2125:
2459:
talks about pastoral lyrics and love poems in particular. He says "a lyric allows its speaker to slip in and out of pastoral guise and reveal directly the sophistication which prompted him to assume it in the first placeâł. In other words, he claims pastorals lyrics have both pastoral and not pastoral characteristics, perhaps like in the comparisons between urban and rural, but they always give importance to and enhance on the pastoral. Alpers talks about love poems and how they can be turned into pastoral poems simply by changing words like lover to shepherd. And he mentions
Shakespeare as one of the authors who did this in his works. Furthermore, Alpers says the pastoral is not only about praise for the rural and the country side. For instance, Sidney dispraises the country life in
2102:
364:
353:
891:" was written when Marvell was working as a tutor for Lord Fairfax's daughter Mary, in 1651. The poem is very rich with metaphors that relate to religion, politics and history. Similar to Jonson's "To Penshurst", Marvell's poem is describing a pastoral estate. It moves through the house itself, its history, the gardens, the meadows and other grounds, the woods, the river, his Pupil Mary, and the future. Marvell used nature as a thread to weave together a poem centered around man. We once again see nature fully providing for man. Marvell also continuously compares nature to art and seems to point out that art can never accomplish on purpose what nature can achieve accidentally or spontaneously.
2396:
representations of the past. As a result, when society evolves and looks back to these representations, it considers its own present as the decline of the simple life of the past. He then discusses how the city's relationship with the country affected the economic and social aspects of the countryside. As the economy became a bigger part of society, many country newcomers quickly realized the potential and monetary value that lay in the untouched land. Furthermore, this new system encouraged a social stratification in the countryside. With the implementation of paper money came a hierarchy in the working system, as well as the "inheritance of titles and making of family names".
1434:
895:
2455:, describes the recurring plot of pastoral literature as the lives of shepherds. With William Empson's notion of placing the complex into the simple, Alpers thus critically defines pastoral as a means of allegory. Alpers also classifies pastoral as a mode of literature, as opposed to a genre, and he defines the attitude of pastoral works maintaining a humble relationship with nature. Alpers also defines pastoral convention as the act of bringing together, and authors use this to discuss loss. He says the speakers in pastoral works are simple herdsmen dramatized in pastoral encounters.
258:
539:"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" exhibits the concept of Gifford's second definition of 'pastoral'. The speaker of the poem, who is the titled shepherd, draws on the idealization of urban material pleasures to win over his love rather than resorting to the simplified pleasures of pastoral ideology. This can be seen in the listed items: "lined slippers", "purest gold", "silver dishes", and "ivory table" (lines 13, 15, 16, 21, 23). The speaker takes on a voyeuristic point of view with his love, and they are not directly interacting with the other true shepherds and nature.
2424:
describing it as "one of the fundamental laws of literary history" because it "gives literary history a meaning in terms of itself, and provides the channels of literary tradition". Kermode goes on to explain about the works of Virgil and
Theocritus as progenitors of the pastoral. Later poets would draw on these earlier forms of pastoral, elaborating on them to fit their own social context. As the pastoral was becoming more modern, it shifted into the form of Pastourelle. This is the first time that the pastoral really deals with the subject of love.
1569:
600:
2163:
2052:
400:
981:. During this time period Ambrose Philips, who is often overlooked because of Pope, modeled his poetry after the native English form of Pastoral, employing it as a medium to express the true nature and longing of Man. He strove to write in this fashion to conform to what he thought was the original intent of Pastoral literature. As such, he centered his themes around the simplistic life of the Shepherd, and, personified the relationship that humans once had with nature.
182:
2081:
1005:, in which he employs the pastoral mode to accentuate the charm, lushness, and splendor of the poem's (super)natural world. Spenser alludes to the pastoral continuously throughout the work and also uses it to create allegory in his poem, with the characters as well as with the environment, both of which are meant to have symbolic meaning in the real world. It is of six 'books' only, though Spenser intended to write twelve. He wrote the poem primarily to honor
675:. Virgil introduces two very important uses of pastoral, the contrast between urban and rural lifestyles and political allegory most notably in Eclogues 1 and 4 respectively. In doing so, Virgil presents a more idealized portrayal of the lives of shepherds while still employing the traditional pastoral conventions of Theocritus. He was the first to set his poems in Arcadia, an idealized location to which much later pastoral literature will refer.
80:
2483:
nature around them becomes endangered. Another argument presented in the book is that our current environmental crisis clearly has its roots in the
Renaissance. To do this we are shown examples in Renaissance pastoral poetry that show a keen awareness of the urban sprawl of London contrasted to the countryside and historical records showing that many at the time were aware of the issue of urban growth and attempted to stop it.
39:
2431:
variations of the understanding of Virgil's
Eclogues. Patterson explains that Servius' Commentary is essential to understanding the reception of Virgil's Eclogues. The commentary discusses how poets used analogy in their writings to indirectly express the corruption within the church and government to the public. When speaking of post-Romanticism, it is imperative to take into consideration the influence and effect of
748:
2471:
examples depending on the reader. Also, the pastoral novel differs from
Theocritus and Virgil's works. He says there are pastoral novels of the country life, of the longing for the simple, and with nature as the protagonist. And says the literary category of pastoral novels is realistic and post-realistic fiction with a rural theme or subject based on traditional pastoral.
1110:, constructing him as a character the audience can easily identify with and perhaps even like. Milton creates Satan as character meant to destabilize the audienceâs understanding of themselves and the world around them. Through this mode, Milton is able to create a working dialogue between the text and his audience about the âtruthsâ they hold for themselves.
883:, was also a country house poem. Philips focuses on the joys of the countryside and looks upon the lifestyle that accompanies it as being "the first and happiest life, when man enjoyed himself." She writes about maintaining this lifestyle by living detached from material things, and by not over-concerning herself with the world around her.
