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787:) headdress was used at harvest time by young men chosen from the farmers association. Other Bamana statues include fertility statues, meant to be kept with the wife at all times to ensure fertility, and statues created for vocational groups such as hunters and farmers, often used as offering places by other groups after prosperous farming seasons or successful hunting parties.
684:= slave/kjell-slave), or slave warrior caste, replenished by warriors captured in battle. While slaves were excluded from inheritance, the Jonton leaders forged a strong corporate identity. Their raids fed the Segu economy with goods and slaves for trade, and bonded agricultural laborers who were resettled by the state.
624:
Formerly, like most other
African societies, they also held slaves (called "Jonw"/"Jong(o)"), often war prisoners from lands surrounding their territory. With time, and the collapse of the Bamana state, these caste differences have eroded, though vocations have strong family and ethnic correlations.
703:
The Bamana have continued in many places their tradition of caste and age group inauguration societies, known as the Tons. While this is common to most Mandé societies, the Ton tradition is especially strong in Bamana history. Tons can be by sex (initiation rites for young men and women), age (the
569:
761:. While the tourist and art market is the main destination of modern Bamana artworks, most artistic traditions had been part of sacred vocations, created as a display of religious beliefs and used in ritual.
940:
741:
The Bamana people adapted many artistic traditions. Artworks were created both for religious use and to define cultural and religious difference. Bamana artistic traditions include
518:
neighbors, the Bamana state practised and formalised traditional polytheistic religion, though Muslim communities remained locally powerful, if excluded from the central state at
483:
was also used to identify captive
Africans who originated in the interior of Africa perhaps from the upper Senegal-Niger region and transported to the Americas via ports on the
1051:
D.F. McCall, "The
Cultural Map and Time Profile of the Mande Speaking Peoples," in C.T. Hodge (ed.). Papers on the Manding, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1971.
475:
While there is little consensus among modern historians and ethnologists as to the origins or meaning of the ethno-linguistic term, references to the name
1344:
595:
and ethnic variation. Both castes and ethnic groups performed vocational roles in the Bamana state, and this differentiation increased with time.
1378:
669:) and the history of the Bambara Empire strengthened and preserved these orders. The first state was born as a refashioning of hunting and youth
1153:
1091:
948:
389:, "Bambara" means "believer" or "infidel"; the group acquired the name because it resisted Islam after the religion was introduced in 1854 by
1318:
1264:
Wooten, Stephen R. (2000). "Antelope
Headdresses and Champion Farmers: Negotiating Meaning and Identity through the Bamana Ciwara Complex".
602:
merchants developed towns focused first on desert side trade, and latter on large-scale agricultural production using captured slaves. The
716:). While these societies continue as ways of socialising and passing on traditions, their power and importance faded in the 20th century.
429:
ethno-linguistic group, whose divergence is dated to at least about 7,000 years ago, and branches of which are associated with sites near
1551:
111:
Bambara people in upper Sénégal river valley, 1890. (illustration from
Colonel Frey's CĂ´te occidentale d'Afrique, 1890, Fig.49 p.87)
541:
languages, has become the principal inter-ethnic language in Mali and one of the official languages of the state alongside
413:
1371:
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can be found from the early 18th century. In addition to its general use as a reference to an ethno-linguistic group,
1302:
1216:
1038:
75:
53:
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ton living separately from the community and providing farm labor prior to taking wives), or vocation (the farming
1959:
614:
ethnicity were created largely out of war captives, and turned by the state to fishing and ferrying communities.
2006:
1364:
1341:
649:
Islam remains rare, even allowing for conversions that in many cases happened in the mid to late 19th century.
1544:
1078:
Les Ports de l'Or Le
Rouyaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'Ere Musulmane au Temps de Nègriers (VIIIe-XVIIe Siècle)
621:, priests, metalworkers, and other specialist vocations remaining endogamous and living in designated areas.
1226:
Roberts, Richard L. (1980). "Production and
Reproduction of Warrior States: Segu Bambara and Segu Tokolor".
