690:, and Giorgio Gucci. Frescobaldi makes a brief mention of "the granaries which Joseph had made at the time of Pharaoh king of Egypt, in the days of the famine." Sigoli offers a fuller and more literary account, noting that "Joseph found means to have from every side as much corn as he could, and quickly he collected a very great number of bushels, and this grain he put in these granaries. And they are among the biggest edifices to be seen: and they are three and distant one from another a stones throw; and they are built of very great long thick stones and in shape like a diamond; the base is very wide and the summit pointed ... and each has four sides, and the corn was placed inside: just imagine the very great amount amount that inside would take." Gucci appears to have reflected a bit more on what he saw: "These granaries, which are of giant structure, are said to have been made by Pharaoh at the time of the great famine at the time of Joseph, though to see them they appear to be works for perpetual memory rather than granaries. In 1392 Thomas Brygg, an Englishman who later became mayor of
686:) of Joseph mentioned in Genesis. They are three in number, of which two are of such size and height that at a distance they look more like the summits of mountains than repositories of corn." In 1349 the Tuscan monk Niccolò Poggibonsi noted that "three miles outside Babylon there are granaries, which are called Pharaoh's granaries. Joseph, the son of Jacob, had them built." He continues: "three are outside Babylon, which are so big that coming from Alexandria they can be seen 60 miles away. The said seven granaries are diamond shaped and within is a large house, above and below of porphyry; and within there is a deep pit. And many a time we threw in stones and did not hear them strike the bottom and it looked very dark, and we left at once through fear, having our little torch quenched from the wind, which came from there." The year 1374 saw thirteen Tuscan travelers make the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, three of which left accounts: Leonardo Frescobaldi,
653:, one of the earliest illustrated Christian manuscripts. "However there is one very basic difference," writes Weitzmann, "in Cotton Genesis the corn is deposited in granaries that have the shape of beehives, the traditional form of an Egyptian granary, whereas in San Marco the granaries are depicted in the shape of pyramids, of which three in front might suggest a knowledge of the pyramids of Gizeh." An identical image of the pyramids does appear in Cotton Genesis in a different scene, "Joseph Selling Corn," where "they are not meant to be granaries but form the background to indicate, topographically, that this scene takes place in Egypt." As to why the Venetian mosaicist has used the pyramids in both scenes, Dale thinks it "may suggest a fresh inspiration from the experience of Venetian merchants who regularly traveled to Egypt." There is also a late 14th-century copy of the
694:, noted the "famous granaries of wondrous size which Joseph, the son of Jacob, had built in the days of Pharaoh." In 1395 the French lord Ogier d'Anglure described the challenges of getting to the foot of the Pyramids and the commotion of workers stripping the smooth facing: "the great stones falling like so many vine plants that these masons were chopping down." "It should be explained," he continues, "that these granaries are called Pharaoh's Granaries; and the pharaoh had them built in the time when Joseph, the son of Jacob, was governor over all the kingdom of Egypt ... As for describing the inside of these granaries, we could hardly speak of it, since the entrance from above is walled up and there are enormous tombs in front of it ... the entrances were closed up because people had been using the places to make counterfeit money."
168:
722:(1356). The supposed author most likely did not visit the locales in his narrative, and in the case of his account of the Pyramids, he actually reverses the conclusions and reasoning of William: "these are Joseph's Granaries, which he had made to store the wheat for hard times ... Some say that they are tombs of the great lords of antiquity, but that is not true, for the common word through the whole country near and far is that they are Joseph's Granaries, and they have it written thus in their chronicles. On the other hand, if they were tombs, they would not be empty inside, nor would they have entrances for going inside, nor are tombs ever made of such a large size and such a height—which is why it is not to be believed that they are tombs."
319:, who left some important observations: "In Egypt we also beheld those edifices mentioned by the Theologian in one of his discourses. They are not, as some believe, the granaries of Joseph. Rather, they are marvelous shrines built over the tombs of ancient kings, and in any event oblique and solid, not hollow and empty. They have no interior, and none has a door. We noticed a fissure in one of them and ascertained that it is approximately 50 cubits deep. Evidently the stones had been solidly packed, before being broken by people who wanted to see whether the pyramids were solid." However, despite this solid refutation of the notion, "this knowledge fell on deaf ears." The great French orientalist
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and amazing height. Some say that these were the granaries of
Pharaoh, who had them filled with wheat during the seven years of great fertility, in anticipation of the seven lean years. They have not appeared to us to be granaries, but rather the tombs of some ancient personages, because we see no place where one could store, retrieve or preserve a crop for a year. Indeed, from top to bottom they are made of enormous stone well joined to each other, leaving them a little door at a good height above the ground, and a narrow and obscure path by which one descends to a room, not seen anywhere in the interior to be wide and spacious." For
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place for putting in the wheat can be found there, and there is in inside these columns no empty space where anything can be placed. For from top to bottom they are closed and made entirely of huge stones well joined to one another—except that there is a very small door quite high above the ground and a very narrow and very dark little passage through which one descends there for a certain distance, but it is not all wide enough to put grain in, as those of the country say and believe." The German knight's memoir would provide the framework, and many of the details, for one of the most popular books of the late Middle Ages, the
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Earthly
Paradise ... and from the top there is a good view of the very large city of Cairo. But there, around these granaries, there is such a great colony of rats that it sometimes seems as if they cover the entire ground." In 1436 the Spaniard Pero Tafur visited and left a rather fanciful account: "We went to see the Granaries of Joseph, which are three leagues from the mouth of the river, in the desert. Although they say that there are many more further inland, there are only three here, two great ones, and one lesser one. They are diamond shaped, with the apex raised, and they must be much higher than the
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with a circular base, the other with a square or rectangular one. The circular granaries were shaped like beehives and were some 5 meters high and 2–3 meters in diameter. The grain was added through a door in the top by men standing on ladders, and was removed as needed from a similar door near the bottom. Very often these beehive storehouses were in groups of five or six and placed in a walled enclosure. The rectangular style of granary was constructed on similar principles, and though the side walls sloped gradually towards the top, where there was a flat roof, they were never of a true pyramidal form.
22:
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826:(1646). He cites many of the ancient authors mentioned above, and dismisses the erroneous etymologies yielding notions of "receptacles and granaries," and calls attention to the obvious fact "that this figure is most improper for such a purpose, a Pyramid being the least capacious of any regular mathematical body, the straitness and fewness of the rooms within (the rest of the building being one solid and intire fabric of stone) do utterly over-throw this conjecture." No longer could the notion be held credibly, though for over a millennium it had reigned supreme among European travelers.
245:
575:
746:, who visited in 1486: "These granaries are very marvelous buildings and there used to be fourteen and now there are only six or seven. It is impossible to enter, and they are all of dressed stone ... and are in the manner of a hill ... And while we were there, we found four wolves asleep on the stones ... And around these granaries are small little chambers, several cut into the rock; I do not know what could be their use, unless at the time theses granaries were in existence there were guards in these little chambers." The German traveler
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126:
327:(d. 988) wrote an influential book on geography, wherein he spoke of the Pyramids at Giza: "Some report that they are tombs; but this is false." Rather, the builders "had foreseen the flood and knew that this cataclysm would destroy everything on the surface of the earth, with the exception of what could be stored in the safety of such buildings; and they hid their treasures and their wealth therein; then came the flood. When the waters dried up, all that was in the two Pyramids passed to Bansar son of
1186:; trans. Wilkinson 2002, 231; ed. and trans. J. J. Tierney, SLH 6:62-63. As a reminder of the danger of travels in those days, Dicuil continues: "At this point, as they were going across to admire the three Granaries they found a dead lioness and, behind her, the dead bodies of eight men and women. The lioness had killed them by her strength and they had killed her with their spears and swords, for both the places in which the seven Granaries had been built were in the desert" (6.14).
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344:
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742:. As one enters through the door there is a wall joined to another, making a circular stairway which reaches to the top, with many windows. And the beasts, when they are laden, climb up and are unloaded through those windows, and so they fill the granaries to the top. Certainly I never thought that there was such a great building in the world to-day, nor have I seen the like before or since." Another curious interpretation was offered by Georges Lengherand, Mayor of
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own way, suppliers of corn, Sarapis because he was practically identical with the Nile, the cause of the annual irrigation and thus fertility itself," and Joseph because of his overseeing the storage of corn during the years of plenty. He argues that it is clear "it was Jews who first propagated the identity of Joseph and
Sarapis," rather than the Egyptians. At any rate, the identification persisted for hundreds of years, as is evidenced by its inclusion in the
754:. As we approached near these three towers we saw that they were very strange buildings ... We climbed up outside for three full hours to the top, which is about two roods square. From there we saw far out over the whole of the land of Egypt, and over the country to Alexandria and the western sea ... They say that King Pharaoh caused the towers to be built during the lean years, and kept them full of corn. That is why they are called the
782:, who was also quite critical of the notion of granaries: "On the other side of the Nile we saw many pyramids, which long ago the kings of Egypt had erected over their tombs, of which the common people say are the granaries or storehouses that were built there by Joseph in order to store grain. However, this is clearly false, for these pyramids are not hollow inside."