1644:
tradition. Gifford states that the post-pastoral is "best used to describe works that successfully suggest a collapse of the human/nature divide whilst being aware of the problematics involved", noting that it is "more about connection than the disconnections essential to the pastoral". He gives examples of post-pastoral works, including
1102:, one of the few Pastoral epics ever written. A notable part of Paradise Lost is book IV where he chronicles Satan's trespass into paradise. Milton's iconic descriptions of the garden are shadowed by the fact that we see it from Satan's perspective and are thus led to commiserate with him. Milton elegantly works through a presentation of
3174:
2470:
Alpers says that pastoral narration contradicts ânormalâ narrative motives and that there is a double aspect of pastoral narration: heroic poetry and worldly realities with narrative motives and conventions. And in respect to pastoral novels, Alpers says pastoral novels have different definitions and
2423:
Kermode elaborates on this and says, "the cultivated, in their artificial way, reflect upon and describe, for their own ends, the natural life". Kermode wants us to understand that the recreation or reproduction of the natural is in itself artificial. Kermode elaborates on this in terms of imitation,
2415:
discusses the pastoral within the historical context of the
English Renaissance. His first condition of pastoral poetry is that it is an urban product. Kermode establishes that the pastoral is derived as an opposition between two modes of living, in the country and in the city. London was becoming a
1614:
Pastoral science fiction stories typically show a reverence for the land, its life-giving food harvests, the cycle of the seasons, and the role of the community. While fertile agrarian environments on Earth or Earth-like planets are common settings, some works may be set in ocean or desert planets or
2388:
spoke of the ideal of
Pastoral as being embedded in varying degrees of ambivalence, and yet, for all the apparent dichotomies, and contradicting elements found within it, he felt there was a unified harmony within it. He refers to the pastoral process as 'putting the complex into the simple.' Empson
372:
Roman camei. 1. Bacchanalian group, reclining upon a lion's hide, spread under the shade of a fig-tree. A youthful Faun is sounding the double pipes; a Nymph, holding a goblet in her left hand, pours out a libation to the god from a patera; a drowsy Cupid in the background expresses the protraction
2482:
than critics like Paul Alpers and
Annabel Patterson give it credit for. He explains that even though there is a general lack of lavish description in Renaissance pastoral, this is because they were beginning to use gestural strategies, and artists begin to develop an environmental consciousness as
2458:
However, authors like
Herrick changed the herdsmen to nymphs, maidens, and flowers. Thus, achieving a mode of simplicity but also giving objects voice. This is done by personifying objects like flowers. Moreover, authors that do this in their works are giving importance to the unimportant. Alpers
1643:
proposed the concept of a "post-pastoral" subgenre. By appending the prefix "post-", Gifford does not intend this to refer to âafterâ but rather to the sense of âreaching beyondâ the contraints of the pastoral genre, but while continuing the core conceptual elements that have defined the pastoral
1559:
metaphorically depict the importance of the coexistence of realism and idealism, or urban and rural life. While
Orlando is absorbed in the ideal, Rosalind serves as a mediator, bringing Orlando back down to reality and embracing the simplicity of pastoral love. She is the only character throughout
1546:
can be seen as a place of pastoral idealization, where life is simpler and purer, and its inhabitants live more closely to each other, nature and God than their urban counterparts. However, Shakespeare plays with the bounds of pastoral idealization. Throughout the play, Shakespeare employs various
2430:
emphasizes many important ideas in her work, Pastoral and Ideology. One of these is that the pastoral mode, especially in the later 18th century, was interpreted in vastly different ways by different groups of people. As a result, distinctive illustrations emerged from these groups which were all
2395:
argues that the foundation of the pastoral lies in the idea that the city is a highly urban, industrialized center that has removed us from the peaceful life we once had in the countryside. However, he states that this is really a "myth functioning as a memory" that literature has created in its
916:
was also written in the 17th century. In this pastoral work, he paints the reader a colorful picture of the benefits reaped from hard work. This is an atypical interpretation of the pastoral, given that there is a celebration of labor involved as opposed to central figures living in leisure and
871:
a poem in which he addresses the estate owned by the Sidney family and tells of its beauty. The basis of the poem is a harmonious and joyous elation of the memories that Jonson had at the manor. It is beautifully written with iambic pentameter, a style that Jonson eloquently uses to describe the
2402:
was concerned with how death reconciled itself with the pastoral, and thus came up with a loose categorization of death in the pastoral as 'funeral elegy', the most important tropes of which he cites as religion (embodied by Pan); friendship; allegory;and poetic and musical calling. He concedes
839:
by embracing and explaining the true course of nature and its incompatibility with the love that the Shepherd yearns for with the nymph. Terry Gifford defined the anti-pastoral in his 2012 essay "Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral and Post-Pastoral as Reading Strategies" as an often explicit correction of
383:
of literature in which the author employs various techniques to place the complex life into a simple one. Paul Alpers distinguishes pastoral as a mode rather than a genre, and he bases this distinction on the recurring attitude of power; that is to say that pastoral literature holds a humble
2377:
was one of the first Pastoral theorists. He did not see the form as merely a recording of a prior rustic way of life but a guise for political discourse, which other forms had previously neglected. The Pastoral, he writes, has a didactic duty to âcontain and enforme morall discipline for the
1681:
Gifford states that British eco-critics such as Greg Garrard have used the "post-pastoral" concept, as well as two other variants: "gay pastoral", the seemingly contradictory "urban pastoral" and "radical pastoral". Gifford lists further examples of pastoral variants, which he calls
2389:
argues that "... good proletarian art is usually Covert Pastoral", and uses Soviet Russia's propaganda about the working class as evidence. Empson also emphasizes the importance of the double plot as a tool for writers to discuss a controversial topic without repercussions.
445:
with the description of ages (golden, silver, bronze, iron, and human) but with more ages to discuss and less emphasis on the gods and their punishments. In this artificially constructed world, nature acts as the main punisher. Another example of this perfect relationship between
2280:, representatives of luxurious urban Ă©lites. Thus New Testament imagery of shepherds and their sheep builds on established cultural and economic distinctions familiar, directly or indirectly, to the Jewish world at the time of the origins of Christianity in the first century CE.
1106:âs pastorally idyllic, eternally fertile living conditions and focuses upon their stewardship of the garden. He gives much focus to the fruit bearing trees and Adam and Eve's care of them, sculpting an image of pastoral harmony. However, Milton in turn continually comes back to
3535:
2439:
is a critique of war and also a suggestion that pastoral, as a literary mode, should not place emphasis on social and political issues, but should rather, as Patterson says, "turn in upon itself, and replace reformist instincts with personal growth and regeneration".
1118:
Italian writers invented a new genre, the pastoral romance, which mixed pastoral poems with a fictional narrative in prose. Although there was no classical precedent for the form, it drew some inspiration from ancient Greek novels set in the countryside, such as
3171:
2287:, often called simply a pastoral, is an open letter addressed by a bishop to the clergy or laity of a diocese or to both, containing general admonition, instruction or consolation, or directions for behavior in particular circumstances. In most
395:
with the phrase "No shepherd, no pastoral." The second type of the pastoral is literature that "describes the country with an implicit or explicit contrast to the urban". The third type of pastoral depicts the country life with derogative
1897:, avoiding his usual musical dynamism in favour of relatively slow rhythms. More concerned with psychology than description, he labelled the work "more the expression of feeling than painting". The pastoral also appeared as a feature of
566:
by the poets. The tasks of their employment with sheep and other rustic chores is held in the fantasy to be almost wholly undemanding and is left in the background, leaving the shepherdesses and their swains in a state of almost perfect
3212:
3071:
McNamara, K., & Gray, T. (2014). Some Versions of Urban Pastoral. In K. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature (Cambridge Companions to Literature, pp. 245â260). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
815:'s âThe Twenty-Third Psalmâ and âThe Nightingaleâ, focus on the world in a very anti-pastoral view. In âThe Twenty-Third Psalm,â Nature is portrayed as something we need to be protected from, and in âThe Nightingale,â the woe of
840:
pastoral, emphasizing "realism" over romance, highlighting problematic elements (showing tensions, disorder and inequalities), challenging literary constructs as false distortions and demythologizing mythical locations such as
687:, ii Country Joys has "the dreaming man" Alfius, who dreams of escaping his busy urban life for the peaceful country. But as "the dreaming man" indicates, this is just a dream for Alfius. He is too consumed in his career as a
1560:
the play who embraces and appreciates both the real and idealized life and manages to make the two ideas coexist. Therefore, Shakespeare explores city and country life as being appreciated through the coexistence of the two.
940:" (1637), written on the death of Edward King, a fellow student at Cambridge University. Milton used the form both to explore his vocation as a writer and to attack what he saw as the abuses of the Church. Also included is
435:, ancient Greeks had sentiments of an ideal pastoral life that they had already lost. This is the first example of literature that has pastoral sentiments and may have begun the pastoral tradition. Ovid's
794:
and a discussion of the role of poetry in contemporary England. Spenser and his friends appear under various pseudonyms (Spenser himself is "Colin Clout"). Spenser's example was imitated by such poets as
1984:
Idealised pastoral landscapes appear in Hellenistic and Roman wall paintings. Interest in the pastoral as a subject for art revived in Renaissance Italy, partly inspired by the descriptions of pictures
1964:, as they encompass many of the same melodic phrases. The pastorale on the zampogna can be played by a solo zampogna player, or in some regions can be accompanied by the piffero (also commonly called a
391:. The first way emphasizes the historical literary perspective of the pastoral in which authors recognize and discuss life in the country and in particular the life of a shepherd. This is summed up by
550:
or Philomela, reflecting the origin of the pastoral genre. Pastoral poems are set in beautiful rural landscapes, the literary term for which is "locus amoenus" (Latin for "beautiful place"), such as
2124:
2929:
1701:
describes a man who splits his time between a gritty Brooklyn apartment, where the night is filled with the sounds of pigeons, starlings, and youth gangs shouting, and driving to rural Quebec to
1901:, most particularly in Meyerbeer's operas: often composers would develop a pastoral-themed "oasis", usually in the centre of their work. Notable examples include the shepherd's "alte Weise" from
872:
culture of Penshurst. It includes Pan and Bacchus as notable company of the manor. Pan, Greek god of the Pastoral world, half man and half goat, was connected with both hunting and shepherds;
876:
was the god of wine, intoxication and ritual madness. This reference to Pan and Bacchus in a pastoral view demonstrates how prestigious Penshurst was, to be worthy in the company with gods.
