Stamford Raffles - Knowledge

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post voluntarily, causing a moment of tension between him and Travers. Raffles's request for Travers to deliver dispatches to India nullified the issue late in the year, and Farquhar remained in charge of Singapore, with its survival still in doubt for many in both India and London, who believed that it would either be handed over to the Dutch, or taken violently by force when Castlereagh's negotiations had ended. Still William Farquhar stirred up more trouble, especially with local English merchants over trivial matters of self-importance, and overreaction over small infractions of white traders, for some of which he was reprimanded by Calcutta officially.

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raised Java to happiness and prosperity unknown under former rulers. After the surrender of that island to the Dutch, and during his government in Sumatra he founded an emporium at Singapore, where in establishing freedom of person as the right of the soil, and freedom of trade as the right of the port, he secured to the British flag the maritime superiority of the eastern seas. Ardently attached to science, he laboured successfully to add to the knowledge and enrich the museums of his native land, in promoting the welfare of the people committed to his charge, he sought the good of his country, and the glory of God.

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Brayley, E. W. (1827). "Some account of the life and writings and contributions to science, of the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Knt., F.R.S., S.A. & L.S., &c; successively Lieutenant-Governor of Java and its dependencies, and of Fort Marlborough, Singapore, and the British Possessions in

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Nonetheless, amidst uncertainty and intrigue, Raffles landed in Achin on 14 March 1819, with begrudging help of Penang. Once again, it seems that multiple people were in power, but none wanted to formally deal with the British. The hostile atmosphere created allowed Raffles to cancel the only meeting

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in the slave trade. A brass tablet was finally placed in 1887, but the actual whereabouts of his body was not known until 1914, when it was found in a vault. When the church was extended in the 1920s, his tomb was incorporated into the body of the building, and a square floor tablet with inscription

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at the end of November 1824, just in time to have a war of words with Farquhar, who had also arrived in the city, in front of the Court of Directors of the East India Company regarding Singapore. Despite raising several severe charges against Raffles, Farquhar was ultimately unable to discredit him;

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Luckily, the Singapore issue had its supporters in the House, so as negotiations continued in Europe, Raffles remained largely idle in Bencoolen. The only major issue, outside the politics of the local sultans, involved the replacement of Farquhar, who decided that he had no intention of leaving his

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as well. The currency was regulated and, as he had an excess of out-of-work civil servants, they formed committees to advise him on the daily running of the colony. However, Bencoolen was not as self-sufficient as Singapore. The area was poor and disease-ridden: the first reports from the committees

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in line with wider British policy across its Asian territories, although slavery remained widespread and Raffles himself was served by a large retinue of slaves at his official residences in Java. Raffles also attempted a replacement of the Dutch system of forced agricultural deliveries-in-kind with

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Raffles returned to Singapore in October 1822. Raffles was pleased with the fact that Singapore had grown exponentially in such a short period of time. The colony was a bustling hub of trade and economic activity. Even so, Farquhar's administration was deemed unsatisfactory, for example, he allowed

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by the end of the year, but it would be his youngest son, Stamford Marsden (b. 1820), who would perish first with the disease, on 3 January 1822, with Charlotte to follow ten days later. For the good part of four months, the couple remained devastated. The year would be eventful with the suicide of

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and Calcutta continued throughout this time. The legitimacy of the British treaties was also questioned once again, but finally, as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, the Dutch gave up their claim on the island, allowing the colony to continue as a British possession. However, the pressures put

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By the time Raffles had returned to Singapore, on 31 May, much of the immediate crisis that the colony had caused in Penang and Calcutta had passed. By then, the initial five-hundred villagers had grown to become five-thousand merchants, soldiers, and administrators, packed onto the island. Raffles

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To the memory of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, L.L.D. F.R.S. Lieut. Governor of Java and first President of the Zoological Society of London. Born 1781 Died 1826. Selected at an early age to conduct the government of the British conquests in the Indian ocean, by wisdom, vigour, and philanthropy, he

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Ella died in 1840, aged nineteen. Sophia remained at Highwood House until her death in 1858, at the age of 72. Her tomb and memorial may be seen in St Paul's Church graveyard, Mill Hill, close to the rear door of the church. All his other children remained buried overseas. Thirty-three years after

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In the final few weeks of his stay in Singapore, in 1823, Raffles drafted a series of administrative regulations for Singapore that aimed to govern Singapore in a fair manner, but also reflected his stance on various moral and social issues. A registration system was first instituted for all land,

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to get married, his father died, and his younger brother was made sultan, supported by some of the court officials and the Dutch. To circumvent the situation of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as

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as an ambassador to the Dutch, to possibly negotiate an expansion of British economic interests. When this failed, and when Raffles's own expeditions into his new dominion found only treacherous terrain and few exportable goods, his desire to establish a better British presence was cemented.