807:, who visited three years later writes: "The Jews have told me many times that they find in their Chronicles that these Pyramids were the support of the granaries of Pharaoh: that is not likely ... they are sepulchers of kings as appears from Herodotus ... since I saw in one pyramid a great stone of marble carved in the manner of a sepulcher."
590:. He recorded in his travel narrative of 1160-73 that "the storehouses of Joseph of blessed memory are to be found in great numbers in many places. They are built of lime and stone and are exceedingly strong." By and large, Arabic writers discussed other theories for the origin of the Pyramids, though the great world geographer
1010:, which includes "additions and alterations appropriate to a man who had seen the places and people for himself and regarded the experience as the most treasured of his life" (Russell 1981, 6). Rufinus seems a little less clear: "There is a tradition that these sites, which they call the storehouses (
199:, who showed themselves always very jealous of linking the history of Egypt to theirs, and to have the Hebrews play a role in this country." However, the first actual evidence of the use of the phrase is found in the early travel narratives of pilgrims to the Holy Land. The female Christian traveler
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Ancient Egypt had one of the most successful and stable agricultural economies of the ancient world, and had both a system and facilities for grain storage: larger granaries were attached to temples and palaces, while smaller ones were dispersed within the town. There were essentially two types, one
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as a purely Greek word which had no etymological connection with the
Egyptian language. An exactly similar word exists with the meaning 'wheaten cake', and the suggestion has been made that the early Greeks used this humorously as a name for the Egyptian monuments, possibly because, when seen from a
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records that on her visit between 381 and 384 AD, "in the twelve-mile stretch between
Memphis and Babylonia are many pyramids, which Joseph made in order to store corn." Ten years later the usage is confirmed in the anonymous travelogue of seven monks that set out from Jerusalem to visit the famous
1206:; trans. Wilkinson 2002, 261. Bernard's party was treated very poorly by the Egyptians, thrown into prison for six days, had to pay bribes, etc., so much so that "his account may explain ... why there are so few descriptions of travel in Egypt during the next three hundred years" (Greener 1967, 25).
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in 1470 and gives a number of arguments against the prevailing view: "Facing
Babylon, beyond the Nile, towards the desert that lies between Egypt and Africa, stand several ancient monuments pyramid-shaped, two of which are edifices constructed of very large stones, which are of considerable grandeur
561:
preserves a saying most likely also from the late 2nd century, this time relying on
Semitic etymology: "Serapis alludes to Joseph who became a prince and appeased the whole world." G. Mussies thinks that the reason for the identification was "that Sarapis and Joseph were both, though each in his
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in 197 AD. However, it is
Tertullian that goes on for some length in explaining the identification: "They called him Serapis, from the turban which adorned his head. The peck-like shape of this turban marks the memory of his corn-provisioning; whilst evidence is given that the care of the supplies
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in his report of the travels of a fellow monk named
Fidelis in 762-65. Fidelis says that "after a long voyage on the Nile they saw in the distance the Granaries made by Saint Joseph. There were seven of them, to match the number of the years of plenty; they looked like mountains, four in one place
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puts into verse another more expansive explanation: "Thus he fashioned holy Joseph into
Serapis, hiding that revered name beneath a name of death; yet all the time the statue's shape revealed the faith, for a bushel overtops its head, the reason being that in ancient days corn was collected at the
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The great antiquity of the Pyramids caused their true nature to become increasingly obscured. As the Egyptian scholar Abu Ja'far al-Idrisi (died 1251), the author of the oldest known extensive study of the Pyramids, puts it: "The nation that built it lay destroyed, it has no successor to carry the
2086:; ed. Letts 1953, 2:256; trans. Higgins 2011, 32; for authorship issues, see ibid., ix-xix. Another translator C. W. R. D. Mosley notes that "the legend of Joseph's Barns was current for many years after this date—it may, indeed, have been supported by this very passage" (Penguin Books, 2005), 67.
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During the 15th century opinion was more evenly split as to the nature of the Pyramids. An anonymous traveler in 1420 speaks of going "to see the most marvelous fourteen granaries of Pharaoh, five or six miles distant from Cairo." He continues, "you must cross the river Nile that flows from the
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had traveled about Egypt and left (1336) a very critical account of the notion: "the simple people of the country say that these were Pharaoh's barns and granaries in which Joseph had the wheat kept in the time of the great famine mentioned in the Bible ... But this cannot be true at all, for no
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there are two scenes that show Joseph in front of five pyramids. In the one usually titled "Joseph Gathering Corn" we see Joseph standing at the left giving orders and one of the men involved in the task standing inside an opening in the pyramid collecting the sheaves. Most of the images in the
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By the 16th century most visitors who left accounts argue against the notion that the pyramids were originally granaries constructed by the patriarch Joseph, if they mention it at all. Many of the visitors inspected the ruins rather closely, often entering the great Pyramid, rather than simply
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had a significant impact on navigation in the Mediterranean and the travel of Europeans to the Middle East. Italian merchants, especially the Venetians, established new outlets in Alexandria and as a result it became the starting point for travelers to the Holy Land. Around this time artists
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recorded the kind of reasoning that made the idea seem plausible to those who had never traveled to the sites themselves: in Babylonia "Joseph built wonderful granaries of squared stone and rubble. They are wide at the base and narrow at the top in order that the wheat might be cast into them
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traveled about the region in 1274-85, entering Egypt on 8 September 1284. He later produced a very popular account, which reported: "Five leagues from Babylon are lofty triangular pyramids, which are believed to have been Joseph's granaries." Some forty years later (1307–21) the Venetian
1892:, and was severely damaged by fire in 1731; cf. Weitzmann and Kessler 1986, 3-7. As for the relationship between manuscript and mosaic, Weitzmann 1984, 142, is quite emphatic when he says, "Cotton Genesis was the direct model of San Marco"; cf. Weitzmann and Kessler 1986, 18-20.
335:(d. 991), a great contemporary geographer, confirms the identification: "Varying accounts have been given me about both structures , some saying that they are both talismans, others that they were the granaries of Joseph; others say no, rather, they are their burial grounds."
951:
1313b: "And it is a device of tyranny to make the subjects poor, so that a guard may not be kept, and also that the people being busy with their daily affairs may not have leisure to plot against their ruler. Instances of this are the pyramids in Egypt" (trans. H. Rackham,
1833:
There are many MSS (over 100), though not all preserve the quoted passage, e.g. Laurent's 1864 ed.; however, many of the printed versions do, and Rubin 2014, 176, argues for its inclusion and reveals the discovery of an additional, even longer section with the phrase
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writes: "The Pyramids are themselves worthy of viewing, and were built in Egypt at great expense. The Christians say they are the granaries of Joseph, but the Greeks, among whom is Herodotus, that they are the tombs of certain kings." In the 8th century Bishop
1927:"are not identical to those of San Marco, however, and in their general shape they retain something of the original beehive form. Still, they do suggest that the illuminator was influenced by San Marco as well as by Cotton Genesis" (ibid.).
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truth of its stories from father to son, as sons of other nations carry from their fathers what they love and cherish among their stories." As a result, the oldest discussion of the Pyramids that has survived is from the Greek historian
300:
records that his party "went aboard a Nile boat and after sailing for six days reached the city of Babylonia in Egypt. Pharaoh once reigned there, and during his reign Joseph built seven granaries which remain standing to this day."
795:) visited the Pyramids in 1533 and noted that "some call the granaries of Pharaoh, but this is wrong because they are not hollow on the inside, rather they are sepulchers of some kings of Egypt." The French explorer and naturalist
158:
simply says they were "a superfluous and foolish display of wealth", built by the kings so as "to avoid providing funds for their successors or for rivals who wished to plot against them, or else to keep the common folk occupied."
