324:) to see to the implementation of the new spelling system by giving special classes to the people, especially teachers and administrators, on how to spell their language according to the new spelling system. The grace period also allowed publishers to dispose of their old stocks and to publish revised editions and new titles in the new spelling. Names of roads, places, and institutions had to undergo a change in appearance, using the new spelling system.
1604:. The first method facilitated reading, but it violated the rule of writing complex words with affixes, namely that an affix should be written together with the stem so that the word appears as a complete whole. As for the second method, while it observed the morphological rule, it caused difficulty in reading. Speakers, especially non-native ones, were prone to reading the second example above as a total reduplication
1935:
With its flexibility rule, the new spelling system has admitted clusters in the initial and final positions of the word. This has facilitated the borrowing of technical terms from
English for the various sciences. However, those words which have existed for a long time in the Malay language with one
695:
and the root word, or between certain prepositions and the nouns that follow them. In the new spelling, the hyphen in the first set of contexts is removed and the components are written as a complete or whole word; in the second context, the removal of the hyphen results in two distinct words, one a
319:
A grace period of five years was given in both countries for people to get used to the new system. In
Malaysia this meant that students were not penalised for making mistakes in spelling words according to the old systems. However, a rigorous programme was undertaken by the government's Language and
310:
does not use Malay as much as its neighbours, because of its four-language policy (consisting of
English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil), its Malay language developments had always been closely linked with those of Malaysia. There has never been anything official on Singapore's part on its stand on the
280:
between the two countries. Language experts from both countries began to work on formulating a new system that was practical and above all accepted by the two parties concerned. Six years later, on 16 August 1972, the common spelling system, which came to be known as 'New Rumi
Spelling' in Malaysia
1636:
was economical in nature. It was a form of shorthand in writing the cumbersome reduplicated word. However, facilitation in reading and mastering the language was the overriding factor in discarding it altogether as a shorthand symbol for reduplication. This makes the physical writing slower but it
1510:
is very productive as a morphological process. There are three types of reduplication in Malay: the reduplication of the first syllable of the root, the reduplication of the stem of a complex word, and the reduplication of the whole word, be it a simple or complex word. In the old spelling systems
271:
and
Indonesia signed a cultural agreement, which included the implementation of a common spelling system. The system agreed to in this agreement was known as the 'Malindo System'. However, because of its similarity with the Congress system, which was proven impractical, and the ensuing diplomatic
1747:
The old spelling systems in
Malaysia and Indonesia did not recognise the existence of consonant clusters at the word-initial and word-final positions. Loanwords which have such clusters are mainly from English. They were spelt, based on the established rule of
1612:
as a total reduplication, because the total reduplication of forms falling into this pattern does not occur in the language, there are other patterns where native speakers themselves find difficulty in deciding whether the written word with the character
172:. This was subsequently followed by many other European traders, adventurers, explorers and scholars who invented their own Rumi spelling systems. Among notable Rumi spelling systems that existed before the 20th century were the orthographies of
1819:
There were certain words which showed a difference in the perceptions of the
Indonesians and the Malaysians on the clusters concerned, viz. on the component that was more significant and should be retained. This concerned mainly clusters with
264:. Hence, the general public became increasingly confused with the existence of different spelling systems. As a result, it was common during this era to find several spelling systems concurrently used in printed media and individual writings.
208:-derived Malay script). The divergences of various spelling systems that existed in colonial Malaya necessitated the need for a commonly accepted spelling system. A major orthographic reform was initiated by British scholar and administrator
136:' in Indonesia, was officially announced in both countries on 16 August 1972. Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malaysian varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain.
