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29:
1111:
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or state sector (which usually includes: parliament, law-courts and government centers, various emergency services, public health, shelters for impoverished and threatened people, transport facilities, air/sea ports, post-natal care, hospitals, schools, libraries, museums, preserved historical
1247:
The
Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records.
1059:
as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone.
1035:. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its
1719:
and electronic businesses, also the term for a global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like
3465:
The boundaries of what constitutes economics are further blurred by the fact that economic issues are analysed not only by 'economists' but also by historians, geographers, ecologists, management scientists, and
1542:, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild
2421:
The GDP of the New York City metropolitan area is larger than the country of South Korea...New York City was ranked as the most competitive city in the financial industry for the fifth straight year.
2022:, or the financial side of the economy, which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in
1220:
As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex.
2116:. Macroeconomics is studied at the regional and national levels, and common analyses include income and production, money, prices, employment, international trade, and other issues.
2018:
is used by analysts as well as politicians to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services, as ostensibly contrasted with the
2879:
2404:
3231:
3924:
1796:
and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance
1970:
buildings, parks/gardens, nature-reserves, some universities, national sports grounds/stadiums, national arts/concert-halls or theaters and centers for various religions).
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The volume of financial transactions in the 2008 global economy was 73.5 times higher than nominal world GDP, while, in 1990, this ratio amounted to "only" 15.3 (
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by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand is called
3906:
2765:
1075:. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain
3452:
3077:
1597:
and the devastating Great
Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This was explored and discussed by
3851:
1305:
contains an idea. Serving a non-market economy promotes a firm's tenure that is legally guaranteed and protected from bureaucratic opportunities.
1863:
forms of agriculture in the last three centuries. The economic growth took place mostly in mining, construction and manufacturing industries.
1090:(new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and changes in
1189:
The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of a country or an area", seems not to have developed until the 1650s.
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994:
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and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and
3504:
2003:(GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the
3165:
2472:
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Most exchange of goods had occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In
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3254:
2319:
2292:
2035:
2023:
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2434:
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and the transition of the countries of the
Eastern Bloc towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the
1082:
Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due to
3280:
1313:
In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within
3959:
1471:, a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy:
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in Europe allowed states to use the immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the
1867:
became more significant due to the need for improved exchange and distribution of produce throughout the community.
1725:
3009:
Market
Economy: Economy in which fundamentals of supply and demand provide signals regarding resource utilization.
1732:
bring attention and interest to different from the usually dominating
Western type economies and economic models.
3994:
1928:
1729:
987:
3620:
2222:
3675:
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3133:
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1942:
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and a unit of weight, just as the
British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver.
2359:
3217:
1902:
1690:
receives instead of industrialization. Some attribute the first use of this term to Daniel Bell's 1973 book,
1099:
325:
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587:
4018:
2906:
1836:
The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence:
1797:
936:
156:
146:
2634:
1931:: Involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into
3933:
3490:
2957:
2633:
Bronson, Bennet (November 1976), "Cash, Cannon, and Cowrie Shells: The
Nonmodern Moneys of the World",
1598:
980:
930:
460:
450:
2228:
1788:
is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A
3587:
340:
3568:
2656:
2085:
1711:
as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000–2001, the idea for the
Internet and
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1016:
909:
647:
602:
455:
224:
168:
20:
662:
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maintained "serf" was an incorrect term to apply to the social structures of classical antiquity.
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782:
627:
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262:
209:
32:
3529:
Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (2018). Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (eds.).
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916:
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355:
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40:
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1447:. Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the
28:
3888:
2902:"What Is Keynesian Economics? – Back to Basics – Finance & Development, September 2014"
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1504:
1432:
1342:
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440:
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214:
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Clark, Gordon L.; Feldman, Maryann P.; Gertler, Meric S.; Williams, Kate (July 10, 2003).
3533:. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–10.