2221:), which is used as a noun as in "shepherd", and as a verb as in "to tend a flock." It occurs 173 times in 144 Old Testament verses and relates to the literal feeding of sheep, as in
2961:
Gifford, T. and Slovic, S. (Ed.) (2012) âPastoral, Anti-Pastoral and Post-Pastoral as Reading Strategiesâ, Critical Insights: Nature and Environment, pp. 42â61, Ipswich: Salam Press.
2237:
for "shall feed them"), "And I will set up shepherds over them which shall feed them: and they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed, neither shall they be lacking, saith the LORD." (
1838:. At the same time, Italian and German composers developed a genre of vocal and instrumental pastorals, distinguished by certain stylistic features, associated with Christmas Eve.
2403:
though that such a categorization is open to much misinterpretation. As well, Poggioli focused on the idea that Pastoral was a nostalgic and childish way of seeing the world. In
2420:
left the people with a sense of nostalgia for their country way of living. His next argument focuses on the artificiality of poetry, drawing upon fellow theorist, Puttenham.
2101:
758:" depicts the pastoral scene of a shepherd watching his flock with a shepherd's crook. This image represents copy B, printed and painted in 1789 and currently held by the
477:
and depicted in a highly unrealistic manner. The pastoral life is usually characterized as being closer to the golden age than the rest of human life. The setting is a
3196:""THE LITERARY STUDY OF THE BIBLE AN ACCOUNT OF THE LEADING FORMS OF LITERATURE REPRESENTED IN THE SACRED WRITINGS INTENDED FOR ENGLISH READERS" By RICHARD G. MOULTON"
373:
of the festivities. 2. The same subject as the first; but here the Faun is singing, the Nymph beats time with her hands, whilst Pan supplies the music with his syrinx.
2972:
1750:, Italian poets and composers became increasingly drawn to the pastoral. Musical settings of pastoral poetry became increasingly common in first polyphonic and then
1690:
feminist pastoral, black pastoral, ghetto pastoral, frontier pastoral, militarized pastoral, domestic pastoral and, most recently, a specifically âIrish pastoral'".
3195:
384:
perspective toward nature. Thus, pastoral as a mode occurs in many types of literature (poetry, drama, etc.) as well as genres (most notably the pastoral elegy).
1619:
and suspicious of change. The simple, peaceful rural life is often contrasted with the negative aspects of noisy, dirty, fast-paced cities. Some works take a
1603:
planet or moon. Unlike most genres of science fiction, pastoral science fiction works downplay the role of futuristic technologies. In the 1950s and 1960s,
642:
where the poet lived) and involve dialogues between herdsmen. Theocritus may have drawn on authentic folk traditions of Sicilian shepherds. He wrote in the
947:
The formal English pastoral continued to flourish during the 18th century, eventually dying out at the end. One notable example of an 18th-century work is
3527:
977:
In this work Pope sets standards for pastoral literature and critiques many popular poets, one of whom is Spenser, along with his contemporary opponent
1615:
habitable moons. The rural dwellers, such as farmers and small-townspeople, are depicted sympathetically, albeit with the tendency to portray them as
575:
fantasies. The shepherds spend their time chasing pretty girls â or, at least in the Greek and Roman versions, pretty boys as well. The eroticism of
925:. This acknowledgment of Herrick's work is appropriate, as both Williams and Herrick accentuate the importance of labor in the pastoral lifestyle.
2405:
1420:
1927:
192:
786:, first published in 1579. Spenser's work consists of twelve eclogues, one for each month of the year, and is written in dialect. It contains
2384:
linked the Pastoral to childhood and a childlike simplicity. For Schiller, we perceive in nature an âimage of our infancy irrevocably pastâ.
1841:
The pastoral, and parodies of the pastoral, continued to play an important role in musical history throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
863:
in 1611, in which a woman is described in terms of her relationship to her estate and how it mourns for her when she leaves it. In 1616,
654:. This blend of simplicity and sophistication would play a major part in later pastoral verse. Theocritus was imitated by the Greek poets
1345:
3454:
1376:
1735:
were performed as sung mime in the 1st century, and there is evidence of the pastoral song as a legitimate genre of classical times.
1447:
Pastoral drama also emerged in Renaissance Italy. Again, there was little Classical precedent, with the possible exception of Greek
2337:
because they are addressed to individuals with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and
2051:
2903:
3237:
2744:
2080:
1591:
settings, like other forms of pastoral literature. Since it is a subgenre of science fiction, authors may set stories either on
1084:
2982:
2941:
1230:
821:
2537:
1277:
1674:(1999), and he points out that these works "raise questions of ethics, sustenance and sustainability that might exemplify
1413:
1349:
826:
2563:
1805:. Pastoral opera remained popular throughout the 17th-century, and not just in Italy, as is shown by the French genre of
835:
510:
1313:
1189:
3146:
1391:
1062:
Another subgenre is the Edenic Pastoral, which alludes to the perfect relationship between God, man, and nature in the
144:
3516:
2011:
is perhaps the most famous painting in this style. Later, French artists were also attracted to the pastoral, notably
1318:
3480:
2703:
2682:
1194:
244:
226:
163:
116:
66:
2999:
2349:
In the past four hundred years, a range of writers have worked on theorizing the nature of pastoral. These include
898:
461:
Traditionally, pastoral refers to the lives of herdsmen in a romanticized, exaggerated, but representative way. In
3266:
2448:
published in 1805, was an excellent example of what a dream of a new golden age might materialize as or look like.
2291:
church bodies, clerics are often required to read out pastoral letters of superior bishops to their congregations.
2135:
2041:
932:
is a subgenre that uses pastoral elements to lament a death or loss. The most famous pastoral elegy in English is
1406:
363:
811:). During this period of England's history, many authors explored "anti-pastoral" themes. Two examples of this,
123:
3414:
2658:
2244:
A pastoral economic system had great cultural significance for the Jewish people from earliest recorded times:
1043:
816:
352:
101:
3062:. Vol. 35, No. 3, Green Romanticism (Fall, 1996), pp. 449â465 (17 pages). The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1386:
1381:
1366:
1921:. The 20th-century continued to bring new pastoral interpretations, particularly in ballet, such as Ravel's
1240:
713:
Italian poets revived the pastoral from the 14th century onwards, first in Latin (examples include works by
3132:
2252:, a pastoral lifestyle in the harsh hinterland of the Levant related to the ideal of a society obedient to
3136:
1235:
130:
3565:
2604:
2580:
2554:
2111:
2020:
1917:
1259:
1076:
personified, who is the child of love and revelry. It was originally composed to be a companion poem to,
1021:(1782). Pastoral nevertheless survived as a mood rather than a genre, as can be seen from such works as
894:
2575:
2549:
2409:, he claims that the shepherd was looked up to was because they were âan ideal kind of leisure class."
