470:
773:
396:
1377:
3875:.... Mrs. Crawfurd had accompanied us to the village, and her presence conferred a degree of interest upon the scene not easy to be described. The men, stupid with wonder, seemed to look upon her as a being of another creation; and indeed, if we cast our eyes upon the contrast in the female forms now before us, their wonder will not appear surprising, and these rude and wretched savages might well doubt that they had but little connexion with our race. Never, perhaps, was savage life more strikingly contrasted with refined; an accomplished female, brought up in all the elegance and refinement of the first metropolis in the world, stood opposed to the rude, scarce human forms of the savage islanders of the Gulf of Siam!
4280:
4288:
561:
943:
2115:
The manners of this individual, who was a native of Lao, were singular. When he entered the room, I begged him to be seated; but before complying, he made three obeisances to- wards the palace, then three towards the residence of the Prah-klang, and three more to the company before him. His conversation was frank and intelligent, and he appeared well-informed respecting his own country, which forms so interesting and considerable, but to
Europeans so little known, a portion of the present Siamese Empire.
4183:
1133:
3270:
1425:
497:
4198:
55:
1152:(1829), Crawfurd made an extended case against the East India Company's approach, in particular in excluding British entrepreneurs, and in failing to develop Indian cotton. He had had experience in Java of the export possibilities for cotton textiles. He then gave evidence in March 1830 to a parliamentary committee, on the East India Company's monopoly of trade with China.
1168:
defended the East India
Company in 1830, in an answer addressed to Rickards and Crawfurd. When the Company's charter came up for renewal in 1833, the China trade monopoly was broken. Crawfurd's part as parliamentary agent for interests in Calcutta had been paid (at £1500 per year); his publicity work
2114:
May 19. .... In the afternoon I had a visit from a native chief; a circumstance which did not often take place, for our vicinity to the Prah-klang's house, and the fear of exciting the jealousy of the
Government, prevented many persons from calling upon us, who were otherwise well disposed to do so.
748:) met with Crawfurd, a first diplomatic contact for the UK. This visit was despite the isolation into which the mission had fallen. A Vietnamese embassy had arrived not long before, and tensions were high. Since Crawford's brief opposed the interests of court figures including the Raja of
1341:
Crawfurd wrote prolifically. His views have been seen as inconsistent: a recent author wrote that " Crawfurd seemed to embody a complex mixture of elements of coexisting but ultimately contradictory value systems". A comment about "hasty general opinions from a few instances", by
652:
to open water. Crawfurd writes that, with the assistance of a steam-boat, ships might be towed down in two days without difficulty; then adds in a footnote: "The first steam-vessel used in India, was built about three years after this passage was written...."
1665:
Recent analyses have sought to clarify
Crawfurd's agenda in his writings on race and, at this time, when he had become prominent in a young and still fluid field and discipline. Ellingson demonstrates Crawfurd's role in promoting the idea of the
1709:, with an attack on Rousseau, as a possible source of Crawfurd's thinking; while also pointing out some differences. Ellingson also places Crawfurd in a British group among those of his period whose anthropological views not only turned on
736:), the reply was, "that if the Siamese were at peace with the friends and neighbours of the British nation, they would certainly be permitted to purchase fire-arms and ammunition at our ports, but not otherwise." On 19 May, a Chief of Lao (
1561:" had not even been coined when he began to write. Attention has been drawn to his latest work, from the 1860s, which was copious, much criticised at the time, and which has also been scrutinised in the 21st century, as detailed below.
1266:
where the precedents from
America were cited. He also wrote pamphlets himself, in which he advocated an end to the East India Company monopoly, and European colonisation. These moves occurred in 1828–9; in 1830 Crawfurd approached
1519:
Crawfurd held strong views on what he saw as the backwardness of the economy of India of his time. He attributed it to the weakness of Indian financial institutions, compared to Europe. His opinions were in an anonymous pamphlet
1653:, given 13 February 1866, argued for the superiority of Europeans. It particularly laid emphasis on European military dominance as evidence. Its thesis was directly contradicted at a meeting of the Society some weeks later, by
727:
Crawfurd's journal entry for 1 April 1822, notes that the
Siamese, for their part, were especially interested in the acquisition of arms. Pointedly questioned in this regard in an urgent private meeting with the
1670:
in service of racial ideology. Trosper has taken
Ellingson's analysis a step further, attributing to Crawfurd a conscious "spin" put on the idea of primitive culture, a rhetorically sophisticated use of a
1545:
796:, on the status of Singapore on 2 August 1824. It was the culmination of negotiations started by Raffles in 1819, and the agreement is now sometimes called the Crawfurd Treaty. He also had input into the
1740:. In dismissing Crawfurd's notes and suggestions on his work as "quite unimportant", Charles Darwin identified Crawfurd's racial views as "Pallasian", i.e. the analogue for humankind of the theories of
967:
In the United
Kingdom, Crawfurd spent around 40 years in varied activities. He wrote as an orientalist, geographer and ethnologist. He tried parliamentary politics, without success; he agitated for
885:: it had been hired by the East India Company for the war, where it had seen action and travelled 400 miles up the Irrawaddy. There were five local boats, and soldiers making up a party of over 50.
788:
there, but instead responded to local commercial representations, and spent money on reclamation work on the river. He also concluded the final agreement between the East India
Company, and Sultan
1755:, in Crawfurd's attack on the Aryan theory there is a final rejection of the "languages and nations" approach, which was Prichard's, and a consequent freeing of (polygenist) racial theory.
1690:, who believed that human races did not share common ancestors, Crawfurd was an early and prominent critic of Darwin's ideas. Right at the end of his life, in 1868, Crawfurd was using a "
834:
1310:
1528:, he saw India primarily as a source of raw materials, and advocated investment based on that direction. A harsh critic of the existing Calcutta agencies, he noted the absence of
1024:
1256:(including newspapers as well as legal documents), Crawfurd was hired as London agent for a group of British merchants in Calcutta opposing the legislation. Crawfurd involved
1775:. As the ship made way from Bangkok to Hué, Mrs. Crawfurd went ashore on an island in the Gulf of Siam, where she made a considerable impression upon the natives. The writer
469:
2208:....ad Mr. Crawfurd come from the king of England, he would have been presented, but that in the present case it was as if the governor of Saigon sent an envoy to a monarch.
971:; and he was a publicist for and against colonisation schemes, in line with his views. He also represented the interests of British traders based in Singapore and Calcutta.
1598:
Crawfurd believed in different races as separate creations by God in specific regional zones, with separate origins for languages, and possibly as different species. With
489:
As
Resident, Crawfurd also pursued the study of the Javanese language, and cultivated personal relationships with Javanese aristocrats and literati. He was impressed by
1273:
Inquiry into the System of Taxation in India, Letters on the Interior of India, an attack on the newspaper stamp-tax and the duty on paper entitled Taxes on Knowledge
1028:
1306:
in East India Company territories since it was coined in 1835, was not. In 1856 a Bill to change the status quo on coins minted and issued from India was defeated.
4554:
4387:
4338:
4161:
4133:
2858:
4697:
459:
809:
2791:
2723:
2560:
2056:
1818:
427:
1411:
Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China: exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms
4762:
4687:
4757:
1369:
In retirement after the Burmese mission, Crawfurd wrote books and papers on Eastern subjects. His envoy experiences from missions were written up in
1157:
573:
3285:
3887:
2220:
4583:
4529:
4311:
1448:(1820), in three volumes, was his major work. Crawfurd was a critic of much of what the European nations had done in the area of Asia he covered.
661:
4411:
3984:
3942:
1698:, in what Ellingson describes as a misrepresentation of a Darwinist viewpoint based on the idea that a precursor of humans must still be extant.