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8:
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185:
2952:
Comparative
Politics: Interests, Identities, And Institutions In A Changing Global Order
2693:
2676:
2011:. While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money is exchanged.
1625:
in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in
America and Europe—often called
562:
3845:
3556:
3479:
3363:
3188:"A General Financial Transaction Tax: A Short Cut of the Pros, the Cons and a Proposal"
2727:
An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World- preview entry: Physiocrats & physiocracy
2706:
2603:
2577:
2503:, "economy." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
2145:
2125:
2101:
2097:
2077:
2065:
1994:
1895:
1894:
In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by the
1809:
1770:
1762:
1618:
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1079:. However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain.
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320:
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The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.
1244:, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property.
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3714:
3704:
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3601:
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is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the
1628:
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577:
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The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American
737:
4013:
3947:
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3534:
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2834:
2725:
2688:
2587:
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2179:
2130:
2113:
2069:
1981:
1871:
1825:
1774:
1750:
1646:
1587:
1575:
1530:
had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the
1275:
such as silver, bronze, copper, etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of
1198:
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862:
807:
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762:
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19:
This article is about the word in goods and services meaning. For other uses, see
3328:
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2500:
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2135:
2109:
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529:
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475:
247:
242:
16:
Area of production, distribution, trade of, and consumption of goods and services
3538:
2060:. Today, the range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the
2014:
Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the term
1110:
3277:
2566:"Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat"
2212:
2140:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2008:
1974:
1817:
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1531:
1500:
1444:
1424:
1358:
1283:
1147:
887:
872:
837:
822:
802:
772:
592:
509:
199:
195:
3804:
3755:
3718:
2839:
2822:
2311:
Spellbound: The Surprising Origins and Astonishing Secrets of English Spelling
1153:
622:
4007:
3820:
3605:
3430:
3126:
Not Only the Market: The Role of the Market, Government, and the Civic Sector
3041:
2702:
2599:
2232:, "to manage". In contemporary times, however, the spelling that begins with
1966:
1906:
1789:
1701:
1610:
1551:
1539:
1519:
1476:
1404:
1396:
1350:
1346:
1314:
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1137:
1114:
1052:
852:
842:
817:
757:
752:
747:
727:
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687:
677:
582:
485:
3685:
3448:
3143:
3004:
2564:
Aragón, Fernando M.; Oteiza, Francisco; Rud, Juan Pablo (February 1, 2021).
136:
3790:
3652:
3395:
2677:"On The Chinese Socialist Market Economy And The "New Projectment Economy""
2675:
Jabbour, Elias; Dantas, Alexis; José Espíndola, Carlos (October 20, 2022).
2662:
1946:
1622:
1547:
1408:
1381:
1095:
1068:
968:
882:
827:
722:
712:
707:
632:
180:
1945:: Involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses, such as
1495:
is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the
3915:
3424:
2591:
1860:
1813:
1515:
1480:
1468:
1400:
1302:
1287:
1264:
1233:
1229:
857:
847:
637:
272:
1503:(1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of
1286:, where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were
3101:
The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development: The Lessons of History
2639:, vol. 47, Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, pp. 3–15
2004:
1883:
1793:
1716:
1606:
1543:
1492:
1464:
1338:
1087:
1083:
1072:
767:
567:
2405:"Sorry, London — New York Is Still the Financial Capital of the World"
2341:
Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability
2080:. Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving
1855:
phase lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting it to more
1816:
is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The
1694:, while others attribute it to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book,
1514:
was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in
3812:
3737:
3021:
2861:
2374:
2345:
2047:
2027:
1704:
in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century.
1594:
1527:
1460:
1334:
1259:
are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the
1237:
617:
548:
128:
2435:"This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output"
1700:. The term is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of
1208:
2823:"Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan"
2582:
2339:
2031:
1936:
1864:
1708:
1448:
1416:
1388:
1377:
1295:
1276:
1141:
1076:
1064:
1443:(1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and
1419:) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and
3158:"Gross Domestic Product | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)"
1954:
1879:
1436:
1362:
1354:
1118:
1036:
2516:
Sheila C. Dow (2005), "Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply",
3942:
3809:
The Economic Development of Jordan (RLE Economy of Middle East)
2981:
Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2004). Stuart, Robert C. (ed.).
