south which was controlled by the Baule chiefdoms and the
554:
in today's
Northeastern CÎte d'Ivoire. It emerged as a commercial center when Malian merchants began trading in the territory which was inhabited by pagan Senufo and other Voltaic groups. The sous-préfecture of Kong, in the area of Kong to
984:, compiled by al-Hajj âUmar ibn Abi Bakr ibn âUthman al-Kabbawi al-Kanawi al-Salaghawi of Kete-Krachi whom Hodgkin describes as "the most interesting, and historically significant of the poets", may now be found in the library of the
701:. Unlike some of his contemporary state-builders, Samori was not a religious preacher, and Wasulu was not a reformist state as such. Nevertheless, he used Islam to unify the nation, promoting Islamic education and basing his rule on
524:
The reaction of the Dyula in the Bono-Banda-Gonja region to these developments was to establish a kingdom of their own in Gonja â the territory northern traders had to cross to reach Akan forestlands, situated in what is now modern
467:
spearheaded Mande penetration of the forested zones in the south by establishing caravan routes and trading posts at strategic locations throughout the region en route to cola-producing areas. By the start of the sixteenth century,
422:
prospered, with
Timbuktu in particular becoming known across Europe for its great wealth. Important trading centers in Southern West Africa developed at the transitional zone between the forest and the savanna; examples include
268:". Motivated by business imperatives, they expanded into new markets, founding settlements under the auspices of various local rulers who often permitted them self-governance and autonomy. Organization of
707:(Islamic law). However, Samori's professional army was the essential institution and the real strength behind his empire. He imported horses and weapons and modernized the army along European lines.
976:
with a wide range of Muslim connexions and an excellent grasp of local
Islamic history" whose efforts brought together a great many Arabic manuscripts from around Ghana. These manuscripts, the
1019:(the most widely spoken language in Mali), in a manner similar to the relation between American English and British English. It is probably the most used language for trade in West Africa.
832:
have been predominantly Muslim since the 13th century. Many in rural areas combine
Islamic beliefs with certain pre-Islamic animistic traditions such as the presence of spirits and use of
680:
in 1881, and became the principal power holder on the Upper Niger. By 1883, Samori had successfully brought the local chieftains under his control and officially founded the kingdom of
260:
to forest zones further south. They established decentralized townships in non-Muslim colonies that were linked to an extensive commercial network, in what was described by professor
233:. It was at this time that Mali began encouraging some of its local merchants to establish colonies close to the gold fields of West Africa. This migrant trading class were known as
219:(c. 1230â1600) had reached its apogee, acquiring a considerable reputation for the Islamic rulings of its court and the pilgrimages of several emperors who followed the tradition of
604:
state in 1710, the first of its kind in West Africa. He established himself as ruler and under his authority, the city rose from a small city-state to the capital of the great
596:
warrior who claimed descent from the
Malinke Keita lineage and who had studied the Quran and engaged in commerce before becoming a warrior. By rallying around himself all
592:
had become quite powerful in the area and wished to rid themselves of subordination to Senufo chiefs. This was achieved in an uprising led by Seku
Wattara (Ouattara), a
500:
presence and changes in the balance of power occasioned political upheavals in other places. Among the paramount Mande political initiatives along trade routes south of
2247:
693:
in 1884 and recreated the Malian realm. This new state was governed by Samori and a council of kinsmen and clients who took on the management of the chancery and the
1603:
1307:
884:
for a duration varying from five to thirty years, and earned his living as a part-time farmer working his teacher's lands. After he completed his studies, a
183:
migrants began establishing trading communities across the region in the fourteenth century. Since business was often conducted under non-Muslim rulers, the
2437:
220:
2119:
347:
who had reflected on the problem of Muslims living among non-Muslim majorities, situations that were frequent in the centuries of Islamic expansion.