4677:
4667:
1529:
1113:
552:, and turning to writing. Within a few years he was recalled to South-East Asia, as a diplomat; his missions were of limited obvious success.
4647:
4652:
1043:
3335:
Affinities and Extremes: Crisscrossing the Bittersweet Ethnology of East Indies History, Hindu-Balinese Culture, and Indo-European Allure
3290:
332:(13 August 1783 – 11 May 1868) was a Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat, and author who served as the second and last
3514:
1232:, to the effect that its climate made it unsuitable for settlement. He returned to the topic in a debate in 1858 on settlements on the
524:). His knowledge of the local culture supported Raffles's government in Java. Raffles, however, wanted to introduce land reform in the
4767:
4727:
4460:
4224:
1736:; and he was an opponent of slavery, having written an article "Sugar without Slavery" with Thomas Perronet Thompson in 1833 in the
564:
View of the city of Bangkok; from "Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China"
772:
2987:
British relations with the Chinese empire in 1832: comparative statement of the English and American trade with India and Canton
4493:
4478:
2406:
2460:
4692:
4621:
4483:
4123:
4102:
4035:
3834:
3790:
3684:
3645:
3594:
3541:
3438:
3411:
3384:
3343:
3316:
3207:
3165:
3138:
3052:
2971:
2939:
2638:
2542:
2515:
2488:
2389:
2362:
2335:
2299:
2272:
2245:
2165:
2138:
2038:
1998:
1971:
1944:
1917:
328:
44:
1160:, an ex-employee of the Company, for exaggerating the financial burden of the monopoly on tea. Crawfurd put out a pamphlet,
907:
The expedition fortuitously was delayed on the return journey for repairs. Crawfurd collected significant fossils, north of
813:
of Francis James Bernard, the first local newspaper that initially appeared dated 1 January 1824. Crawford Street [
669:
4742:
2658:
Proboscidea: a monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world
1287:
1093:
1047:
1039:
1035:
979:
Crawfurd made several unsuccessful attempts to enter the British Parliament in the 1830s. His campaign literature featured
1630:(1863) he argued that the social condition of a people correlates with the numeral words of their language. Crawfurd used
4712:
4499:
4264:
4213:
1233:
701:
676:) Crawfurd finds fishermen "in a state of perpetual distrust and insecurity" due to territorial disputes between hostile
395:
128:
1376:
601:
534:, was a supporter of the "village system" of revenue collection. He opposed Raffles's attempts to introduce individual (
2954:
4169:
4141:
4014:
3005:
2855:
1396:
Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin-China, exhibiting a view of the actual State of these Kingdoms
1279:
900:. The king conceded only a trade agreement, in return for a delay in indemnity payments; and sent his own mission to
852:
4752:
4732:
4626:
4614:
3901:
3010:
2759:
640:
463:
2775:
The Royal kalendar and court and city register for England, Scotland, Ireland and the colonies: for the year 1833
1710:
1469:
100:
2354:
Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States
4737:
4283:
4202:
4075:
1855:
1776:
1588:
438:
by Minto during the 45-day operation, and Crawfurd was appointed the post of Resident Governor at the Court of
384:
237:
4279:
4722:
4717:
4702:
1718:
592:). Lord Hastings was especially interested in learning more about Siamese policy with regard to the northern
3430:
The Economic Development of India Under the East India Company 1814–58: A Selection of Contemporary Writings
3403:
The Economic Development of India Under the East India Company 1814–58: A Selection of Contemporary Writings
2958:
Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Affairs of the East India Company: China Trade
616:, a skilful astronomer, surveyor and geologist, served as assistant; Lieutenant Rutherford commanded thirty
4682:
3181:
2838:
1702:
1117:
4707:
1893:
1343:
923:
also worked on the collection. The finds, of fossil bones and wood, were discussed further in a paper by
597:
549:
3637:
Liberalism, Imperialism, and the Historical Imagination: Nineteenth-Century Visions of a Greater Britain
1557:
While Crawfurd produced work that was ethnological in nature over a period of half a century, the term "
548:
Java was returned to the Dutch in 1816, and Crawfurd went back to England that year, shortly becoming a
4747:
4672:
3082:
1691:
1262:
1202:
797:
368:
2879:
2661:
2130:
Paths to Conflagration: Fifty Years of Diplomacy and Warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778–1828
1373:
in 1828 and 1829. This documentation was reprinted nearly 140 years later by Oxford University Press.
360:. He followed his father's footsteps in the study of medicine and completed his medical course at the
2754:
2703:
1864:
1456:
1051:
756:, there was little prospect of success. By October relations were at a low ebb. Crawfurd moved on to
720:
at Prince of Wales's Island (modern Penang.) British claim to the island was based upon payment of a
569:
20:
356:, the son of Samuel Crawfurd, a physician, and Margaret Campbell; and was educated at the school in
4377:
4372:
4153:
Ernest C. T. Chew (2002), "Dr John Crawfurd (1783–1868): The Scotsman Who Made Singapore British",
2956:
1764:
1525:
1461:
1252:
When the Stamp Act 1827 was passed, meaning that all public documents in India would have to pay a
1153:
1062:
628:
3582:
2991:
2773:
4187:
3501:
3477:
1885:
1726:
1595:(belief in a unified origin of humankind) where he had come in 1861 to hold office as President.
1540:
1511:. His suggestion met no favour at the time, but scholars from around 1950 onwards came to agree.
1291:
1184:
1097:
936:
856:
361:
284:
4027:
The Victorian Reinvention of Race: New Racisms and the Problem of Grouping in the Human Sciences
2955:
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the East India Company (1830).
1675:" fallacy, achieved by bringing in, irrelevantly but for the sake of incongruity, the figure of
689:
645:
4453:
4429:
4272:
4248:
4094:
4048:
Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China
3807:
3128:
3042:
2653:
2505:
2352:
2327:
2094:
Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China
1780:
1508:
1473:
1241:
785:
665:
593:
403:
manuscript acquired by Crawfurd during his residency in Yogyakarta, which today is part of the
4113:
4004:
3824:
3780:
3635:
3531:
3374:
3306:
3197:
3155:
3024:
2915:
2897:
2843:
2825:
2602:
2532:
2478:
2128:
1961:
1934:
1907:
585:
454:
to assume he had support in resisting the British; who sided with his opponents: his son, the
4601:
4115:
Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism
3978:
3936:
3928:
3674:
3485:
3428:
3333:
3234:
2929:
2291:
Historical Legal Claims: A Study of Disputed Sovereignty Over Pulau Batu Puteh (Pedra Branca)
2289:
2262:
2235:
2155:
2028:
1988:
1748:
1676:
1244:'s promotion of European colonisation of Australia, as far as it applied to the north coast.
1165:
1101:
789:
781:
479:
in Yogyakarta, a gate in a photograph from the early 20th century. The palace was made up of
333:
67:
3401:
3275:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
3090:
2686:
2630:
Colonies, Cults and Evolution: Literature, Science and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Writing
2628:
2379:
1150:
A View of the Present State and Future Prospects of the Free Trade and Colonization of India
1019:(his brother-in-law), to promote "fit and proper" Members of Parliament. He also joined the
4662:
4657:
4466:
4447:
4162:
Race and British Colonialism in South-East Asia: John Crawfurd and the politics of equality
4134:
Race and British Colonialism in South-East Asia: John Crawfurd and the politics of equality
3762:
3358:
2590:
2088:
1784:
1599:
1441:
1322:
1141:
1016:
605:
4182:
1201:. He considered that abundant land and individual enterprise were the necessary elements.