1766:
1758:
1535:
1523:
1428:
1392:
1373:
1317:. On top of this, the great conquerors raised what we now call
1268:
1256:
1040:
951:
3925:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
3319:• Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics, search for
2182:
3953:
2338:; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015).
2089:
1910:
1778:
1384:
1366:
1221:
1213:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1020:
2854:
Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie, eds. (2016).
3618:
3128:. New York: Central European University Press. p. 34.
2674:
2334:
2203:
2197:
1950:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1784:
accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A
1655:. In most of the countries the economic system is called a
1333:
should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the
1241:
3880:
Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles
2284:
A Philosopher's Economist: Hume and the Rise of Capitalism
2191:
1828:
is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government.
2793:
2426:
1463:
in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman
1216:, depicting a merchant leading camels through the desert
3769:
Tarricone, Rosanna (2006). "Cost-of-illness analysis".
2236:
has become obsolete and rarely used, since it has been
3668:
Applied regression analysis for business and economics
2983:
Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
1617:(1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the
3931:
3734:
Fiscal Tiers: the economics of multi-level government
3341:
O'Donnell, R. (1987). "Real and nominal quantities".
2853:
2194:
2188:
3907:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
1715:
is given place because of the growing importance of
1609:
and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called
1467:(1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of
3471:
3255:"Perry and Romney Trade Swipes Over 'Real Economy'"
3103:. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. p. 73.
2200:
2185:
3046:Communicating Sustainability for the Green Economy
2949:
2948:Koppstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005).
1961:Other sectors of the developed community include:
1267:circa 3000 BC. and referred to a specific mass of
3197:, Austrian Institute for Economic Research, 2009)
2947:
2821:Boas, Taylor C.; Gans-Morse, Jordan (June 2009).
2280:
4005:
2827:Studies in Comparative International Development
2052:The study of economics are roughly divided into
1613:. However, the prevailing view was that held by
1357:were trading establishments. In 1513, the first
3805:"Jordan, the Geographic and Economic Potential"
3040:
2563:
1098:being replaced in some parts of the world with
1043:, education, technological evolution, history,
3098:
2820:
2314:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 250.
3692:
3402:(3rd ed.). Worth Publishers. p. 2.
3340:
2980:
2653:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
2650:
2402:
1372:The European captures became branches of the
988:
3850:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
3531:Introduction, or Why We Started This Project
3394:
2248:. From the eighteenth century, the spelling
1905:: Involves the extraction and production of
1626:
3344:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
3232:"Bank Regulation Should Serve Real Economy"
3027:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2535:"The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction"
2287:. University of Chicago Press. p. 17.
2281:Schabas, Magaret; Wennerlind, Carl (2023).
1301:In Chinese economic law, the huge cycle of
1251:The ancient economy was based primarily on
1151:
3528:
2754:"Industrial History of European Countries"
2570:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
2432:
1765:between participants (economic agents) by
1491:. He maintained that the basic motive for
1240:as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on
995:
981:
3768:
3698:
3622:The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography
3422:
3358:Varian, Hal R. (1987). "Microeconomics".
2932:
2838:
2814:
2786:
2780:
2692:
2581:
1645:(1908–2006) was the first to speak of an
1534:, then subsequently spreading throughout
1224:developed a large-scale economy based on
3477:
3360:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2307:
1874:phase there is a growing part played by
1757:are produced and exchanged according to
1666:
1454:
1294:. The economic discussion was driven by
1263:. The first usage of the term came from
1207:
1109:
27:
3665:
3581:
3123:
2632:
2382:"The Global Financial Centres Index 35"
1236:later developed the earliest system of
1158:. The Latin word has its origin at the
4006:
3357:
3168:from the original on December 13, 2021
2787:Goldstein, Jacob (February 28, 2014).