1407:. The contacts were friendly, and Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political situation, took advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty between the nominal chiefs of the area that called for the exclusivity of trade, and the British protection of the area. Members of Raffles's party 2129: 2929:

Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c.; particularly in the government of Java, 1811–1816; and of Bencoolen and its dependencies, 1817–1824; with details of the commerce and resources of the Eastern archipelago; and selections from his

1363:' less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before (which had necessitated his trip to England to clear his name at the end of his tenure as Lieutenant-Governor of Java), the now well-connected and successful Raffles was able to secure permission to set up a settlement. At this point in 1896:. Raffles dismissed Farquhar in April 1823, and took direct control. He had written to Calcutta declaring Farquhar to be incompetent in January 1823, and repeated efforts were made to persuade Calcutta to send a replacement for Farquhar; but they remained unanswered. Raffles made 1469:, and Raffles was named as 'Agent to the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States of Rhio (Riau), Lingin (Lingga) and Johor'. Although ownership of the post was to be exclusively British, explicit orders were given to Farquhar to maintain free passage of ships through the 1805:, concerned themselves only with profit-taking. Even as Raffles lived like a country gentleman, and ran his colony like an estate, his expenditure on nature preservation was seriously frowned upon. In both Calcutta and London, they discussed his removal from office, while 1505:

Official Dutch complaints came before the end of the month, and Raffles attempted to appease the situation by instructing Farquhar to not interfere with the politics of surrounding islands. Despite numerous threats and serious considerations by the Dutch governor-general

2191:, north London, on his 45th birthday, 5 July 1826. The most likely underlying cause of death is that of a dural arteriovenous fistula. His estate amounted to around ten thousand pounds sterling, which was paid to the company to cover his outstanding debt. Because of his 917:

by British troops. Raffles seized much of the contents of the court archive. The event was unprecedented in Javanese history. It was the first time an indigenous court had been taken by storm by a European army, and the humiliation of the local aristocracy was profound.

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to visit his old home, and adversary, van der Capellen. A final stop in Bencoolen followed. Tragedy befell Raffles once more when his youngest daughter, Flora Nightingall, born on 19 September, died a little over one month later on 28 November while still in Bencoolen.

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to the British, but the political situation in the area remained a befuddled mess, with the old sultan dying, and many new ones attempting to gain either the crown or regency. As Farquhar was involving himself poorly in local politics, Raffles appointed Travers as the

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Farquhar's attempt to establish a more favourable treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with greater challenge, as the Dutch were present, and made for a rather awkward position. The Dutch were alarmed, and sent a small contingent to the island. Despite a covert offer of

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for England. She caught fire 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Bencoolen the evening after she sailed. All aboard were able to take to her boats and were saved, although the ship herself was totally destroyed. The fire claimed most of his drawings and papers.

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the island, and proceeded to request the presence of the sultan, or whoever at the time had supreme nominal power, to sign a formal treaty, while Major Farquhar was ordered to do the same in Rhio (Riau). A few days later, the formal treaty was signed by

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were both free of Dutch interference. Raffles finally returned to England on 22 August 1824, over a year after he left Singapore. His longest tenure in Singapore was only eight months, but he was considered the founder of Singapore nevertheless.

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laws in the Malay sultanates were not clear cut, treaties signed between native rulers and the European powers always seemed to be on the verge of invalidation; especially if a sultan should be deposed by one of his siblings or other pretenders.

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of London of 1824. As well as the treaty, instructions were sent out to Raffles to undertake far less intrusive actions; however, the long distance between the Far East and Europe meant that the orders had no chance of reaching Raffles in time.

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As in Java, Raffles collected samples of local species of plant and animal, as well as describing them in his journals. He located other tribes, and recorded their customs, especially their religions and laws. Bringing the island of

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was clearly closer in distance to Singapore, Raffles, in his capacity as Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, was nominally still in control. This undoubtedly irked the authorities in Penang, to the point where they refused to send any

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for losses incurred during his administration. Raffles replied by clarifying his actions: and he decided to move to his country estate, Highwood, North London, but before the issue was resolved, he was already much too ill.

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Raffles convened a meeting on 1 April 1823, with the intention of opening a Malay college in Singapore, based on his observations on his years in southeast Asia, and his belief of the importance of both the local and the

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on account of the poor financial performance of the colony during his administration, and allegations of financial impropriety on his own part. He sailed to England in early 1816 to clear his name and, en route, visited

882:, mounted a brave but ultimately futile defence at the fortress. The British, led by Colonel Gillespie, stormed the fort and captured it within three hours. Governor Janssens attempted to escape inland but was captured. 1563:

was determined to destroy the Dutch mercantile monopoly in the area, to replace it with a gateway for trade with China and Japan. The latter he had attempted but failed to reach an agreement with while governing Java.