902:
2011:
1387:
1326:
1537:
637:
Bambara human figure, late 19th to early 20th century, Mali. Wood. African Art Museum, Smithsonian.
40:
941:"Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2013 Censuses - GBoS"
645:, but many still practise the traditional rituals, especially in honoring ancestors. This form of
1604:
1030:
559:
441:), where urban centers began to emerge by as early as 2500 BC. By 250 BC, a Mandé subgroup, the
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57:
1209:
Warriors, Merchants and Slaves: The State and the
Economy in the Middle Niger Valley 1700-1914
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In addition to this, the Bamana maintained internal castes, like other Mandé peoples, with
8:
1448:
491:
referred simply to slaves who were already in the service of the local elites or French.
1458:
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Photo documents of
Bambara art and other information regarding other African tribal art
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1234:(3). The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3: 389–419.
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Puppets and masks of the Bamana and the Bozo (Mali) - from The Spirit's Dance in Africa
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basin turned inward. The Bamana appeared again in this milieu with the rise of a
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Traditionally, Mandé society is hierarchal or caste-based, with nobility and
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370:
588:. Bamana political order created a small free nobility, set in the midst of
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665:. Mandé culture is known for its strong fraternal orders and sororities (
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Bamana share many aspects of broader Mandé social structure. Society is
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As conquests of their neighbors were successful, the state created the
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coast. As early as 1730 at the slave-trading post of Gorée, the term
405:
1277:
1194:. Washington, D.C.: Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
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1122:
610:
communities within the state, who added this to cattle herding. The
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dissolved after 1600 AD, many Mandé-speaking groups along the upper
1239:
1192:
Chi-Wara headdress of the
Bambara: A select, annotated bibliography
589:
472:
in the 1740s, when the Mali Empire started to crumble around 1559.
519:
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1906:
1878:
1772:
1140:Études africaines : les Bambaras, mœurs, coutumes, religions
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Chiffres de la Division de la Statistique de Dakar cités dans
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ethnic group in Mali, with 80% of the population speaking the
1682:
1568:
1513:
734:
Bambara mask with a stylistic representation of an antelope,
642:
618:
592:
525:
The Bamana became the dominant cultural community in western
350:
149:
1109:
Imperato, Pascal James (1970). "The Dance of the Tyi Wara".
969:
https://desert-maroc.com/le-village-de-khamlia-merzouga/amp/
779:
mask was used by dancers at male initiation ceremonies. The
1805:
1295:
Antilopes du soleil: Arts et rites agraires d'Afrique noire
758:
754:
713:
697:
526:
346:
181:
133:
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1228:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
510:
s) began to develop a state structure which became the
1169:(2). African Arts, Vol. 12, No. 2: 65–66, 68–71, 91.
1161:
McNaughton, Patrick R. (1979). "Bamana Blacksmiths".
321:
1211:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1297:(A. Schendl ed.). Paris: Edition A. Schendl.
514:and later Mali Empire. In stark contrast to their
1272:(2). African Arts, Vol. 33, No. 2: 18–33, 89–90.
1993:
1063:Nouvelle Relation de l'Afrique Occidentale 3 Vol
421:The Bamana originated as a royal section of the
1117:(1). African Arts, Vol. 4, No. 1: 8–13, 71–80.
1001:den Otter, Elisabeth; Esther A. Dagan (1997).
981:"Tribal African Art Bambara (Bamana, Banmana)"
453:Mandé dominated the Western Mali, leading the
365:. They have been associated with the historic
1545:
1372:
1342:Documentary on a rural Bamana village in Mali
1259:(in French). Paris: P. Geuthner. p. 226.
329:
606:specialised in long-distance trade, as did
425:. Both Manding and Bambara are part of the
1552:
1538:
1379:
1365:
1160:
1152:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1137:
1090:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1007:. Galerie Amrad African Arts Publications.