8:
4488:
3865:. Fairbanks: Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. pp. 269–70. EBook #45505
2594:
1639:
1536:
1109:
1086:
1000:
897:
713:
660:
proceeded on what would be the first official visit to Siam since the resurgence of Siam
577:
505:
4287:
4006:
Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance
2985:
2264:
Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885
1522:
A Sketch of the Commercial Resources and Monetary and Mercantile System of British India
1409:
4608:
4087:
3881:
2721:
Prothero, Iorwerth. "Wallis, William (fl. 1824–1830), silk weaver and radical leader".
2320:
2214:
2193:
1741:
1579:
1496:
collected manuscripts from the capture of Yogyakarta, and some of these are now in the
1237:
1193:
1105:
1074:
980:
932:
928:
745:
724:
accordant with European feudal law, which Crawfurd feared the Siamese would challenge.
681:
475:
455:
3905:, Crawfurd, Oswald John Frederick (1834–1909), author, by S. E. Fryer. Published 1912.
3067:
2480:
Leonardo to the Internet: Technology & Culture from the Renaissance to the Present
2097:. Vol. 1 (second ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 207–209.
4362:
4165:
4137:
4119:
4098:
4071:
4052:
4031:
4010:
3830:
3786:
3680:
3641:
3590:
3537:
3434:
3407:
3380:
3339:
3312:
3203:
3161:
3134:
3048:
2935:
2634:
2538:
2511:
2484:
2421:
2385:
2358:
2331:
2295:
2268:
2241:
2161:
2134:
2098:
2034:
1994:
1967:
1940:
1913:
1733:
1573:
views, based on multiple origins of human groups; and these earned him, according to
1268:
1012:
864:
672:
of 1809–1812. On 8 December 1821, near Papra Strait (modern Pak Prah Strait north of
613:
501:
443:
2429:
4568:
4512:
4473:
4352:
4323:
4241:
3966:
3924:
3858:
3854:
3850:
2856:
carlyleletters.dukejournals.org, Thomas Carlyle's notes to a letter of Jane Carlyle
2796:
2728:
2565:
2453:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2061:
1823:
1752:
1695:
1654:
1574:
1330:
1295:
1294:
putting the case in the Commons. Among the arguments put was that the dollar was a
1171:
996:
942:
924:
880:
838:
673:
624:
560:
420:
177:
112:
90:
4541:
3970:
3915:
Carlyle, J. B. W. (1855). "JANE WELSH CARLYle's JOURNAL, October 1855-July 1856".
3308:
Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire
2808:
2740:
2577:
2073:
1835:
1624:
On the Conditions Which Favour, Retard, and Obstruct the Early Civilization of Man
935:. There were also collected 18,000 botanical specimens, many of which went to the
4595:
4416:
4401:
4357:
4065:
4046:
4025:
3252:
2862:
2464:
2092:
1788:
1683:
1497:
1493:
1221:
872:
860:
804:
717:
697:
693:
404:
3676:
Resilience, Reciprocity and Ecological Economics: Northwest Coast Sustainability
1626:, in which he argued for deficiencies in the science and technology of Asia. In
1286:
as an independent currency. Crawfurd lobbied in both Houses of Parliament, with
1096:
Crawfurd had the Liberal nomination in a three-cornered fight for two seats, as
1050:
in 1837. At Glasgow he polled fourth (there were two MPs for the borough), with
4573:
4519:
4506:
4442:
4089:
Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India
2800:
2732:
2407:"Journal of An Embassy From the Governor- General of India to the Court of Ava"
2157:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: The nineteenth and twentieth centuries
1813:
1584:
1326:
1283:
1225:
1082:
1070:
876:
490:
416:
35:
32:
4208:
2569:
2065:
1827:
1713:, but who also drew conclusions of superiority from those views, others being
1587:, Crawfurd is cited as believing in 60 races. He expressed these views to the
859:. It was to be his last political service for the Company. The party included
371:, as a Company surgeon, and was posted to India's Northwestern Provinces (now
4641:
4367:
4218:
3863:
The Mission to Siam, and Hué the Capital of Cochin China, in the Years 1821-2
3805:
3281:
3276:
2910:
2892:
2425:
2195:
The Mission to Siam, and Hué the Capital of Cochin China, in the Years 1821-2
1682:
Crawfurd dedicated considerable effort to a critique of Darwin's theories of
1651:
On the Physical and Mental Characteristics of European and Asian Races of Man
1631:
1504:
1358:
1347:
1271:
directly. His lobbying continued with the free trade issues mentioned above.
1078:
984:
955:
920:
916:
912:
908:
893:
784:
in March 1823. He was under orders to reduce the expenditure on the existing
761:
733:
709:
685:
447:
431:
372:
4056:
2190:"Chapter IX.—The Presents from the Governor General and an Audience refused"
2102:
1603:
4435:
4422:
2503:
1667:
1635:
1303:
1198:
1121:
1020:
1008:
677:
1959:
3372:
2931:
How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850
2534:
Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
1722:
1465:
1257:
947:
434:, which overcame the Dutch. Raffles was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
3006:"Mangles, Ross Donnelly (1801–1877), chairman of the East India Company"
2198:. Fairbanks: Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. EBook #45505
2126:
4191:
3294:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 387.
2691:
London Radicalism 1830–1843: A selection of the papers of Francis Place
1714:
1687:
1643:
1607:
1592:
1570:
1313:, to protect the colony's interests. Crawfurd was its first President.
1004:
992:
988:
968:
793:
729:
621:
439:
279:
3199:
Gentleman Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia 1770–1890
1015:
properties. He joined the Parliamentary Candidate Society, founded by
4406:
1672:
1558:
1253:
1229:
1132:
1066:
833:
721:
530:
451:
400:
3040:
1535:
His view that an economy dominated by agriculture was inevitably an
1309:
In 1868 Crawfurd with James Guthrie and William Paterson formed the
3533:
Adam's Ancestors: Race, Religion, and the Politics of Human Origins
1429:
1402:
Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries
1085:
on 21 November 1834; in which he showed much more originality than
901:
889:
753:
737:
649:
648:
river, taking seven days to sail the 140 miles (225 km.) from
609:
581:
536:
525:
521:
353:
272:
3153:
3126:
2704:"The Radical Club, and other papers | British History Online"
1424:
4051:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley.
1282:
of the East India Company, with representations on behalf of the
1260:, and he obtained newspaper coverage for his cause, including in
1054:
third. In March 1834 it was Sandford who was elected at Paisley.
589:
481:
357:
4277:
3806:
Bentham, Jeremy; Bowring, John; Mill, John Stuart, eds. (1833).
1205:, who floated the South Australian Land Company, replied to the
911:
on the left bank of the river, in seven chests. Back in London,
776:
View of the town and roads of Singapore from the government hill
496:
54:
4197:
1532:
in India and suggested that an exchange bank should be set up.
892:
temporising despite a weak position with the British forces in
757:
612:, as it was understood at the time. Captain Dangerfield of the
412:
349:
268:
160:
2927:
927:, giving details; and they brought Crawfurd the friendship of
466:, was besieged and taken by British-led forces in June 1812.
3826:
Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras
1299:
1077:'s letters, to Crawfurd speaking at a radical meeting at the
1058:
struck a note of regret after his defeat at Stirling Burghs.
848:
749:
705:
617:
376:
345:
156:
3254:
Journal of an embassy to the courts of Siam and Cochin China
3044:
Messy Beginnings: Postcoloniality and Early American Studies
1990:
Representing Non-Western Music in Nineteenth-century Britain
4157:, volume 8 (July–Sept). Singapore : Raffles Town Club.