2545:from the original on September 8, 2007
2510:
2211:. The term is ultimately derived from
1365:. Economy at the time meant primarily
1127:world's principal metropolitan economy
3898:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
3815:. October 30, 2014. pp. 84–114.
3703:. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.
2914:from the original on October 25, 2015
2882:from the original on October 20, 2020
2758:European Route of Industrial Heritage
2626:
2532:
2526:
1692:The Coming of Post-Industrial Society
1637:) —brought up a new form of economy:
1605:(1912–2006) who pleaded for a global
3960:
3731:
3480:"The Classics in Economic Sociology"
3020:
2457:
2455:
2403:Laura Bratton (September 28, 2023).
2242:in American English or separated as
1063:Economic agents can be individuals,
3643:from the original on August 1, 2020
3584:Anthropology, Economics, and Choice
3310:definition in the Economic Glossary
2723:
2694:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.13.4.0502
2518:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics
2475:from the original on April 26, 2022
2064:of economics, but may also include
2038:values (unadjusted for inflation).
1403:tried to control the trade through
1180:means "house", and the second part
13:
3862:
3455:from the original on July 30, 2022
3240:. October 24, 2011. Archived from
3080:from the original on July 31, 2021
2768:from the original on June 23, 2021
2734:from the original on March 8, 2021
2614:from the original on July 30, 2022
2362:from the original on March 1, 2020
14:
4030:
3510:from the original on May 20, 2022
2681:World Review of Political Economy
2661:, noting that economic historian
2452:
2433:Iman Ghosh (September 24, 2020).
2260:the common spelling for the term.
1546:started to replace the system of
1329:) to finance their captures. The
1203:
3986:
3969:
3941:
3487:Principles of Economic Sociology
3426:The Penguin history of economics
3372:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1212-1
3208:"Meanwhile, in the Real Economy"
3044:; Gurel-Atay, Eda, eds. (2014).
2933:Galbraith, John Kenneth (1976).
2802:from the original on May 5, 2018
2789:"The Invention Of 'The Economy'"
2507:Company, 2004. October 24, 2009.
2178:
1435:for economy started their work.
1271:which related other values in a
1146:, which itself derived from the
962:
950:
135:
35:per capita of countries (2020) (
3797:
3783:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016
3762:
3725:
3659:
3612:
3575:
3522:
3416:
3388:
3351:
3334:
3313:
3294:
3271:
3248:
3224:
3216:. July 23, 2009. Archived from
3200:
3180:
3150:
3117:
3092:
3062:
3034:
3014:
2974:
2941:
2926:
2894:
2847:
2746:
2730:. Charles Scribner & Sons.
2717:
2668:
2644:
2557:
2407:. The Messenger. Archived from
1662:
1581:
1136:in English is derived from the
237:Concepts, theory and techniques
3347:. Vol. 4. pp. 97–98.
3099:Kjeldsen-Kragh, Søren (2007).
2651:de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (1981).
2487:
2396:
2384:. Long Finance. March 21, 2024
2328:
2301:
2274:
2158:
1308:
1:
2857:The Handbook of Neoliberalism
2267:
1988:
1100:universal access to education
3670:. Duxbury/Thomson Learning.
1977:or privately run businesses.
1680:the fall of the Iron Curtain
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1105:
7:
3539:10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1
3030:. Vol. 3. p. 879.
3024:(1987). "Planned Economy".
2937:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2907:International Monetary Fund
2119:
1870:In the economies of modern
1735:
1558:. The period is called the
1349:(1469–1524) led to a first
10:
4035:
3823:(inactive June 22, 2024).
3666:Dielman, Terry E. (2001).
3491:Princeton University Press
3478:Swedberg, Richard (2003).
3306:November 24, 2011, at the
2958:Cambridge University Press
2533:Horne, Charles F. (1915).