2035:; trans. Browne 1975, 59-60. Ogier does mention "a doorway into the ground, a long way in front of and below the granary," but it is not very tall, and "a very dark place, and foul-smelling from the beasts that live in it" (
1764:
In his critical apparatus to the Hebrew text, Adler has an important discussion of the readings in the MSS for Benjamin's discussion of the Pyramids. Earlier translations have errantly taken a passage discussing a "pillar"
585:
The period of the crusades brought a new wave of adventurers, some of whom would visit the sites in Egypt. The first we know of in this period was not a Christian, but rather the greatest Jewish traveler of the Middle Ages,
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c. 350, adding an etymological argument that "because he was the great-grandson of Sara, the nonagenarian by whom Abraham through God's favor had begotten a son, he was called in Greek Serapis, i.e. Σάρρας παῖς "; next was
594:(d. 1166) left an interesting comment concerning the Pyramids: "It is said that these monuments are the tombs of kings, and that before being used for this purpose, they were used as granaries." The German Dominican
142:, who visited them soon after 450 BC. He describes "the underground chambers on the hill whereon the pyramids stand", which "the king meant to be burial places for himself". Several later classical authors, such as
987:
that uses Egeria as a source; see Wilkinson 1999, 4, 86. Wilkinson is confident "this is the first text to mention what became the regular Christian explanation of the pyramids" (94 n. 4); cf. Osborne 1986,
354:
There were additional reasons that may have made the notion of the Pyramids being granaries seem plausible to people in the past. First, there was the murky issue of the etymology of the word pyramid (
204:
ascetics in Egypt, wherein they report that they "saw Joseph's granaries, where he stored grain in biblical times." This late 4th-century usage is further confirmed in a geographical treatise of
2003:; trans. Bellorini and Hoade 1948, 104. Gucci also records that "each is so high that no bowman at the foot would reach the top," the same phrase used by Poggibonsi a generation earlier.
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that contains similar imagery, and like the San Marco mosaics, "replaces the beehive granaries of Cotton Genesis with pyramidal buildings borrowed from the scene of Joseph Selling Corn."
1901:
Weitzmann 1984, 137. For images, see Weitzmann and Kessler 1986, figs. 451, 452 ("Joseph Gathering Corn", fol. 90); figs. 458, 459, color pl. VIII, 25 ("Joseph Selling Corn", fol. 91).
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61; ed. and trans. Heers and de Groer 1978, 190 (Latin), 191 (French). Adorno has taken most of his wording, often times verbatim, from the Latin of William of Boldensele.
1910:
Dale 2014, 262; cf. Weitzmann 1984, 137: "The mosaicist may have known a Western tradition according to which the pyramids were meant to be the granaries built by Joseph."
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inspiration of the Lord before a famine, and with the grain from Egypt's fruitful breast Joseph fed countless peoples and filled up the lean years with years of plenty."
1617:"corn" can mean any of various cereal plants or grains, especially the principal crop cultivated in a particular region, such as wheat in England or oats in Scotland.
1557:, the name for the Pyramids," and thus, when visitors reported what they had seen, "commentators have imagined" the actual working granary to be the great Pyramid (
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were ever intended for granaries; but that the Greeks, when ... they visited Egypt, and saw those amazing structures, looked on them as store-houses for grain"; see
1018:) of Joseph, are where Joseph is said to have stored up the grain. Others say it is the Pyramids themselves in which it is thought that the grain was collected" (
323:(1758-1838) cited the account of Dionysius as proof that the belief "was common in the East in the 9th century." Over a hundred years later, the Arab traveler
2074:; trans. Higgins 2011, 231. Higgins' English translation (quoted here) is from the 1351 French translation by Long John, monk of Saint Bertin in Saint Omer.
983:; trans. Wilkinson 1999, 94. This passage is not found in the sole surviving manuscript, which is only partially preserved, but appears in a later work by
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was all on his head, by the very ears of corn which embellish the border of the head-dress." The identification then persisted in Christian tradition with
67:
41, where "he gathered up all the food of the seven years when there was plenty in the land of Egypt, and stored up food in the cities ... And Joseph
385:
explained that "the figure pyramid has that name among geometers because it narrows into a cone after the manner of fire, which in our language is called
117:, when travel to the region became easier and closer investigation revealed the implausibility of the structures serving as storehouses for foodstuffs.
1056:; cf. Osborne 1986, 115. The quote appears only in version B of Riese's ed., a revision from late antiquity, and therefore may not derive from Julius.
687:
179:
Early Christian commentators on Genesis never make the association of Joseph's granaries with the Pyramids in Egypt; nor do Jewish commentators.
774:, who visited in 1483, the notion of them being granaries was the "mistaken opinion of the unlearned common people." Traveling with Fabri was
1889:
216:). This reference from Julius is important, for it indicates that the identification was starting to spread out from pilgrims' travelogues.
2332:
953:
167:
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Sacy, A. I. Silvestre de (1801). "Observations sur l'Origine du nom donné par les Grecs et les Arabes, aux Pyramides d'Egypte."
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There were also a number of travelers that saw difficulties with viewing the Pyramids as granaries. Anselmo Adorno traveled from
453:
Modern Egyptologists for the most part have endorsed an etymological relationship to cereal grain, but in a different aspect. As
154:, who made his visit in 25 BC, explicitly noted that they were "the tombs of kings"; yet in 77 AD the well-read natural historian
1344:
Though writing in Latin, Ammianus, who was born in Syrian Antioch, describes himself as "a former soldier and a Greek" (31.16.9).
655:
803:, a careful observer, records in 1546 that the great Pyramid "was the sepulcher of the King of Egypt." Another French explorer
2192:
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included the image of grain being stored in the Pyramids as part of the Joseph cycle that adorns the mosaics in the atrium of
2391:
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The 14th century saw a wave of travelers who left records of their travels. In 1323 the Anglo-Irish friar Simon Fitzsimon (
465:
Another interesting etymological conundrum that may have some relevance here is the origin of the Arabic word for pyramid,
854:
is defective here and is missing the noun, having only (lit., "all that was in them"). Many, including the editor of the
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Voyage de Georges Lengherand, Mayeur de Mons en Haynaut, a Venise, Rome, Jérusalem, Mont Sinaï & Le Kayre, 1485-1486
491:), barns/granaries," noting that it is a "word that does not appear to have Arabic ties and is perhaps simply the Latin
3309:
3258:
Weitzmann, Kurt (1984). "The Genesis Mosaics of San Marco and the Cotton Genesis Miniatures". Chap. 4 in Otto Demus,
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The second reason that the notion may have seemed plausible was that Joseph was often identified with the Egyptian God
3239:
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Dale, Thomas (2014). "Pictorial Narratives of the Holy Land and the Myth of Venice in the Atrium of San Marco." In
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315:, finding (breaking into) a new passageway. Accompanying him on this adventure was the Syrian archbishop of Antioch
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43a (Soncino trans.). For the dating, see Mussies 1979, 190-91. Lieberman presents a slightly different text with
3118:
Graboïs, Aryeh (2003). "La description de l'Égypte au XIV siècle par les pèlerins et les voyageurs occidentaux."
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605:
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Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte
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had discussed a different potential confusion with an actual granary in Old Cairo, noted by early travelers, e.g.
2381:
434:), which the king collected there." This derivation was repeated in the mid-12th century by the compiler of the
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208:, perhaps written as early as 376 AD, which explains that the Pyramids were called the "granaries of Joseph" (
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1940:
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For the location of the cupola, see Dale 2014, 248, fig. 1.; color plates of relevant scenes on pp. 204-5.
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record that it was known there were competing explanations for the purpose of the Pyramids. For example,
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Visit to the Holy Places of Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, and Syria in 1384, by Frescobaldi, Gucci and Sigoli
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Edwards 1972, 218; cf. Gardiner 1961, 2; Grimal 1992, 6. The first to make this argument appears to be
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speculated: "It is not impossible that this strange legend had originated in a kind of pun on ahrâm (
2905:. Intro. by Benedicta Ward. Cistercian Studies Series 34. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.
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says, "the same opinion, even today, reigns in many places; but it is without doubt erroneous"; see
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446:) "were constructed by Joseph"; and it was still repeated 400 years later by Johann Scapula in his
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paid a visit in 1497 and left a fairly objective report: "We went across the Nile to these three
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mentioned some who saw a connection to wheat, "because Pharaoh had heaped grain into them"; see
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60 BC, also recorded that the "kings built the pyramids to serve as their tombs"; and similarly
21:
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1697:), and argues for an alternate etymology: "The Rabbis interpreted Sarapis to consist of
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822:, professor of astronomy at Oxford, published the first truly scientific work on the Pyramids,
758:. But I could find no entrance. Some say that they are the tombs of the old kings of Egypt."