1628:
On the Numerals as Evidence of the Progress of Civilization
1034:
Crawfurd unsuccessfully contested, as an advanced radical,
868:
741:
517:
442:
in November 1811. There he took a firm line against Sultan
435:
380:
528:
residency. Crawfurd, with his experience of India and the
3237:
Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750–1940
2983:
2687:"Papers relating to the Parliamentary Candidates Society"
2160:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–.
1444:", Crawfurd is a historian of the second generation. His
1247:
821:
815:
1112:, being deputy chairman on his election committee (with
1960:
Eliot, Joshua; Capaldi, Liz; Bickersteth, Jane (2001).
1890:
The Fifty Years' Work of the Royal Geographical Society
1767:. From 1821 to 1822, Mrs. Crawfurd had accompanied the
1100:
was regarded as a waverer by the Conservatives who ran
2972:"Rickards, Robert (1769–1836), of Sloane Street, Mdx."
2504:
Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987).
1905:
1660:
999:
and reduction of military spending, and opposition to
915:
identified a new species of mastodon (more accurately
800:
dealing with spheres of influence in the East Indies.
383:
from 1803 to 1808. He saw service in the campaigns of
3529:
2530:
2013:
Bastin, John. "Malayan Portraits: John Crawfurd", in
3822:
3633:
3580:
3373:
Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005).
1787:
at dinner at the Crawfurds (25 November 1837, at 27
1104:
against him; but he polled third. He also supported
3583:"The Cognitive and Cultural Foundations of Numbers"
3160:. Cambridge University Press. p. 306 note 51.
2127:Ngaosīvat, Mayurī; Ngaosyvathn, Pheuiphanh (1998).
4086:
3778:
3585:. In Robson, Eleanor; Stedall, Jacqueline (eds.).
3498:Autobiographical Recollections of Sir John Bowring
2319:
1854:
1768:
1602:of the ESL, he also opposed strongly the ideas of
1454:(1836) was a joint work in three volumes from the
974:
646:complicated and difficult navigation of the Hoogly
3829:. University of California Press. pp. 223–.
3782:Independent Radicalism in Early Victorian Britain
3587:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics
3376:The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar
3304:
2153:
2026:
1747:The predominant approach in the ESL went back to
1732:Crawfurd's attitudes were not, however, based on
1577:, the nickname "the inventor of forty Adams". In
1390:Journal of an Embassy to the Court of Ava in 1827
4639:
3849:
3519:Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
3426:
3399:
3195:
3029:British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1842
2377:
2317:
2287:
2237:The Singapore River: A Social History, 1819–2002
2180:
555:
3698:
3696:
3672:
3041:Schueller, Malini Johar; Watts, Edward (2003).
2476:
2350:
2260:
1779:, born in 1834, was their son. The couple knew
1278:In 1855 Crawfurd went with a delegation to the
1148:A lifelong advocate of free trade policies, in
1124:at a meeting for Leader at the Belgrave Hotel.
415:, where he applied himself to the study of the
3361:Javanese and Old Javanese language collections
3331:
3183:An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore
3133:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–9.
2626:
2537:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 221–.
2404:
2233:
1634:frequently as a metaphor. His racist views on
1452:An Historical and Descriptive Account of China
1382:Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin-China
1197:, Crawfurd gave an opinion against systematic
847:Crawfurd was sent on another envoy mission to
638:21 November 1821, the mission embarked on the
602:French efforts to establish a presence in Asia
228:Horatia Charlotte Campbell Crawfurd (daughter)
19:For the Irish cricketer of the same name, see
4698:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London
3957:Carlyle, T. (1981). "Tc to John A. Carlyle".
3785:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 195–.
3640:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 263–.
3338:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30–.
3235:Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard (editors),
3154:Burgess, Glenn; Festenstein, Matthew (2007).
3127:Burgess, Glenn; Festenstein, Matthew (2007).
2510:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–.
2507:In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History
1939:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 118–.
1936:Fluid Iron: State Formation in Southeast Asia
1912:. Stanford University Press. pp. 148–9.
1849:
1847:
1845:
1290:acting to bring a petition to the Lords, and
680:and Siamese. 11 December, after entering the
3886:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3693:
3244:
3047:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 123–4.
2822:Alexander's East India and Colonial Magazine
2795:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2727:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2564:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2357:. Stanford University Press. pp. 155–.
2219:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2060:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2033:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–.
1993:. University Rochester Press. pp. 31–.
1986:
1822:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1486:Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language
1178:
1056:Alexander's East India and Colonial Magazine
516:Crawfurd was sent on diplomatic missions to
3983:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
3941:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
3812:. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. pp. 247–.
3482:On the Constitution of the Church and State
2633:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–.
1909:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200
1546:On the Constitution of the Church and State
4584:Governors of the Crown Colony of Singapore
4093:. University of California Press. p.
3433:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
2789:Curthoys, M. C. "Sandford, Daniel Keyte".
1842:
1763:Crawfurd married Horatia Ann, daughter of
1350:, has been taken to be aimed at Crawfurd.
1333:, London on 11 May 1868 at the age of 85.
53:
4763:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
4688:British East India Company civil servants
3406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
3216:
3025:Ch. VII "The Victory of the Free Traders"
2928:Riello, Giorgio; Roy, Tirthankar (2009).
2755:"Crawfurd, John (1783–1868), orientalist"
2384:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 6–.
2381:The Media Enthralled: Singapore Revisited
1932:
1364:
1156:criticised Crawfurd, and the evidence of
426:In 1811, Crawfurd accompanied Raffles on
4758:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
4044:
3929:10.1215/ed-30-jane-welsh-carlyle-journal
3280:
3250:
2086:
1440:According to Jane Rendall's concept of "
1423:
1407:
1375:
1131:
941:
832:
825:] in Singapore are named after him.
771:
767:
668:still embroiled in the aftermath of the
664:. Crawfurd soon found the court of King
559:
495:
468:
394:
204:
3956:
3914:
2792:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2724:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2561:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2057:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1819:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1783:, and the Carlyles. Thomas Carlyle met
1189:New British Province of South Australia
208:
4640:
3679:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 29–.
3589:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
1966:. Footprint Handbooks. pp. 167–.
1808:
1806:
1804:
1613:
1248:Lobbyist for South and South-East Asia
1220:In 1843 Crawfurd gave evidence to the
1061:On 31 January 1834 Crawfurd supported
4678:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
4668:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
4276:
2313:
2311:
2133:. SEAP Publications. pp. 110–2.
604:. Crawfurd travelled with notes from
390:
231:Eleanor Charteris Crawfurd (daughter)
225:Margaret Campbell Crawfurd (daughter)
80:27 May 1823 – 15 August 1826
4648:Governors of the Straits Settlements
4627:Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode
4574:Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas
4520:Sir Thomas Shenton Whitelegge Thomas
4430:Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson
4388:Governors of the Straits Settlements
4339:Governors of the Straits Settlements
3855:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S.
3843:
2876:A History of Preston in Amounderness
2788:
2720:
2186:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S.
2054:Hudson, Giles. "Finlayson, George".
2017:, vol.3 (December 1954), pp.697–698.
1812:
1288:George Keppel, 6th Earl of Albemarle
1108:'s candidacy at Westminster against
954:. Plate 36 of the original paper by
946:Jaw collected by John Crawfurd near
819:] and Crawford Bridge [
803:Crawfurd was on familiar terms with
662:following the 1767 Fall of Ayutthaya
4653:Administrators in British Singapore
4265:Governor of the Straits Settlements
4209:Royal Geographical Society Obituary
3379:. Psychology Press. pp. 489–.
2747:
1801:
1701:Ellingson points to a 1781 work of
1661:Analyses of Crawfurd's Racial Views
1591:(ESL), a traditional stronghold of
1524:(1837) now attributed to him. Like
1175:article written by another author.
