702:
176:
694:
1088:
701:
1117:
412:
34:
152:
1084:
serene water fountain at its centre. The fountain is carved with stone lions, with the water emerging from the mouths of these lions. The static nature of the locally sourced water features within the
Courtyard of the Lions at the Alhambra, adds to the atmosphere of serenity and stillness which is typical of Islamic gardens that utilise water features, resembling the image of paradise as found in the Qur'an.
1066:
certain artistic choices were solely intended to reflect the Qur'an's description of paradise, since there are not extensive historical records to reference to. However, many elements of
Islamic art and architecture can certainly be interpreted as being intended to reflect paradise as described in the Qur'an, and there are particular historical records which support a number of case studies in this claim.
1143:
flowing rivers. Accompanied by a calligraphic frieze, the mosaic depicts symmetrical and vegetal vine scrolls, surrounded by trees of blue, green and turquoise mosaics. Jewel-like embellishments as well as gold pigment complete the mosaic. Not only did mosaics of this kind seek to reflect paradise as described in the Qur'an, but they were also thought to represent and proclaim Muslim victories.
1113:
tomb structure within the waterscape garden environment heightens the conceptual relationship between tomb gardens and a place of paradise as discussed in the Qur'an. Similarly, the white marble used for the construction of the tomb mausoleum, furthers the relationship between the purity and divinity of the tomb, elevating the status of the tomb to that of paradise.
608:, the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called "Garden in Eden". The first is rather terrestrial, of abundant fertility and luxuriant vegetation, known as the "lower Gan Eden". The second is envisioned as being celestial, the habitation of righteous, Jewish and non-Jewish, immortal souls, known as the "higher Gan Eden". The
63:, or both, often compared with the miseries of human civilization: in paradise there is only peace, prosperity, and happiness. Paradise is a place of contentment, a land of luxury and fulfillment containing ever-lasting bliss. Paradise is often described as a "higher place", the holiest place, in contrast to
1112:
Upon the exterior of the tomb mausoleum of the Taj Mahal, inscriptions of passages from the Qur'an adorn the exterior facades, encasing the iwans. These inscriptions rehearse passages of an eschatological nature, referencing the Day of
Judgement and themes of paradise. Similarly, the placement of the
1053:
The semblance of
Paradise (Jannah) promised the pious and devout (is that of a garden) with streams of water that will not go rank, and rivers of milk whose taste will not undergo a change, and rivers of wine delectable to drinkers, and streams of purified honey, and fruits of every kind in them, and
763:
In Luke 23:43, Jesus has a conversation with one of those crucified with him, who asks, "Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom". Jesus answers him, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise". This has often been interpreted to mean that on that same day the thief and Jesus
568:
carrying the throne of God. Each of the righteous will walk with God, who will lead them in a dance. Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are "clothed with garments of light and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life" (Enoch 58,3) near to God and His anointed ones. This Jewish rabbinical concept
1151:
In a similar instance, the mosaic within the Great Mosque of
Damascus, constructed within a similar timeframe to the Dome of the Rock, features the most noticeable elements of a paradisiacal garden as described in the Qur'an. Therefore, it would not be unreasonable to suggest that the mosaic on the
1065:
The Qur'an contains multiple passages in which paradise, or 'Jannah', is referred to. The Holy Book contains 166 references to gardens, of which nineteen mention 'Jannah', connoting both images of paradise through gardens, water features, and fruit-bearing trees. Scholars are unable to confirm that
1031:
Or do you think that you will enter
Paradise while such has not yet come to you as came to those who passed on before you? They were touched by poverty and hardship and were shaken until messenger and those who believed with him said,"When is the help of Allah ?" Unquestionably, the help of
1083:
The structural layout of the gardens of the
Alhambra in Grenada, embodies the idea of water as a symbol of representing paradise within Islamic gardens. In particular, the Courtyard of the Lions, which follows the Quarter Garden, or the 'Chahar-Bagh' layout, typical to Islamic gardens, features a
1142:
Constructed between 690 and 692, the Dome of the Rock at
Jerusalem features a large-scale mosaic on the interior of the domed structure. It is likely that this richly embellished and detailed mosaic was intended to replicate an image of paradise, featuring fruit-bearing trees, vegetal motifs and
845:
and those obedient to Christ will live eternally in a restored earthly paradise. Joining the survivors will be the resurrected righteous and unrighteous people who died prior to
Armageddon. The latter are brought back because they paid for their sins by their death and/or because they lacked
1171:, describes Paradise as being located outside the circuit of the Sun and Moon in the luxuriant Earth east in the midst of stones. The Tree of Life, which will provide for the souls of saints after they come out of their corrupted bodies, is located in the north of Paradise besides the
1100:
There is not yet concrete evidence that
Islamic gardens were solely intended to represent images of paradise. However, it can be deduced from certain inscriptions and intentions of structures, that creating an atmosphere of divinity and serenity were part of the artists' intentions.