2227:
2221:
2215:
2045:
2041:
1992:
1831:
1822:economic system or systems
1599:Friedrich August von Hayek
1212:Ancient Roman mosaic from
1196:
1192:
18:
3886:Galbraith, John Kenneth,
3588:University of Texas Press
3582:Chibnik, Michael (2011).
3423:Backhouse, Roger (2002).
3327:January 19, 2022, at the
3283:February 9, 2018, at the
3048:. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
2840:10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5
1125:and the epicenter of the
3821:10.4324/9781315745169-14
3124:Potůček, Martin (1999).
2657:Cornell University Press
2308:Essinger, James (2007).
2151:
1740:
1672:Frankfurt Stock Exchange
1639:mass consumption economy
1479:generated by the use of
1441:Amschel Mayer Rothschild
1303:institutional innovation
1174:. The word's first part
1117:, the world's principal
225:JEL classification codes
21:Economy (disambiguation)
3627:Oxford University Press
3398:; Wells, Robin (2012).
3266:The Wall Street Journal
3237:The Wall Street Journal
3213:The Wall Street Journal
1684:post-industrial society
1593:After the chaos of two
1142:
411:Industrial organization
268:Computational economics
37:Purchasing power parity
3904:Keynes, John Maynard,
3871:Capitalism and Freedom
3699:Dharmaraj, E. (2010).
3193:April 2, 2012, at the
2499:March 4, 2016, at the
2437:. World Economic Forum
2176:, both are pronounced
2001:gross domestic product
1697:Tools for Conviviality
1675:
1643:John Kenneth Galbraith
1627:
1562:because the system of
1376:states, the so-called
1232:and their neighboring
1217:
1152:
1129:
263:Experimental economics
113:
108: Data unavailable
33:Gross domestic product
3701:Engineering Economics
3260:July 9, 2017, at the
3220:on February 25, 2021.
2168:or, with a ligature,
2026:values (adjusted for
1853:Industrial Revolution
1820:refers to humanity's
1670:
1657:social market economy
1560:Industrial Revolution
1512:Industrial Revolution
1499:basis for economics.
1455:Industrial Revolution
1431:decreased. The first
1337:. The discoveries of
1211:
1113:
41:international dollars
31:
3889:The Affluent Society
3732:King, David (2018).
2935:The Affluent Society
2592:10.1257/pol.20190316
1844:was mainly based on
1806:loss of biodiversity
1652:The Affluent Society
1433:Secretaries of State
1343:Christopher Columbus
1092:industrial relations
490:Social choice theory
4019:Main topic articles
3895:Mises, Ludwig von,
2724:Quesnay, François.
2659:. pp. 136–137.
2411:on October 11, 2023
2252:dropped the letter
1802:resource efficiency
1713:information economy
1707:With the spread of
1615:John Maynard Keynes
1353:economy. The first
1253:subsistence farming
1186:means "to manage".
1049:political structure
1045:social organization
957:Business portal
278:Operations research
258:National accounting
76: 10,000–20,000
68: 20,000–35,000
60: 35,000–50,000
3877:Rothbard, Murray,
3868:Friedman, Milton,
3364:Palgrave Macmillan
3287:definition in the
2246:in British English
2164:Sometimes spelled
2146:Solidarity economy
2126:Economic democracy
2098:goods and services
1995:Economic indicator
1896:three-sector model
1872:consumer societies
1810:ecosystem services
1804:, and prevent the
1771:medium of exchange
1676:
1218:
1130:
1011:is an area of the
288:Industrial complex
283:Middle income trap
114:
84: 5,000–10,000
3493:. pp. 1–31.
3268:, August 15, 2011
3244:on March 7, 2021.
3076:. June 17, 2004.
2762:Council of Europe
2321:978-0-440-33693-8
2294:978-0-226-82402-4
1984:or social sector.