1833:, replacing Hastings. As Raffles grew restless and depressed, he decided to visit Singapore before retiring and heading home to England. Accompanying him would be his wife Sophia and their only surviving child, Ella. 3118:

The history and antiquities of the parish of Hammersmith: Interspersed with biographical notices of illustrious and eminent persons, who have been born, or who have resided in the parish during the three preceding

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as it covered land previously owned by the Sultan as well. This is followed by laws regarding the port and freedom of trade. In May 1823, he outlawed gambling, imposed heavy taxation on what he considered

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When his wife, Olivia, died on 26 November 1814, Raffles was devastated. In 1815, he left again for England shortly before the island of Java was returned to control of the Netherlands following the

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was applied. The city was in a strategically advantageous position; however, he was ordered not to provoke the Dutch, and his subsequent actions were officially disavowed by the British government.

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when he returned. Raffles started more reforms that were, by now, almost trademarks of his rule over the colonies. Forced labour was abolished when he first arrived, and he declared Bencoolen a

1431:, and was in no position to argue against the terms. Raffles reassured him that the Dutch posed no threat in the area. Hussein Shah had been the crown Prince of Johor, but while he was away in 1295:. The Convention of 1814 only returned Dutch territory that was held before 1803, which did not include Padang. Raffles asserted the British claim personally, leading a small expedition to the 635:

from 1819 to 1823. Raffles soon returned to England in 1824, where he died on his birthday in 1826 at the age of 45. His legacy while complex remains significant in Singapore, most notably the

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Personal tragedies also started for Raffles. His eldest son, Leopold Stamford (b. 1818), died during an epidemic on 4 July 1821. The oldest daughter, Charlotte (b. 1818), was also sick with

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upon Calcutta ensured that no single governor of all British possessions in the Strait or on Sumatra was appointed, and Raffles, whose health was slowly ailing, returned to Bencoolen.

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Yet the production of food remained a problem. In Bencoolen, Raffles paid special attention to the agricultural methods of the Chinese, including an introduction to the only issue of

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Colonel Bannerman's death in Penang in October 1819 brought new opportunities for Raffles to expand his power to also include the other minor British factories and outposts; from

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in the immediate aftermath of the British assault, the events may have fuelled the deep-seated instability and hostility to European involvement that ultimately gave rise to the

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One Hundred Years of Singapore: being some account of the capital of the straits from its foundation by Sir Stamford Raffles on the 6th February 1819 to the 6th February 1919

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in Java, they did not take any military action. The confused political situation in Johore and Rhio also created a certain uneasiness and instability for the two nations.

1199: 1283:, Raffles also emphasised the need to establish a certain amount of influence with the native chiefs, which had greatly waned since the return of the Dutch. Raffles sent 1892:

It was also during the re-planning and reconstruction of the port town that Farquhar dramatically argued with Raffles, who now considered him unfit for the position of

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Under Raffles's aegis, a large number of ancient monuments in Java were systematically catalogued for the first time. The first detailed English-language account of

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While in Sumatra Raffles commissioned artists to make drawings of his collections of animals and plants. The surviving drawings are held by the British Library.

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Raffles returned to Bencoolen in ill-health, but as his health improved, he continued on his quest to learn about the island he now called home. He studied the

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Unlike many other European adventurers, Raffles did not impose upon the colonised the alien language or culture of the coloniser. In addition to preserving the

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debated whether to reinforce the port city. Evacuation plans were made, but the Dutch never acted, and ultimately Lord Hastings prompted Colonel Bannerman, the

1540: 1493:, the Dutch acted at once, commanding that no Malays could go to Singapore. Raffles's bold claim of Singapore created a curious geographic situation: although 1451:. With much pomp and ceremony, the official treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as well as the Malay and Chinese inhabitants. 691:, modern historians have refuted such claims. When Benjamin ended his involvement in the West India trade in 1800, it caused his family considerable hardship. 4464: 2865: 2398: 1677: 1552: 6250: 3896: 2421: 1202:, gained it any attention back home in Britain. Raffles found the place wrecked, and set about reforms immediately, mostly similar to what he had done on 3412:"Ch. XIV Asia. The protest of Sir S. Raffles against the Proceedings of the Dutch in the Malayan Archipelago Treaties formed with the Princes of Sumatra" 813: 250: 6220: 3551: 3074: 3809:"Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity..." 6260: 4790: 4081: 1360: 1444:

against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio (Riau), Farquhar returned, and an official protest was sent by the Raja to Java regarding the matter.

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regardless of ownership, and the repossession of the land by the government if land remained unregistered. This act asserted the power of the

1340:, especially before Raffles's arrival. Farquhar was compelled to sign the treaty not with the official head of the sultanate, but rather, the 710:, a widow ten years his senior, who was formerly married to Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras, who had died in 1800. 4727: 4133: 961: 627:

While Raffles was largely credited for the founding of contemporary Singapore, the early running of day-to-day operations was mostly done by

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Finally, on 9 June 1823, feeling that his work in establishing Singapore was finished, he boarded a ship for home, but not before a stop in

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Raffles declared the foundation of what was to become modern Singapore on 6 February, securing the transfer of control of the island to the

1248:, now a member of the new High Government of the Dutch East Indies, who Elout had put in power, certainly led at least in part to the later 901:

During the relatively brief British rule in Java, Raffles negotiated peace, and mounted some significant military expeditions against local

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Pearson, H. F. (July 1953). "Singapore from the Sea, June 1823. Notes on a recently discovered sketch attributed to Lt. Phillip Jackson".