2288:
1670:
1596:
1494:
1371:
1204:
504:
which also contains the conflicted emotions often present in the genre. A more tranquil mood is set by
1037:
can be read as a Pastoral poet for his nostalgic portrayals of rural Scotland and simple farm life in
2310:
1857:
1766:
1552:
1459:(1480) shows the beginnings of the new form, but it reached its zenith in the late 16th century with
1433:
833:
also comments on the anti-pastoral as the nymph responds realistically to the idealizing shepherd of
112:
97:
52:
20:
1333:
1133:(1504). The vogue for the pastoral romance spread throughout Europe producing such notable works as
3560:
2306:
1830:
1580:
1556:
1142:
782:
699:
551:
208:
2181:
387:
Terry Gifford, a prominent literary theorist, defines pastoral in three ways in his critical book
2818:"Pastoral Paratexts: The Political and the Lyrical in Garcilaso de la Vega and Pierre de Ronsard"
1807:
465:, the adjective 'pastoral' refers to rural subjects and aspects of life in the countryside among
90:
754:
artist, illustrator and poet William Blake's hand painted print illustrating his pastoral poem "
3575:
2849:
2817:
2045:, and the second of these paintings (shown on the right) depicts the perfect pastoral setting.
1608:
1441:
1323:
1308:
1222:
1199:
2650:
3570:
2936:, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17â30,
2907:
1937:
1847:
1665:
1660:
1156:
909:
804:
2642:
3115:
1535:
1478:
755:
730:
276:
genre of literature, art, or music depicts an idealised form of the shepherd's lifestyle â
257:
1773:
were highly popular: the texts of over 500 madrigals were taken from this one play alone.
8:
2519:
2330:
2032:
1867:
1820:
1138:
1052:
888:
759:
707:
547:
505:
3448:
1338:
3503:
2884:
2845:
2798:
2790:
2778:
2441:
2385:
2381:
2350:
2249:
2238:
1953:
1907:
1765:, in which pastoral themes remained on a consistent basis. Partial musical settings of
1568:
1328:
1249:
1030:
852:
830:
722:
647:
27:
3494:
3245:
776:, which were heavily influenced by Mantuan. A landmark in English pastoral poetry was
137:
3476:
3142:
3007:
2978:
2937:
2904:"Songs of Innocence, copy B, object 4 (Bentley 5, Erdman 5, Keynes 5) 'The Shepherd'"
2876:
2837:
2802:
2782:
2699:
2678:
2654:
2643:
2498:
2427:
2295:
1894:
1731:, or pan flute, which is considered a quintessentially pastoral instrument. Virgil's
1624:
1470:
1148:
1134:
1121:
1006:
1001:
880:
812:
773:
698:
poets who wrote pastoral poetry, modeled principally upon Virgil's Eclogues, include
500:
450:
is evident in the encounter of a shepherd and a goatherd who meet in the pastures in
411:
380:
2833:
599:
3511:
3305:
3073:
3042:
2829:
2774:
2492:
2392:
2374:
2366:
2354:
2318:
2314:
2226:
2093:
2066:
2035:, with scenes of country people dancing was a popular subject in Flemish painting.
1995:
1986:
1126:
953:
918:
841:
726:
470:
331:
2416:
modern metropolis before the eyes of its citizens. The result of this large-scale
737:
200:
3543:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Helen Cooper, Laurence Lerner & Julie Sanders (
3178:
3077:
3046:
2585:
2559:
2399:
2370:
2284:
2272:, a righteous shepherd-boy associated with the arid hill-country, contrasts with
2222:
2208:
2107:
2086:
1678:
vision of the pastoral needing to find new forms in the face of new conditions".
1655:
1645:
1584:
1511:
978:
796:
683:
615:
496:
432:
1066:. It typically includes biblical symbols and imagery. In 1645 John Milton wrote
427:
presents a 'golden age' when people lived together in harmony with nature. This
3521:
2479:
2358:
2299:
2162:
2012:
1774:
1604:
1521:
1460:
1063:
1022:
1010:
986:
958:
948:
929:
884:
777:
741:
655:
638:
are set in the countryside (probably reflecting the landscape of the island of
563:
543:
486:
447:
423:
316:
3475:, 1992, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Studies in the History of Art 36,
2478:, Ken Hiltner argues that Renaissance pastoral poetry is more often a form of
2329:. They are generally discussed as a group (sometimes with the addition of the
2176:
Pastoral imagery and symbolism feature heavily in Christianity and the Bible.
3554:
3011:
2880:
2841:
2786:
2571:
2545:
2514:
2412:
2362:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2302:
1877:
1640:
1572:
A gouache painting depicting an imaginary scene on a watery moon of a ringed
1272:
1098:
990:
856:
480:
437:
399:
293:
204:
58:
3540:
587:("The shepherd Corydon burned with passion for pretty Alexis"), is entirely
489:. An example of the use of the genre is the short poem by the 15th-century
3443:
2599:
2432:
2417:
2204:
1628:
1616:
1600:
1526:
1289:
1103:
1078:
1068:
1034:
695:
261:
2974:
A Library of the World's Best Literature â Ancient and Modern â Vol. XLIII
2463:. Pastoral can also include the urban, the court, and the social like in
1960:
continues to thrive. They generally sound like a slowed down version of a
2504:
2185:
2130:
2036:
1912:
1898:
1816:
1812:
1786:
1743:
1548:
1516:
1284:
1174:
985:, who came a little later was criticized for his poem's artificiality by
941:
933:
917:
nature just taking its course independently. This poem was mentioned in
751:
651:
643:
627:
485:, or a beautiful place in nature, sometimes connected with images of the
474:
2888:
2864:
2794:
2762:
2338:
1965:
1961:
1932:
1872:
1801:
1796:
1747:
1683:
1588:
1502:
1448:
1056:
864:
845:
703:
631:
588:
462:
451:
428:
2901:
2057:
2004:
1949:
1890:
1825:
1785:
developed, the dramatic pastoral came to the fore with such works as
1738:
The pastoral genre was a significant influence in the development of
1728:
1714:
1702:
1573:
1486:
1452:
1013:
addressed the artificiality of the fast-paced city life in his poems
559:
407:
305:
281:
79:
3529:
La CastitĂ Conquistata: The Function of the Satyr in Pastoral Drama
3401:
What Else is Pastoral?: Renaissance Literature and the Environment.
2260:
encountered in the "fleshpots of Egypt" (Exodus 16:3), in the lush
2257:
1957:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1762:
1754:
1675:
1650:
1634:
1073:
982:
768:
714:
671:
603:
490:
466:
392:
3362:
The Oaten Flute: Essays on Pastoral Poetry and the Pastoral Ideal.
965:, while utilizing classical names and allusions aligning him with
733:). The fashion for pastoral spread throughout Renaissance Europe.
3238:"pastor | Definition of pastor in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
2509:
2273:
2265:
2245:
2024:
2016:
1758:
1751:
1687:
1620:
993:, who attempted to give a true picture of rural life in his poem
937:
873:
747:
718:
659:
580:
572:
568:
289:
2763:"Re-opening the Green Gabinet: Glément Marot and Edmund Spenser"
2649:. The New Critical Idiom. London; New York: Routledge. pp.
1697:
had a chapter on the urban pastoral subgenre. Charles Siebert's
1686:
pastoral,...hard pastoral, soft pastoral, Buellâs revolutionary
1082:, which celebrates a life of melancholy and solitude. Milton's,
825:, which is filled with pastoral descriptions of the landscape. "
3447:
2261:
2253:
2192:
2171:
2116:
2071:
2061:
2008:
2000:
1969:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1852:
1465:
1072:, which translates as the happy person. It is a celebration of
999:
In 1590, Edmund Spenser also composed the famous pastoral epic
966:
902:
688:
678:
666:
623:
611:
576:
555:
418:
285:
2564:
2538:
2269:
2196:
2177:
1791:
1782:
1739:
1724:
1592:
1107:
791:
787:
493:
325:
319:
301:
304:. A piece of music in the genre is usually referred to as a
26:"Bucolic" redirects here. For the type of poetic meter, see
2277:
2264:
lowlands "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), or in
1973:
1539:, of which Act 4 Scene 4 is a lengthy pastoral digression.