1888:knowledge economy
1629:Wirtschaftswunder
1568:division of labor
1489:division of labor
1485:supply and demand
1475:are offered at a
1057:natural resources
1005:
1004:
92: 2,000–5,000
4026:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3366:. pp. 1–5.
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3332:
3317:
3311:
3298:
3292:
3275:
3269:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3204:
3198:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3070:"In the shadows"
3066:
3060:
3059:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2987:Houghton Mifflin
2985:(7th ed.).
2978:
2972:
2971:
2955:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2696:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2585:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2530:
2524:
2523:(3), p. 385-391.
2514:
2508:
2505:Houghton Mifflin
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2261:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2162:
2131:Economic history
1982:voluntary sector
1826:informal economy
1647:affluent society
1635:economic miracle
1632:
1601:(1899–1992) and
1588:Great Depression
1345:(1451–1506) and
1199:Economic history
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1145:
1123:financial center
997:
990:
983:
969:Money portal
967:
966:
965:
955:
954:
451:Natural resource
243:Economic systems
139:
116:
115:
109:
107:
101:
99:
93:
91:
85:
83:
77:
75:
69:
67:
61:
59:
53:
52: >50,000
51:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:sister projects
3958:at Knowledge's
3952:
3940:
3932:
3865:
3863:Further reading
3860:
3859:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3767:
3763:
3748:
3730:
3726:
3711:
3697:
3693:
3678:
3664:
3660:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3617:
3613:
3598:
3580:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3329:Wayback Machine
3318:
3314:
3308:Wayback Machine
3299:
3295:
3289:Financial Times
3285:Wayback Machine
3276:
3272:
3262:Wayback Machine
3253:
3249:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3195:Wayback Machine
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3136:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3039:
3035:
3019:
3015:
2997:
2989:. p. 538.
2979:
2975:
2968:
2960:. p. 156.
2946:
2942:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2852:
2848:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2673:
2669:
2649:
2645:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2539:Yale University
2531:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2501:Wayback Machine
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2468:Merriam-Webster
2461:
2460:
2453:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2226:, "house", and
2181:
2177:
2174:British English
2163:
2159:
2154:
2136:Economic system
2122:
2100:as a whole are
2050:
2044:
1997:
1991:
1842:ancient economy
1834:
1786:planned economy
1743:
1738:
1665:
1603:Milton Friedman
1584:
1572:mass production
1556:economic growth
1497:anthropological
1457:
1421:public interest
1361:was founded in
1319:venture capital
1311:
1261:Semitic peoples
1226:commodity money
1206:
1201:
1195:
1108:
1001:
963:
961:
949:
942:
941:
912:
902:
901:
900:
899:
663:von Böhm-Bawerk
551:
540:
539:
301:
293:
292:
248:Economic growth
238:
230:
229:
171:
169:classifications
112:
105:
104:
100: <2,000
97:
96:
89:
88:
81:
80:
73:
72:
65:
64:
57:
56:
49:
48:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4001:
4000:
3983:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3930:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3830:978-1315745169
3829:
3796:
3761:
3747:978-1138648135
3746:
3724:
3710:978-9350432471
3709:
3691:
3676:
3658:
3636:978-0199250837
3635:
3611:
3597:978-0292735354
3596:
3574:
3548:978-3319965680
3547:
3521:
3500:978-1400829378
3499:
3470:
3439:
3415:
3409:978-1464128738
3408:
3387:
3381:978-1349951215
3380:
3350:
3333:
3312:
3301:"Real economy"
3293:
3278:"Real Economy"
3270:
3247:
3223:
3199:
3179:
3149:
3134:
3116:
3110:978-8763001946
3109:
3091:
3061:
3055:978-0765636805
3054:
3042:Kahle, Lynn R.
3033:
3013:
2996:978-0618261819
2995:
2973:
2966:
2940:
2925:
2893:
2875:978-1138844001
2874:
2846:
2813:
2796:- Planet Money
2779:
2745:
2716:
2667:
2643:
2625:
2556:
2525:
2509:
2494:Dictionary.com
2486:
2451:
2425:
2395:
2373:
2355:978-1315765747
2354:
2348:. p. 53.