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which firmly established their spheres of influence, whereby the Dutch would relinquish its claims to Singapore and the British seceding

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of different races and cultures, numbering over six thousand. He also found that Singapore's trade was slowly overtaking that of Java.

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Raffles granted upon Singapore, he delayed European-inspired reforms, emphasising only the cultivation of whatever land was available.

528: 1920:. In March 1823, coincidentally the same day he was replaced, he received an official reprimand from London for the takeover of Nias. 1378:

attempted to quell Dutch fears, and continuing efforts were made to reach an agreement between the nations that eventually became the

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until September 1824, after which he entertained distinguished guests in both London and his home. He also made plans to stand for

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Borschberg, Peter (2019). "Dutch objections to British Singapore, 1819–1824: law, politics, commerce and a diplomatic misstep".

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or Bencoolen, made it impossible for the British to abandon the unprofitable colonies in such proximity to the Dutch in Java.

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However, the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814 was not completely clear, especially on the issue of certain possessions such as

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Native authorities were given power in their respective districts, and were answerable only to the lieutenant-governor. The

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to set up a permanent British presence in the area, in the case of the return of Java to Dutch rule after the end of the

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Raffles was survived by his second wife Sophia Hull and daughter Ella, and predeceased by his other four children in

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a year, while Temenggong Abdul Rahman received 3,000 a year, both massive sums at the time, roughly equivalent to

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Although Hussein Shah had had no previous contact with the British, he had certainly heard of the strength of the

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on 21 June 1812. Yogyakarta was one of the two most powerful indigenous polities in Java. During the attack, the

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gave $ 4,000, with the contributions from various subscribers totalling $ 17,495. This would be the founding of

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Confident that Farquhar would follow his instructions well, Raffles sailed for Bencoolen once again on 28 June.

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He was advised by a holdover from the previous Dutch regime on Java, the president of the High Court of Java,

147: 6044: 6016: 5854: 5777: 5642: 5265: 5252: 5097: 4998: 4954: 4653: 4628: 4613: 4328: 3888: 3862: 3665: 2064: 1166: 721:, starting his long association with Southeast Asia. He started as assistant secretary, under the Honourable 59: 4263: 4244: 3563: 5889: 5789: 5728: 5522: 5507: 5471: 5270: 5162: 4847: 4712: 4573: 3744: 3499: 3078: 2165: 1837: 1308: 997:, especially in the matter of the reform of the public finances of the colony, and its system of taxation. 848: 4329:"Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the British colonisation of Singapore among Penang, Melaka and Bencoonen" 3603: 3586: 3378: 2973: 1575:

and local businesses to flourish. Certain colonial aspects remained: a European town was quickly built to

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It was at this point that he realised the importance of a British presence that both challenged the Dutch

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his death, Raffles' substantial collection of Indonesian antiquities and ethnography was donated to the

1869:. In response, Raffles instituted new policies, and set up a committee headed by the colony's engineer, 6114: 6039: 5547: 5527: 5441: 5374: 5297: 5200: 5147: 4944: 4881: 4717: 4692: 4094: 3982: 3693:

Raffles' ark redrawn : natural history drawings from the collection of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

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The Dutch claim on the Sultanate of Johore and hence, Rhio, and the diplomatic exchanges between Baron

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The British invasion of Java took a total of forty-five days, during which Raffles was appointed the

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on 5 February 1825. Raffles was a founder (in 1825) and first president (elected April 1826) of the

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Raffles' Ark Redrawn: Natural History Drawings from the Collections of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

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In Singapore, and in other parts of the world, his name lives on in numerous entities, including:

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The little money the family had went into sending the young Raffles to the Mansion House Academy,

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Meanwhile, he was not only not granted a pension, but was called to pay over twenty-two thousand

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While in Singapore, Raffles established schools and churches in the native languages. He allowed

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he was denied a chance to be restored to Singapore, but was given a military promotion instead.

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by France during Napoleon's war, Raffles had no choice but to leave the country. He mounted

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merchants to encroach on government areas, permitted vices such as gambling, and tolerated

1375: 1364: 938: 906: 688: 4298: 3462: 968:). Raffles re-landscaped these gardens, which were established in 1744 in Buitenzorg (now 8: 5937: 5932: 5794: 5723: 5466: 5451: 5205: 5152: 5092: 5025: 4949: 4173: 3438: 3437:

Blagden, C.O. (1921). "Historical: Singapore prior to 1819". In Makepeace, Walter (ed.).