1936:
or two components decapitated have been allowed to remain, so as not to cause too much destandardisation. Among those which did not undergo a change in form by having their clusters reinstated are the
Malaysian examples of
259:
in 1956. The innovative
Congress System gained widespread currency through published works but remained impractical for the use of the masses. In the meantime, schools and government publications continued using the
570:. Since syllable- and word-initial vowels in Malay are always accompanied by the glottal stop, the apostrophe to indicate the Arabic pharyngeal fricative was discarded, so spelling certain Arabic loanwords with one
1221:
as a component in certain graphemes is also retained in
Malaysian spelling, and it indicates 'gutturalisation'. Such phonemes mostly occur in loan words from Arabic, and they are represented in the graphemes
376:, thus the Za'aba style was not economical in terms of the time taken for writing, quite apart from the fact that the text was full of diacritics. Furthermore, with a few exceptions, the occurrence of
1956:
As Malay is essentially disyllabic in nature, monosyllabic words with final consonant clusters in English are assimilated by giving them a disyllabic appearance, namely by placing the grapheme
863:
did not have the status of a grapheme either in Malaysia or in Indonesia. The common spelling system has given it graphemic status. It is not only simplicity that is indicated in the choice of
106:
276:, the system was never implemented or even published. Following the end of Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in 1966, a common spelling system became among the first items on the agenda of a
683:
The use of the hyphen became significantly less with the new spelling system. The old spelling systems were liberal in the use of the hyphen e.g. between the affix
1173:
A number of graphemes remain in use in Malaysian spelling, and in turn adopted by the Indonesians. For example, the Indonesians agreed to adopt Malaysian
2623:
The Book of Duarte Barbosa, An Account of the Countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants (Volume II, edited by Mansel Longworth Dames)
212:
in 1904, from which the Wilkinson spelling was introduced, which became the official system widely used in all British colonies and protectorates in
34:
was a joint effort between Indonesia and Malaysia to harmonize the spelling system used in their national languages, which are both forms of the
2558:
2676:
1832:. On the other hand, the Malaysians, perhaps very much influenced by British pronunciation, wrote and pronounced those words with the
1836:. In their quest for uniformity, the Malaysians and the Indonesians decided to neutralise their differences by putting back both
2648:
2630:
2609:
2587:
2576:
Epigrafi Melayu: Sejarah Sistem Tulisan dalam Bahasa Melayu (Malay epigraphy: A history of writing systems in Malay language)
311:
new spelling, but implementation of this system has taken place as evidenced by publications in Malay produced in Singapore.
1521:
was used to indicate the reduplication of the second and third types. In the reduplication of the whole word, the character
224:. The Wilkinson spelling is very similar to the modern orthography used in both Indonesia and Malaysia, except that modern
2681:
1552:
made it possible to write the same word in more than one way. One was to separate the components with a hyphen and place
876:
841:
306:, decided to adopt the new common system to replace the Malaysian Za'aba system previously used in the country. Although
17:
251:, which was later adopted in all schools from the 1930s onwards. After the short-lived Fajar Asia system used during
122:
363:
558:
In the old systems, the apostrophe was placed before a vowel, if the vowel is syllable-initial, to indicate the
117:
empires respectively. Thus, the development of spelling systems for Rumi script were greatly influenced by the
1996:
Acceptance of the final schwa does not mean acceptance of something foreign. The pronunciation adopted by the
252:
181:
1731:
1713:
1697:
1681:
1665:
1490:
1461:
1445:
1407:
1389:
1351:
1335:
1297:
1160:
1156:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1085:
1067:
1063:
1041:
1024:
1002:
985:
955:
890:
879:
844:
824:
804:
784:
764:
744:
665:
645:
626:
606:
540:
508:
484:
444:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
2065:
2031:
286:
196:(1881), and William Edward Maxwell (1882). All these systems were mainly developed using the method of
91:
2029:
2005:
1997:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1210:
1178:
887:
361:
349:
282:
161:
133:
2036:, as also in Indonesia. However, the acceptance of this final schwa does not mean that all cases of
2671:
2601:
2579:
1990:
321:
256:
2666:
209:
1625:, it means 'once in a while', whereas as a word which undergoes reduplication only at the stem,
2566:
1394:
1241:
293:
38:. For the most part, the changes made in the reform are still used today. This system uses the
704:. In the new system, the hyphen remains in use between components of reduplicated words, like
1608:
which is ungrammatical. Although native speakers, with their native competence, may not read
1212:
559:
268:
2012:, based on the Johor dialect of Southern Peninsular Malaysia. In the northern part of the
164:. A few years later, in 1522, the world's first Malay–European dictionary was compiled by
8:
2013:
189:
173:
67:
273:
261:
169:
79:
2068:, for more information on a similar spelling system used in Indonesian in older times.