2327:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2256:, thus making
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:Social economy
2138:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2062:social science
2058:microeconomics
2054:macroeconomics
2046:Main article:
2043:
2040:
2009:GDP per capita
1993:Main article:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1975:private sector
1971:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1939:into clothing.
1926:
1892:
1891:
1868:
1849:
1833:
1830:
1818:global economy
1747:market economy
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1688:service sector
1664:
1661:
1590:in the 1930s.
1583:
1580:
1532:United Kingdom
1505:overpopulation
1501:Thomas Malthus
1456:
1453:
1445:infrastructure
1425:secularization
1359:stock exchange
1310:
1307:
1284:Ancient Greece
1205:
1204:Earliest roots
1202:
1197:Main article:
1194:
1191:
1148:Medieval Latin
1107:
1104:
1094:(most notably
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
992:
985:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
959:
944:
943:
940:
939:
934:
924:
919:
913:
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907:
904:
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898:
897:
890:
885:
880:
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870:
865:
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855:
850:
845:
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835:
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820:
815:
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805:
800:
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458:
456:Organizational
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318:
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300:By application
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111:
110:
102:
94:
86:
78:
70:
62:
54:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4031:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
3998:from Wikinews
3997:
3996:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3922:Smith, Adam,
3921:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3885:
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3876:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3853:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3771:Health Policy
3765:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:Penguin Books
3428:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:Krugman, Paul
3391:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3167:
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3159:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3074:The Economist
3071:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
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2969:
2963:
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2954:
2953:
2944:
2936:
2929:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2841:
2836:
2833:(2): 137–61.
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2549:September 14,
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2469:
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1964:
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2738:February 24,
2736:. Retrieved
2726:
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2663:Moses Finley
2652:
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2409:the original
2398:
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2376:
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2074:anthropology
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1947:baby-sitting
1893:
1835:
1824:overall. An
1744:
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1663:21st century
1650:
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1634:
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1582:20th century
1570:enabled the
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1409:mercantilism
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1017:distribution
1008:
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927:Publications
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515:Sociological
488: /
386:Geographical
366:Evolutionary
341:Digitization
306:Agricultural
210:Mathematical
181:Econometrics
25:
3916:Das Kapital
3565:|work=
3162:www.bea.gov
2918:November 2,
2576:(1): 1–35.
2366:January 29,
2336:James, Paul
2238:reduced to
2114:health care
2106:engineering
2094:consumption
2030:), such as
2005:final goods
1846:subsistence
1814:gig economy
1641:. In 1958,
1516:agriculture
1481:competition
1469:physiocracy
1401:Netherlands
1355:enterprises
1309:Middle Ages
1292:freeholders
1288:bond slaves
1265:Mesopotamia
1234:city states
1230:Babylonians
1096:child labor
1073:governments
1025:consumption
763:von Neumann
416:Information
356:Engineering
336:Development
331:Demographic
273:Game theory
215:Methodology
4008:Categories
3756:1020440881
3719:1058341272
3677:0534379559
3586:. Austin:
3466:engineers.
3440:0140260420
3429:. London:
3135:0585316759
3022:Nove, Alec
2967:0521603951
2864:. p.