865:
places a comma after the word 'today', dividing it into two separate phrases, "I tell you today" and "you will be with me in Paradise". This differs from standard translations of this verse as "I tell you today you will be with me in Paradise". Based on scriptures such as
898:, the place where spirits dwell following death and awaiting the resurrection. In that context, "paradise" is the state of the righteous after death. In contrast, the wicked and those who have not yet learned the gospel of Jesus Christ await the resurrection in
846:
opportunity to learn of Jehovah's requirements before dying. These will be judged on the basis of their post-resurrection obedience to instructions revealed in new "scrolls". They believe that resurrection of the dead to paradise earth is made possible by
1025:
The Quran also gave a warning that not all Muslims or even the believers will assuredly be permitted to enter Jannah except those who had struggled in the name of God and tested from God's trials as faced by the messengers of God or ancient prophets:
1046:
Other instances where paradise is mentioned in the Qur'an includes descriptions of springs, silk garments, embellished carpets and women with beautiful eyes. These elements can also be seen as depicted within Islamic art and architecture.
764:
would enter the intermediate resting place of the dead who were waiting for the Resurrection. Divergent views on paradise, and when one enters it, may have been responsible for a punctuation difference in Luke; for example, the two early
1013:'Al-Firdaus being in the middle of Paradise means that with respect to the width and breadth of Paradise, Al-Firdaus is in the middle. And with respect to being 'the highest place in Paradise', it refers to it being on a height.'
1008:
In this tradition, it is evident that Al-Firdaus is the highest place in Paradise, yet, it is stated that it is in the middle. While giving an explanation of this description of Al-Firdaus, the great scholar, Ibn Hibban states,
179:
Incense burner, sometimes called a "hill censer" because of its shape (Mountains of Paradise, Bo Mountain, a paradise inhabited by immortals and mythical animals). Eastern Han dynasty, 25–220 CE. From China. Victoria and Albert
175:
1069:
Historical evidence does support the claim that certain Islamic garden structures and mosaics, particularly those of Spanish, Persian and Indian origins, were intended to mirror a scene of paradise as described in the Qur'an.
228:
960:. In Islam, the bounties and beauty of Heaven are immense, so much so that they are beyond the abilities of mankind's worldly mind to comprehend. There are eight doors of Jannah. These are eight grades of Jannah:
389:
The idea of a walled enclosure was not preserved in most Iranian usage, and generally came to refer to a plantation or other cultivated area, not necessarily walled. For example, the Old Iranian word survives as
561:
is called the "Garden of Righteousness". It has been created since the beginning of the world, and will appear gloriously at the end of time. The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly
1129:
Preserved historical writings from an interview with the artisan of the Prophet's Mosque at Medina between 705 and 715, revealed how the mosaic depictions of gardens within this mosque were in fact created
749:
likewise distinguished paradise from heaven, describing paradise as the earthly "school" for souls of the righteous dead, preparing them for their ascent through the celestial spheres to heaven.
1134:. Structures that are similarly adorned with naturalistic mosaics, and were created during the same period as the Prophet's Mosque at Medina, can be said to have had the same intended effect.
1408:
1308:
780:
has a pause mark (a single dot on the baseline) in the original ink equidistant between 'today' and the following word (with no later corrections and no dot before "today"), whereas
1681:
1807:
784:
has the "today in paradise" reading. In addition, an adverb of time is never used in the nearly 100 other places in the Gospels where Jesus uses the phrase, "Truly I say to you".
932:, i.e. Paradise. It is used instead of Heaven to describe the ultimate pleasurable place after death, accessible by those who pray, donate to charity, and believe in:
1104:
Tombs became the metaphorical 'paradise on Earth' for Islamic architecture and gardens; they were a place of eternal peace were devout followers of God could rest.
597:
In modern Jewish eschatology it is believed that history will complete itself and the ultimate destination will be when all mankind returns to the Garden of Eden.
809:. In the middle is a hole. In Muslim art it similarly indicates the presence of the Prophet or divine beings. It visually says, "Those here cannot be depicted".
729:
585:, figurative names for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism, a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from
882:, Witnesses believe Jesus' expectation that he would be bodily resurrected after three days precluded his being in paradise on the same day that he died.