1493:(1579) brought the Italian-style pastoral play to England.
650:
associated with the most prestigious form of Greek poetry,
277:
2623:(2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 215.
3103:
English Pastoral Music: From Arcadia to Utopia, 1900â1955
3039:
The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Environment
2934:
The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Environment
819:
is compared to the speaker's own pain. Sidney also wrote
639:
3336:
English Pastoral Poetry: From the Beginnings to Marvell.
1956:
still played in the regions of Southern Italy where the
669:
adapted pastoral into Latin with his highly influential
2902:
Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.).
2444:
was a highly respected poet in the 1800s and his poem,
2248:
herded flocks. Throughout the biblical accounts of the
1723:
include strophic songs and musical laments, and, as in
1607:
wrote stories about rural people who have contact with
1125:. The most influential Italian example of the form was
3301:
3299:
1889:
was an outstanding exponent of French pastoral opera.
1047:. Burns explicitly addresses the Pastoral form in his
571:. This makes them available for embodying perpetual
2373:, Annabel Patterson, Paul Alpers, and Ken Hiltner.
622:
Pastoral literature continued after Hesiod with the
3296:
1705:in an abandoned, tumbledown cabin in rural Quebec.
104:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1851:, but also wrote an entirely sincere libretto for
3531:, by Meredith Kennedy Ray (University of Chicago)
3458:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 896â898.
1911:, or the pastoral ballet occupying the middle of
1695:The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature
1519:'s plays contain pastoral elements, most notably
1029:(1867), a lament on the death of his fellow poet
342:
3552:
1635:Post-pastoral, urban pastoral and other variants
744:, once called the "prince of poets" in his day.
3465:The Potency of Pastoral in the Hispanic Baroque
2928:Gifford, Terry (2013), Westling, Louise (ed.),
879:"A Country Life", another 17th-century work by
16:Genre relating to shepherds and the countryside
3375:Pastoral and ideology : Virgil to Valéry.
2815:
1088:(1629) blends Christian and pastoral imagery.
3000:"Clifford D Simak: sci-fi in the countryside"
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
1972:), which is a primitive key-less double reed
1414:
901:, c. 1805. Two-handled cup with cover, so a
189:The examples and perspective in this article
2930:"Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral, and Post-Pastoral"
2733:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
2212:
2191:Many Christian denominations use the title "
1631:and over-reliance on advanced technologies.
944:'s, "Elegy In a Country Churchyard" (1750).
542:Pastoral shepherds and maidens usually have
1742:. After settings of pastoral poetry in the
1563:
478:
288:and the changing availability of water and
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2627:
1421:
1407:
1096:Milton is perhaps best known for his epic
989:and attacked for their lack of realism by
3536:'The Pastoral Concert' at the Louvre site
2760:
2698:. Suffolk: Camden House. pp. 81â82.
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
3462:
2997:
2161:
1881:was set over 30 times, most famously by
1567:
1432:
893:
766:The first pastorals in English were the
746:
598:
530:And see the shepherds feed their flocks,
398:
256:
3172:From the Louvre Museum Official Website
3120:Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work
3024:
2927:
2693:
2640:
2268:, the "great city" of Israelite exile.
1051:. In this he champions his fellow Scot
523:That hills and valleys, dale and field,
292:. The target audience is typically an
3553:
2970:
2964:
2865:"Pierre De Ronsard, 'Prince of Poets'"
2166:Christ depicted as the "Good Shepherd"
1639:In 1994, British literature professor
1137:"Menina e Moça" (1554) in Portuguese,
736:Leading French pastoral poets include
585:Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin
473:and other farm workers that are often
3442:
2862:
2581:An Intermediate GreekâEnglish Lexicon
2317:. They are presented as letters from
2180:calls himself the "Good Shepherd" in
3421:. Translated by William F. Wertz, Jr
3412:
3131:General reference for this section:
2618:
2256:, in contrast to the corruption and
1623:tone, criticizing mechanization and
1113:
691:to leave it behind for the country.
175:
102:adding citations to reliable sources
73:
32:
3058:Garrard, Greg. "Radical Pastoral?"
2213:
1845:may have satirized the pastoral in
1267:
1085:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity
957:(1709). In this work Pope imitates
836:The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
562:, which was portrayed as a sort of
525:And all the craggy mountains yield.
521:And we will all the pleasures prove
511:The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
13:
3436:
3185:(meaning "Picnic") in older works.
3049:. Cambridge University Press, 2013
2779:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1986.tb00897.x
2597:
2344:
2298:are a group of three books of the
2157:
2152:
740:, a poet of the French court, and
725:) then in the Italian vernacular (
594:
508:'s well known lines from his 1588
14:
3587:
3486:
3415:"On NaĂŻve and Sentimental Poetry"
2722:trans. Guy Lee (Penguin Classics)
2612:
2039:has a series of paintings titled
1928:Prélude à l'aprÚs-midi d'un faune
1708:
1576:(painting by Dmytro Ivashchenko).
1190:16th-century Renaissance humanism
1166:
827:The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
532:By shallow rivers, to whose falls
519:Come live with me and be my Love,
48:This article has multiple issues.
2718:Introduction (p. 14) to Virgil:
2435:on pastoral ideology. His poem,
2203:in Latin means "shepherd"). The
2123:
2100:
2079:
2050:
1346:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
1091:
1055:as the best Pastoral poet since
899:Chamberlain's factory, Worcester
534:Melodious birds sing madrigals.
528:There will we sit upon the rocks
362:
351:
180:
78:
37:
3406:
3393:
3380:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3328:
3315:
3291:On Naive and Sentimental Poetry
3283:
3259:
3230:
3205:
3188:
3165:
3152:
3125:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3065:
3052:
2991:
2971:Warner, Charles Dudley (2008).
2955:
2921:
2895:
2856:
2850:10.5699/modelangrevi.110.1.0001
2834:10.5699/modelangrevi.110.1.0001
2809:
2754:
2731:Article on "Bucolic poetry" in
2451:Paul Alpers, in his 1996 book,
1979:
1727:, his shepherds often play the
1611:who hide their alien identity.
1599:or moon, sometimes including a
646:but the metre he chose was the
558:, mythological home of the god
280:livestock around open areas of
89:needs additional citations for
56:or discuss these issues on the
3092:. Crown Publishers, Inc., 1998
2738:
2725:
2712:
2687:
2667:
2619:King, Charles William (1885).
2591:
2531:
2378:amendment of mans behaviourâ.
2229:23:4, both meanings are used (
2184:, contrasting his role as the
1925:, Nijinsky's use of Debussy's
973:was published as a preface to
914:The Hock-cart, or Harvest Home
905:cup type, with pastoral scene.
343:Pastoral literature in general
1:
2525:
1871:draws on pastoral roots, and
1525:(whose plot was derived from
1350:Folklore of the Low Countries
851:In the 17th century came the
337:
3078:10.1017/CCO9781139235617.020
3047:10.1017/CCO9781139342728.003
2998:Jordison, Sam (2009-03-03).
2977:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 456.
2767:English Literary Renaissance
2233:is used for "shepherds" and
2207:(or Old Testament) uses the
1515:are later examples. Some of
971:Discourse on Pastoral Poetry
861:The Description of Cooke-ham
855:. Included in this genre is
801:Idea, The Shepherd's Garland
410:using stipple technique, by
7:
3217:Christ as the Good Shepherd
3160:The Oxford Companion to Art
3090:Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral
2816:O'Donoghue, Samuel (2015).