296:
1766:
1294:
966:
Muslims to the history of not only the regions they found themselves in but also of West Africa as a whole. He cites al-Hajj Osmanu Eshaka Boyo of
517:
Kingdom which controlled local salt pans; and (3) increased competition following the arrival in the region of rival long-distance traders from
2240:
935:. His sons continued spreading their father's teachings and expanded through towns in Ghana and the Ivory Coast, founding Islamic schools, or
1394:
1596:
301:
2622:
339:
several times and devoted his intellectual career to developing an understanding of the faith that would assist Muslim minorities in "
2233:
1079:
1089:
463:
trade in Ghana and the adjacent Ivory Coast had important political consequences and sometimes military implications as well. The
284:
to the forest, managed circulation of goods and information, placed orders, and effectively controlled the economic mechanisms of
3103:
2430:
1589:
1148:
921:. This lineage may be traced to Timbuktu, but its principal figure was Sheikh Muhammad al-Mustafa Saghanughu (died 1776), the
3078:
2112:
1182:
1158:
913:
Certain families gained a reputation for providing multiple generations of scholars. For example, the Saghanughu clan was a
1759:
894:(teaching license), and either sought further instruction or started his own school in a remote village. A highly educated
757:
and more settled compatriots. With time, that difference has eroded, corresponding to the economic fortunes of the groups.
1479:
1382:
3098:
2423:
211:
The Mandé embraced Islam during the thirteenth century following introduction to the faith through contact with the
3088:
2105:
1412:
1279:
Wilks,Ivor. Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.).
1278:
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minorities in non-Muslim societies. Their unique contribution of long-distance commerce, Islamic scholarship and
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from lands surrounding their territory. Descendants of former kings and generals had a higher status than their
3093:
1475:
2615:
1443:
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that are spoken by various ethnic groups spread across Western Africa. Dioula is most closely related to the
3113:
2256:
985:
17:
925:
of Bobo-Dyulasso. He produced an educational system based on three canonical texts of Quranic commentary (
2399:
350:
Sheikh Suwari formulated the obligations of Muslim minorities in West Africa into something known as the
1326:. "Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the Fifteenth & Sixteenth Centuries II: The Struggle for Trade".
2061:
1506:, "The Juula & the Expansion of Islam into the Forest", in N. Levtzion and R. L. Pouwels (eds.),
676:
states during the 1860s. He gained control over the Milo River Valley in 1871, seized the village of
2608:
840:
communities have a reputation for historically maintaining a high standard of Muslim education. The
551:
2446:
2076:
652:
The Mande conquerors of the nineteenth century frequently utilized trade routes established by the
3108:
276:â a working unit consisting of a father and his sons and other attached males. Members of a given
2675:
2071:
1535:
1529:
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were probably a positive byproduct of the long history of Muslims' interest in literary work. In
918:
1398:
612:
of Kong also maintained commercial links with European traders on the Atlantic coast around the
2804:
1541:
2957:
963:
959:
1485:
Launay, Robert. "Electronic Media & Islam Among the Dyula of Northern Cote de'Ivoire".
1207:
323:
dubbed "accommodationist Islam". The man credited with formulating this rationale is Sheikh
1559:
1059:
656:. Indeed, it was his exploitation of their commercial network that allowed military leader
324:
8:
1678:
1522:
989:
391:
319:
rationale for their relations with non-Muslim ruling classes and subjects in what author
192:
42:
38:
1288:
3048:
2814:
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2547:
1918:
1178:
1154:
1113:
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435:(in present-day CĂŽte d'Ivoire). Western trade routes continued to be important, with
285:
238:
1128:
600:
in the area, Seku Wattara easily defeated local chiefdoms and set up an independent
3019:
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2277:
2225:
1553:
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92:
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Another hereditary class that was afforded a particularly important status by the
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1985:
1965:
1703:
1511:
1069:
1053:
1005:
750:
717:. Even though they did not play a central part in the creation of the state, the
629:
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style. As Kong grew prosperous, its early rulers from the Taraweré clan combined
530:
371:
125:
117:
88:
1581:
1048:
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and Senufo traditions and extended their authority over the surrounding region.