3106:
1534:
1404:
858:
1617:
693:
862:
1673:
956:), and follow God's will in their life. Heaven in Islam is used to describe skies in the literal sense and metaphorically to refer to the
114:
are synonymous, with higher levels available to beings who have achieved special attainments of virtue and meditation. In the Zoroastrian
2069:
733:, he wrote that only those deemed worthy would inherit a home in heaven, while others would enjoy paradise, and the rest live in the
624:, the word 'Pardes' recurs, but less often in the Second Temple context of Eden or restored Eden. A well-known reference is in the
899:
1152:
exterior facade of the Great Mosque of Damascus, was similarly intended to replicate an image of paradise in the viewer's mind.
1382:
1172:
776:
reads "I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise". Likewise the two earliest Greek codices with punctuation disagree:
442:
2:8, in each case meaning "park" or "garden", the original Persian meaning of the word, where it describes the royal parks of
2621:
1650:
1586:
306:
1711:
838:
rebelled against God's sovereignty and were banished from the Garden of Eden, driven out of paradise into toil and misery.
818:
2099:
1558:
90:, the reed-fields of ideal hunting and fishing grounds where the dead lived after judgment. For the Celts, it was the
1772:
1304:
167:, with original color reconstitution. Irrigation canals radiate from an aqueduct. The king appears under the porch.
2309:
945:
895:
1530:
321:
3096:
2995:
1365:
742:
247:
2609:
1987:
1017:
This explanation is in agreement to the explanation which has been given by Abu Hurairah (r.a.) who said that
854:. This provision does not apply to those whom Christ as Judge deems to have sinned against God's holy spirit.
2719:
2332:
2714:
760:; others were inconsistent in their identification of paradise, such as St. Augustine, whose views varied.
2054:
3050:
2198:
1448:
684:
329:
2975:
2299:
1160:
1021:'Al Firdaus is a mountain in Paradise from which the rivers flow.' (Tafseer Al Qurtubi Vol. 12 pg. 100)
1000:, ask Him for Al-Firdaus, for it is the middle of Paradise and it is the highest place and from it the
118:, the "Best Existence" and the "House of Song" are places of the righteous dead. On the other hand, in
1840:"A Comparative Study Between the Qur'an's Vision of Paradise and the Mughal Islamic Gardens of Lahore"
1609:
635:
gives the word a mystical interpretation, and associates it with the four kinds of Biblical exegesis:
2304:
2294:
365:
20:
337:
2957:
2587:
2228:
1517:
1287:
1087:
989:
Jannah al-Mawa is in the lowest, Jannah al-Adn is the middle and Jannah al-Firdaus is the highest.
757:
659:
361:
51:
is a place of everlasting happiness, delight, and bliss. Paradisiacal notions are often laden with
1756:
489:
102:
was a paradisiacal land of plenty where adherents hoped the heroic and righteous dead would spend
3101:
2092:
535:
2868:
2164:
2026:
949:
823:
1640:
1325:
841:
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that disobedient and wicked people will be destroyed by Christ at
709:
239:
234:. The literal meaning of this Eastern Old Iranian language word is "walled (enclosure)", from
2691:
2529:
1908:
1877:
1576:
738:
724:
688:
528:
79:
1060:
2923:
2136:
2048:
524:, in response to the thief's request that Jesus remember him when he came into his kingdom.
521:
276:
130:
2614:
830:, that God's original purpose was, and is, to have the earth filled with the offspring of
8:
3030:
2582:
2117:
1465:
1429:
1164:
773:
548:
477:
451:
285:
2063:
2800:
2415:
2397:
2346:
2085:
1204:
1091:
Central water fountain feature within the Courtyard of the Lions, the Alhambra, Grenada
1001:
941:
781:
769:
753:
554:
861:
were the words to a man hanging alongside him, "you will be with me in Paradise." The
3060:
2772:
2671:
2572:
2548:
2365:
2276:
1646:
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1263:
493:
439:
265:
1378:
2895:
2724:
2709:
2592:
2486:
2466:
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2016:
903:
891:
851:
621:
333:
294:
225:
64:
2900:
2020:
2648:
2597:
2516:
2506:
2458:
2375:
1912:
1881:
1562:
1239:
1229:
1124:
953:
937:
902:. After the universal resurrection, all persons will be assigned to a particular
847:
827:
777:
765:
625:
443:
415:
411:
373:
317:
302:
272:
185:
91:
1703:
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2826:
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2701:
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1839:
1116:
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462:
369:
199:
192:
168:
60:
1896:
1865:
3090:
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3045:
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2218:
2179:
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1555:
806:
734:
680:
513:
466:
458:
431:
210:
139:
33:
1674:"The Significance of a Comma: An Analysis of Luke 23:43 – Ministry Magazine"
2567:
2246:
2223:
2174:
2156:
2012:
1470:
1344:
933:
831:
802:
798:
788:
497:
481:
435:
325:
160:
156:
119:
56:
2428:
1036:
772:
read "Today I tell you that you will be with me in paradise", whereas the
151:
2933:
2877:
2438:
1493:
1345:"Paradise: Origin and meaning of paradise by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1061:
References to Paradise (Jannah) in the Qur'an as reflected in Islamic art
663:, which was in turn felt to represent the fourfold interpretation of the
485:
430:
appears only in the post-Exilic period (after 538 BCE); it occurs in the
217:
206:
134:
41:
2251:
992:
Imam Bukhari has also recorded the tradition in which the Prophet said,
264:
By the 6th/5th century BCE, the Old Iranian word had been borrowed into
3070:
3065:
3055:
2890:
2831:
2744:
2491:
1460:
1234:
1209:
1168:
842:
341:
68:
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2077:
129:
The concept is a theme in art and literature, particularly of the pre-
2967:
2676:
2636:
2631:
2319:
2286:
2213:
2108:
1768:
1199:
697:
Braddock Mead, Paradise According to Three Different Hypotheses, 1747
86:
is a paradisiacal belief. In old Egyptian beliefs, the underworld is
871:
867:
368:): it is from this usage that the use of "paradise" to refer to the
2980:
2841:
2559:
2501:
2496:
2433:
2380:
2261:
2141:
1244:
1184:
957:
720:
620:, whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed by any mortal eye. In
605:
571:
558:
447:
290:
251:
107:
103:
95:
52:
2849:
2443:
1132:"according to the picture of the Tree of Paradise and its palaces"
2985:
2905:
2736:
2626:
2471:
2405:
2271:
2256:
2128:
1224:
705:
576:
382:
164:
122:
contexts 'paradise' describes the world before it was tainted by
99:
2602:
879:
875:
3040:
3025:
2754:
2686:
2666:
2661:
2476:
2423:
2266:
2062:
1219:
1214:
1189:
915:
746:
713:
601:
586:
564:
470:
313:
115:
111:
83:
27:
1960:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 115.
1945:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 113.
1930:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 103.
1327:
Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names
1125:
Mosaic representations of paradise within Islamic Architecture
2949:
2854:
2790:
2577:
2534:
2481:
2370:
2238:
2191:
2146:
1975:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95.
1827:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 89.
1194:
997:
921:
756:
with paradise, where the souls of the righteous go until the
664:
632:
609:
581:
377:
2011:
651:(mystic). The initial letters of those four words then form
3008:
3003:
2808:
2785:
2780:
2656:
2524:
2385:
2186:
1995:
International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
1810:
Chapter 5 – Paradise of the Wicked – Retrieved 8 July 2014.
250:'wall'). The word's etymology is ultimately derived from a
123:
87:
72:
1988:"Early Islamic Architecture and Structural Configurations"
1405:"An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics"
3035:
835:
279:, and was subsequently borrowed into Greek as παράδεισος
271:"domain". It subsequently came to indicate the expansive
1095:
484:
are expelled from paradise (rather than Eden) after the
1735:(Watchtower Bible & Tract Society, 2005), Chapter 7
461:
era Judaism, "paradise" came to be associated with the
78:
In eschatological contexts, paradise is imagined as an
834:
as caretakers of a global paradise. However, Adam and
1897:"Analysis on the Water-Making Art of Islamic Gardens"
1866:"Analysis on the Water-Making Art of Islamic Gardens"
797:
painting shows Paradise on its left side. There is a
496:
carries Adam's body to be buried in Paradise, in the
1747:(Watchtower Bible & Tract Society, 1988), 783–92
1309:
I am Ashurbanipal king of the world, king of Assyria
1073:
569:
of a higher Gan Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms
246:"to make, form (a wall), build" (cognate with Greek
1704:"For an Answer: Christian Apologetics – Luke 23:43"
1642:
The Ascension of the Messiah in Lukan Christology /
628:, where the word may allude to mystic philosophy.
16:Place of exceptional happiness, delight, and bliss
2073:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 751–752.
1147:The mosaic of The Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria
616:and Eden. Adam is said to have dwelt only in the
3088:
1339:
1337:
1079:The Alhambra, Court of the Lions, Grenada, Spain
671:– the mystical interpretation – ranks highest).
146:
768:versions translate Luke 23:43 differently. The
398:(or "jālīz"), which denotes a vegetable patch.
1793:"Meeting the Challenge of Bible Translation",
1581:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 29–.