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shortly before Raffles's departure in 1823. Found amongst documents belonging to Raffles

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on 22 March 1818. Despite the prestige connected with the title of Lieutenant-Governor,

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Raffles arrived in Bencoolen on Sumatra on 19 March 1818, where he was appointed as the

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princes to subjugate them to British rule. Most significant of these was the assault on

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The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785–1855

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system of land management, probably influenced by the earlier anti-feudal critiques of

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was brought in, instead of the old slavery system that Raffles had abolished in Java,

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Upon arrival in England in poor health, Sir Stamford and Lady Raffles convalesced in

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under British rule, he noted its civilised state and high production yields of rice.

1759: 1700: 1688: 1556: 1333: 1187: 1085: 840: 679:) and Anne Raffles (née Lyde) (1755 – 8 February 1824, London). Benjamin served as a 609: 540: 3552:"William Farquhar's pragmatism: another perspective on Raffles vision for Singapore" 6164: 6140: 6128: 6101: 5715: 5632: 5364: 4837: 4495: 4468: 4450: 4120: 4112: 3925: 3275: 3003:"William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review" 2686: 2659: 2577: 2482: 2463: 2244: 2212: 1988: 1893: 1783: 1670: 1416:

who claimed to be the "lawful sovereign of the whole of territories extending from

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in late 1818, to personally secure a British presence in the Riau area, especially

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Most natural history specimens collected by Raffles were lost with the sinking of

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continued negotiations with the Dutch regarding the ongoing diplomatic conflicts.

1399:. It was established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Singapore. 980:

During his lieutenant-governorship, Raffles placed some restrictions on the local

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of parasitic flowering plants, known for having the largest flowers in the world

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With the Singapore matter settled, Raffles turned to his other great interests:

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The Mission to Siam, and Hué the Capital of Cochin China, in the Years 1821-2

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where Muntinghe had an emissary of Raffles, one captain Salmond, deported to

2775: 2674: 2664: 2392: 2359: 1985: 1905: 1886: 1767: 1459: 1261: 1253: 1225:. However, the strategic importance of poorly maintained but well-positioned 942: 725:, the new governor of Penang. At this time, he also made the acquaintance of 722: 714: 687:. Although some biographers have suggested that Benjamin was involved in the 3696:. British Library, Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. London: British Library. 889:

by Baron Minto before hostilities formally ceased. He took his residence at

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or Raffles Town Plan, based on instructions by Raffles. The plan was still

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in the area, and could remain consistently profitable, unlike Bencoolen or

1207: 1191: 922: 601: 593: 355: 285: 3691: 2144:, but this ambition was never realised. They moved to a London address at 1904:, raising a protest from Van der Capellen. Eventually, Calcutta appointed 855:, who led a well-organised army against an opposing army of mostly French 5319: 2919: 2748: 2558: 2501: 2002: 1950: 1946: 1728: 1511: 1403:

also no longer had any control of the area, so contact was made with the

1081: 986: 879: 695: 684: 680: 675:, Jamaica, to Captain Benjamin Raffles (1739, London – 23 November 1811, 672: 644: 640: 430: 322: 3634: 3289: 2957: 617: 5074: 4307: 3242: 2370: 2169: 2137: 2056: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1583:

constructed for the soldiers. Otherwise, no other duties were imposed.

1580: 1428: 1395:, on 29 January 1819, he established a post at the southern tip of the 1041: 890: 871: 260: 191: 4172:

Jardine, Sir William (1844). "with a memoir on Sir Stamford Raffles".

1317:

Statue of Sir Stamford Raffles in Singapore, based on the original by

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The competition in the area, between Raffles and the aggressive Dutch

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for various ships engaged in the direct trade between England and the

565:

in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times. The

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the population, separated by a river; carriage roads were built, and

1515: 1408: 1066: 1013: 1001: 973: 930: 856: 585: 577: 566: 340: 195: 2031: 1599: 1105: 747: 26: 2184: 2005:. The British gained dominance in the north, while the entirety of 1917: 1732: 1669:

reflected very poorly upon the condition of the colony. Unlike the

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Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)

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By early 1820, Tengku Long had firmly established himself as the

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position, he was refused burial inside the local parish church (

1344:. He noted it as a success, and reported it as such to Raffles. 4286: 3768: 2617:

NML-VZ D512g collected in Sumatra by Stamford Raffles, held at

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overlooked the island before settling upon Penang in 1786, the

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and such games. To replace the slaves, he used a contingent of

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NML-VZ D843b collected in Sumatra by Stamford Raffles held in

1559:, as well as guaranteeing the exclusivity of bilateral trade. 2788:

Two statues in Singapore, one made of white marble along the

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A few sent earlier, and some collected later, survive at the

2414: 2200: 1908:, who had followed Raffles for over twenty years, as the new 1897: 1756: 1696: 1692: 1499: 1482: 1421: 1400: 969: 588:

from local rulers in 1819 to secure British access along the

3264:"Muntinghe's advice to Raffles on the land question in Java" 3962:

Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society".