1065:in a meeting agitating against the
867:as botanist. Crawfurd's journey to
807:. He edited and contributed to the
702:Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II
129:Governor of the Straits Settlements
13:
4436:Sir Archibald Edward Harbord Anson
4423:Sir Archibald Edward Harbord Anson
4284:Governors of Singapore (1819–1959)
4147:
4070:. University of California Press.
4045:Crawfurd, John (21 August 2006) .
3069:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2984:Martin, Robert Montgomery (1832).
2874:Clemesha, Henry Wordsworth (1912)
2322:Historical Dictionary of Singapore
2308:
2089:"VI. — Visit from a Chief of Lao."
2053:
950:in Burma, now a type specimen for
14:
4779:
4175:
2557:
2267:. NUS Press. p. 72 note 15.
2030:The British Discovery of Buddhism
1446:History of the Indian Archipelago
1434:History of the Indian Archipelago
851:in 1826, by Hastings's successor
576:, sent Crawfurd to the courts of
510:History of the Indian Archipelago
485:surrounded by a whitewashed wall.
4768:Administrators in British Malaya
4728:20th-century Scottish historians
4615:William Allmond Codrington Goode
4461:Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell
4286:
4278:
4196:
4181:
3902:Dictionary of National Biography
3515:Chapter VII: On the Races of Man
3268:
3011:Dictionary of National Biography
2760:Dictionary of National Biography
2753:Douglas, Robert Kennaway (1888)
2467:Naval Database. pbenyon.plus.com
1769:Mission to Siam and Cochin China
1325:in 1861. He died at his home in
1321:He was elected President of the
1213:(1835). Part I of the book is a
1191:, and subsequent writing in the
828:
464:Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
4555:British Military Administration
4474:Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham
3996:
3950:
3908:
3894:
3859:"Chapter VII. Depart from Siam"
3816:
3799:
3772:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3666:
3654:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3523:
3507:
3491:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3420:
3393:
3366:
3352:
3325:
3298:
3261:
3228:
3189:
3174:
3147:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3087:Colonization of South Australia
3076:
3061:
3034:
3017:
2998:
2977:
2965:
2948:
2921:
2903:
2885:
2868:
2849:
2831:
2815:
2782:
2766:
2714:
2696:
2679:
2667:
2647:
2620:
2608:
2584:
2558:Moore, D. T. "Falconer, Hugh".
2551:
2524:
2497:
2470:
2447:
2414:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
2398:
2371:
2344:
2281:
2254:
2227:
2174:
2154:Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1992).
2147:
2120:
2080:
2047:
1906:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2001).
1311:Straits Settlements Association
1211:Colonization of South Australia
975:Radical parliamentary candidate
780:Crawfurd was appointed British
446:. The Sultan was encouraged by
419:and culture. In Penang, he met
200:
4467:Sir James Alexander Swettenham
4118:. Cambridge University Press.
4063:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3609:
3530:Livingstone, David N. (2008).
3222:
3180:Buckley, Charles Burton (1902)
2673:
2531:Rudwick, Martin J. S. (2010).
2405:Crawfurd, John (Autumn 2005).
2020:
2007:
1980:
1953:
1926:
1899:
1879:
1777:Oswald John Frederick Crawfurd
1618:Crawfurd wrote in 1861 in the
1589:Ethnological Society of London
1552:
1479:
1127:
700:of Siam) in a state of alarm.
696:, founded in 1136, but then a
688:, he finds the settlements of
375:), working in the area around
238:Oswald John Frederick Crawfurd
113:Major-General William Farquhar
1:
4489:Sir Laurence Nunns Guillemard
4111:
4064:Ellingson, Terry Jay (2001).
3971:10.1215/lt-18371212-TC-JAC-01
3823:Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006).
3634:Koditschek, Theodore (2011).
3581:Chrisomalis, Stephen (2008).
3202:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 171–.
3157:English Radicalism, 1550–1850
3130:English Radicalism, 1550–1850
3114:
3102:
3071:, Torrens, Robert (1780–1864)
2656:and Percy, Mabel Rice (1936)
2614:
1794:
1791:), making a poor impression.
1564:
1357:contains a vocabulary of the
1316:
962:
556:Mission to Siam, Cochin China
411:Crawfurd was sent in 1808 to
339:
16:British historian (1783–1868)
4693:Fellows of the Royal Society
4112:Stafford, Robert A. (2002).
4067:The Myth of the Noble Savage
4023:
4009:. Cornell University Press.
3621:
3556:
3536:. JHU Press. pp. 113–.
2809:UK public library membership
2741:UK public library membership
2597:and Denson, John (editors),
2578:UK public library membership
2483:. JHU Press. pp. 101–.
2326:. Scarecrow Press. pp.
2240:. NUS Press. pp. 25–6.
2074:UK public library membership
1836:UK public library membership
1638:were laughed at, during the
1514:
1419:
1414:. H. Colburn and R. Bentley.
1118:Sir Ronald Craufurd Ferguson
1073:alluded, in notes on one of
888:Crawfurd at the court found
7:
4743:Scottish colonial officials
4596:Sir Franklin Charles Gimson
4443:Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld
3779:Turner, Michael J. (2004).
2974:. The History of Parliament
2685:Rowe, D.J. (editor) (1970)
2599:Magazine of Natural History
1707:On the Influence of Climate
1236:, as had been suggested by
931:, Foreign Secretary of the
632:
550:Fellow of the Royal Society
543:
462:. The Sultan's palace, the
364:in 1803, at the age of 20.
10:
4784:
4713:Scottish economics writers
4557:of the Straits Settlements
4484:Sir Arthur Henderson Young
4084:
3959:The Carlyle Letters Online
3917:The Carlyle Letters Online
3465:
3453:
3311:. Boydell. pp. 152–.
3305:Powell, Avril Ann (2010).
3023:Greenberg, Michael (1969)
2027:Almond, Philip C. (1988).
1428:Engraving of the Rajah of
1275:(1836) is a related work.
1169:had included facts for an
1011:, with nationalisation of
855:, in the aftermath of the
798:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
257:Margaret Campbell (mother)
18:
4582:
4553:
4528:
4494:Sir Hugh Charles Clifford
4386:
4337:
4310:
4295:
4246:
4237:
4232:
4002:
3660:
3568:
3427:Chaudhuri, K. N. (2010).
3400:Chaudhuri, K. N. (2010).
3196:Webster, Anthony (1998).
2934:. BRILL. pp. 42–46.
2839:Tait's Edinburgh Magazine
2378:Seow, Francis T. (1998).
2318:Corfield, Justin (2010).
2288:Haller-Trost, R. (1993).
1865:British Newspaper Archive
1758:
1457:Edinburgh Cabinet Library
1179:Colonisation of Australia
1162:Chinese Monopoly Examined
635:accompanied the Mission.
570:Governor-General of India
318:
298:
290:
278:
264:
247:
218:
184:
167:
143:
138:
134:
118:
106:
96:
84:
73:
65:
61:
52:
30:
21:John Crawfurd (cricketer)
4530:Japanese Mayor of Syonan
4448:Sir Cecil Clementi Smith
4407:Sir Harry St. George Ord
4378:Edmund Augustus Blundell
4373:William John Butterworth
4368:Sir Samuel George Bonham
4160:Knapman, Gareth (2017).
4132:Knapman, Gareth (2017).
4085:Kling, Blair B. (1976).
4030:. Taylor & Francis.
4024:Beasley, Edward (2010).
3673:Trosper, Ronald (2009).
3513:Darwin, Charles (1874) "
3480:, John Colmer (editor),
2477:Misa, Thomas J. (2004).
2351:Gladney, Dru C. (1998).
2261:Trocki, Carl A. (2007).