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1310:
1275:
1253:
1199:
1167:
1147:
1089:
1078:
1074:
980:
965:
902:
3147:
2851:
2571:
2493:
2178:
2099:
2052:
2032:
1988:
1972:
1956:
1761:
1528:
1472:
1306:
1183:
1128:
1053:
1031:
1003:
637:
195:: "As for the idea that Joseph was the author of these granaries, it is due, I think, to the
180:
2954:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2841:
2831:
2804:
2794:
2760:
2733:
2686:
2655:
2615:
2605:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2439:
2415:
2405:
2273:
2313:
ACW - Ancient Christian Writers (Westminster, MD: Newman Press / Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press)
1430:
1036:
628:
419:
391:." Later lexicographers would derive it alternately from the Greek word for cereal grain (
382:
220:
29:
3063:
The Atrium of San Marco in Venice: The Genesis and Medieval Reality of the Genesis Mosaics
1170:; ed. Donner 1971, 74; trans. Wilkinson 2002, 211. He says they are thirty-six in number.
244:
188:
8:
3299:
2580:
Donner, Herbert (1971). "Die Palästinabeschreibung des Epiphanius Monachus Hagiopolita."
1457:
678:) visited the area with his friend Hugh (who died in Cairo) and observed "the granaries (
436:
413:
376:
304:
An important expedition had visited the Pyramids several years earlier (832), led by the
297:
286:
261:
233:
229:
2750:
1006:; ed. Festugière 1971, 115; trans. Russell 1980, 102. There is also a Latin version by
527:. The first account of this identification comes from the late 2nd century from either
457:
explains: "In the absence of any more convincing explanation, it seems better to regard
75:). "So when the famine had spread over all the land, Joseph opened all the storehouses (
3304:
1225:
698:
591:
587:
516:
2688:
Fratris Felicis Fabri Evagatorium in Terrae Sanctae, Arabiae et Egypti peregrinationem
1888:, codex Otho B. VI. The 5th-century manuscript is so named for its first known owner
3235:
3210:
3196:
3182:
3168:
3137:
3066:
3038:
3013:
2982:
2968:
2934:
2920:
2906:
2707:
2676:
2551:
2517:
2429:
2374:
2367:
1773: pl.) to refer to the pyramids, thus yielding some confusion; cf. Asher 1840,
1066:
1007:
558:
546:
541:
496:
331:, son of Ham, son of Noah. Some kings, centuries later, made them their granaries."
320:
305:
40:
3075:
Dannenfeldt, Karl H. (1959). "Egypt and Egyptian Antiquities in the Renaissance."
3065:, ed. M. Büchsel, H. L. Kessler and R. Müller, 247-69. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
574:
2573:
Ludolphi, rectoris ecclesiae parochialis in Suchem. De itinere Terrae Sanctae liber
2296:
Rickman 1971, 298-99; Murray 2000, 528; Badawy 1954-68, 1:58-59, 2:31-36, 3:128-30.
1419:
1371:
1244:
of Dionysius, an important work that is now lost; the passage is also preserved in
984:
747:
725:
705:, correctly refers to the Pyramids as sepulchers, and says "these tombs are called
550:
528:
454:
312:
257:
237:
200:
196:
143:
125:
60:
1456:
According to him, the wheat cakes were made in the shape of a pyramid and used in
3181:, ed. P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw, 505-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2726:
Andanças é viajes de Pero Tafur por diversas partes del mundo avidos (1435-1439).
1885:
1614:
1240:; trans. (English) Cooperson 2010, 174. This passage was originally part of the
791:
viewing them from a distance. The French traveler Greffin Affagart (Seigneur de
719:
205:
155:
64:
2664:
Grotefend, C. L. (ed.) (1855). "Die Edelherren von Boldensele oder Boldense."
1034:, says "writing in 376"; Nicolet 1991, 96, has "perhaps prior to A.D. 376"; and
804:
2933:. Translated Texts for Historians 37. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
851:
675:
650:
440:, the largest Byzantine lexicon, with the addition that these royal granaries (
3033:
Cooperson, Michael (2010). "Al-Ma'mūn, the Pyramids and the Hieroglyphs." In
1154:
The author, sometimes identified as Antoninus, says they are twelve in number.
475:). Years ago, when noting the identification of the Pyramids with granaries,
3278:
743:
249:
224:
612:
1245:
819:
796:
632:
332:
308:
2863:
Palladius und Rufinus: ein Beitrag zur Quellenkunde des ältesten Mönchtums
2746:. Beirut: Commission International pour la Traduction des Chefs-d'Oeuvre.
2361:
A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church
810:
343:
71:, until he ceased to measure it, for it could not be measured" (vv. 48-9,
3220:
3089:
Fodor, A. (1970). "The Origins of the Arabic Legends of the Pyramids."
792:
767:
511:
114:
110:
3246:
Magasin Encyclopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts
3051:, 3 vols. Giza: Studio Misr / Berkeley: University of California Press.
2539:
Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche, 1166-1199
2529:
Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche, 1166-1199
2328:
CCSL - Corpus Christianorum Series Latina (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers)
2325:
CCSG - Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers)
2264:
For estimations of his work, see Gardiner 1961, 11; Greener 1967, 54-55.
1919:
Weitzmann and Kessler 1986, 20. The manuscript is now preserved in the
2917:
Tyrannius Rufinus. Historia Monachorum sive De vitis sanctorum patrum.
1705:
which means 'he quieted' in this language" (Lieberman 1962, 138 n. 89).
1290:
702:
536:
495:." More recent scholarship has suggested that it was derived from the
324:
192:
3219:
Osborne, John L. (1986). "Peter's Grain Heap: A medieval view of the '
2813:
Moranvillé, H. (1905). "Un pèlerinage en Terre Sainte et au Sinaï."
2790:, 2 vols. Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser., 101-2. London: Hakluyt Society.
1215:
For this entire episode, see Cooperson 2010; cf. Edwards 1972, 83, 87.
709:
Pharaoh's granaries." Some twenty years earlier the German Dominican
2796:
Viaggio di Lionardo di Niccolò Frescobaldi in Egitto e in Terra Santa
1461:
944:
139:
3191:
Mussies, Gerard (1979). "The Interpretatio Judaica of Sarapis." In
2931:
A Christian's Guide to Greek Culture: The Pseudo-Nonnus Commentaries
2607:
Tvoyage van Mher Joos van Ghistele twelcke mach anders ghenaemt sijn
2387:
PSBF - Publications of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum (Jerusalem)
219:
Beginning in the early 6th century, commentators on the orations of
691:
557:
The identification was also known in the Jewish tradition, for the
296:
and three in another." A hundred years later (870) the French monk
16:
Designation for the Egyptian pyramids often used by early travelers
2699:. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
2601:. Subsidia Hagiographica 53. Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes.
2919:
Patristische Texte und Untersuchungen 34. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
2695:
Heers, Jacques and Georgette de Groer (eds. and trans.) (1978).
1146:
43; ed. P. Geyer, CCSL 175:152; trans. Wilkinson 2002, 149; ed.
800:
739:
645:
609:– and included Burchard's statement, though without attribution.
524:
328:
83:
49:
44:
1433:
would nuance the argument: "not that we are to suppose that the
762:
641:
292:
151:
3177:
Murray, M. A. (2000). "Cereal production and processing". In
2548:
Al-Muqaddasi. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions
43:
often used by early travelers to the region. The notion of a
2356:(London: Heinemann / Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)
1959:; trans. Bellorini and Hoade 1945, 96-97 (modified slightly).
1736:
1393:
1357:
779:
441:
429:
423:
386:
96:
87:
54:
2692:
Stuttgardiae: sumtibus Societatis literariæ stuttgardiensis.
2631:
Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum 3. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
381:'pyramid'). Writing in c. 390, the Roman historian
69:
stored up grain in great abundance, like the sand of the sea
3267:
The Cotton Genesis: British Library Codex Cotton Otho B. VI
2783:. Hakluyt Society, 2nd ser., 94. London: Hakluyt Society.
2752:
Les saintes pérégrinations de Bernard de Breydenbach (1483)
2514:
The Holy Jerusalem Voyage of Ogier VIII, Seigneur d'Anglure
563:
406:
369:
279:
191:, thought the ultimate source was the Jewish community at
2994:
Iuli Firmici Materni v.c. De errore profanarum religionum
943:
36.75; ed. and trans. D. E. Eichholz, LCL 419:58-59; cf.
771:
729:
Joseph's granaries in the German version of Mandeville's
95:) and sold to the Egyptians" (v. 56). Similarly, in the
92:
3207:
Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire
3195:, ed. M. J. Vermaseren, 189-214. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2465:
Sancti patris nostri Gregorii Nazianzeni theologi. Opera
2697:
Itinéraire d'Anselme Adorno en Terre Sainte (1470-1471)
1092:; ed. J. N. Smith, CCSG 27:265; trans. Smith 2001, 121.