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community of Muslim scholars, with palaces and mosques built in the traditional
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2827:
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could afford to provide some of its younger men an Islamic education. Thus, an
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and vassals. Like numerous other African peoples, they previously held slaves (
698:
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328:
121:
84:
2272:
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spread throughout the former area of Mandé culture from the Atlantic coast of
3072:
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2703:
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2670:
2647:
2522:
2472:
2457:
2404:
2394:
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2159:
2051:
1990:
1975:
1913:
1849:
1829:
1824:
1804:
1713:
1693:
1084:
1027:
407:
395:
212:
1568:
1208:"The Routes of Al-Andalus: Spiritual Convergence and Intercultural Dialogue"
1100:
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195:
were significant factors in the peaceful expansion of Islam in West Africa.
3036:
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2932:
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2761:
2738:
2713:
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2317:
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2199:
2189:
2086:
2056:
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1980:
1970:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1871:
1859:
1854:
1794:
1789:
1733:
1723:
1708:
1668:
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1623:
1043:
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169:
153:
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146:
105:
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2512:
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2194:
2179:
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2036:
2010:
1866:
1844:
1819:
1799:
1744:
1698:
1653:
1628:
1548:
Moshe Terdman, "Project for the Research of Islamist Movements" (PRISM):
1531:
Historical Context: Notes on the Arabic Literary Tradition of West Africa
1117:
778:
774:
703:
661:
605:
534:
344:
316:
216:
72:
31:
789:, and young people are often encouraged to marry within their own clan.
2981:
2866:
2851:
2708:
2557:
2364:
2000:
1906:
1896:
1633:
1503:
1323:
448:
444:
428:
414:). It was under Mali that the great cities of the Niger bend including
249:
360:
was a resort only if the faithful were threatened. Suwari discouraged
2322:
1031:
936:
645:
518:
432:
304:
917:
lineage living in Northern and Western Ivory Coast and parts of the
501:
419:
272:
trading companies was based on a clan-family structure known as the
203:
1995:
1955:
1950:
1901:
1876:
1683:
972:
871:
855:
786:
742:
713:
traders had never enjoyed as much prosperity as they did under the
694:
556:
411:
1283:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 29â30.
1254:. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General
962:
enumerates the large literary contribution that was made by Dyula-
878:
clerical tradition, a student received instruction under a single
472:
merchants were trading as far south as the coast of modern Ghana.
2977:
2949:
2843:
2327:
1960:
1688:
833:
754:
723:
485:
440:
436:
375:
343:" lands. He drew on North African and Middle Eastern jurists and
281:
2600:
687:
Having established an empire, he adopted the religious title of
640:
2786:
1251:
1215:
927:
880:
866:
860:
817:
689:
681:
677:
669:
403:
257:
188:
475:
On the forest's northern fringes, new states emerged, such as
331:
cleric from the core Mali area who lived around 1500. He made
2753:
2639:
2332:
2287:
1834:
1814:
1809:
1728:
1472:
Beyond the Stream: Islam & Society in a West African Town
1344:
1231:
Beyond the Stream: Islam & Society in a West African Town
1023:
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850:
822:
738:
578:
526:
424:
399:
362:
356:
340:
336:
253:
230:
176:
165:
764:
social structure is further organized into various familial
726:
in 1898, and sent Samori into exile, where he died in 1900.
2876:
2015:
2005:
906:
900:
765:
454:
406:, slaves, and kola nuts from the south and slave beads and
225:
157:
722:
would-be Muslim empire was undone by the French, who took
1011:, which is included in the group of closely interrelated
415:
37:"Juula" redirects here. For the villages in Estonia, see
858:
emerged, who were educated in the Quran and commentary (
1269:
4th Edition, Taylor & Francis, Inc., December 2001
1022:
The Dioula language and people are distinct from the
550:
eventually became market villages or cities, such as
381:
2255:
1197:, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987, p. 21.
697:, and administered justice, religious affairs, and
660:(1830â1900) to rise to a dominant position in the
1611:
620:, which was gradually separated from the overall
3070:
1519:Eighteenth Century Renewal & Reform in Islam
1246:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
1195:Eighteenth Century Renewal & Reform in Islam
390:merchants were also able to assess the valuable
1444:"How ethnicity colors the Ivory Coast election"
398:whom they met at commercial centers across the
563:traders first settled in the twelfth century.