2087:Crawfurd, John (2006) .
1886:Markham, Clements Robert
1526:Robert Montgomery Martin
1336:
1228:, on the north coast of
1154:Robert Montgomery Martin
1063:Thomas Perronet Thompson
1025:National Political Union
740:, a king in what is now
540:) settlement into Java.
254:Samuel Crawfurd (father)
4753:Scottish travel writers
4733:Linguists from Scotland
4390:(under Colonial Office)
3973:(inactive 22 May 2024).
3931:(inactive 22 May 2024).
3478:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
3332:Boon, James A. (1990).
3291:Encyclopædia Britannica
3251:Crawfurd, John (1967).
2961:. Parbury. p. 420.
2914:, 6 May 1837, vol. 10,
2896:, 6 May 1837, vol. 10,
2654:Osborn, Henry Fairfield
2627:Amigoni, David (2007).
2234:Dobbs, Stephen (2003).
1727:Kenneth R. H. Mackenzie
1541:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1408:Crawfurd, John (1830).
1292:William Ewart Gladstone
1240:. He generally opposed
1185:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
1120:). Crawfurd spoke with
1098:Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood
1089:, but lost his thread.
1023:, a breakaway from the
937:Calcutta Botanic Garden
857:First Anglo-Burmese War
708:of Quedah had fled the
500:Javanese signs for the
399:Opening pages from the
362:University of Edinburgh
285:University of Edinburgh
4622:Sir Robert Brown Black
4609:Sir John Fearns Nicoll
4569:Lord Louis Mountbatten
4454:William Edward Maxwell
4003:Adas, Michael (1990).
3809:The Westminster Review
3767:Victorian Anthropology
3239:, p. 200 note 58 (PDF)
3004:Carlyle, E. I. (1901)
2801:10.1093/ref:odnb/24632
2733:10.1093/ref:odnb/48772
2463:10 August 2017 at the
2294:. IBRU. pp. 18–.
1509:Austronesian languages
1474:Gilbert Thomas Burnett
1437:
1385:
1365:Diplomat and traveller
1242:Sir Roderick Murchison
1145:
959:
952:Stegolophodon latidens
844:
777:
565:
513:
486:
408:
294:Colonial administrator
4738:Scottish orientalists
4602:Wilfred Lawson Blythe
4341:(under British India)
4312:Resident of Singapore
4249:Resident of Singapore
2842:, March 1834, vol. 1
2708:british-history.ac.uk
2591:Loudon, John Claudius
2570:10.1093/ref:odnb/9110
2066:10.1093/ref:odnb/9468
1987:Zon, Bennett (2007).
1828:10.1093/ref:odnb/6651
1749:James Cowles Prichard
1677:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1649:A paper by Crawfurd,
1427:
1379:
1302:used by traders, and
1166:Ross Donnelly Mangles
1135:
1102:Robert Townley Parker
1094:1837 general election
945:
836:
790:Hussein Shah of Johor
782:Resident of Singapore
775:
768:Resident of Singapore
563:
520:and the Celebes (now
502:five days of the week
499:
472:
398:
334:Resident of Singapore
234:Walter Crawfurd (son)
68:Resident of Singapore
4723:Scottish geographers
4718:British ethnologists
4703:Scottish politicians
4513:Sir Andrew Caldecott
4205:at Wikimedia Commons
3763:George Stocking, Jr.
3186:, vol. 2, pp. 596–9.
3027:, pp. 175, 183–4 in
2861:13 July 2010 at the
2778:. 1833. p. 115.
2595:Charlesworth, Edward
1785:Henry Crabb Robinson
1686:; as a proponent of
1600:Robert Gordon Latham
1442:Scottish orientalism
1323:Ethnological Society
1142:William John Huggins
1017:Thomas Erskine Perry
1003:and the taxation of
764:refused to see him.
606:Horace Hayman Wilson
598:Cochinchina's policy
460:Pangeran Natsukusuma
423:for the first time.
367:Crawfurd joined the
207:; died
4683:Historians of India
4417:Sir William Jervois
4402:Sir Orfeur Cavenagh
1694:" argument against
1640:British Association
1622:of the ESL a paper
1614:Papers of the 1860s
1537:absolute government
1140:, 1836 painting by
1110:Sir Francis Burdett
1087:John Arthur Roebuck
1052:Sir Daniel Sandford
1027:founded in 1833 by
1001:regressive taxation
863:as interpreter and
810:Singapore Chronicle
714:Nakhon Si Thammarat
670:Burmese–Siamese War
506:William Home Lizars
4708:Scottish diplomats
4507:Sir Cecil Clementi
4233:Political offices
4186:Works by or about
3857:(27 April 2014) .
2188:(27 April 2014) .
1933:Day, Tony (2002).
1816:"Crawfurd, John".
1742:Peter Simon Pallas
1738:Westminster Review
1580:The Descent of Man
1438:
1432:, from Crawfurd's
1386:
1238:Sir George Everest
1207:Westminster Review
1194:Westminster Review
1146:
1106:John Temple Leader
1092:In Preston in the
1075:Jane Welsh Carlyle
991:and opposition to
981:universal suffrage
960:
933:Geological Society
929:Roderick Murchison
845:
778:
682:Straits of Malacca
568:In 1821, the then
566:
514:
487:
409:
391:In the East Indies
369:East India Company
125:Position abolished
4748:Scottish surgeons
4673:People from Islay
4635:
4634:
4479:Sir John Anderson
4412:Sir Andrew Clarke
4363:Kenneth Murchison
4329:Dr. John Crawfurd
4303:* for the Acting)
4271:
4270:
4201:Media related to
4155:Raffles Town Club
4125:978-0-521-52867-2
4104:978-0-520-02927-9
4037:978-0-203-84498-4
3851:Finlayson, George
3836:978-0-520-24455-9
3792:978-0-275-97386-5
3686:978-0-203-88199-6
3647:978-1-139-49488-5
3596:978-0-19-160744-8
3559:, p. 188 note 50.
3543:978-0-8018-8813-7
3440:978-0-521-15336-2
3413:978-0-521-15336-2
3386:978-0-7007-1286-1
3359:British Library,
3345:978-0-226-06461-1
3318:978-1-84383-579-0
3209:978-1-86064-171-8
3167:978-0-521-80017-4
3140:978-0-521-80017-4
3054:978-0-8135-3233-2
2941:978-90-04-17653-9
2824:, vol. 9 (1835),
2807:(Subscription or
2739:(Subscription or
2640:978-1-139-46909-8
2601:, vol. 1 (1829),
2576:(Subscription or
2544:978-0-226-73130-8
2517:978-0-8248-1110-5
2490:978-0-8018-7808-4
2391:978-1-55587-779-8
2364:978-0-8047-3048-8
2337:978-0-8108-7387-2
2301:978-1-897643-04-4
2274:978-9971-69-376-3
2247:978-9971-69-277-3
2182:Finlayson, George
2167:978-0-521-35506-3
2140:978-0-87727-723-1
2072:(Subscription or
2040:978-0-521-35503-2
2000:978-1-58046-259-4
1973:978-1-900949-51-4
1946:978-0-8248-2617-8
1919:978-0-8047-4480-5
1861:Illustrated Times
1834:(Subscription or
1751:. In the view of
1734:human skin colour
1503:Crawfurd claimed
1355:"Malay of Champa"
1269:William Huskisson
1013:Church of England
865:Nathaniel Wallich
444:Hamengkubuwana II
322:
321:
190:Horatia Ann Perry
180:, London, England
4775:
4588:
4561:
4534:
4394:
4353:Robert Fullerton
4345:
4324:William Farquhar
4316:
4305:
4304:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4242:William Farquhar
4238:Preceded by
4230:
4229:
4200:
4185:
4129:
4108:
4092:
4081:
4060:
4041:
4020:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3932:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3776:
3770:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3527:
3521:
3511:
3505:
3495:
3489:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3242:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3080:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3021:
3015:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2925:
2919:
2907:
2901:
2889:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2853:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2474:
2468:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2435:on 13 April 2013
2434:
2428:. Archived from
2411:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2325:
2315:
2306:
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2285:
2279:
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2203:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1810:
1753:Thomas Trautmann
1703:William Falconer
1696:Sir John Lubbock
1655:Dadabhai Naoroji
1575:Sir John Bowring
1464:, Peter Gordon,
1415:
1346:on the topic of
1331:South Kensington
1296:decimal currency
1280:Board of Control
1172:Edinburgh Review
997:public education
925:William Buckland
746:soon-to-be rebel
690:Penang and Queda
674:Thalang District
625:George Finlayson
508:from Crawfurd's
421:Stamford Raffles
331:
212:
210:
206:
202:
178:South Kensington
174:
153:
151:
139:Personal details
121:
109:
91:Stamford Raffles
87:
78:
57:
47:
28:
27:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4549:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4358:Robert Ibbetson
4343:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4178:
4150:
4148:Further reading
4126:
4105:
4078:
4038:
4017:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3976:
3975:
3955:
3951:
3934:
3933:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3895:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3777:
3773:
3769:(1987), p. 252.