2761:Patterson, Annabel (1986).
2675:The Medieval Calendar Year,
2605:Online Etymology Dictionary
2486:
1699:Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral
1260:English Renaissance theatre
1044:The Cotter's Saturday Night
431:shows that even before the
311:The genre is also known as
203:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3592:
3323:Some Versions of Pastoral.
3122:, particularly pp. 377 ff.
2822:The Modern Language Review
2751:Retrieved October 14, 2011
2565:
2539:
2333:) and are given the title
2199:metaphor of shepherding. (
2169:
1712:
1205:16th century in literature
1195:Reformation-era propaganda
326:
320:
25:
18:
3349:The Country and the City.
3242:Oxford Dictionary English
3158:Article on "Pastoral" in
2621:Handbook of Engraved Gems
2311:Second Epistle to Timothy
1781:was also a favourite. As
1767:Giovanni Battista Guarini
1757:: these later led to the
1547:characters to illustrate
706:and the author(s) of the
21:Pastoral (disambiguation)
3377:U of California P, 1987.
3135:and Owen Jander (2001).
2307:First Epistle to Timothy
2195:", a word rooted in the
1627:and showing the ills of
1581:Pastoral science fiction
1564:Pastoral science fiction
1499:The Faithful Shepherdess
923:The Country and the City
783:The Shepheardes Calender
3498:by Theocritus (English)
3463:Holloway, Anne (2017).
3455:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3181:It is often called the
2747:Delights of the Country
2694:Richter, Simon (2008).
2641:Gifford, Terry (1999).
2555:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
1609:extraterrestrial beings
1440:(watercolour, 1905) by
1155:(1590) in England, and
1049:Poem on Pastoral Poetry
3510:The complete works of
3473:The Pastoral Landscape
3467:. Woodbridge: TĂĄmesis.
3419:The Schiller Institute
3310:Arte of English Poesie
3141:. Grove Music Online.
3060:Studies in Romanticism
2476:What Else Is Pastoral?
2167:
1893:also wrote his famous
1595:or another habitable
1577:
1444:
1442:John Reinhard Weguelin
1200:16th century in poetry
906:
763:
619:
537:
479:
415:
269:
3471:John Dixon Hunt (ed),
3444:Gosse, Edmund William
3413:Schiller, Friedrich.
3390:U of Chicago P, 1996.
3248:on September 26, 2016
2908:William Blake Archive
2863:Wells, B. W. (1893).
2572:Liddell, Henry George
2546:Liddell, Henry George
2313:(2 Timothy), and the
2170:Further information:
2165:
1938:Le sacre du printemps
1713:Further information:
1661:The Year of the Flood
1571:
1436:
1163:(1607â27) in France.
897:
809:Britannia's Pastorals
750:
602:
516:
402:
260:
3517:Shepheardes Calendar
3289:Friedrich Schiller,
3116:Cuthbert Girdlestone
2673:Bridget Ann Henish,
2136:The Course of Empire
2042:The Course of Empire
1682:"prefix-pastoral": "
1587:which uses bucolic,
1529:'s pastoral romance
963:Shepheardes Calendar
608:Shepherd with Flocks
554:, a rural region of
209:create a new article
201:improve this article
191:may not represent a
98:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3541:Pastoral Literature
3512:Christopher Marlowe
3373:Annabel Patterson.
3267:"Genesis 1:1 (KJV)"
2520:Piscatorial eclogue
2331:Epistle to Philemon
1918:The Queen of Spades
1868:Le Devin du village
1795:and, most notably,
1551:. His protagonists
889:Upon Appleton House
760:Library of Congress
708:Einsiedeln Eclogues
634:, several of whose
506:Christopher Marlowe
3566:Visual arts genres
3403:Cornell U P, 2011.
3364:Harvard U P, 1975.
3347:Raymond Williams,
3177:2009-06-28 at the
3088:Seibert, Charles.
2869:The Sewanee Review
2442:William Wordsworth
2386:Sir William Empson
2382:Friedrich Schiller
2351:Friedrich Schiller
2250:Children of Israel
2168:
2090:Arcadian Shepherds
1908:Tristan und Isolde
1848:The Beggar's Opera
1808:pastorale héroïque
1578:
1445:
1250:Metaphysical poets
1031:Arthur Hugh Clough
1019:The Winter Nosegay
969:. In 1717, Pope's
907:
853:Country house poem
831:Sir Walter Raleigh
764:
700:Calpurnius Siculus
648:dactylic hexameter
620:
416:
404:The Young Shepherd
300:is a work of this
270:
266:Pastoral Landscape
28:dactylic hexameter
3388:What is Pastoral?
3360:Renato Poggioli,
3351:Oxford U P, 1973.
3271:Blue Letter Bible
3105:(2017), Chapter 2
2984:978-1-60520-251-8
2943:978-1-107-62896-0
2598:Harper, Douglas.
2499:American Pastoral
2453:What is Pastoral?
2428:Annabel Patterson
2296:pastoral epistles
2112:Et in Arcadia ego
2021:Et in Arcadia ego
1976:type instrument.
1954:Italian folk song
1895:Pastoral Symphony
1625:industrialization
1583:is a subgenre of
1536:The Winter's Tale
1471:Isabella Andreini
1431:
1430:
1149:Sir Philip Sidney
1147:(1559) in Spain,
1135:Bernardim Ribeiro
1122:Daphnis and Chloe
1114:Pastoral romances
1002:The Faerie Queene
881:Katherine Philips
813:Sir Philip Sidney
774:Alexander Barclay
742:Pierre de Ronsard
501:Robene and Makyne
441:is much like the
412:Giulio Campagnola
284:according to the
255:
254:
247:
237:
236:
229:
211:, as appropriate.
174:
173:
166:
148:
71:
3583:
3468:
3459:
3451:
3449:"Pastoral"
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3321:William Empson,
3319:
3313:
3306:George Puttenham
3303:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3244:. Archived from
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3169:
3163:
3162:(ed. H. Osborne)
3156:
3150:
3129:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3037:Gifford, Terry.
3035:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2758:
2752:
2742:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2648:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2568:
2567:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2393:Raymond Williams
2375:George Puttenham
2367:Raymond Williams
2355:George Puttenham
2319:Paul the Apostle
2315:Epistle to Titus
2309:(1 Timothy) the
2216:
2215:
2127:
2104:
2094:Chatsworth House
2083:
2067:Pastoral Concert
2054:
1996:Pastoral Concert
1989:included in his
1987:Jacopo Sannazaro
1923:Daphis and Chloe
1858:Acis and Galatea
1831:Venus and Adonis
1824:(not to mention
1507:The Sad Shepherd
1423:
1416:
1409:
1339:BohoriÄ alphabet
1171:
1170:
919:Raymond Williams
484:
396:classifications.