1246:
etc. Here, it is worth mentioning that the Indonesian side had agreed to the grapheme
2644:
2626:
2605:
2583:
2007:
1989:. This has greatly facilitated the work of the various terminology committees of the
1760:. Therefore, the cluster at the beginning of the word was neutralised by inserting a
351:
165:
1556:
after the component that was duplicated (see ii below), and the other was to place
193:
109:, in that order—were divided between two colonial administrations, under the
125:
in 1966, a common spelling system became among the first items on the agenda of a
1749:
1649:
1281:
939:
724:
586:
420:
289:
197:
2618:
213:
153:
114:
47:
39:
35:
404:. The new system, guided by the Wilkinson system, has discarded them and uses
2660:
1757:
1507:
205:
185:
177:
567:
562:
which appeared in loanwords from Arabic. However, Malay does not have this
145:
110:
1824:
as the penultimate component. As in the examples below, in Indonesia, the
1511:
both in Malaysia and Indonesia, the first type of reduplication was spelt
388:
in two contiguous syllables where the vowel of the other syllable is also
1753:
697:
201:
149:
118:
1544:
The writing of the reduplication of the complex word with the character
1752:
that the syllable structure consists of only a single consonant as its
1617:
represents total reduplication or only that of the stem. An example is
552:
132:
The new spelling system, known as 'New Rumi Spelling' in Malaysia and '
1971:
The acceptance of the schwa in final closed syllables, as in the word
126:
1993:, already mentioned, in assimilating loanwords from other languages.
1718:
1194:
307:
217:
98:
83:
1876:
1029:
571:
248:
244:
102:
2021:
1985:
1927:
1513:
563:
296:
277:
871:
for people reading Malaysian and Indonesian texts. In Malaysia,
2598:
Ejaan Rumi Sepanjang Zaman (Complete history of Rumi spellings)
1911:
1895:
1165:
677:
396:. On the other hand, the schwa enters such a relationship with
303:
221:
157:
121:
of their respective colonial tongues. Shortly after the end of
87:
2017:
1765:
1761:
1120:
1072:
990:
338:
384:
usually occurs in a harmonious relationship with itself and
701:
566:
in its inventory. Most Malays actualise this sound as a
886:
in the new spelling) while in Indonesia it was for the
243:
In 1924, another reform was devised by a notable Malay
368:
sound. The Malay language shows a higher frequency of
255:(1941–1945), the Third Malay Congress introduced the
2052:
can have various styles of pronunciation. The final
1637:has brought simplification to the learning system.
1185:in English. Linked to the Indonesian acceptance of
1951:
867:, but also the end of the confusion arising from
2658:
1525:was placed at the end of the word, for example,
32:Indonesian-Malaysian orthography reform of 1972
2595:
2320:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2237:
2213:
2189:
2177:
2153:
2141:
1881:Indonesians have reverted to the old spelling
1560:at the end of the whole word (see iii below).
272:tension between Indonesia and Malaya over the
302:Soon after, another Malay-speaking country,
285:' in Indonesia, was officially announced by
2573:
2332:
2261:
2249:
2225:
2201:
2165:
1975:('film'), also linked to the acceptance of
27:Malay Latin spelling reform used since 1972
2563:Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society
2556:
2542:
2531:
2520:
2509:
2498:
2487:
2476:
2465:
2454:
2443:
2432:
2421:
2410:
2399:
2388:
2377:
2366:
2355:
2344:
2309:
2106:
2095:
2084:
2040:in the word final position are changed to
835:
82:that was previously standard in Malaysia,
2044:. Native words continue to be spelt with
1742:
1600:Both ii and iii above should be read as
1548:was not neat and consistent. The use of
332:
2638:
2617:
2129:
2117:
2056:for schwa is meant only for loanwords.