187:developed a set of theological principles for
175:Characterized as a highly successful merchant
2616:
2431:
2241:
2113:
1760:
1597:
1573:
546:Many of the trading posts established by the
447:being the major trade centres in what is now
394:network conducted by North African Arabs and
2445:
1308:"The Wider Influence of the Sudanic Kingdoms
1293:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
729:
608:, holding sway over much of the region. The
402:. Some important trade goods included gold,
2127:
1500:, Vol. 7. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-MĂŒnster
1146:
2623:
2609:
2438:
2424:
2248:
2234:
2120:
2106:
1774:
1767:
1753:
1604:
1590:
3047:Ethnic groups whose languages are in the
1362:, Universitah ha-âIvrit bi-Yerushalayim.
559:, is said to be the âoriginâ area, where
1517:Nehemia Levtzion and J. O. Voll (eds.),
1281:Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas
870:(prophetic narrations), and the life of
816:
639:
455:Penetration into southern forest regions
295:
202:
198:
1494:"Muslim Resurgence in Ghana Since 1950"
1427:The Islamic Literary Tradition in Ghana
1272:
1147:Shullington, Kevin (18 November 2004).
1037:
956:The Islamic Literary Tradition in Ghana
14:
3071:
1543:A History of African Societies to 1870
1359:The Early State in African Perspective
1153:(1 ed.). Routledge. p. 724.
632:style and features a Qur'anic school.
2604:
2419:
2229:
2101:
1748:
1585:
1572:
1498:Journal of Christian-Muslim Relations
796:social hierarchy was occupied by the
291:
1441:
812:
635:
67:Regions with significant populations
1193:N. Levtzion and J. O. Voll (eds.),
1177:Routledge; 1 edition (18 Nov 2004)
529:. By 1675, Gonja had established a
24:
1383:University of California, Berkeley
995:
382:Commercial and political expansion
374:, and counselors at the courts of
256:and from the southern edge of the
215:traders. By the 14th century, the
25:
3125:
2630:
1463:
223:, the first black prince to make
2257:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast
1442:Oved, Marco Chown (2010-11-28).
1435:
1419:
1405:
1395:"Encarta Encyclopedia â Africa"
1387:
1369:
1350:
1333:
1317:
1175:Encyclopedia of African History
1150:Encyclopedia of African History
844:family enterprise based on the
1508:The History of Islam in Africa
1476:University of California Press
1414:A History of Islamic Societies
1378:A History of Islamic Societies
1301:
1257:
1236:
1223:
1200:
1187:
1167:
1140:
672:, Samori conquered and united
588:By the eighteenth century the
541:
491:
13:
1:
3104:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
1613:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
1448:The Christian Science Monitor
1347:: IFAN, 1970. Volume 1, Ch. 2
1263:J. D. Fage, William Tordoff,
1134:
630:Sudano-Sahelian architectural
3079:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
1341:Samori, Une Revolution Dyula
1106:Seku Ouattara (Wattara) â a
986:Institute of African Studies
898:could become a professional
7:
1118:Ivory Coast (CĂŽte d'Ivoire)
978:Isnad al-shuyukh waâl-ulama
737:society is hierarchical or
431:(in present-day Ghana) and
410:from the north (for use as
27:Ethnic group in West Africa
10:
3130:
1550:Islam in Africa Newsletter
1328:Journal of African History
854:(clerical) class known as
36:
29:
3045:
3000:
2976:
2948:
2875:
2842:
2785:
2752:
2689:
2656:
2638:
2453:
2263:
2135:
2024:
1782:
1619:
1579:
1574:Links to related articles
1523:Syracuse University Press
888:obtained a turban and an
730:Dyula culture and society
668:family from Sanankoro in
370:often served as priests,
300:A Dyula farmer wearing a
116:
111:
103:
98:
83:
78:
71:
66:
61:
56:
3099:Ethnic groups in Senegal
2447:Ethnic groups in Senegal
2077:Gold Coast Euro-Africans
1431:Islam in Tropical Africa
30:Not to be confused with
3089:Ethnic groups in Guinea
2129:Ethnic groups in Guinea
1561:Islam in Medieval Sudan
1536:Northwestern University
3084:Ethnic groups in Ghana
3051:group of Mandé are in
1776:Ethnic groups in Ghana
1540:Elizabeth A. Isichei,
825:
800:or warrior class. The
664:region. A member of a
649:
308:
208:
3094:Ethnic groups in Mali
1512:Ohio University Press
1429:, in I. Lewis (ed.),
820:
648:Region of West Africa
643:
315:colonies developed a
299:
241:word for âmerchantâ.