366:
355:
329:
328:
323:
322:
250:
243:
232:
225:
221:
218:
212:
184:
183:
176:
169:
162:
158:
155:
149:
147:
106:
82:
74:
63:
41:
40:
33:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3561:Literary genres
3551:
3550:
3547:, July 6, 2006)
3489:
3439:
3437:Further reading
3434:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3334:Frank Kermode,
3333:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:Wayback Machine
3170:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3036:
3025:
3016:
3014:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2900:
2896:
2861:
2857:
2814:
2810:
2759:
2755:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2696:Goethe Yearbook
2692:
2688:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2613:
2596:
2592:
2586:Perseus Project
2560:Perseus Project
2536:
2532:
2528:
2489:
2371:Renato Poggioli
2347:
2345:Pastoral theory
2285:pastoral letter
2174:
2160:
2158:In Christianity
2155:
2153:Religious usage
2148:
2128:
2119:
2108:Nicolas Poussin
2105:
2096:
2087:Nicolas Poussin
2084:
2075:
2055:
1982:
1968:, 'pipita', or
1834:), and Spanish
1717:
1711:
1656:Margaret Atwood
1646:Cormac McCarthy
1637:
1585:science fiction
1566:
1512:The Lady of May
1427:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1264:
1255:
1245:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1185:
1177:-era literature
1169:
1116:
1094:
1007:Queen Elizabeth
979:Ambrose Philips
797:Michael Drayton
665:The Roman poet
616:Vatican Library
597:
595:Pastoral poetry
536:
533:
531:
529:
527:
526:
524:
522:
520:
497:Robert Henryson
433:Alexandrian age
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
368:
367:
358:
357:
356:
345:
340:
251:
240:
239:
238:
233:
222:
216:
213:
198:
185:
181:
170:
159:
153:
150:
107:
105:
95:
83:
42:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3522:Edmund Spenser
3514:
3508:
3499:
3488:
3487:External links
3485:
3484:
3483:
3469:
3460:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3295:
3282:
3258:
3229:
3204:
3187:
3183:FĂȘte ChampĂȘtre
3164:
3151:
3147:978-1561592630
3124:
3107:
3101:Saylor, Eric.
3094:
3081:
3064:
3051:
3023:
2990:
2983:
2963:
2954:
2942:
2920:
2894:
2875:(2): 161â180.
2855:
2808:
2753:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2704:
2686:
2666:
2659:
2626:
2611:
2590:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:nature writing
2406:The Oaten Flue
2359:William Empson
2346:
2343:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2145:Pastoral State
2129:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2033:FĂȘte champĂȘtre
2029:FĂȘtes galantes
2003:attributed to
1981:
1978:
1771:Il pastor fido
1710:
1709:Pastoral music
1707:
1671:The Ice People
1636:
1633:
1605:Clifford Simak
1565:
1562:
1544:As You Like It
1542:The forest in
1522:As You Like It
1483:Il pastor fido
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1167:Pastoral plays
1165:
1115:
1112:
1093:
1090:
1064:Garden of Eden
1023:Matthew Arnold
1011:William Cowper
987:Doctor Johnson
959:Edmund Spenser
949:Alexander Pope
930:pastoral elegy
910:Robert Herrick
885:Andrew Marvell
805:William Browne
596:
593:
517:
487:Garden of Eden
448:man and nature
443:Works and Days
424:Works and Days
379:Pastoral is a
371:
370:
361:
360:
359:
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
253:
252:
235:
234:
195:of the subject
193:worldwide view
188:
186:
179:
172:
171:
86:
84:
77:
72:
46:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3588:
3577:
3576:Rural culture
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3481:0-89468-181-8
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3399:Ken Hiltner,
3396:
3389:
3386:Paul Alpers,
3383:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:Geoffrey Chew
3128:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2705:9781571133144
2701:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2683:0-271-01904-2
2680:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:Scott, Robert
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:Scott, Robert
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Rustic modern
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:Frank Kermode
2410:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Frank Kermode
2360:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:New Testament
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2115:, 1637-1638,
2114:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:is a form of
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1878:Il re pastore
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:'s music for
1814:
1811:, Englishman
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:genre by the
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:Theocritus's
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:Terry Gifford
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:and Sidney's
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:John Fletcher
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:Honoré d'Urfé
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:Paradise Lost
1092:Pastoral epic
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
992:
991:George Crabbe
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
915:
911:
904:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
870:
869:To Penshurst,
866:
862:
858:
857:Emilia Lanier
854:
849:
847:
843:
838:
837:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
772:(c. 1515) of
771:
770:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
685:
680:
676:
674:
673:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Doric dialect
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
535:
515:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
488:
483:
482:
481:locus amoenus
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
440:
439:
438:Metamorphoses
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
385:
382:
365:
354:
335:
333:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
259:
249:
246:
231:
228:
220:
217:December 2022
210:
206:
202:
196:
194:
187:
178:
177:
168:
165:
157:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115: â
114:
110:
109:Find sources:
103:
99:
93:
92:
87:This article
85:
81:
76:
75:
70:
68:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
3571:Music genres
3544:
3528:
3519:
3502:
3493:
3472:
3464:
3453:
3423:. Retrieved
3418:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3290:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:the original
3241:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3219:. 2020-07-01
3216:
3207:
3190:
3182:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3137:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3038:
3015:. Retrieved
3004:The Guardian
3003:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2947:, retrieved
2933:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2897:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2773:(1): 44â70.
2770:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2720:The Eclogues
2719:
2714:
2695:
2689:
2674:
2669:
2644:
2620:
2614:
2603:
2593:
2579:
2553:
2533:
2497:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2433:Robert Frost
2426:
2422:
2418:urban sprawl
2411:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2380:
2348:
2293:
2282:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2205:Hebrew Bible
2200:
2190:
2175:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2110:
2089:
2065:
2040:
2028:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:Pastoral art
1947:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1906:
1876:
1875:'s libretto
1866:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1819:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1778:
1770:
1737:
1732:
1720:
1718:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1680:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1638:
1629:urbanization
1617:conservative
1613:
1579:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1527:Thomas Lodge
1520:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1477:(1588), and
1474:
1464:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1360:Scandinavian
1344:
1254:
1160:
1152:
1143:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1104:Adam and Eve
1097:
1095:
1083:
1079:Il Penseroso
1077:
1067:
1061:
1053:Allan Ramsey
1048:
1042:
1038:
1035:Robert Burns
1026:
1018:
1014:
1000:
998:
995:The Village.
994:
974:
970:
962:
952:
946:
927:
922:
913:
908:
878:
868:
860:
850:
834:
829:" (1600) by
820:
808:
800:
781:
767:
765:
756:The Shepherd
735:
712:
696:Silver Latin
693:
682:
677:
670:
664:
635:
621:
607:
584:
541:
538:
518:
509:
499:
475:romanticized
460:
455:
442:
436:
422:
417:
403:
388:
386:
378:
330:, meaning a
312:
310:
297:
273:
271:
265:
262:Alvan Fisher
241:
223:
214:
190:
160:
151:
141:
134:
127:
120:
108:
96:Please help
91:verification
88:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
3545:In Our Time
2913:January 17,
2828:(1): 1â27.
2505:Cottagecore
2186:Lamb of God
2141:The Arcadia
2131:Thomas Cole
2070:, c. 1509,
2037:Thomas Cole
1913:Tchaikovsky
1899:grand opera
1813:Henry Lawes
1787:Jacopo Peri
1748:troubadours
1744:pastourelle
1664:(2009) and
1601:terraformed
1549:pastoralism
1517:Shakespeare
1449:satyr plays
1302:Continental
1241:Anglo-Irish
1223:Elizabethan
1175:Reformation
1017:(1782) and
942:Thomas Gray
934:John Milton
628:Hellenistic
546:names like
315:, from the
3555:Categories
3276:2018-06-10
3252:2018-06-10
3223:2021-09-15
3017:2023-11-15
2949:2020-10-15
2660:0415147328
2540:ÎČÎżÏ
ÎșολÎčÎșÏÎœ
2526:References
2461:The Garden
2437:Build Soil
2339:leadership
2335:"pastoral"
2182:John 10:11
1966:ciaramella
1962:tarantella
1933:Stravinsky
1873:Metastasio
1797:Monteverdi
1684:postmodern
1666:Maggie Gee
1503:Ben Jonson
1438:A Pastoral
1139:Montemayor
1127:Sannazzaro
1057:Theocritus
1039:To A Mouse
1015:Retirement
975:Pastorals.