3946:

Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society".

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On 2 February 1824, Raffles and his family embarked on the

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was surveyed and cleared of vegetation by H. C. Cornelius.

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Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3608:. Vol. 1. Singapore: Fraser & Neave. p. 122. 1928:. Raffles personally gave $ 2,000 towards the effort, the 2403: 1750: 1355:, which was favoured by him both through the readings of 1092:

in Indonesia) to take up his new post with his new wife.

812:, as well as his wit and ability, gained him favour with 3069: 3067: 2733:

Stamford Primary School, formerly Stamford Girls' School

3028:"Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore" 2203:, Theodor Williams, whose family had made its money in 1252:. Raffles looked into alternatives in the area; namely 572:

Raffles also played a role in further establishing the

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was a colonial backwater, whose only real export was

729:, who would accompany him for the next twenty years. 3339: 3147:"Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (biographical details)" 1481:

Raffles also planned to start a British presence in

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was also under consideration. Despite the fact that

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of the 1820s. Raffles also ordered an expedition to

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and the nearby seas in the region, particularly the

584:. He secured control over the strategically located 228:

British Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies

4200:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 3368: 2294:is used to indicate this person as the author when 1359:histories, and by Farquhar's explorations. Despite 51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4189:. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 4050: 2729:Raffles Institution (Secondary and Junior College) 2223:by his nephew, Rev William Charles Raffles Flint. 1968:A view of Singapore from the sea, sketched by Lt. 1268:was an attractive choice just to the south of the 1031:ahead of the handover, and officially replaced by 3976: 2864: 960:, Raffles's first wife, erected by him along the 6172: 4111: 3977:Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David J. (1988). 3492:"American Antiquarian Society Members Directory" 1027:. Raffles had been removed from his post by the 6256:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England 3867:The Golden Sword: Stamford Raffles and the East 3674:. No. 5929. London, England. 30 July 1824. 3511: 3509: 2914: 2912: 2792:, while another made of bronze in front of the 2227:Memorial sculpture in Westminster Abbey, London 1302: 535:between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was involved in 6241:Presidents of the Zoological Society of London 3605:An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 3588:An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore 3261: 2918: 2278:Category:Taxa named by Thomas Stamford Raffles 2021: 620:was subsequently established in Singapore for 5401: 4523: 4134:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation 2884:Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd 1801:. To remedy the shortages, his employer, the 1543:of Penang sat offshore, awaiting a response, 1332:of Malacca, had been attempting to negotiate 1244:, and later Raffles' former advisor on Java, 1044:, but found him unpleasant and unimpressive. 866:, had built a well-defended fortification at 4441:Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies 4154:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3506: 3347:"Lady Sophia Raffles (biographical details)" 3268:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 3079:"Family of Sir Stamford Raffles | Infopedia" 2909: 1477:Achin, and the early conflict with the Dutch 1080:On 22 February, he married his second wife, 887:lieutenant-governor of the Dutch East Indies 659:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was born on 6251:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 5462:British Military Administration (1945–1946) 4045: 3207:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 3073: 2899: 1628:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1134:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 964:in the National Botanical Gardens (now the 843:. The war was swiftly conducted by Admiral 776:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 737: 5408: 5394: 4530: 4516: 4319: 3913: 3769:Roger Nicholson; Robert Nicholson (1966). 3140: 3138: 3136: 3121:. London: Nichols & Son. p. 261. 1566: 1342:Raja Muda (Regent or Crown Prince) of Riau 6221:British East India Company civil servants 3999: 3279: 2116:Learn how and when to remove this message 1648:Learn how and when to remove this message 1154:Learn how and when to remove this message 796:Learn how and when to remove this message 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 6261:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London 5472:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962) 4379: 3522:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005 3515: 3404: 3201: 3178:Raffles and the British Invasion of Java 3174: 3115: 2868:; Weizenegger, Julie (15 January 2016). 