206:
199:Historical background
156:countries, including
112:Related ethnic groups
1564:, islamawareness.net
1411:Ira Marvin Lapidus,
1330:23:4 (1982): 463â472
1103:, Ivorian footballer
1097:, Ivorian footballer
1060:Christian Manfredini
1038:Notable Dyula people
504:was creation of the
325:Al-Hajj Salim Suwari
3114:West African people
1356:Shmuel Eisenstadt,
1266:A History of Africa
1173:Kevin Shullington,
1006:Dioula language or
990:University of Ghana
874:. According to the
459:The development of
392:trans-Saharan trade
386:As fellow Muslims,
280:dispersed from the
193:religious tolerance
152:inhabiting several
53:
43:Juula, Rapla County
39:Juula, Tartu County
1528:Andrea Brigaglia,
826:
749:), who were often
650:
352:Suwarian tradition
309:
292:Suwarian tradition
209:
51:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
2598:
2597:
2413:
2412:
2223:
2222:
2095:
2094:
2062:African Americans
1742:
1741:
1492:Samwini, Nathan.
1242:J. F. Ade Ajayi.
1183:978-1-57958-245-6
1160:978-1-57958-245-6
1114:Alassane Ouattara
1026:(Jola) people of
1013:Manding languages
813:Islamic tradition
699:foreign relations
636:Kingdom of Wasulu
286:supply and demand
207:A Dyula man, 1900
131:
130:
16:(Redirected from
3121:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2098:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1554:Herzliya, Israel
1552:, Vol. 2, No. 3
1489:, Vol. 67, 1997.
1470:Launey, Robert.
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1425:Thomas Hodgkin,
1423:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1397:. Archived from
1391:
1385:
1375:Ira M. Lapidus.
1373:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1313:, britannica.com
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:. Berkeley, 1992
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1144:
1080:Mohamed Ouattara
1017:Bambara language
939:, and acting as
760:The traditional
624:merchant class.
321:Nehemia Levtzion
266:trading diaspora
262:Philip D. Curtin
221:Lahilatul Kalabi
57:Total population
54:
50:
21:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3041:
3031:Mandingo people
2996:
2991:Mandinka people
2972:
2968:Shangawa people
2944:
2871:
2838:
2795:Jakhanke people
2781:
2748:
2685:
2652:
2634:
2629:
2599:
2594:
2449:
2444:
2414:
2409:
2259:
2254:
2224:
2219:
2131:
2126:
2096:
2091:
2020:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1738:
1615:
1610:
1575:
1567:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:(2nd Edition),
1374:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1116:, president of
1070:Issouf Ouattara
1054:Amadou Ouattara
1040:
998:
996:Dioula language
815:
785:still practice
732:
638:
544:
531:paramount chief
494:
457:
384:
294:
201:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3020:Kuranko people
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:Wangara people
2935:
2928:Soninke people
2925:
2922:Malinke people
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2886:Bambara people
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2828:Yalunka people
2824:
2817:
2815:Mogofin people
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2777:Wangara people
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
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2500:
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2285:
2280:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2025:Non-indigenous
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
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1857:
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1807:
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1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1546:
1538:
1526:
1515:
1501:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1465:
1464:External links
1462:
1460:
1459:
1434:
1418:
1404:
1401:on 2009-10-30.