1976:Ethnic groups whose languages are in the
1386:
232:
192:
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1108:
729:
691:
632:
575:
567:
412:
404:
212:
39:This article includes a list of general
1333:Civilisation et art bambara (ou bamana)
1254:
1225:
1206:
1075:
19:Not to be confused with the Australian
1994:
1263:
892:Bambara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2019)
172:
1533:
1360:
1292:
1189:
1060:
506:, Bamana-age co-fraternities (called
494:Growing from farming communities in
128:Regions with significant populations
25:
930:, Éditions Sépia, 1996, p. 182
652:
330:
314:
13:
1102:
449:. Between 300 AD and 1100 AD, the
369:. Today, they make up the largest
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2023:
1559:
1312:
790:
533:, mutually intelligible with the
1027:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
983:. Zyama.com - African Art Museum
764:Bamana forms of art include the
736:National Gallery for Foreign Art
687:
234:
214:
194:
174:
104:
30:
1142:(in French). Paris. p. 42.
1069:
1054:
341:ethnic group native to much of
299:, other Mande speaking groups.
1045:
1011:
994:
973:
962:
933:
920:
895:
886:
1:
1061:Labat, Jean-Baptiste (1728).
879:
207:91,071 (1.34%) (1988 census)
1207:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
641:Most Bamana today adhere to
7:
1076:Bathily, Abdoulaye (1989).
862:
628:
380:
377:, regardless of ethnicity.
322:
16:Ethnic group in West Africa
10:
2028:
1190:Pharr, Lillian E. (1980).
1138:Le Barbier, Louis (1918).
726:African art § Bambara
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18:
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673:s into a warrior caste.
553:
97:
1255:Tauxier, Louis (1942).
1031:Oxford University Press
822:, Senegalese footballer
560:Caste systems in Africa
60:more precise citations.
1980:group of Mandé are in
799:, French-Malian Singer
738:
719:
700:
638:
581:
573:
445:, founded the city of
418:
410:
409:Bambara women working.
387:Encyclopedia of Africa
2007:Ethnic groups in Mali
1388:Ethnic groups in Mali
733:
695:
636:
579:
571:
433:(now subsumed by the
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408:
345:, primarily southern
287:Related ethnic groups
1257:Histoire des Bambara
704:earlier young men's
2012:West African people
1320:Who are the Bamana?
93:
1347:2006-02-20 at the
1322:- Princeton Online
1023:Gates, Henry Louis
928:Peuples du Sénégal
826:Kafoumba Coulibaly
808:Kaladian Coulibaly
739:
701:
639:
582:
580:A Bambara village.
574:
572:A Bambara warrior.
419:
411:
187:6,705,796 (33.3%)
91:
1989:
1988:
1527:
1526:
833:, Malian musician
820:Kalidou Koulibaly
564:Slavery in Africa
395:El Hadj Umar Tall
385:According to the
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1610:Seenku people
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1561:Mandé peoples
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951:on 2021-11-19
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852:Kandia Traoré
850:
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803:Alassane Pléa
801:
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757:figures, and
756:
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688:Ton societies
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521:
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497:
492:
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486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
470:Bamana Empire
467:
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460:
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448:
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107:
102:
95:
80:
77:
69:
66:November 2015
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1981:
1966:Mende people
1958:
1931:Sierra Leone
1918:
1862:Marka people
1849:
1839:Dyula people
1837:
1825:
1821:Banka people
1814:
1813:
1763:Zialo people
1755:
1748:
1701:Ligbi people
1696:Dyula people
1691:Bissa people
1673:Yaure people
1587:Burkina Faso
1449:Iwellemmedan
1403:
1332:
1319:
1294:
1269:
1266:African Arts
1265:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1208:
1191:
1166:
1163:African Arts
1162:
1139:
1114:
1111:African Arts
1110:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1026:
1013:
1003:
996:
985:. Retrieved
975:
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953:. Retrieved
949:the original
944:
935:
927:
922:
912:November 19,
910:. Retrieved
907:www.cia.gov/
906:
897:
888:
847:Alain Traoré
837:Sammy Traoré
831:Rokia Traoré
797:Aya Nakamura
784:
776:
766:
763:
740:
710:Chi Wara Ton
705:
702:
681:
677:
675:
670:
666:
656:
640:
623:
616:
597:
583:
524:
507:
493:
488:
480:
476:
474:
459:Nilo-Saharan
455:Ghana Empire
437:in southern
420:
386:
384:
359:Burkina Faso
334:
323:
306:
304:
146:Burkina Faso
88:Ethnic group
72:
63:
44:
1954:Loko people
1939:Kono people
1887:Busa people
1833:Duun people
1827:Bozo people
1791:Mano people
1750:Susu people
1739:Loma people
1734:Lele people
1663:Tura people
1658:Mwan people
1653:Jeri people
1648:Guro people
1633:Gban people
1628:Beng people
1620:Ivory Coast
1605:Samo people
1600:Kpee people
1595:Bobo people
1577:Boko people
1352:(in French)
1337:(in French)
663:patriarchal
659:patrilineal
504:Ivory Coast
485:Senegambian
466:Niger river
457:. When the
343:West Africa
281:Sunni Islam
154:Ivory Coast
58:introducing
1996:Categories
1796:Vai people
1781:Dan people
1668:Wan people
1643:Goo people
1638:Dan people
1509:Toucouleur
987:2008-07-08
955:2021-06-17
880:References
590:endogamous
558:See also:
498:, between
496:Ouassoulou
439:Mauritania
393:conqueror
158:Mauritania
41:references
1459:Khassonké
1439:Idaksahak
1148:cite book
1086:cite book
1017:Editors:
816:, Emperor
781:Tyi Warra
773:Tyi Warra
747:sculpture
714:Donzo Ton
647:syncretic
252:Languages
1474:Mandinka
1454:Jakhanke
1345:Archived
1080:. Paris.
1065:. Paris.
863:See also
771:and the
629:Religion
381:Ethnonym
337:) are a
331:ߓߊ߲ߡߊߣߊ߲
275:Religion
1978:Manding
1907:Senegal
1879:Nigeria
1773:Liberia
1494:Soninke
1489:Songhai
1444:Igdalen
1419:Djimini
1404:Bambara
1286:3337774
1200:8269403
1183:3335488
1131:3334470
751:weaving
743:pottery
586:vassals
549:Culture
535:Manding
500:Sikasso
489:Bambara
481:Bambara
477:Bambara
451:Soninke
431:Tichitt
401:History
391:Tukulor
363:Senegal
335:Banmana
311:Bambara
307:Bambara
242:Morocco
202:Senegal
166:Morocco
142:Senegal
54:improve
2002:Bamana
1911:Gambia
1716:Guinea
1519:Tuareg
1504:Tellem
1484:Senufo
1469:Kurtey
1301:
1284:
1248:218950
1246:
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1198:
1181:
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903:"Mali"
785:ciwara
777:n’tomo
775:. The
767:n’tomo
678:Jonton
619:griots
600:Maraka
543:French
529:. The
516:Muslim
447:Djenne
435:Sahara
355:Guinea
324:Bamana
315:ߓߡߊߣߊ߲
266:Arabic
262:French
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222:Gambia
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162:Gambia
138:Guinea
98:ߓߡߊߣߊ߲
43:, but
1683:Ghana
1569:Benin
1514:Toloy
1479:Marka
1464:Kunta
1429:Dyula
1424:Dogon
1282:JSTOR
1244:JSTOR
1179:JSTOR
1127:JSTOR
759:masks
643:Islam
593:caste
554:Caste
539:Dyula
520:SĂ©gou
427:Mandé
371:Mandé
351:Ghana
339:Mandé
150:Niger
1982:Bold
1806:Mali
1499:Susu
1434:Fula
1409:Bozo
1399:Arma
1299:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1196:OCLC
1154:link
1092:link
1035:ISBN
914:2020
783:(or
769:mask
755:iron
706:Soli
698:MHNT
661:and
612:Bozo
608:Fula
604:Jula
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502:and
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361:and
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134:Mali
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1274:doi
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682:Jon
671:Ton
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