3761:
3757:
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3745:
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3694:
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3398:
3394:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3284:, ed. (1911). "
3269:
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3194:
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3175:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3083:Torrens, Robert
3081:
3077:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3003:
2999:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2863:Wayback Machine
2854:
2850:
2836:
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2816:
2806:
2787:
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2697:
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2613:
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2589:
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2556:
2552:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2475:
2471:
2465:Wayback Machine
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2376:
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2365:
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2141:
2125:
2121:
2107:
2105:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1833:
1814:Turnbull, C. M.
1811:
1802:
1797:
1789:Wilton Crescent
1761:
1684:human evolution
1663:
1616:
1606:on an original
1567:
1555:
1517:
1498:British Library
1494:Colin Mackenzie
1482:
1470:William Wallace
1422:
1367:
1339:
1319:
1250:
1222:Colonial Office
1181:
1158:Robert Rickards
1130:
1044:Stirling Burghs
977:
965:
873:River Irrawaddy
861:Adoniram Judson
831:
805:Munshi Abdullah
770:
718:right of asylum
698:tributary state
694:Kedah Sultanate
684:and arrival at
629:medical officer
600:with regard to
558:
546:
504:, engraving by
405:British Library
393:
344:He was born on
342:
327:
314:
260:
243:
214:
198:
194:
191:
176:
172:
155:
149:
147:
127:
119:
107:
85:
79:
74:
48:
43:
41:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
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4665:
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4606:
4598:
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4576:
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4565:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4500:Sir John Scott
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4463:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4427:
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4409:
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4398:
4396:
4384:
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4380:
4375:
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4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
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4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4269:
4268:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:Infopedia page
4222:
4211:
4206:
4194:
4177:
4176:External links
4174:
4173:
4172:
4158:
4149:
4146:
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4144:
4130:
4124:
4109:
4103:
4082:
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3439:
3419:
3412:
3392:
3385:
3365:
3351:
3344:
3324:
3317:
3297:
3286:Crawfurd, John
3282:Chisholm, Hugh
3260:
3243:
3227:
3215:
3208:
3188:
3173:
3166:
3146:
3139:
3119:
3107:
3095:
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2146:
2139:
2119:
2079:
2046:
2039:
2019:
2006:
1999:
1979:
1972:
1952:
1945:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1878:
1841:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1760:
1757:
1662:
1659:
1615:
1612:
1585:Charles Darwin
1569:Crawfurd held
1566:
1563:
1554:
1551:
1516:
1513:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1366:
1363:
1353:His 1822 work
1344:George Bennett
1338:
1335:
1327:Elvaston Place
1318:
1315:
1284:Straits dollar
1249:
1246:
1234:Victoria River
1226:Port Essington
1203:Robert Torrens
1180:
1177:
1136:East Indiaman
1129:
1126:
1083:Charles Buller
1071:Thomas Carlyle
1029:William Wallis
976:
973:
964:
961:
877:paddle steamer
830:
827:
769:
766:
710:Rajah of Ligor
557:
554:
545:
542:
491:Javanese music
417:Malay language
392:
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175:(aged 84)
169:
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154:13 August 1783
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63:
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59:
58:
50:
49:
42:
39:
33:The Honourable
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4780:
4769:
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4756:
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4603:
4599:
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4591:
4589:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4552:
4546:Kanichi Naito
4545:
4543:
4540:
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4537:
4535:
4527:
4521:
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4259:
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4236:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:Sydney Herald
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4203:John Crawfurd
4199:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:John Crawfurd
4184:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4170:9781138211766
4167:
4164:. Routledge.
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4142:9781138211766
4139:
4136:. Routledge.
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4073:
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4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4016:0-8014-9760-4
4012:
4008:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3938:
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3926:
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3918:
3911:
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3903:
3897:
3889:
3883:
3876:
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3852:
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3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
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3293:
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3287:
3283:
3278:
3277:public domain
3264:
3257:. Oxford U.P.
3256:
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2911:The Spectator
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2893:The Spectator
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2142:
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2123:
2116:
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2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1867:. 16 May 1868
1866:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:John Sterling
1778:
1774:
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1766:
1756:
1754:
1750:
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1735:
1730:
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1674:
1669:
1658:
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1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:domestication
1629:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:was cited by
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:Crawfurd and
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1413:
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1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1359:Cham language
1356:
1351:
1349:
1348:Papuan people
1345:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
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1274:
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1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:to Crawfurd.
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1183:In reviewing
1176:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:London Tavern
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:in 1835, and
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:secret ballot
982:
972:
970:
957:
956:William Clift
953:
949:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:Hugh Falconer
919:) from them;
918:
917:Stegolophodon
914:
913:William Clift
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
842:
841:
835:
829:Burma mission
826:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Prayurawongse
731:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Penang Island
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
642:
636:
634:
633:Mrs. Crawfurd
630:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Lord Hastings
571:
562:
553:
551:
541:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
511:
507:
503:
498:
494:
492:
484:
483:
478:
477:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Pakubuwono IV
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Java Invasion
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
406:
402:
397:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:Uttar Pradesh
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
330:
326:
325:John Crawfurd
317:
310:
307:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
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286:
283:
281:
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270:
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256:
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250:
246:
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230:
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217:
187:
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170:
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162:
158:
146:
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137:
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126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
83:
77:
72:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
46:
40:John Crawfurd
37:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4613:
4600:
4542:Shigeo Odate
4511:
4498:
4465:
4452:
4434:
4421:
4328:
4300:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:1823 – 1826
4247:
4217:
4154:
4114:
4088:
4066:
4047:
4026:
4005:
3997:Bibliography
3979:cite journal
3962:
3958:
3952:
3937:cite journal
3920:
3916:
3910:
3900:
3896:
3874:
3867:. Retrieved
3862:
3845:
3825:
3818:
3808:
3801:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3675:
3668:
3656:
3636:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3586:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3481:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3395:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3334:
3327:
3307:
3300:
3289:
3263:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3230:
3218:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3156:
3149:
3129:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3009:
3000:
2986:
2979:
2967:
2957:
2950:
2930:
2923:
2909:
2905:
2891:
2887:
2875:
2870:
2851:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2790:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2758:
2749:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2693:. pp. 15–25.