1979:for schwa at the end of the word as in
859:. Previous to the new spelling system,
14:
2659:
2641:Malay, World Language: a short history
1189:was their acceptance of the Malaysian
162:its conquest by the Portuguese in 1511
1960:at the end of the word. For example,
687:or the postpositional emphatic word
1541:('to while away the time eating').
877:voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
842:voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
144:The first known attempt to use the
24:
2677:Writing systems introduced in 1972
344:The Za'aba system uses the letter
25:
2693:
314:
184:(1812), Claudius Thomsen (1820),
152:' for writing Malay words was by
1501:
1197:. When the Indonesians accepted
855:, a new grapheme was agreed on:
123:Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
2550:
2536:
2525:
2514:
2503:
2492:
2481:
2470:
2459:
2448:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2404:
2393:
2382:
2371:
2360:
2349:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
1629:, it means '(not) ... at all'.
1179:voiced alveolopalatal affricate
408:for both the vowels concerned.
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2120:, p. 121,145,164,195,204,
2111:
2100:
2089:
2078:
1952:Word-final schwas in loanwords
551:
13:
1:
2072:
327:
176:(1595), Davidis Haex (1631),
139:
2643:, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
1621:. As a total reduplication,
7:
2559:"The Malay Spelling Reform"
2059:
2000:(RTM) actualises the final
129:between the two countries.
10:
2698:
2682:Latin-script orthographies
2066:Republican Spelling System
1828:was more significant than
1768:, between its components.
676:
180:(1701), J.Howison (1800),
168:, an Italian companion of
92:Republican Spelling System
42:and in Malaysia is called
2639:Collins, James T (1998),
1998:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1880:
1632:The use of the character
1250:for /x/ to replace their
708:('keeps on dancing') and
283:Perfected Spelling System
134:Perfected Spelling System
2602:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
2580:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
1991:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
337:
322:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
107:Malay-speaking countries
72:Ejaan yang Disempurnakan
2596:Ismail Dahaman (2007),
847:, spelt in Malaysia as
836:The choice of graphemes
210:Richard James Wilkinson
105:—the two largest
1743:New consonant clusters
897:in the new spelling).
71:
51:
1983:which has been taken
1659:ber-main2 or bermain2
1594:'to keep on playing'
1583:'to keep on playing'
1201:, they also accepted
333:Removal of diacritics
274:formation of Malaysia
2574:Hashim Musa (1997),
1517:, but the character
1272:Example – Indonesian
560:pharyngeal fricative
269:Federation of Malaya
58:), and in Indonesia
2625:, Hakluyt Society,
2557:Asmah Omar (1989),
2321:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2298:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2286:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2274:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2238:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2214:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2190:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2178:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2154:Ismail Dahaman 2007
2142:Ismail Dahaman 2007
1856:New common spelling
1670:to keep on playing
1278:New common spelling
1275:Example – Malaysian
691:or the clitic form
380:is predictable, as
253:Japanese occupation
190:Straits Settlements
174:Cornelis de Houtman
78:). It replaced the
44:Joint Rumi Spelling
18:Joint Rumi Spelling
1252:⟨ch⟩
1248:⟨kh⟩
1236:⟨gh⟩
1224:⟨kh⟩
1207:⟨nj⟩
1205:in place of their
1203:⟨ny⟩
895:⟨kh⟩
873:⟨ch⟩
869:⟨ch⟩
853:⟨tj⟩
849:⟨ch⟩
170:Ferdinand Magellan
52:Ejaan Rumi Bersama
2650:978-979-461-537-9
2632:978-1-4094-1416-2
2611:978-9-8362-9278-0
2589:978-9-8362-5729-1
2054:⟨e⟩
2050:⟨a⟩
2046:⟨a⟩
2042:⟨e⟩
2038:⟨a⟩
2026:⟨a⟩
2002:⟨a⟩
1977:⟨e⟩
1958:⟨a⟩
1933:
1932:
1842:⟨t⟩
1838:⟨r⟩
1834:⟨t⟩
1830:⟨t⟩
1826:⟨r⟩
1822:⟨r⟩
1817:
1816:
1777:New Rumi Spelling
1740:
1739:
1702:wishful thinking
1646:New Rumi Spelling
1634:⟨2⟩
1615:⟨2⟩
1598:
1597:
1558:⟨2⟩
1554:⟨2⟩
1550:⟨2⟩
1546:⟨2⟩
1523:⟨2⟩
1519:⟨2⟩
1499:
1498:
1219:⟨h⟩
1199:⟨y⟩
1191:⟨y⟩
1187:⟨j⟩
1183:⟨j⟩
1175:⟨j⟩
1171:
1170:
884:⟨c⟩
865:⟨c⟩
861:⟨c⟩
857:⟨c⟩
851:and Indonesia as
833:
832:
721:New Rumi Spelling
674:
673:
583:New Rumi Spelling
549:
548:
417:New Rumi Spelling
406:⟨e⟩
358:⟨e⟩
346:⟨ĕ⟩
320:Literacy Agency (
166:Antonio Pigafetta
64:Enhanced Spelling
16:(Redirected from
2689:
2653:
2635:
2614:
2592:
2570:
2565:, archived from
2545:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2333:Hashim Musa 1997
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2262:Hashim Musa 1997
2259:
2253:
2250:Hashim Musa 1997
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2226:Hashim Musa 1997
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2202:Hashim Musa 1997
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2166:Hashim Musa 1997
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2011:
2003:
1978:
1959:
1847:
1846:
1844:in those words.
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1771:
1770:
1733:
1715:
1699:
1683:
1667:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1616:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1524:
1520:
1492:
1463:
1447:
1409:
1391:
1353:
1337:
1299:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1087:
1069:
1065:
1043:
1026:
1004:
987:
957:
900:
899:
896:
893:(represented by
892:
885:
882:(represented by
881:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
826:
806:
786:
766:
746:
715:
714:
700:and the other a
667:
647:
628:
608:
577:
576:
542:
510:
486:
446:
411:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
355:
347:
292:in Malaysia and
194:Frank Swettenham
160:, shortly after
60:Perfect Spelling
21:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2672:Spelling reform
2657:
2656:
2651:
2633:
2619:Barbosa, Duarte
2612:
2590:
2553:
2548:
2543:Asmah Omar 1989
2541:
2537:
2532:Asmah Omar 1989
2530:
2526:
2521:Asmah Omar 1989
2519:
2515:
2510:Asmah Omar 1989
2508:
2504:
2499:Asmah Omar 1989
2497:
2493:
2488:Asmah Omar 1989
2486:
2482:
2477:Asmah Omar 1989
2475:
2471:
2466:Asmah Omar 1989
2464:
2460:
2455:Asmah Omar 1989
2453:
2449:
2444:Asmah Omar 1989
2442:
2438:
2433:Asmah Omar 1989
2431:
2427:
2422:Asmah Omar 1989
2420:
2416:
2411:Asmah Omar 1989
2409:
2405:
2400:Asmah Omar 1989
2398:
2394:
2389:Asmah Omar 1989
2387:
2383:
2378:Asmah Omar 1989
2376:
2372:
2367:Asmah Omar 1989
2365:
2361:
2356:Asmah Omar 1989
2354:
2350:
2345:Asmah Omar 1989
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:Asmah Omar 1989
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:Asmah Omar 1989
2105:
2101:
2096:Asmah Omar 1989
2094:
2090:
2085:Asmah Omar 1989
2083:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2028:is realised as
2025:
2001:
1976:
1957:
1954:
1940:('communist'),
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1750:Malay phonology
1745:
1728:terang-terangan
1633:
1614:
1606:bermain-bermain
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1522:
1518:
1504:
1251:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
894:
888:velar fricative
883:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
838:
681:
556:
414:Za'aba spelling
405:
360:stands for the
357:
345:
342:
335:
330:
317:
290:Tun Abdul Razak
257:Congress system
198:transliteration
182:William Marsden
142:
80:Za'aba Spelling
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2695:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Malay language
2655:
2654:
2649:
2636:
2631:
2615:
2610:
2593:
2588:
2571:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2524:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2414:
2403:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2058:
1953:
1950:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:Old Indonesian
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1732:/təraŋtəraŋan/
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:Old Indonesian
1169:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
988:
983:
977:
971:
961:
958:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
937:
934:
928:
922:
916:
913:
907:
875:stood for the
837:
834:
831:
830:
827:
822:
819:
811:
810:
807:
802:
799:
791:
790:
787:
782:
779:
771:
770:
769:his/her house