1556:Church fathers: De Principiis (Book II) Origen
928:(garden), with the highest level being called
2093:
1574:
1444:
1442:
1334:
1138:The mosaic of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
184:The word "paradise" entered English from the
1568:
1360:
1358:
652:
354:
1638:
1513:
1511:
3107:Latter Day Saint concepts of the afterlife
2100:
2086:
1439:
826:believe, from their interpretation of the
344:(3rd–1st centuries BCE), Greek παράδεισος
242:, English peri- of identical meaning) and
1970:
1955:
1940:
1925:
1822:
1632:
1355:
894:theology, paradise usually refers to the
527:2 Cor. 12:4 – in Paul's description of a
394:in New Persian as well as its derivative
1508:
1323:
1115:
1086:
700:
692:
410:
372:derives. The same usage also appears in
174:
150:
32:
2107:
348:was used to translate both Hebrew פרדס
3089:
2060:
2019:(2009). "On the Origin of the World".
1985:
906:. This may also be termed "paradise".
812:
289:of the early 4th century BCE Athenian
2081:
1837:
1818:
1816:
1319:
1317:
1096:Tomb Gardens as representing Paradise
312:, "orchard" (appearing thrice in the
1894:
1863:
1537:from the original on 13 October 2011
257:"to stick and set up (a wall)", and
155:The luxurious palace and gardens of
1775:from the original on 3 October 2014
1385:from the original on 6 October 2014
1330:. Houlston and Wright. p. 201.
1288:"Wall panel; relief British Museum"
737:(which was mostly a ruin after the
653:
592:
13:
1813:
1714:from the original on 18 April 2017
1684:from the original on 17 April 2017
1324:Charnock, Richard Stephen (1859).
1314:
14:
3118:
2042:
1733:What Does the Bible Really Teach?
1620:from the original on 19 July 2017
1520:– JewishEncyclopedia; 02-22-2010.
1479:: 'Hell.' Literally: the Valley (
1451:– JewishEncyclopedia; 02-22-2010.
1074:Water features in Islamic gardens
819:Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation
752:Many early Christians identified
467:prophecies of restoration of Eden
1847:Online Journal of Art and Design
1434:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
1175:that contains the power of God.
1004:flow.' (Bukhari, Ahmad, Baihaqi)
859:Jesus' statements before he died
579:, of the English "Gehenna") and
503:
98:. For the classical Greeks, the
2005:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1934:
1919:
1888:
1857:
1831:
1800:
1787:
1761:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1696:
1666:
1602:
1549:
1523:
1486:
1454:
1411:from the original on 2015-01-15
1120:Tomb mausoleum at the Taj Mahal
741:but was rebuilt beginning with
674:
492:. After the death of Adam, the
406:
1973:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
1958:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
1943:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
1928:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
1825:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
1423:
1397:
1371:
1366:New Oxford American Dictionary
1298:
1280:
1256:
1:
2061:Cheyne, Thomas Kelly (1911).
1901:Journal of Landscape Research
1870:Journal of Landscape Research
1853:(3): 7 – via Adjournal.
1797:, June 15, 1974, page 362–363
1379:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1250:
1155:
1054:forgiveness from their Lord."
520:Luke 23:43 – by Jesus on the
488:, having been tricked by the
238:'around' (cognate with Greek
147:Etymology and concept history
143:is an example of such usage.
82:. In Christianity and Islam,
885:
723:distinguished paradise from
7:
1971:Fairchild, Ruggles (2008).
1956:Fairchild, Ruggles (2008).
1941:Fairchild, Ruggles (2008).
1926:Fairchild, Ruggles (2008).
1823:Fairchild, Ruggles (2008).
1307:in 2018 temporary exhibit "
1178:
1037:Qur'an 2:214 (Al-Baqarah) (
685:Kingship and kingdom of God
534:Rev. 2:7 – alluding to the
512:appears three times in the
401:
355:
216:"walled enclosure", whence
10:
3123:
1161:On the Origin of the World
913:
904:kingdom or degree of glory
816:
678:
546:
542:
283:"park for animals" in the
222:p-r-d-y-d-a-m /paridaidam/
80:abode of the virtuous dead
25:
18:
3021:
2994:
2966:
2948:
2932:
2914:
2876:
2867:
2840:
2817:
2799:
2771:
2753:
2735:
2700:
2647:
2558:
2547:
2515:
2457:
2414:
2396:
2356:
2345:
2318:
2285:
2237:
2155:
2127:
2116:
1745:Insight on the Scriptures
801:(and another tree) and a
21:Paradise (disambiguation)
1986:Kaptan, Kubilay (2013).
1645:. BRILL. pp. 150–.
1531:"JewishEncyclopedia.com"
909:
758:resurrection of the dead
420:Four seasons of paradise
26:Not to be confused with
2070:Encyclopædia Britannica
2049:Etymology of "paradise"
1496:. Aish. 11 January 2000
1436:, Brill, 2009, p. 1151.