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2742: 2329: 2318:He also gave the scientific name of the 2247:depicts Raffles in a seated position in 2230: 2127: 1963: 1847: 1843: 1703:, which was especially important as the 1589: 1555:, the ruler of Achin, which installed a 1312: 1173: 1165: 951: 443: 417: 4361:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research 4204: 4193: 4182: 4171: 4075: 4022: 3960: 3944: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3618: 3436: 3133: 2955: 2670:Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research 2648: 1799:Proceedings of the Agricultural Society 1531:, a powerful divisional chief, fearing 1502:to Singapore to complete the garrison. 1095: 1047: 6173: 5711:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park 5415: 4537: 4326: 4088: 3887: 3861: 3689: 3648:"From Lloyd's Marine List – July 20". 3308:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 3302: 3255: 2737:Stamford American International School 1751:Administration of Bencoolen, 1820–1822 647:onto the population of Singapore that 5389: 4511: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3223: 2851: 1077:, who both bore the same first name. 1052:In 1817, Raffles wrote and published 827:In 1811, after the annexation of the 413: 16:British colonial official (1781–1826) 4410:"Raffles and the Golden Opportunity" 4117:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S. 3893:In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles 3797: 3321:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817). 3241: 3144: 2780:Raffles Class – The former name for 2307:Raffles gave the scientific name to 2054:adding citations to reliable sources 2025: 1873:to draw up a plan, now known as the 1836:Raffles was elected a member of the 1825:Castlereagh, and the appointment of 1711:. Christian schools were started by 1626:adding citations to reliable sources 1593: 1194:, and only the murder of a previous 1132:adding citations to reliable sources 1099: 774:adding citations to reliable sources 741: 305:Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 49:adding citations to reliable sources 20: 4205:Woodman, Dorothy (September 1954). 3813:Transactions of the Linnean Society 3745:"What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?" 2235:Raffles statue in Westminster Abbey 1539:, Raffles, and fellow commissioner 1454:Sultan Hussein Shah was paid 5,000 1436:being the rightful ruler of Johor. 913:was badly damaged, and extensively 504:Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 13: 4589:French and British era (1806–1816) 4164: 4053:Raffles and the Golden Opportunity 3917:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3678: 2871:The family of Sir Stamford Raffles 2271: 1856:, also known more commonly as the 1719:Consolidation of the Eastern Isles 1465:Farquhar was officially named the 1214:, already sent to him from India. 1206:; abolishing slavery and limiting 492:Founding years of modern Singapore 14: 6272: 4395:. Vol. 47. pp. 161–165. 4317:National Portrait Gallery, London 4219: 4175:The natural history of game birds 3175:Hannigan, Tim (1 November 2012). 3097:from the original on 22 June 2017 2956:Raffles, Thomas Stamford (2015). 2794:Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall 2724:Raffles Girls' School (Secondary) 2160:. He was elected a member of the 2001:finally settled the score in the 1885:to create Commercial Square (now 1699:of his colonies, he also allowed 529:governor of the Dutch East Indies 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 5477:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965) 4480:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen 4392:Dictionary of National Biography 4386:"Raffles, Thomas Stamford" 4297: 4285: 4273: 3549: 2713:National University of Singapore 2627: 2606: 2570: 2551: 2532: 2513: 2494: 2475: 2456: 2437: 2030: 1662:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 1598: 1386: 1184:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 1104: 835:against the Dutch and French in 746: 533:lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen 171:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen 146: 25: 6191:19th-century English historians 5457:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 5452:Straits Settlements (1826–1942) 4609:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 4327:Firaci, Biagio (10 June 2014). 3820: 3785:International Plant Names Index 3777: 3762: 3737: 3718: 3658: 3654:. No. 16060. 24 July 1824. 3641: 3612: 3602:Charles Burton Buckley (1902). 3595: 3585:Charles Burton Buckley (1902). 3578: 3543: 3484: 3463:"Currency converter: 1270–2017" 3455: 3430: 3314: 3296: 3235: 3217: 3195: 3168: 2823: 2041:needs additional citations for 1061:In 1817, Raffles was created a 859:with little proper leadership. 439: 409: 339:Highwood House, Highwood Hill, 36:needs additional citations for 5467:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955) 4877:People's Consultative Assembly 4000:Wurtzburg, Charles E. (1986). 3560:National Archives of Singapore 3109: 3038: 3020: 2995: 2966: 2949: 2900:Family of Sir Stamford Raffles 2595:Natural History Museum, London 1535:. As the influential merchant 1518:to the throne, and, since the 732: 667:5 July 1781 on board the ship 1: 4619:Transitional period (1965–66) 4604:National Revolution (1945–49) 4599:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 4594:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 4313:Portraits of Stamford Raffles 4076:Murdoch, Adrian, ed. (2013). 