767:
762:
759:
751:
750:
747:
742:
739:
731:
730:
727:
722:
719:
680:
675:
672:
671:
668:
663:
660:
652:
651:
648:
643:
640:
633:
632:
629:
624:
621:
613:
612:
609:
604:
601:
593:
592:
589:
584:
581:
555:
550:
547:
546:
543:
538:
527:
515:
514:
511:
506:
499:
491:
490:
487:
482:
467:
451:
450:
449:being prudent
447:
442:
435:
427:
426:
423:
418:
415:
341:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
316:
315:Implementation
313:
299:in Indonesia.
287:Prime Minister
240:at that time.
154:Duarte Barbosa
141:
138:
97:Historically,
94:in Indonesia.
40:Latin alphabet
36:Malay language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2694:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:on 2011-08-26
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2335:, p. 429
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 245
2322:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2300:, p. 230
2299:
2294:
2288:, p. 235
2287:
2282:
2276:, p. 225
2275:
2270:
2264:, p. 420
2263:
2258:
2252:, p. 409
2251:
2246:
2240:, p. 174
2239:
2234:
2228:, p. 413
2227:
2222:
2216:, p. 162
2215:
2210:
2204:, p. 401
2203:
2198:
2192:, p. 148
2191:
2186:
2180:, p. 107
2179:
2174:
2168:, p. 395
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2033:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1968:from 'calc'.
1967:
1964:from 'cusp',
1963:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:Old Malaysian
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:Old spellings
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:orang-orangan
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:/bərmaenmaen/
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:Old spellings
1642:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:sekali-sekali
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:reduplication
1502:Reduplication
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:Old Malaysian
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1214:
1196:
1180:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
992:
989:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
959:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
941:
938:
935:
933:
929:
927:
923:
921:
917:
914:
912:
908:
906:
902:
901:
898:
889:
878:
843:
829:to the house
828:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:at the house
808:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:
788:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
768:
763:
760:
757:
753:
752:
748:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
728:
726:
723:
720:
718:Old spellings
717:
716:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
679:
669:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
649:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
625:
622:
619:
615:
614:
610:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
582:
580:Old spellings
579:
578:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
544:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
516:
513:independence
512:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
492:
488:
485:/pəɲələsaian/
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
448:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
428:
424:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
365:
356:while letter
353:
348:to stand for
340:
325:
323:
312:
309:
305:
300:
298:
295:
291:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
267:In 1959, the
265:
263:
262:Za'aba system
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
232:were instead
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:John Crawfurd
183:
179:
178:Thomas Bowrey
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
119:orthographies
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2640:
2622:
2597:
2575:
2567:the original
2562:
2551:Bibliography
2538:
2527:
2516:
2505:
2494:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2406:
2395:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2351:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2156:, p. 95
2149:
2144:, p. 63
2137:
2132:, p. 21
2130:Collins 1998
2125:
2118:Barbosa 2010
2113:
2102:
2091:
2080:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:('modern').