1268:Encyclopedia Britannica
946:prophets and messengers
924:, Heaven is denoted as
719:In the 2nd century AD,
163:(ruled 668–631 BCE) at
1575:Jean Delumeau (1995).
1473:edition, 1970, p. 127:
1121:
1092:
1058:
1044:
1023:
1015:
1006:
716:
698:
612:differentiate between
423:
205:(παράδεισος), from an
181:
172:
44:
3097:Conceptions of heaven
1915:– via ProQuest.
1895:Fang, Chenyu (2020).
1884:– via ProQuest.
1864:Fang, Chenyu (2020).
1305:British Museum notice
1264:"Paradise | religion"
1119:
1090:
1049:
1028:
1019:
1011:
994:
863:New World Translation
745:in the 4th century).
743:Constantine the Great
704:
696:
689:Hades in Christianity
538:mentioned at Gen.2:8.
469:, and transferred to
414:
229:𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀
191:, inherited from the
178:
154:
36:
2924:Happy hunting ground
2657:14 planetary systems
1838:Mehdi, Aqsa (2021).
1806:Duane S. Crowther –
1639:A. W. Zwiep (1997).
1475:"Gehenna... Hebrew:
1039:Saheeh International
985:8. Jannah al-Firdaus
277:First Persian Empire
55:imagery, and may be
19:For other uses, see
3051:Mythological places
2300:Terrestrial Kingdom
1708:www.forananswer.org
1578:History of paradise
1466:The Joys of Yiddish
1165:Nag Hammadi library
996:'When you ask from
952:and divine decree (
824:Jehovah's Witnesses
813:Jehovah's Witnesses
774:Sinaitic Palimpsest
710:Gračanica Monastery
639:(literal meaning),
549:Paradise in Judaism
478:Apocalypse of Moses
3031:Existential planes
1561:2008-07-20 at the
1349:www.etymonline.com
1292:The British Museum
1163:, a text from the
1122:
1093:
1002:rivers of Paradise
982:7. Jannah al-Kasif
979:6. Jannah al-Na'im
787:In Christian art,
782:Codex Alexandrinus
770:Curetonian Gospels
735:restored Jerusalem
717:
699:
647:(anagogical), and
555:Jewish eschatology
476:In the apocryphal
424:
360:, "garden" (e.g. (
322:Song of Songs 4:13
301:"royal park", and
182:
173:
45:
3084:
3083:
3061:Spirits in prison
3017:
3016:
2941:Land without evil
2863:
2862:
2543:
2542:
2341:
2340:
2333:World of Darkness
2305:Telestial Kingdom
2295:Celestial Kingdom
2277:Sidrat al-Muntaha
2022:The Gnostic Bible
1678:Ministry Magazine
1652:978-90-04-10897-4
1588:978-0-252-06880-5
1173:Tree of Knowledge
964:1. Jannah al-Mawa
739:Jewish–Roman wars
575:(the source, via
494:Archangel Michael
3114:
2996:Ancient Egyptian
2896:Thirteen Heavens
2874:
2873:
2556:
2555:
2487:Asphodel Meadows
2354:
2353:
2125:
2124:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2064:"Paradise"
2057:, etymonline.com
2055:Etymology OnLine
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2017:Willis Barnstone
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1811:
1808:Life Everlasting
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
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1700:
1694:
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1332:
1331:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1260:
1167:held in ancient
976:5. Jannah al-Adn
950:Day of Judgement
892:Latter Day Saint
852:ransom sacrifice
730:Against Heresies
656:
655:
622:Rabbinic Judaism
593:Rabbinic Judaism
426:The Hebrew word
358:
330:Ecclesiastes 2:5
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3013:
2990:
2962:
2944:
2928:
2910:
2859:
2836:
2813:
2795:
2767:
2749:
2731:
2696:
2643:
2550:
2539:
2511:
2507:Fortunate Isles
2453:
2410:
2392:
2348:
2337:
2314:
2281:
2233:
2151:
2119:
2112:
2106:
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2029:
2010:
2006:
1990:
1984:
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1969:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1893:
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1727:
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1697:
1687:
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1672:
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1657:
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1653:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1565:, newadvent.org
1563:Wayback Machine
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1430:R. S. P. Beekes
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
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1363:
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1303:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1230:Paradise garden
1205:Fiddler's Green
1181:
1158:
1127:
1098:
1076:
1063:
1034:
973:4. Dar al-Khuld
970:3. Dar al-Salam
967:2. Dar al-Maqam
918:
912:
888:
828:Book of Genesis
821:
815:
778:Codex Vaticanus
754:Abraham's bosom
691:
677:
604:and the Jewish
595:
551:
545:
508:The Greek word
506:
444:Cyrus the Great
416:Nicolas Poussin
409:
404:
318:Song of Solomon
220:𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎹𐎭𐎠𐎶
149:
110:, paradise and
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3102:Garden of Eden
3099:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:The Summerland
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2916:Plains Indians
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:Chinvat Bridge
2823:
2821:
2819:Zoroastrianism
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2763:Grotto-heavens
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2622:Formless Realm
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
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2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
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2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2328:World of Light
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Garden of Eden
2201:
2199:Kingdom of God
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2058:
2052:
2051:, Balashon.com
2044:
2043:External links
2041:
2039:
2038:
2004:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1933:
1918:
1887:
1856:
1830:
1812:
1799:
1795:The Watchtower
1786:
1760:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1695:
1665:
1651:
1631:
1601:
1587:
1567:
1548:
1522:
1507:
1485:
1453:
1438:
1422:
1396:
1370:
1354:
1333:
1313:
1297:
1279:
1254:
1252:
1249:
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1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1157:
1154:
1126:
1123:
1097:
1094:
1075:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1032:Allah is near.