916:
1.64.4; ed. and trans. C. H. Oldfather, LCL 279:218-19.
649:
Genesis mosaics at San Marco derive from the so-called
2956:
Itinera Hierosolymitana et Descriptions Terrae Sanctae
2666:
Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen
2479:
Hanover: Typis Wechelianis, apud heredes Ioan. Aubrii.
2377:. Edited by J.-P. Migne. 217 vols. Paris, 1844-1864
2370:. Edited by J.-P. Migne. 162 vols. Paris, 1857-1886
1545:). According to Jomard, "it turns out that this word
450:(1580), which was still in print in the 19th century.
232:
repeats this almost verbatim; and also, less closely,
2641:
Quaracchi presso Firenze: Collegio di S. Bonaventura.
2614:
Godefroy-Ménilglaise, D.-C., marquis, (ed.) (1861).
291:'storehouses') in c. 750; and the Irish monk
2953:Tobler, Titus and Augustus Molinier (eds.) (1879).
2590:
Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, par Edrîsî
2516:. Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida.
236:
in the later 11th century. In the late 6th century
109:" (12:55). The designation was used throughout the
99:: "(Joseph) said: 'Give me charge of the granaries (
3234:, 298-306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3160:. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
2890:Rubin, Jonathan (2014). "Burchard of Mount Sion's
2495:
Description historique et topographique de l'Egypte
2485:
Le saint voyage de Jherusalem du Seigneur d'Anglure
2382:The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims Text Society
1593:; Mussies 1979, 193, accepts the work as genuine.
3230:Rickman, Geoffrey (1971). Appendix 2. Egypt. In
2870:Riant, Paul Edouard Didier, comte (ed.) (1884).
2833:Corpus apologetarum christianorum saeculi secundi
2720:. PSBF 18. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press.
2627:Descriptio imperii Moslemici auctore Al-Mokaddasi
1471:, mentions these cakes; also about the same time
1040:(Leiden, 2005), s.v. Iulius has "4th/5th cents."
889:; ed. Haarmann 1991, 105; trans. Mallat 2007, 23.
3276:
3265:Weitzmann, Kurt and Herbert L. Kessler (1986).
2363:, Second Series. 14 vols. (Oxford: James Parker)
1065:The commentaries are on the funeral oration for
1289:; trans. Kramers and Wiet 1964, 150; quoted in
256:The term continued to be used by pilgrims: the
3253:Notice de la géographie orientale d'Ebn-Haukal
3149:Mélanges d'Érudition et de Critique Historique
2706:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
2704:The Book of John Mandeville with Related Texts
2637:Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa
2505:Gregory Bishop of Tours. History of the Franks
2404:Abbeloos, J. B. and T. J. Lamy (eds.) (1872).
2322:. 10 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons)
697:In a rather different notice written in 1350,
3262:, 2/1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3209:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3037:, ed. John Nawas, 165-90. Leuven: Peeters.
3022:Clermont-Ganneau, Charles (1876). Review of
2981:, 2nd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
2967:, 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
2772:Pero Tafur. Travels and Adventures, 1435-1439
2742:Kramers, J. H. and G. Wiet (trans.) (1964).
2611:Ghendt: de weduwe van Gheeraert van Salenson.
2482:Bonnardot, F. and A. Longnon (eds.) (1878).
2469:Paris: sumptibus C. Morelli Typographi regii.
2211:Dannenfeldt 1959, 13-15; Greener 1967, 34-45.
59:) being associated with the Hebrew patriarch
2830:Otto, Johann Karl Theodor von (ed.) (1872).
2825:, trans. & enl. Peter Templeman, 2 vols.
2806:Stephani Byzantii. Ethnicorvm quae svpersvnt
2788:Mandeville's Travels: Texts and Translations
2723:Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos (ed.) (1874).
2657:Die Pilgerfahrt des Ritters Arnold von Harff
2647:Das Pyramidenkapitel in al-Maḳrīzị's "Ḫiṭaṭ"
2407:Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon ecclesiasticum
2333:Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
1540:
1495:is "a word of doubtful origin" according to
640:(San Marco) in Venice. In the third Joseph
569:
486:
480:
470:
422:c. 550 wrote: "They were called 'pyramids' (
260:in c. 570, who notes "they are still full";
100:
3028:Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature
2946:Etymologicon magnum. Editio nova correctior
2673:Das Pyramiden buch des Abū Ǧaʻfar al-Idrīsī
2582:Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins
2462:Billius, J. and F. Morellus (eds.) (1630).
2390:SLH - Scriptores Latini Hiberniae (Dublin:
1012:
680:
210:
105:) of the land. I shall husband them wisely
77:
2781:The Pilgrimage of Arnold von Harff, Knight
2759:Lega, Alberto Bacchi della (ed.) (1881).
2675:. Beirut: In Kommission bei F. Steiner.
1943:; ed. and trans. M. Esposito, SLH 4:84-85.
1817:For the precise date, see Rubin 2014, 181.
1605:2.8; ed. A. Reifferscheid and G. Wissowa,
3269:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3179:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
2546:Collins, Basil Anthony (trans.) (1994).
2441:The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela
2426:The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia
1858:) was a source that he had read (164.40).
1854:Elsewhere Sanudo does say that Burchard (
1073:, including the Pyramids (Oration 43.63;
877:Trans. N. J. Dawood (Penguin Books 1999).
862: ("storehouses"); see J. Skinner,
3012:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3010:Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages
2894:: A Newly Discovered Extended Version."
2786:Letts, Malcolm (ed. and trans.) (1953).
2702:Higgins, Iain Macleod (trans.) (2011).
2459:. PSBF 6. Jerusalem: Franciscan Press.
2452:. PSBF 2. Jerusalem: Franciscan Press.
809:
724:
661:
611:
573:
535:is to be accepted as authentic, or from
510:
342:
243:
166:
124:
20:
3167:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2853:Viaggio al monte Sinai di Simone Sigoli
2762:Libro d'Oltramare di Niccolò Poggibonsi
2749:Larrivaz, F. (ed. and trans.) (1904).
2428:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1991:; trans. Bellorini and Hoade 1948, 169.
462:distance, they resembled large cakes."
311:, and had explored the interior of the
26:Joseph, Overseer of Pharaoh's Granaries
3277:
3225:Echos du Monde Antique/Classical Views
3113:Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction
3100:and Hermes: Origin of the Arabic Word
2979:Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades
2887:Heilbronnae: apud Henningeros fratres.
2843:Dicvili. Liber de mensvra orbis terrae
2744:Ibn Hauqal. Configuration de la Terre
1975:; trans. Bellorini and Hoade 1948, 46.
1479:2 ; ed. and trans. G. W. Butterworth,
778:, a wealthy canon of the cathedral at
120:
2950:Lipsiae: apud Io. Aug. Gottl. Weigel.
2587:Dozy, R. and M. J. de Goeje (1866).
2392:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
1585:5; orig. Syriac with English trans.,
1500:, new ed. (Leiden, 1986), s.v. haram.
928:17.1.33; ed. and trans. H. L. Jones,
901:2.124; ed. and trans. A. D. Godley,
829:
3091:Acta Orientalia Academiae Hungaricae
2867:Giessen: J. Rickersche Buchhandlung.
2857:Florence: Tip. all'insegna di Dante.
2776:London: George Routledge & Sons.
2509:New York: Columbia University Press.
1701:which means 'he saw' in Aramaic and
627:The fall of the Crusader Kingdom in
549:in 402; then just a few years later
506:
162:
3232:Roman Granaries and Store Buildings
2815:Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes
2729:Madrid: Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta.
2567:London: Francis and John Rivington.
2455:Bellorini, T. and E. Hoade (1948).
2450:A Voyage Beyond the Seas, 1346-1350
2448:Bellorini, T. and E. Hoade (1945).
2417:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
2102:; trans. Chareyron 2005, 263 n. 14.
1541:
487:
481:
471:
101:
13:
3260:The Mosaics of San Marco in Venice
3251:Sacy, A. I. Silvestre de (1802).
3165:Introduction to Middle Eastern Law
3049:A History of Egyptian Architecture
2943:Sylburg, Friedrich (ed.) (1816).
2800:Rome: Stamperia di C. Mordacchini.
2502:Brehaut, Ernest (trans.) (1916).
2135:Godefroy-Ménilglaise 1861, 177-178
1923:, MS 2576. The structures in the
666:Map of the Nile from Breydenbach,
14:
3321:
2915:Schulz-Flügel, Eva (ed.) (1990).
2820:Norden, Frederick Lewis (1757).
2661:Cöln: J.M. Heberle (H. Lempertz).
2621:Mons: Masquillier & Dequesne.