1945:
1944:('record'),
1941:
1937:
1934:
1818:
1764:, usually a
1746:
1714:/oraŋoraŋan/
1682:/kanaʔkanaʔ/
1662:bermain-main
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1602:bermain-main
1601:
1599:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1533:('houses'),
1530:
1529:was read as
1526:
1512:
1505:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1172:
1150:
1143:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1057:
1051:
1018:
1012:
979:
973:
967:
963:
936:New spelling
931:
925:
919:
910:
904:
839:
815:
795:
775:
755:
735:
712:('houses').
709:
705:
692:
688:
684:
682:
656:
636:
617:
597:
568:glottal stop
557:
534:
530:
523:
519:
502:
495:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
455:
438:
431:
372:compared to
343:
318:
301:
266:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
146:Latin script
143:
131:
96:
75:
63:
59:
55:
43:
31:
29:
2048:, and this
1694:angan-angan
1678:kanak-kanak
1627:sekali-kali
1539:makan-makan
1531:rumah-rumah
1217:sound. The
932:Malaysian
926:Indonesian
918:New common
911:Malaysian
905:Indonesian
710:rumah-rumah
706:menari-nari
698:preposition
553:Apostrophes
156:in 1518 in
2661:Categories
2073:References
1698:/aŋanaŋan/
1572:'to play'
1506:In Malay,
1395:foundation
1209:, for the
930:Example –
924:Example –
785:/ambɪllah/
574:less, as:
445:/bərhemat/
328:The system
245:grammarian
140:Background
90:, and the
68:Indonesian
2014:Peninsula
1725:terang2an
1719:scarecrow
1686:children
1580:ber-main2
1390:/jajasan/
1336:/dʒudʒor/
1195:semivowel
1112:/ʃaitˤɔn/
986:/tʃitʃaʔ/
920:spelling
825:/kərumah/
805:/dirumah/
765:/rumahɲa/
670:pleasure
607:/dʒumʕat/
541:/təntəra/
509:/mərdeka/
489:solution
308:Singapore
294:President
218:Singapore
99:Indonesia
84:Singapore
2621:(2010),
2060:See also
1877:passport
1813:complex
1810:kompleks
1802:process
1791:project
1780:Meaning
1756:and its
1736:obvious
1707:orang2an
1654:Meaning
1610:bermain2
1591:bermain2
1286:Meaning
1193:for the
1177:for the
1116:/ʃaitan/
1064:/zˤolɪm/
1030:multiply
1025:/dˤarab/
944:Meaning
840:For the
821:ke rumah
801:di rumah
781:ambillah
761:rumahnya
749:is made
745:/dibwɒt/
729:Meaning
666:/niʕmat/
591:Meaning
572:grapheme
545:soldier
425:Meaning
192:(1878),
188:(1848),
103:Malaysia
2022:Sarawak
2016:and in
1986:in toto
1938:komunis
1928:concert
1924:konsert
1908:eksport
1873:pasport
1862:Remark
1859:Meaning
1807:komplek
1796:peroses
1785:perojek
1619:sekali2
1569:bermain
1514:in toto
1340:honest
1266:Phoneme
1161:/isnɪn/
1157:/iθnɪn/
1068:/zalɪm/
915:Phoneme
678:Hyphens
646:/ʕalɪm/
627:/taʕat/
611:Friday
564:phoneme
297:Suharto
278:detente
127:détente
115:British
2647:
2629:
2608:
2586:
1921:konset
1918:konser
1912:export
1905:ekspot
1902:ekspor
1896:import
1892:import
1870:paspot
1867:paspor
1799:proses
1788:projek
1691:angan2
1675:kanak2
1535:makan2
1527:rumah2
1491:/axɪr/
1450:madam
1446:/ɲoɲa/
1181:spelt
1166:monday
789:take!