1386:
1368:
1349:
1332:
1316:
1300:
1271:
1256:
1235:
1222:
1199:
1186:
1166:
1159:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:Yacouba Songné
1126:
1124:Vincent Angban
1121:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:Kalpi Ouattara
1072:
1067:
1065:Cyrille Bayala
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1036:
997:
994:
960:Thomas Hodgkin
814:
811:
731:
728:
637:
634:
614:Gulf of Guinea
543:
540:
493:
490:
456:
453:
383:
380:
293:
290:
200:
197:
129:
128:
114:
113:
109:
108:
104:Predominantly
101:
100:
96:
95:
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
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3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Kpelle people
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Kyenga people
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:Jowulu people
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Gbandi people
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Kakabe people
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2681:Seenku people
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:Mandé peoples
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
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2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
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2329:
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2216:
2213:
2211:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
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2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
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2002:
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1090:Mohamed Touré
1088:
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1085:Modibo Sagnan
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1058:
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1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:Guinea-Bissau
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
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961:
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948:
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916:
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902:
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893:
892:
887:
883:
882:
877:
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869:
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857:
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852:
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839:
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824:
819:
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803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
751:war prisoners
748:
744:
741:-based, with
740:
736:
727:
725:
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716:
712:
708:
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685:
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625:
623:
619:
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566:
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522:
520:
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503:
499:
489:
487:
483:
478:
473:
471:
466:
462:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:cowrie shells
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
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326:
322:
318:
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306:
303:
298:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:Malian empire
214:
213:North African
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
162:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
102:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3109:Mandé people
3052:
3037:Mende people
3029:
3002:Sierra Leone
2989:
2933:Marka people
2920:
2910:Dyula people
2909:
2908:
2896:
2892:Banka people
2884:
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2767:Dyula people
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2762:Bissa people
2744:Yaure people
2658:Burkina Faso
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170:Burkina Faso
154:West African
150:ethnic group
142:
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106:Sunni Muslim
48:Ethnic group
18:Juula people
3025:Loko people
3010:Kono people
2958:Busa people
2904:Duun people
2898:Bozo people
2862:Mano people
2821:Susu people
2810:Loma people
2805:Lele people
2734:Tura people
2729:Mwan people
2724:Jeri people
2719:Guro people
2704:Gban people
2699:Beng people
2691:Ivory Coast
2676:Samo people
2671:Kpee people
2666:Bobo people
2648:Boko people
1339:Y. Person,
1324:Wilks, Ivor
919:Upper Volta
779:patriarchal
775:patrilineal
662:Upper Niger
606:Kong Empire
542:Kong Empire
535:Yagbongwura
492:Gonja state
372:soothsayers
345:theologians
317:theological
73:West Africa
62:2.2 million
52:Djoula Land
32:Jola people
3073:Categories
2867:Vai people
2852:Dan people
2739:Wan people
2714:Goo people
2709:Dan people
2585:Toucouleur
1919:Ga-Adangbe
1907:Avenor Ewe
1783:Indigenous
1510:, Athens:
1504:Ivor Wilks
1453:2020-09-27
1135:References
1120:since 2010
1101:Yaya Touré
1095:Kolo Touré
1004:speak the
821:Mosque in
809:warriors.
449:Mauritania
445:Chinguetti
429:Bono Manso
311:Over time
250:Senegambia
2503:Karoninka
2278:Adjoukrou
1289:cite book
1032:Casamance
958:, author
910:(judge).
646:Wassoulou
519:Hausaland
508:state of
433:Bondoukou
305:headscarf
302:Dutch wax
79:Languages
2553:Niominka
2528:Mankanya
2518:Mandinka
2508:Konyagui
2493:Jakhanke
2385:Mandinka
2185:Mandinka
2165:Konyagui
1996:Tallensi
1986:Mamprusi
1966:Konkomba
1956:Karamogo
1951:Jakhanke
1902:Anlo Ewe
1877:Chumburu
1704:Mandinka
1684:Jakhanke
1480:Berkeley
968:Kintampo
896:karamogo
886:karamogo
872:Muhammad
856:karamogo
787:polygamy
743:nobility
695:treasury
579:Sudanese
557:Dabakala
412:currency
378:rulers.