2577:Stuttgart: Litterarischer verein.
2347:International Critical Commentary
2033:Bonnardot and Longnon 1878, 67-68
1803:Dozy and Goeje 1866, 146 (Arabic)
1669:; trans. P. G. Walsh, ACW 40:134.
1633:; trans. C. A. Forbes, ACW 37:71.
1114:Billius and Morellus 1630, 2:783.
979:Y2 ; ed. R. Weber, CCSL 175:100;
515:Marble bust of Serapis wearing a
3193:Studies in Hellenistic Religions
3096:Fodor, A. and L. Fóti (1976). "
2880:Riese, Alexander (ed.) (1878).
2827:London: L. Davis and C. Reymers.
2793:Manzi, Guglielmo (ed.) (1818).
2779:Letts, Malcolm (trans.) (1946).
2769:Letts, Malcolm (trans.) (1926).
2671:Haarmann, Ulrich (ed.) (1991).
2597:Festugière, A.-J. (ed.) (1971).
2526:Chabot, J.-B. (trans.) (1905).
2195:; ed. and trans. Larrivaz 1904,
2116:Jiménez de la Espada 1874, 86-87
606:Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis
129:Pyramids at Giza as rendered by
3255:. Paris: Impr. de Didot Jeune.
2991:Ziegler, Konrat (ed.) (1907).
2929:Smith, Jennifer Nemmo (2001).
2903:The Lives of the Desert Fathers
2850:Poggi, Francesco (ed.) (1829).
2840:Parthey, Gustav (ed.) (1870).
2803:Meineke, August (ed.) (1849).
2624:Goeje, M. J. de (ed.) (1906).
2290:
2281:
2267:
2258:
2243:
2229:
2214:
2205:
2183:
2168:
2156:
2140:
2124:
2105:
2089:
2077:
2061:
2042:
2022:
2006:
1994:
1978:
1962:
1946:
1930:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1837:
1820:
1811:
1792:
1783:
1747:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1672:
1652:
1636:
1627:De errore profanorum religionum
1620:
1596:
1576:
1567:
1504:
1486:
1446:
1405:
1383:
1347:
1331:
1315:
1280:
1268:
1259:
1218:
1209:
1189:
1173:
1157:
1137:
1118:
1106:
1095:
1083:
1059:
1043:
1025:
1022:; ed. Schulz-Flügel 1990, 350).
991:
656:Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César
3129:. New York: The Viking Press.
3086:. New York: The Viking Press.
3047:Badawy, Alexander (1954-68).
2685:Hassler, C. D. (ed.) (1849).
2599:Historia Monachorum in Aegypto
2414:Adler, Marcus Nathan (1907).
2384:. 13 vols. London, 1886-1897.
2190:Peregrinatio in terram sanctam
1340:22.15.29; trans. J. C. Rolfe,
1254:Abbeloos and Lamy 1872, 379-80
999:Historia monachorum in Aegypto
970:
959:
934:
919:
907:
892:
880:
871:
844:
818:Finally, in the 17th century,
785:
183:(1787-1848), the successor to
113:and only really abated in the
1:
3158:Hellenism in Jewish Palestine
3054:Beazley, C. Raymond (1895).
2654:Groote, E. von (ed.) (1860).
2634:Golubovich, G. (ed.) (1919).
2536:Chabot, J.-B. (ed.) (1910).
2302:
2239:(Paris, 1553), fols. 113-115.
2137:; trans. Chareyron 2005, 177.
1856:frater Broccardus Theotonicus
1442:(London, 1783), s.v. pyramid.
1416:(Oxford, 1820), col. 1343-44.
1256:; trans. Chareyron 2005, 174.
1200:Tobler and Molinier 1879, 312
1148:Tobler and Molinier 1879, 116
814:Egyptian granaries at Thebes.
519:decorated with "ears of corn"
147:
3056:The Dawn of Modern Geography
3024:Descriptiones Terrae Sanctae
2756:Caire: Imprimerie nationale.
2349:(Edinburgh: T & T Clark)
2153:; trans. Letts 1946, 126-27.
2084:Le Liure Iehan de Mandeuille
1513:Even earlier, in the famous
1483:) mentions their cultic use.
1425:Etymologicon linguae Latinae
1311:Bouriant 1895, 329 (French).
858:, would restore the text to
603:wrote a book on crusading –
407:
370:
338:
280:
63:derives from the account in
7:
3115:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3082:Edwards, I. E. S. (1972).
3008:Chareyron, Nicole (2005).
2604:Ghistele, Joos van (1572).
2512:Browne, Roland A. (1975).
2489:Paris: Firmin Didot et cie.
2424:Amidon, Philip R. (1997).
1511:Clermont-Ganneau 1876, 325.
1328:; trans. Collins 1994, 192.
503:meaning "a tall building."
10:
3326:
3134:A History of Ancient Egypt
3077:Studies in the Renaissance
2873:Archives de l'Orient Latin
2860:Preuschen, Erwin (1897).
2823:Travels in Egypt and Nubia
2570:Deycks, F. (ed.) (1851).
2560:Cureton, William (1855).
2445:London: A. Asher & Co.
2255:; trans. Greener 1967, 38.
1844:Secretorum Fidelium Crucis
1807:Dozy and Goetje 1866, 175.
1737:
1498:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1429:Some hundred years later,
1394:
1358:
1071:seven wonders of the world
566:in the late 10th century.
442:
430:
424:
396:
387:
359:
269:
88:
55:
3310:Ancient Egyptian pyramids
3205:Nicolet, Claude (1991).
3156:Lieberman, Saul (1962).
3146:Letronne, A.-J. (1860).
3132:Grimal, Nicolas (1992).
3125:Greener, Leslie (1967).
2977:Wilkinson, John (2002).
2963:Wilkinson, John (1999).
2892:Descriptio Terrae Sanctae
2287:Murray 2000, 505, 527-28.
2049:De itinere Terrae Sanctae
1921:Austrian National Library
1827:Descriptio Terrae Sanctae
1770:
1766:
1694:
1686:
1649:; trans. Amidon 1997, 82.
859:
770:, a Dominican friar from
570:High and Late Middle Ages
241:through a tiny opening."
185:Jean-François Champollion
39:is a designation for the
3163:Mallat, Chibli (2007).
3111:Gardiner, Alan (1961).
2901:Russell, Norman (1981).
2883:Geographi latini minores
2837:Jena: Libraria H. Dufft.
2193:(Mainz, 1486), fol. 116r
2019:; trans. Hoade 1970, 78.
1412:(Basel, 1580), col. 1416
1326:Goeje 1906, 210 (Arabic)
1303:Graefe 1911, 61 (German)
1299:Graefe 1911, 13 (Arabic)
1250:Chronicon Ecclesiasticum
1202:; trans. J. H. Bernard,
838:
477:Charles Clermont-Ganneau
248:View of the Pyramids by
171:View across the Nile by
3058:. London: John Murray.
2998:Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
2732:Kenrick, John (1841).
2716:Hoade, Eugene (1970).
2644:Graefe, Erich (1911).
1799:Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtaq
1758:Adler 1907, 65 (Hebrew)
1743:ed. T. Gaisford, 3259B.
1645:11.23; ed. T. Mommsen,
1516:Description de l'Égypte
1427:(Amsterdam, 1662), 422.
1069:, wherein he lists the
776:Bernhard of Breidenbach
701:, a parish priest from
485:), pyramids, and ahrà (
317:Dionysius of Tell Mahre
3136:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3127:The Discovery of Egypt
2766:Bologna: G. Romagnoli.
2735:The Egypt of Herodotus
2492:Bouriant, U. (1895).
2354:Loeb Classical Library
2251:Cosmographie de Levant
1643:Historia ecclesiastica
1535:), and referred to as
1467:The Learned Banqueters
1400:Sylburg 1816, col. 632
1377:Notae et castigationes
1307:Sacy 1802, 40 (French)
1293:(d. 1442) influential
1180:De mensua orbis terrae
1054:Riese 1878, 51.2-4 (B)
1013:
815:
740:Great Tower at Seville
734:
681:
671:
624:
601:Marino Sanudo Torsello
596:Burchard of Mount Sion
582:
520:
448:Lexicon Graeco-Latinum
351:
253:
211:
176:
134:
78:
33:
3084:The Pyramids of Egypt
2877:Paris: Ernest Leroux.
2651:Leipzig: G. Kreysing.
2475:Gesta Dei per Francos
2472:Bongars, J. (1611).
2421:London: Henry Frowde.