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
942:revealed books
914:Main article:
911:
908:
887:
884:
848:Christ's blood
814:
811:
794:Last Judgement
676:
673:
594:
591:
544:
541:
540:
539:
532:
525:
505:
502:
463:Garden of Eden
408:
405:
403:
400:
370:Garden of Eden
352:and Hebrew גן
273:walled gardens
169:British Museum
148:
145:
100:Elysian fields
92:Fortunate Isle
61:eschatological
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3076:Well of Souls
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Millennialism
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
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2913:
2907:
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2646:
2638:
2635:
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2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:Brahmā worlds
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
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2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
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2574:
2571:
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2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:Eastern/Asian
2546:
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2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
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2500:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
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2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:New Jerusalem
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:Throne of God
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Seven heavens
2168:
2167:
2166:
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2160:
2158:
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2143:
2140:
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2115:
2110:
2103:
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2028:
2024:
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2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1952:
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1615:
1614:Bible Gateway
1611:
1605:
1590:
1584:
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1564:
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1557:
1552:
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1519:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1494:"End of Days"
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1149:
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1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:The Taj Mahal
1105:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
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978:
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951:
947:
943:
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931:
927:
923:
917:
907:
905:
901:
900:spirit prison
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:Matthew 12:40
864:
860:
855:
853:
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2878:Mesoamerican
2710:Three Worlds
2583:Animal world
2568:Desire Realm
2310:Spirit world
2224:Pearly gates
2208:
2175:Third Heaven
2157:Christianity
2068:
2030:. Retrieved
2021:
2013:Marvin Meyer
2007:
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1777:. Retrieved
1769:"Luke 23:43"
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1716:. Retrieved
1707:
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1677:
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1613:
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1592:. Retrieved
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1539:. Retrieved
1525:
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1488:
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1480:
1476:
1471:Pocket Books
1464:
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1413:. Retrieved
1399:
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799:tree of life
792:
789:Fra Angelico
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617:
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536:tree of life
529:third heaven
509:
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482:Adam and Eve
475:
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436:Ecclesiastes
427:
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395:
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326:Ecclesiastes
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161:Ashurbanipal
157:Neo-Assyrian
138:
128:
120:cosmogonical
77:
57:cosmogonical
48:
46:
37:
2720:Madhya Loka
2715:Urdhva Loka
2588:Human world
2439:Neorxnawang
2349:mythologies
486:Fall of man
422:, 1660–1664
376:and in the
362:Genesis 2:8
340:)). In the
218:Old Persian
209:form, from
207:Old Iranian
135:John Milton
69:underworlds
42:Jan Bruegel
3091:Categories
3071:Utopianism
3066:Underworld
3056:Otherworld
2976:Summerland
2891:Tamoanchan
2832:Hamistagan
2745:Sach Khand
2692:Akshardham
2610:Form Realm
2492:Myth of Er
2386:Tech Duinn
2376:Tír na nÓg
2366:Otherworld
2032:2021-10-20
1913:2345535132
1882:2345535132
1757:Luke 23:43
1469:, © 1968;
1461:Leo Rosten
1449:Eshatology
1415:15 January
1273:2021-01-14
1251:References
1240:Tír na nÓg
1235:Shangri-La
1210:Golden Age
1169:Gnosticism
1156:Gnosticism
843:Armageddon
817:See also:
679:See also:
667:(in which
660:p(a)rd(e)s
547:See also:
510:παράδεισος
346:parádeisos
342:Septuagint
307:פַּרְדֵּס
281:parádeisos
261:"around".