865:Ben Jonson
846:Shangri-La
704:Nemesianus
632:Theocritus
606:Book III,
589:homosexual
579:'s second
463:literature
452:Theocritus
429:Golden Age
338:Literature
321:ÎČÎżÏ
ÎșολÎčÎșÏÎœ
154:March 2016
124:newspapers
113:"Pastoral"
53:improve it
3507:of Virgil
3425:March 14,
3041:, p. 17.
3012:0261-3077
2881:0037-3052
2842:0026-7937
2803:145192804
2787:0013-8312
2745:Horace's
2600:"bucolic"
2465:LâAllegro
2300:canonical
2289:episcopal
2262:Canaanite
2225:29:7. In
2058:Giorgione
2005:Giorgione
1950:Pastorale
1943:Les Noces
1891:Beethoven
1826:John Blow
1755:madrigals
1715:Pastorale
1693:In 2014,
1574:exoplanet
1531:Rosalynde
1487:John Lyly
1453:Poliziano
1392:Icelandic
1377:Norwegian
1069:L'Allegro
954:Pastorals
817:Philomela
727:Sannazaro
467:shepherds
414:, c. 1510
408:engraving
306:pastorale
205:talk page
59:talk page
3504:Eclogues
3446:(1911).
3175:Archived
3138:Pastoral
2889:27527740
2795:43447343
2749:Epode ii
2645:Pastoral
2566:ÎČÎżÏ
ÎșÏλοÏ
2487:See also
2446:Prelude,
2400:Poggioli
2258:idolatry
2227:Jeremiah
2197:Biblical
2092:, 1627,
2027:(in his
1958:zampogna
1863:Rousseau
1843:John Gay
1836:zarzuela
1817:Milton's
1763:serenata
1761:and the
1733:Eclogues
1654:(2006),
1651:The Road
1553:Rosalind
1491:Endimion
1485:(1590).
1475:Mirtilla
1469:(1573),
1334:Romanian
1273:Morality
1268:Pastoral
1236:Scottish
1184:Overview
983:John Gay
769:Eclogues
752:Romantic
715:Petrarch
672:Eclogues
604:Georgics
491:Scottish
471:cowherds
456:Idylls 1
393:Leo Marx
389:Pastoral
327:ÎČÎżÏ
ÎșÏλοÏ
298:pastoral
274:pastoral
199:You may
3338:(1952).
3325:(1935).
3312:(1589).
3293:(1795).
2677:p. 96,
2584:at the
2558:at the
2510:Eclogue
2493:Arcadia
2325:and to
2323:Timothy
2274:Goliath
2266:Babylon
2246:Abraham
2223:Genesis
2031:). The
2025:Watteau
2019:(e.g.,
2017:Poussin
1999:in the
1991:Arcadia
1802:L'Orfeo
1759:cantata
1752:monodic
1688:lesbian
1621:Luddite
1557:Orlando
1479:Guarini
1387:Finnish
1382:Swedish
1372:Faroese
1329:Sorbian
1290:Revenge
1285:Tragedy
1278:History
1217:British
1153:Arcadia
1131:Arcadia
1027:Thyrsis
938:Lycidas
874:Bacchus
842:Arcadia
822:Arcadia
788:elegies
778:Spenser
731:Boiardo
723:Mantuan
719:Pontano
660:Moschus
626:of the
581:eclogue
569:leisure
552:Arcadia
548:Corydon
454:' poem
332:cowherd
324:, from
313:bucolic
296:one. A
290:pasture
286:seasons
278:herding
138:scholar
3495:Idylls
3479:
3145:
3010:
2981:
2940:
2887:
2879:
2848:
2840:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2735:(1989)
2702:
2681:
2657:
2305:: the
2254:Yahweh
2235:yir'um
2209:Hebrew
2201:Pastor
2193:Pastor
2172:Pastor
2147:, 1834
2117:Louvre
2072:Louvre
2062:Titian
2023:) and
2013:Claude
2009:Titian
2001:Louvre
1993:. The
1970:bifora
1931:, and
1903:Wagner
1887:Rameau
1883:Mozart
1853:Handel
1779:Aminta
1729:syrinx
1721:Idylls
1676:Marxâs
1597:planet
1533:) and
1466:Aminta
1367:Danish
1324:Slovak
1314:German
1161:Astrée
967:Virgil
903:caudle
867:wrote
803:) and
792:fables
694:Later
689:usurer
684:Epodes
679:Horace
667:Virgil
636:Idylls
630:Greek
624:poetry
612:Vergil
577:Virgil
573:erotic
556:Greece
419:Hesiod
268:, 1854
140:
133:
126:
119:
111:
3213:"AHA"
3199:(PDF)
2885:JSTOR
2846:JSTOR
2799:S2CID
2791:JSTOR
2653:â12.
2327:Titus
2270:David
2231:ro'im
2219:roÊżeh
2211:word
2178:Jesus
1821:Comus
1792:Dafne
1783:opera
1775:Tasso
1740:opera
1725:Homer
1703:squat
1593:Earth
1589:rural
1461:Tasso
1457:Orfeo
1319:Swiss
1309:Czech
1231:Welsh
1144:Diana
1108:Satan
1074:Mirth
738:Marot
544:Greek
494:makar
317:Greek
302:genre
294:urban
207:, or
145:JSTOR
131:books
3501:The
3492:Two
3477:ISBN
3427:2016
3143:ISBN
3114:See
3008:ISSN
2979:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2915:2014
2877:ISSN
2838:ISSN
2783:ISSN
2700:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2294:The
2278:Saul
2276:and
1974:oboe
1948:The
1941:and
1555:and
1041:and
936:'s "
928:The
887:'s "
844:and
721:and
702:and
658:and
656:Bion
652:epic
564:Eden
381:mode
282:land
272:The
117:news
3520:by
3074:doi
3043:doi
2830:doi
2826:110
2775:doi
2474:In
2321:to
2241:).
2239:KJV
2214:ŚšŚąŚ
2143:or
2060:or
2007:or
1935:'s
1915:'s
1905:'s
1865:'s
1855:'s
1828:'s
1799:'s
1789:'s
1777:'s
1769:'s
1668:âs
1658:âs
1648:âs
1505:'s
1497:'s
1489:'s
1481:'s
1473:'s
1463:'s
1455:'s
1159:'s
1151:'s
1141:'s
1129:'s
1025:'s
961:'s
951:'s
921:',
912:'s
859:'s
780:âs
681:'s
640:Cos
560:Pan
421:'s
100:by
3557::
3452:.
3417:.
3308:,
3298:^
3269:.
3240:.
3215:.
3118:,
3026:^
3006:.
3002:.
2932:,
2906:.
2883:.
2871:.
2867:.
2844:.
2836:.
2824:.
2820:.
2797:.
2789:.
2781:.
2771:16
2769:.
2765:.
2629:^
2602:.
2578:;
2574:;
2570:.
2562:.
2552:;
2548:;
2544:.
2467:.
2369:,
2365:,
2361:,
2357:,
2353:,
2341:.
2283:A
2188:.
2139:,
2133:,
2064:,
2015:,
1945:.
1885:.
1861:.
1501:,
1451:.
1059:.
1033:.
1009:.
848:.
790:,
729:,
717:,
710:.
662:.
610:,
591:.
583:,
514::
469:,
458:.
406:,
334:.
308:.
264:,
62:.
3429:.
3279:.
3255:.
3226:.
3201:.
3149:.
3076::
3045::
3020:.
2987:.
2917:.
2891:.
2873:1
2852:.
2832::
2805:.
2777::
2708:.
2663:.
2651:1
2608:.
2588:.
2217:(
2074:.
1422:e
1415:t
1408:v
807:(
799:(
762:.
618:)
614:(
248:)
242:(
230:)
224:(
219:)
215:(
197:.
167:)
161:(
156:)
152:(
142:·
135:·
128:·
121:·
94:.
69:)
65:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.