2055:; trans. A. Stewart,
1850:; trans. A. Stewart,
1848:Bongars 1611, 261:1-2
1529:Frederic Louis Norden
1521:Napoleon's expedition
1473:Clement of Alexandria
1150:; trans. A. Stewart,
914:Bibliotheca historica
813:
728:
711:William of Boldensele
665:
617:Joseph Gathering Corn
615:
579:Joseph Gathering Corn
577:
514:
346:
247:
181:Jean-Antoine Letronne
170:
128:
24:
3026:, ed. Titus Tobler.
2739:London: B. Fellowes.
2594:Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2563:Spicilegium Syriacum
2550:. Reading: Garnet.
2411:Lovanii: C. Peeters.
2277:(London, 1737), 1:3.
1941:Golubovich 1919, 271
1689:) instead of
1665:; ed. G. de Hartel,
1573:Fodor and Fóti 1976.
1525:Edme-François Jomard
1431:George William Lemon
1379:(Leiden, 1692), 267.
1366:In his notes on the
1265:Chareyron 2005, 174.
623:manuscript, c. 1375)
581:(San Marco, c. 1275)
420:Stephen of Byzantium
383:Ammianus Marcellinus
350:manuscript (c. 1300)
221:Gregory of Nazianzus
146:, who visited Egypt
30:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
3295:Pilgrimage accounts
3104:Meaning Pyramid."
2960:Geneva: J.-G. Fick.
2847:Berlin: F. Nicolai.
2810:Berlin: G. Reimeri.
2438:Asher, A. (1840).
2319:Ante-Nicene Fathers
2275:Miscellaneous Works
2225:Chavanon 1902, 166.
2100:Moranvillé 1905, 99
2072:Grotefend 1855, 252
1587:Cureton 1855, 43-44
1067:St. Basil the Great
977:Itinerarium Egeriae
966:Letronne 1860, 393.
437:Etymologicum Magnum
348:Etymologicum Magnum
262:Epiphanius the Monk
234:Nicetas of Heraclea
230:Cosmas of Jerusalem
121:Classical antiquity
3153:Paris: E. Ducrocq.
3035:Abbasid Studies II
1867:Graboïs 2003, 530.
1831:(Magdeburg, 1587).
1723:Mussies 1979, 214.
1714:Mussies 1979, 200.
1460:. Around 200 AD,
1454:Kenrick 1841, 176.
1418:The next century,
1364:Meineke 1849, 540.
1287:Kitab Surat al-ard
1236:; trans. (French)
1226:Michael the Syrian
1125:Historia Francorum
1004:Preuschen 1897, 79
941:Naturalis historia
887:Anwār ... al-ahrām
830:Egyptian granaries
816:
735:
699:Ludolph of Sudheim
672:
638:St Mark's Basilica
625:
592:Muhammad al-Idrisi
588:Benjamin of Tudela
583:
531:c. 170 AD, if his
521:
428:) from the grain (
418:'wheat').
352:
254:
177:
135:
37:Joseph's granaries
34:
3106:Studia Aegyptiaca
3004:Secondary Sources
2543:Paris: E. Leroux.
2533:Paris: E. Leroux.
2499:Paris: E. Leroux.
2375:Patrologia latina
2368:Patrologia graeca
2253:(Lyon, 1556), 154
2179:Hassler 1849, 43.
2112:Andanças é Viajes
1953:Libro d'Oltramare
1925:Histoire ancienne
1769: some MSS
1533:Norden 1757, 1:72
1440:English Etymology
1370:written c. 1650,
1037:Brill's New Pauly
621:Histoire ancienne
559:Babylonian talmud
542:Firmicus Maternus
507:Joseph as Serapis
417:
405:
380:
368:
321:Silvestre de Sacy
290:
278:
189:Collège de France
163:Early Middle Ages
41:Egyptian pyramids
3317:
3285:Joseph (Genesis)
2965:Egeria's Travels
2718:Western Pilgrims
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2237:Les Observations
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2151:Groote 1860, 109
2144:
2138:
2128:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1957:Lega 1881, 93-96
1950:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1841:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1688:
1676:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1631:Ziegler 1907, 32
1624:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1549:is analogous to
1544:
1543:
1508:
1502:
1490:
1484:
1450:
1444:
1420:Gerardus Vossius
1409:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1372:Lucas Holstenius
1361:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1322:Ahsan al-taqasim
1319:
1313:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1234:Chabot 1910, 526
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1184:Parthey 1870, 26
1177:
1171:
1164:Enarratio Syriae
1161:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1133:Brehaut 1916, 9.
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1032:Beazley 1897, 73
1029:
1023:
1016:
995:
989:
985:Peter the Deacon
974:
968:
963:
957:
938:
932:
923:
917:
911:
905:
896:
890:
884:
878:
875:
869:
861:
848:
748:Arnold von Harff
684:
631:and the ruin of
551:Paulinus of Nola
529:Melito of Sardis
490:
489:
484:
483:
474:
473:
455:I. E. S. Edwards
445:
444:
433:
432:
427:
426:
412:
410:
400:
398:
390:
389:
375:
373:
363:
361:
313:Pyramid of Khufu
298:Bernard the Wise
285:
283:
273:
271:
258:Piacenza Pilgrim
238:Gregory of Tours
214:
197:Alexandrian Jews
149:
144:Diodorus Siculus
108:
104:
103:
91:
90:
81:
58:
57:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3290:Book of Genesis
3275:
3274:
2400:Primary Sources
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2147:Die Pilgerfahrt
2145:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2120:Letts 1926, 78.
2110:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2053:Deycks 1851, 80
2047:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2017:Riant 1884, 381
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1886:British Library
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1846:, 3.14.12; ed.
1842:
1838:
1829:, pt. 2, c. 3;
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1797:
1793:
1789:See Fodor 1970.
1788:
1784:
1762:Adler 1907, 73.
1752:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1677:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1615:British English
1601:
1597:
1589:; Latin trans.
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1537:Harâmât Yousef
1519:, a product of
1509:
1505:
1491:
1487:
1451:
1447:
1410:
1406:
1388:
1384:
1352:
1348:
1342:LCL 315:292-93.
1336:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1285:
1281:
1276:Sacy 1801, 449.
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1238:Chabot 1905, 82
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1030:
1026:
996:
992:
975:
971:
964:
960:
939:
935:
924:
920:
912:
908:
903:LCL 117:426-27.
897:
893:
885:
881:
876:
872:
849:
845:
841:
832:
824:Pyramidographia
788:
756:Kassa Pharaonis
752:Kassa Pharaonis
720:John Mandeville
572:
509:
341:
206:Julius Honorius
165:
156:Pliny the Elder
123:
106:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3228:
3217:
3203:
3189:
3175:
3161:
3154:
3144:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3031:
3020:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2975:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2927:
2913:
2899:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2740:
2730:
2721:
2714:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2669:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2436:
2422:
2412:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2266:
2257:
2242:
2228:
2213:
2204:
2182:
2167:
2155:
2139:
2123:
2104:
2088:
2076:
2060:
2041:
2021:
2005:
1993:
1989:Poggi 1829, 25
1977:
1961:
1945:
1929:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1836:
1819:
1810:
1791:
1782:
1779:153 (English).
1746:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1671:
1651:
1635:
1619:
1607:CSEL 20:109-10
1595:
1591:Otto 1872, 426
1575:
1566:
1562:2nd ed., 9:525
1503:
1485:
1445:
1404:
1382:
1346:
1330:
1314:
1279:
1267:
1258:
1217:
1208:
1188:
1172:
1156:
1136:
1117:
1105:
1094:
1082:
1058:
1042:
1024:
990:
969:
958:
954:LCL 264:460-61
933:
930:LCL 267:90-91.
918:
906:
891:
879:
870:
852:Masoretic Text
842:
840:
837:
831:
828:
787:
784:
707:by the natives
676:Symon Semeonis
651:Cotton Genesis
571:
568:
508:
505:
340:
337:
306:Abbasid caliph
164:
161:
122:
119:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:9780521077248
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:9780199230495
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:9783786127130
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:9789042920811
3040:
3036:
3032:
3030:10/2:321-325.
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:9780872209350
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:Abbreviations
2307:
2306:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1973:Mazi 1818, 92
1970:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1890:Robert Cotton
1887:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1852:PPTS 3/14:60.
1849:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1611:ANF 3:136-37.