203:parádeisos
65:this world
2968:Theosophy
2725:Adho Loka
2677:Vaikuntha
2637:Sukhavati
2632:Pure land
2578:Pretaloka
2551:religions
2429:Fólkvangr
2320:Mandaeism
2287:Mormonism
2214:Purgatory
2120:religions
2118:Abrahamic
2111:locations
2109:Afterlife
2027:Shambhala
2001:(2): 7–8.
1907:(1): 87.
1876:(1): 86.
1779:2 October
1624:2 October
1610:"Luke 23"
1541:2 October
1389:2 October
1200:El Dorado
886:Mormonism
876:Mark 8:31
654:פַּרְדֵּס
531:paradise.
438:2:5, and
316:; in the
196:paradisus
2981:Devachan
2901:Tlālōcān
2842:Tengrism
2801:Japanese
2662:Ādi Śeṣa
2649:Hinduism
2560:Buddhism
2502:Tartarus
2497:Empyrean
2434:Valhalla
2416:Germanic
2381:Mag Mell
2347:European
2262:Jahannam
2252:As-Sirāt
2209:Paradise
2142:Gehinnom
2137:Gan Eden
1909:ProQuest
1878:ProQuest
1773:Archived
1712:Archived
1682:Archived
1618:Archived
1559:Archived
1535:Archived
1518:Gan Eden
1409:Archived
1383:Archived
1245:Valhalla
1185:Deylaman
1179:See also
1056:(47:15).
958:universe
850:and the
721:Irenaeus
606:Kabbalah
572:gehinnom
559:Gan Eden
452:Anabasis
448:Xenophon
440:Nehemiah
402:Biblical
334:Nehemiah
299:pardaysa
291:Xenophon
286:Anabasis
266:Assyrian
252:PIE root
108:Buddhism
104:eternity
96:Mag Mell
71:such as
53:pastoral
49:paradise
38:Paradise
2986:Nirvana
2906:Xibalba
2886:Mictlān
2773:Chinese
2737:Sikhism
2702:Jainism
2682:Kailash
2627:Nirvana
2472:Elysium
2406:Tuonela
2272:Malakut
2257:Barzakh
2129:Judaism
1658:3 April
1594:3 April
1477:Gehinom
1225:Nirvana
930:Firdaus
920:In the
857:One of
706:Abraham
600:In the
577:Yiddish
543:Judaism
490:serpent
386:فردوس.
383:firdaws
295:Aramaic
275:of the
269:pardesu
255:*dheigʷ
226:Avestan
198:, from
189:paradis
165:Nineveh
3041:Heaven
3026:Avalon
2869:Others
2755:Taoism
2687:Goloka
2672:Naraka
2667:Svarga
2598:Heaven
2517:Slavic
2477:Erebus
2424:Asgard
2398:Finnic
2358:Celtic
2267:Jannah
2165:Heaven
1911:
1880:
1649:
1585:
1220:Heaven
1215:Goloka
1190:Dilmun
948:, the
944:, his
940:, his
938:angels
936:, the
926:Jannah
916:Jannah
766:Syriac
747:Origen
725:heaven
714:Serbia
687:, and
645:derash
637:peshat
610:rabbis
602:Talmud
587:heaven
565:chayot
471:heaven
434:4:13,
428:pardes
392:Pardis
374:Arabic
350:pardes
332:) and
314:Tanakh
309:pardes
303:Hebrew
248:τεῖχος
236:pairi-
186:French
180:Museum
116:Avesta
112:heaven
84:Heaven
28:Heaven
2950:Wicca
2855:Tamağ
2850:Uçmag
2791:Youdu
2593:Asura
2535:Vyraj
2482:Orcus
2467:Hades
2459:Greek
2444:Gimlé
2371:Annwn
2239:Islam
2229:Hades
2192:Limbo
2147:Sheol
1991:(PDF)
1843:(PDF)
1718:8 May
1688:8 May
1500:1 May
1195:Eridu
998:Allah
934:Allah
922:Quran
910:Islam
872:27:63
807:souls
727:. In
665:Torah
641:remez
633:Zohar
582:sheol
522:cross
396:pālīz
378:Quran
200:Greek
193:Latin
159:king
133:era.
106:. In
67:, or
3009:Duat
3004:Aaru
2934:Tupi
2809:Yomi
2786:Diyu
2781:Tian
2603:Yāma
2573:Hell
2525:Iriy
2247:Araf
2187:Hell
1781:2014
1720:2018
1690:2018
1660:2013
1647:ISBN
1626:2014
1596:2013
1583:ISBN
1543:2014
1502:2012
1417:2015
1391:2014
954:Qadr
880:9:31
878:and
631:The
465:and
259:*per
244:-diz
240:περί
124:evil
88:Aaru
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1481:gay
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649:sod
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