2690:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2649:
2629:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2559:
2553:
2533:
2526:
2506:
2499:
2479:
2472:
2455:
2454:Data on the
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2417:
2413:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2321:
2290:
2283:
2263:
2256:
2236:
2229:
2207:
2200:. Retrieved
2194:
2176:
2156:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2106:. Retrieved
2093:
2082:
2055:
2049:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2009:
1989:
1982:
1962:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1889:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1817:
1772:
1762:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1706:
1700:
1692:missing link
1681:
1668:noble savage
1664:
1650:
1648:
1636:black people
1627:
1623:
1620:Transactions
1619:
1617:
1597:
1578:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1534:
1530:bill broking
1521:
1518:
1502:
1491:
1485:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1352:
1340:
1320:
1308:
1304:legal tender
1298:, while the
1277:
1272:
1263:The Examiner
1261:
1251:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:colonisation
1192:
1188:
1182:
1170:
1161:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1122:George Grote
1114:Thomas Prout
1091:
1060:
1055:
1033:
1021:Radical Club
1009:state church
978:
966:
951:
906:
887:
881:
853:Lord Amherst
846:
839:
820:
814:
808:
802:
779:
726:
657:
655:
639:
637:
594:Malay states
567:
547:
535:
529:
515:
509:
488:
480:
474:
456:Crown Prince
425:
410:
366:
343:
324:
323:
265:Residence(s)
173:(1868-05-11)
124:
120:Succeeded by
86:Appointed by
75:
25:
4663:1868 deaths
4658:1783 births
4587:(1946–1959)
4560:(1945–1946)
4533:(1942–1945)
4393:(1867–1942)
4344:(1826–1867)
4315:(1819–1826)
4262:Replaced by
4240:Major-Gen.
3965:: 363–368.
3923:: 195–262.
2990:. pp.
2108:13 February
1771:aboard the
1765:James Perry
1723:Robert Knox
1642:meeting at
1553:Ethnologist
1480:Orientalist
1466:Thomas Lynn
1462:Hugh Murray
1258:Joseph Hume
1128:Free trader
1116:, chairman
948:Yenangyaung
716:) to claim
614:Indian army
586:Cochinchina
171:11 May 1868
108:Preceded by
4642:Categories
4192:Wikisource
4077:0520925920
2811:required.)
2743:required.)
2580:required.)
2439:30 January
2076:required.)
1856:"Obituary"
1838:required.)
1795:References
1719:James Hunt
1715:Luke Burke
1688:polygenism
1644:Birmingham
1608:Aryan race
1604:Max Müller
1593:monogenism
1571:polygenist
1565:Polygenist
1317:Last years
1081:set up by
1005:Dissenters
993:monopolies
989:free trade
969:free trade
963:Later life
898:Tenasserim
794:Temenggong
730:Prah-klang
627:served as
622:naturalist
440:Yogyakarta
428:Lord Minto
407:collection
385:Baron Lake
340:Early life
299:Profession
291:Occupation
280:Alma mater
163:, Scotland
150:1783-08-13
4258:Abolished
4216:from the
3882:cite book
3753:, p. 265.
3751:Ellingson
3741:, p. 239.
3739:Ellingson
3729:, p. 300.
3727:Ellingson
3717:, p. 322.
3715:Ellingson
3705:, p. 318.
3703:Ellingson
3663:, p. 175.
3612:, p. 306.
3610:Ellingson
3571:, p. 302.
3468:, p. 203.
3225:, p. 310.
3223:Ellingson
2676:, p. 264.
2674:Ellingson
2617:, p. 111.
2426:1479-8484
2215:cite book
1963:Indonesia
1773:John Adam
1673:straw man
1646:in 1865.
1559:ethnology
1543:, in his
1515:Economist
1436:, vol. 3.
1420:Historian
1380:Map from
1254:stamp tax
1230:Australia
1067:Corn Laws
1042:in 1834,
1038:in 1832,
792:with the
762:Minh Mạng
722:quit-rent
658:John Adam
641:John Adam
531:zamindari
452:Surakarta
311:physician
101:George IV
76:In office
4214:Obituary
4057:03452414
3989:Note 14.
3947:Note 99.
3624:, p. 18.
3500:(1877),
3484:(1976),
3456:, p. 71.
3117:, p. 55.
3115:Stafford
3105:, p. 45.
3103:Stafford
2859:Archived
2660:vol. 2,
2615:Stafford
2461:Archived
2103:03452414
1507:for the
1430:Buleleng
1371:Journals
1209:line in
983:and the
902:Calcutta
890:Bagyidaw
754:Nangklao
738:Chao Anu
712:(modern
692:(modern
650:Calcutta
644:for the
620:; noted
610:Buddhism
582:Thailand
544:Diplomat
537:ryotwari
526:Cheribon
522:Sulawesi
354:Scotland
308:diplomat
273:Scotland
219:Children
66:2nd
4301:italics
3869:10 June
3622:Beasley
3557:Beasley
3279::
3085:(1835)
2202:10 June
1888:(1881)
1871:24 July
1460:, with
1048:Preston
1040:Paisley
1036:Glasgow
875:was by
871:up the
786:factory
678:Burmans
666:Rama II
590:Vietnam
482:pendopo
358:Bowmore
248:Parents
213:
197:
193:
97:Monarch
4299:(with
4168:
4140:
4122:
4101:
4074:
4055:
4034:
4013:
3833:
3789:
3683:
3644:
3593:
3540:
3502:p. 214
3437:
3410:
3383:
3342:
3315:
3273:
3206:
3164:
3137:
3051:
2938:
2916:p. 415
2898:p. 429
2880:p. 265
2844:p. 140
2826:p. 426
2805:
2737:
2662:p. 827
2637:
2603:p. 186
2574:
2541:
2514:
2487:
2424:
2388:
2361:
2334:
2298:
2271:
2244:
2164:
2137:
2101:
2070:
2037:
2015:Malaya
1997:
1970:
1943:
1916:
1832:
1759:Family
1725:, and
1488:(1852)
1472:, and
1404:(1856)
1398:(1830)
1392:(1829)
1215:Letter
1007:for a
894:Arakan
879:, the
760:, but
758:Saigon
704:, the
618:Sepoys
596:, and
584:) and
476:kraton
458:, and
413:Penang
401:Qur'an
350:Argyll
305:Author
269:Argyll
203:
185:Spouse
161:Argyll
3517:" in
3486:p. 89
3466:Kling
3454:Kling
2689:, in
2456:Diana
2433:(PDF)
2420:(2).
2410:(PDF)
1894:p. 53
1337:Works
1300:rupee
909:Magwe
882:Diana
849:Burma
840:Diana
750:Ligor
706:Rajah
588:(now
580:(now
377:Delhi
348:, in
346:Islay
240:(son)
211:)
199:(
195:
157:Islay
4166:ISBN
4138:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4099:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4053:OCLC
4032:ISBN
4011:ISBN
3985:link
3943:link
3888:link
3871:2015
3831:ISBN
3787:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3661:Adas
3642:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3569:Adas
3538:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3091:p. 1
3049:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2441:2012
2422:ISSN
2386:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2221:link
2204:2015
2162:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2110:2012
2099:OCLC
2035:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1873:2014
1711:race
1505:Cham
1138:Asia
896:and
837:The
752:and
744:and
742:Laos
656:The
578:Siam
518:Bali
473:The
436:Java
381:Agra
379:and
209:1855
205:1820
168:Died
144:Born
4190:at
3967:doi
3925:doi
3288:".
3008:in
2992:114
2797:doi
2757:in
2729:doi
2566:doi
2330:–.
2062:doi
1824:doi
1583:by
1224:on
1187:'s
869:Ava
822:sic
816:sic
608:on
450:of
430:'s
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