2583:1902.09204
2415:October 1,
2344:. London:
2268:References
2110:government
2082:production
1989:Indicators
1909:, such as
1884:technology
1794:low-carbon
1717:e-commerce
1607:free trade
1595:World Wars
1564:production
1544:capitalism
1493:free trade
1487:- and the
1465:Adam Smith
1459:The first
1339:Marco Polo
1088:innovation
1084:technology
1065:businesses
1013:production
922:Economists
793:Schumacher
698:Schumpeter
668:von Wieser
588:von Thünen
549:economists
525:Statistics
520:Solidarity
441:Managerial
406:Humanistic
401:Historical
346:Ecological
311:Behavioral
205:Mainstream
3948:Economics
3846:cite book
3813:Routledge
3738:Routledge
3606:773036705
3567:ignored (
3557:cite book
3400:Economics
2862:Routledge
2711:253213008
2703:2042-8928
2600:1945-7731
2463:"economy"
2388:March 23,
2346:Routledge
2217:οἰκονομία
2078:geography
2066:sociology
2048:Economics
2028:inflation
1929:Secondary
1857:extensive
1528:transport
1461:economist
1335:New World
1325:, ital.;
1238:economics
1171:oikonomos
1165:oikonomia
1154:oeconomia
1132:The word
1106:Etymology
838:Greenspan
803:Samuelson
783:Galbraith
753:Tinbergen
693:von Mises
688:Heckscher
648:Edgeworth
466:Personnel
426:Knowledge
391:Happiness
381:Financial
351:Education
326:Democracy
220:Political
186:Heterodox
129:Economics
3791:16139925
3686:44118027
3647:July 30,
3641:Archived
3514:July 30,
3505:Archived
3459:July 30,
3453:Archived
3449:59475581
3325:Archived
3304:Archived
3281:Archived
3258:Archived
3191:Archived
3166:Archived
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3084:July 30,
3078:Archived
3005:53446988
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2886:July 30,
2880:Archived
2806:April 6,
2800:Archived
2766:Archived
2732:Archived
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2618:July 30,
2612:Archived
2608:85529687
2543:Archived
2497:Archived
2479:July 27,
2473:Archived
2441:March 5,
2360:Archived
2250:oeconomy
2166:oeconomy
2120:See also
2102:business
2090:exchange
2034:, or in
2032:real GDP
1943:Tertiary
1937:textiles
1876:services
1865:Commerce
1848:farming.
1755:services
1736:Elements
1709:Internet
1550:(today:
1473:products
1449:citizens
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1415:, lat.:
1413:mercator
1399:and the
1389:Portugal
1378:colonies
1374:European
1296:scarcity
1277:currency
1143:yconomie
1077:currency
1033:services
931:journals
917:Glossary
868:Stiglitz
833:Rothbard
813:Buchanan
798:Friedman
788:Koopmans
778:Leontief
758:Robinson
643:Marshall
547:Notable
495:Regional
471:Planning
446:Monetary
376:Feminist
321:Cultural
316:Business
121:a series
119:Part of
4014:Economy
3956:Economy
3928:, 1776.
3919:, 1867.
3910:, 1936.
3901:, 1949.
3892:, 1958.
3883:, 1962.
3874:, 1962.
3291:Lexicon
2772:June 2,
2258:economy
2220:, from
2170:œconomy
2070:history
2042:Studies
2036:nominal
1955:banking
1903:Primary
1880:finance
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1773:with a
1674:in 2015
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1193:History
1134:economy
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1009:economy
937:Schools
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888:Piketty
883:Krugman
748:Kuznets
738:Kalecki
713:Polanyi
603:Cournot
598:Bastiat
583:Ricardo
573:Malthus
563:Quesnay
535:Welfare
505:Service
176:Applied
152:Outline
147:History
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1041:values
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853:Ostrom
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843:Sowell
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703:Keynes
678:Fisher
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658:Pareto
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476:Policy
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2152:Notes
1935:, or
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1769:or a
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1177:oikos
1071:, or
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1021:trade
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863:Lucas
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773:Lange
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733:Hayek
683:Pigou
653:Clark
568:Smith
530:Urban
510:Socio
500:Rural
200:Macro
196:Micro
157:Index
3995:News
3852:link
3838:2023
3825:ISBN
3787:PMID
3752:OCLC
3742:ISBN
3715:OCLC
3705:ISBN
3682:OCLC
3672:ISBN
3649:2022
3631:ISBN
3602:OCLC
3592:ISBN
3569:help
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3322:real
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2991:ISBN
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