239:Mandingo
145:) are a
126:Jakhanke
118:Mandinka
99:Religion
3049:Manding
2978:Senegal
2950:Nigeria
2844:Liberia
2575:Soninke
2478:Biafada
2468:Bassari
2463:Balanta
2345:Djimini
2328:Tchaman
2210:Yalunka
2175:Landuma
2145:Bassari
2082:Indians
2072:Chinese
2047:Soninke
1961:Kassena
1946:Gurunsi
1887:Dagomba
1882:Dagaaba
1840:Avatime
1830:Ashanti
1719:Soninke
1689:Kassena
1674:Gurunsi
1644:Djimini
1639:Dagaaba
1482:, 1992.
1110:warrior
1008:Julakan
988:of the
970:as an "
964:Wangara
952:madaris
937:madaris
834:amulets
807:tuntigi
798:tuntigi
755:nomadic
724:Sikasso
704:shariâa
618:sonangi
570:Ashanti
533:called
515:Dagomba
486:Bonduku
441:Oualata
437:Ouadane
396:Berbers
376:animist
329:Soninke
282:savanna
252:to the
122:Bambara
93:English
2982:Gambia
2787:Guinea
2543:Laalaa
2523:Manjak
2473:Bedick
2458:Bainuk
2405:Yoruba
2400:Whites
2395:Senufo
2323:M'Bato
2313:Evalue
2303:Baoulé
2298:Avikam
2170:Kpelle
2160:Gbandi
2052:Yoruba
1991:Nafana
1976:Kusasi
1914:Frafra
1867:Bimoba
1850:Evalue
1825:Ahanta
1805:Abidji
1714:Senufo
1694:Kusasi
1556:. 2007
1525:, 1987
1514:, 2000
1487:Africa
1366:, 1988
1252:Unesco
1216:UNESCO
1181:
1157:
1108:dioula
950:These
933:hadith
931:) and
928:tafsir
881:sheikh
867:hadith
861:tafsir
715:almamy
690:Almami
682:Wasulu
678:Kankan
670:Guinea
572:. The
420:Djenné
404:millet
307:, 1966
264:as a "
258:Sahara
237:, the
189:Muslim
168:, and
139:Dioula
89:French
2754:Ghana
2640:Benin
2590:Wolof
2568:Saafi
2563:Palor
2538:Serer
2533:Papel
2483:Dyula
2390:Mossi
2375:Krahn
2370:Hausa
2350:Dyula
2333:Wassa
2318:Fante
2293:Attie
2288:Aowin
2215:Zialo
2200:Papel
2190:Mende
2150:Dyula
2087:Tabom
2067:Arabs
2057:Zarma
2042:Mossi
2032:Hausa
1981:Logba
1971:Krobo
1939:Kyode
1934:Gonja
1929:Efutu
1924:Guang
1892:Dyula
1872:Bissa
1860:Nzema
1855:Fante
1835:Assin
1815:Akyem
1810:Ahafo
1795:Agave
1790:Adele
1734:Zarma
1729:Yarse
1724:Turka
1709:Mossi
1669:Gurma
1664:Gouin
1659:Fulse
1649:Dyula
1624:Bissa
1364:BRILL
1345:Dakar
1211:(PDF)
1024:Diola
1002:dyula
980:, or
973:âalim
945:qadis
941:imams
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891:isnad
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851:ulema
842:dyula
838:Dyula
830:dyula
823:Ghana
802:dyula
794:dyula
783:dyula
771:dyula
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735:Dyula
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527:Ghana
510:Gonja
506:dyula
502:Jenne
498:dyula
482:Dyula
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465:dyula
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425:Begho
400:Sahel
388:dyula
368:dyula
363:dawah
357:jihad
341:pagan
337:Mecca
313:dyula
270:dyula
254:Niger
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235:Dyula
231:Mecca
185:Dyula
181:Dyula
177:caste
166:Ghana
147:Mande
143:Juula
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85:Dyula
3053:Bold
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2016:Yeji
2011:Wala
2006:Tshi
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1800:Akan
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