741:dibuat
662:nikmat
650:pious
631:loyal
603:Jumaat
441:rhemat
434:rhemat
304:Brunei
222:Borneo
214:Malaya
206:Arabic
158:Melaka
88:Brunei
2018:Sabah
2004:as a
1981:koine
1973:filem
1966:kalka
1962:kuspa
1946:moden
1942:rekod
1889:impot
1886:impor
1766:schwa
1762:vowel
1754:onset
1121:satan
1108:aitan
1102:aitan
1096:aitan
1073:cruel
991:gecko
818:rumah
798:rumah
774:ambil
754:rumah
505:rdeka
498:rdeka
481:saian
466:saian
339:Schwa
281:and '
249:Za'ba
200:from
111:Dutch
48:Malay
2645:ISBN
2627:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2584:ISBN
2020:and
1840:and
1758:coda
1588:iii.
1495:end
1386:asan
1376:asan
1366:asan
1298:/dʒ/
1238:for
1226:for
1060:alim
1054:alim
1042:/zˤ/
1021:arab
1015:arab
1003:/dˤ/
982:icak
976:icak
956:/tʃ/
909:Old
903:Old
880:/tʃ/
845:/tʃ/
738:buat
702:noun
642:alim
639:alim
623:taat
596:Juma
400:and
236:and
228:and
220:and
202:Jawi
150:Rumi
148:or '
113:and
101:and
86:and
30:The
1650:IPA
1577:ii.
1537:as
1462:/x/
1408:/ɲ/
1352:/j/
1282:IPA
1269:New
1159:or
1153:nin
1146:nin
1133:/θ/
1114:or
1090:sy
1086:/ʃ/
1079:sj
1066:or
949:tj
940:IPA
891:/x/
778:lah
758:nya
725:IPA
693:nya
689:lah
685:di-
659:mat
587:IPA
421:IPA
402:/u/
398:/i/
394:/o/
392:or
390:/e/
386:/o/
382:/e/
378:/e/
374:/e/
370:/ə/
76:EYD
62:or
56:ERB
2663::
2604:,
2600:,
2582:,
2578:,
2561:,
2024:,
1566:i.
1487:ir
1485:kh
1480:ir
1478:kh
1473:ir
1471:ch
1466:kh
1458:kh
1455:ch
1440:ny
1436:ny
1430:ny
1426:ny
1420:nj
1416:nj
1412:ny
1404:ny
1401:nj
1332:ur
1322:ur
1312:ur
1310:dj
1306:dj
1291:dj
1254:.
1234:,
1144:th
1137:s
1129:th
1106:sy
1100:sh
1094:sj
1082:sh
1052:dz
1046:z
1038:dz
1013:dh
1007:d
999:dh
974:ch
970:ak
968:tj
964:tj
960:c
952:ch
814:ke
794:di
734:di
655:ni
620:at
616:ta
600:at
537:ra
533:nt
526:ra
522:nt
473:ny
458:ny
247:,
238:sh
234:ch
230:sy
216:,
74:,
70::
54:,
50::
2034:/
2032:a
2030:/
2010:/
2008:ə
2006:/
1483:a
1476:a
1469:a
1442:a
1438:o
1432:a
1428:o
1422:a
1418:o
1384:y
1382:a
1380:y
1374:y
1372:a
1370:y
1364:j
1362:a
1360:j
1356:y
1348:y
1345:j
1330:j
1328:u
1326:j
1320:j
1318:u
1316:j
1308:u
1302:j
1294:j
1244:/
1242:ɣ
1240:/
1232:/
1230:x
1228:/
1215:/
1213:ɲ
1211:/
1151:s
1149:i
1142:i
1058:z
1019:d
980:c
966:i
816:-
796:-
776:-
756:-
736:-
657:'
637:'
618:'
598:'
535:e
531:e
529:t
524:ĕ
520:ĕ
518:t
503:e
501:m
496:ĕ
494:m
479:e
477:l
475:e
471:e
469:p
464:ĕ
462:l
460:ĕ
456:ĕ
454:p
439:e
437:b
432:ĕ
430:b
366:/
364:e
362:/
354:/
352:ə
350:/
226:c
204:(
66:(
46:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.