1608:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:Bacchic rites
1455:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
986:
982:
978:
973:
967:
962:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
931:
927:
922:
915:
910:
904:
900:
895:
888:
883:
874:
868:
866:
857:
853:
847:
843:
836:
827:
825:
821:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
732:
727:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
688:Simone Sigoli
685:
683:
677:
669:
664:
660:
658:
657:
652:
647:
644:in the north
643:
639:
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
580:
576:
567:
565:
560:
555:
552:
548:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
478:
468:
463:
460:
456:
451:
449:
439:
438:
421:
415:
409:
403:
394:
393:Ancient Greek
384:
378:
372:
366:
357:
356:Ancient Greek
349:
345:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
302:
299:
294:
288:
282:
276:
267:
266:Ancient Greek
263:
259:
251:
250:Olfert Dapper
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:Pseudo-Nonnus
222:
217:
215:
213:
212:horrea Ioseph
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
173:David Roberts
169:
160:
157:
153:
145:
141:
132:
131:David Roberts
127:
118:
116:
112:
98:
94:
85:
82:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3248:6/6:446-503.
3245:
3231:
3224:
3206:
3192:
3178:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3133:
3126:
3120:Le Moyen Age
3119:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3009:
3003:
2993:
2978:
2964:
2955:
2945:
2930:
2916:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2814:
2805:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2672:
2668:1852:209-86.
2665:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2547:
2538:
2528:
2513:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2425:
2416:
2406:
2399:
2317:
2308:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2201:58 (French).
2189:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2031:249-51; ed.
2029:Saint voyage
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1775:102 (Hebrew)
1753:
1749:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1679:Abodah Zarah
1678:
1674:
1663:PL 61:517-18
1658:
1654:
1647:GCS 9/2:1030
1642:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1514:
1506:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1466:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1407:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1294:
1291:al-Maqrizi's
1286:
1282:
1270:
1261:
1249:
1246:Bar Hebraeus
1241:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1163:
1159:
1152:PPTS 2/4:34.
1143:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1108:
1097:
1085:
1061:
1050:Cosmographia
1049:
1045:
1035:
1027:
1011:
997:
993:
981:PL 173:1129D
976:
972:
961:
948:
940:
936:
925:
921:
913:
909:
898:
894:
886:
882:
873:
864:
846:
833:
823:
820:John Greaves
817:
805:André Thevet
797:Pierre Belon
789:
760:
755:
751:
736:
730:
715:
706:
696:
679:
673:
668:Peregrinatio
667:
654:
626:
620:
616:
604:
584:
578:
556:
532:
522:
500:
497:South Arabic
492:
466:
464:
458:
452:
447:
435:
353:
347:
333:Al-Muqaddasi
303:
255:
218:
209:
178:
136:
76:
68:
48:
36:
35:
25:
18:
3221:Meta Romuli
3122:109:529–43.
2175:Evagatorium
2163:Itinerarium
2068:Itinerarium
2057:PPTS 12:72.
2013:Itinerarium
1937:Itinerarium
1667:CSEL 30:122
1603:Ad nationes
1542:هرامات يوسف
1481:LCL 92:44-5
1232:12.17; ed.
1196:Itinerarium
1168:PG 120:265C
1144:Itinerarium
1090:PG 36:1064D
1079:NPNF 7:416.
926:Geographica
867:, ICC, 472.
856:Hebrew text
793:Courteilles
786:Renaissance
768:Felix Fabri
115:Renaissance
111:Middle Ages
89:σιτοβολῶνας
3300:Egyptology
3279:Categories
3227:30:111–18.
3215:0472100963
3201:9004058850
3187:0521452570
3142:0631174729
3093:23:335-63.
3018:0231132301
2987:0856687464
2973:0856687103
2939:0853239177
2925:3110120402
2911:0879078340
2898:13:173-90.
2817:66:70-104.
2681:3515051163
2556:1873938144
2522:0813005132
2477:, Vol. 2.
2434:0195110315
2345:ICC - The
2316:ANF - The
2303:References
2197:23 (Latin)
2096:Pèlerinage
1661:19.100-6;
1629:13.2; ed.
1390:Etym. Mag.
1338:Res gestae
1297:1.40; ed.
1224:Quoted in
1182:6.13; ed.
1129:PL 71:167B
1102:PG 38:534.
1075:PG 36:580A
1002:18.3; ed.
703:Westphalia
537:Tertullian
325:Ibn Hawqal
193:Alexandria
3305:Granaries
3108:2:157-67.
2958:, Vol. 1.
2875:, Tom. 2.
2835:, Vol. 9.
2764:, Vol. 2.
2690:, Vol. 3.
2639:, Vol. 3.
2629:, 2nd ed.
2584:87:42-91.
2541:, Tom. 4.
2531:, Tom. 3.
2497:, Vol. 1.
2467:, Tome 2.
2443:, Vol. 1.
2409:, Tom. 1.
2177:89b; ed.
2118:; trans.
1955:193; ed.
1805:; trans.
1801:3.4; ed.
1760:; trans.
1756:102; ed.
1754:Itinerary
1609:; trans.
1462:Athenaeus
1359:πυραμἰδες
1309:; trans.
1305:; trans.
1301:; trans.
1242:Chronicle
1230:Chronicle
1131:; trans.
1077:; trans.
1020:PL 21:440
1014:thesauros
945:Aristotle
899:Historiae
425:πυραμἰδες
402:romanized
365:romanized
339:Etymology
309:al-Ma'mūn
281:apothēcae
275:romanized
140:Herodotus
102:خَزَائِنِ
2896:Crusades
2342:(Berlin)
2335:(Vienna)
2221:Relation
2051:31, ed.
1939:60; ed.
1613:N.B. in
1435:pyramids
1204:PPTS 3:5
1052:45; ed.
949:Politics
692:Bordeaux
682:granaria
270:ἀποθῆκαι
56:θησαυρός
3079:6:7-27.
2380:PPTS -
2359:NPNF -
2331:CSEL -
2070:3; ed.
2001:Viaggio
1985:Viaggio
1969:Viaggio
1738:Σάραπις
1735:, s.v.
1691:meiphis
1683:heiphis
1583:Apology
1560:Descr.,
1547:harâmât
1395:πυραμἰς
1392:, s.v.
1368:Ethnica
1356:, s.v.
1354:Ethnica
1198:7; ed.
1008:Rufinus
865:Genesis
731:Travels
716:Travels
646:narthex
547:Rufinus
533:Apology
525:Serapis
493:horreum
459:pyramis
416:
404::
379:
371:pyramis
367::
360:πυραμίς
329:Mizraim
289:
277::
264:(using
187:at the
84:Vulgate
65:Genesis
50:horreum
45:granary
3238:
3213:
3199:
3185:
3171:
3140:
3069:
3041:
3016:
2985:
2971:
2937:
2923:
2909:
2710:
2679:
2554:
2520:
2432:
2352:LCL -
2338:GCS -
2223:; ed.
2149:; ed.
2133:; ed.
2131:Voyage
2114:; ed.
2098:; ed.
2015:; ed.
1987:; ed.
1971:; ed.
1834:(185).
1771:עמודים
1733:Suidas
1659:Carmen
1477:Protr.
1398:; ed.
1362:; ed.
1324:; ed.
1252:; ed.
1127:1.10;
860:אוצרות
763:Bruges
733:(1481)
670:(1486)
642:cupola
517:modius
293:Dicuil
252:(1670)
201:Egeria
175:(1846)
152:Strabo
133:(1846)
79:horrea
61:Joseph
32:(1874)
3102:Haram
3098:Haram
2373:PL -
2366:PG -
1703:appis
1695:מפּיס
1687:הפּיס
1555:ahrâm
1551:haram
1531:(see
1493:Haram
1469:14.56
1464:, in
1295:Hitat
839:Notes
780:Mainz
501:haram
499:word
488:أهراء
482:أهرام
467:haram
443:ὡρεῖα
431:πυρῶν
408:pyros
397:πυρός
97:Quran
3236:ISBN
3211:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2969:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2037:ibid
1767:עמוד
1553:and
1274:See
1112:ed.
988:115.
850:The
801:Mans
744:Mons
633:Acre
629:1291
564:Suda
414:lit.
377:lit.
287:lit.
3223:."
2039:.).
1699:sar
1166:6;
799:of
772:Ulm
718:of
472:هرم
388:πῦρ
93:LXX
73:RSV
28:by
3281::
2199:,
1777:;
1741:;
1564:).
1523:,
1414:;
1248:,
1228:,
956:).
947:,
411:,
399:,
395::
374:,
362:,
358::
284:,
272:,
268::
148:c.
86:,
53:,
3151:.
2996:.
2948:.
2885:.
2865:.
2855:.
2845:.
2808:.
2798:.
2774:.
2754:.
2737:.
2659:.
2649:.
2619:.
2609:.
2592:.
2575:.
2565:.
2507:.
2487:.
2419:.
2394:)
1765:(
1693:(
1685:(
1539:(
1475:(
1402:;
619:(
469:(
107:'
47:(
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