2844: 2719:Raffles Girls' Primary School 1854:Plan of the Town of Singapore 1770:in certain parts of Sumatra. 1527:he was able to arrange, with 1336:with the local chiefs of the 1170:Territory of Bencoolen (pink) 862:The previous Dutch governor, 654: 483:Mansion House Boarding School 157: 6231:Fellows of the Royal Society 5482:Republic of Singapore (1965– 4264:Resources in other libraries 4245:Resources in other libraries 4002:Raffles of the Eastern Isles 3500:American Antiquarian Society 2754: 2702: 2166:Zoological Society of London 1838:American Antiquarian Society 1391:After a brief survey of the 1309:Founding of modern Singapore 1303:Founding of modern Singapore 1279:In his correspondences with 937:to unseat the local sultan, 849:Frederick Augustus Wetherall 604:; war was avoided under the 569:flower was named after him. 555:. It was returned under the 519:July 1781 – 5 7: 5905:Water supply and sanitation 4985:Water supply and sanitation 3979:In Search of Southeast Asia 3771:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall 3032:National Library, Singapore 2959:The History of Java, v. 1–2 2829:This led to an incident in 2799: 2680: 2402:Taylor, 1990, a species of 2022:Return to Britain and death 921:Although peace returned to 874:). His successor, Governor 10: 6277: 5850:National Courtesy Campaign 4614:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 4579:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 4207:Raffles of Java, 1781–1826 4194:Raffles, Stamford (1830). 4183:Raffles, Stamford (1830). 4095:British Library Publishing 3983:University of Hawaii Press 3854: 3773:. London: A.R. p. 49. 3093:. InfopediaRafflesFamily. 2275: 1999:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1462:287,000 and £172,000 now. 1306: 1250:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1025:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 947:War of the Sixth Coalition 941:, and to seize the nearby 702:in London for the British 631:, who served as the first 606:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824 557:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 531:between 1811 and 1816 and 6211:British rule in Singapore 6206:British rule in Indonesia 6067: 6015: 5913: 5785: 5776: 5686: 5677: 5579: 5570: 5503: 5494: 5427: 5337: 5251: 5186: 5044: 5006: 4997: 4925: 4916: 4781: 4772: 4728:Provincial highest points 4649: 4640: 4549: 4486: 4477: 4457: 4447: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4259:Resources in your library 4240:Resources in your library 4025:De Waaier van het Fortuin 3930:10.1017/S0022463420000053 3828:"Stamford Primary School" 3733:(3): 14–18. October 1996. 3690:Noltie, Henry J. (2009). 3379:"Sophia Hull | Infopedia" 3281:10.1163/22134379-90002430 3116:Faulkner, Thomas (1839). 2771:Raffles Place MRT station 2425:Simon, 1899, spider from 2263: 2162:Linnean Society of London 1831:governor-general of India 1485:, on the northern tip of 1023:, under the terms of the 818:governor-general of India 624:between Europe and Asia. 523:July 1826) was a British 497: 487: 479: 469:Benjamin Raffles (father) 462: 454: 386: 376: 361: 347: 329: 300: 295: 291: 279: 266: 256: 244: 233: 225: 213: 201: 187: 176: 169: 165: 145: 125: 5584:Administrative divisions 5442:Early history (pre–1819) 5437:Archaeology in Singapore 4786:Administrative divisions 3807:Raffles, Sir TS (1821). 3329:Black, Parbury and Allen 2924:Raffles, Thomas Stamford 2816: 2761:Raffles Institution Lane 2197:St Mary's Church, Hendon 2132:Arms of Stamford Raffles 1914:William Gordon MacKenzie 1715:in all of his colonies. 1297:Sultanate of Minangkabau 1242:Cornelis Theodorus Elout 1084:, and later set sail to 738:British invasion of Java 713:In 1805, he was sent to 708:Olivia Mariamne Devenish 398:Olivia Mariamne Devenish 348:Cause of death 5749:Singapore Standard (SS) 4400:Thomas Stamford Raffles 4304:Thomas Stamford Raffles 4006:Oxford University Press 3834:. Roots. Archived from 3496:AmericanAntiquarian.org 3467:NationalArchives.Gov.uk 3391:Government of Singapore 3262:Wright, H.R.C. (1952). 3091:Government of Singapore 2982:Government of Singapore 2880:Government of Singapore 2697:Yantai Raffles Shipyard 1744:Godert van der Capellen 1567:First year of Singapore 1405:Temenggong Abdul Rahman 1272:, for its proximity to 995:Herman Warner Muntinghe 966:Bogor Botanical Gardens 958:Olivia Mariamne Raffles 896: 6201:British ornithologists 5845:Long hair in Singapore 4960:Science and technology 4801:Regencies & Cities 4434:Robert Rollo Gillespie 4278:Quotations related to 4089:Noltie, H. J. (2009). 4023:de Jong, Joop (2000). 3965:The Zoological Journal 3949:The Zoological Journal 3387:National Library Board 3087:National Library Board 2876:National Library Board 2811:Raffles's Landing Site 2342: 2261: 2254:The inscription reads: 2239:A life-size figure in 2236: 2133: 1973: 1861: 1660:Raffles was still the 1321: 1179: 1171: 1040:, who was in exile at 977: 864:Herman Willem Daendels 853:Robert Rollo Gillespie 715:Prince of Wales Island 637:Raffles's Landing Site 6226:English abolitionists 5734:Proposed developments 4569:Hinduism-Buddhism era 4078:Raffles – Three Lives 4047:Glendinning, Victoria 3471:The National Archives 3383:eResources.NLB.Gov.sg 3083:eResources.NLB.Gov.sg 2743:Sports and recreation 2692:Raffles Medical Group 2636:Lesser Whistling Duck 2615:Ferruginous Partridge 2388:Nepenthes rafflesiana 2349:are named after him: 2333: 2256: 2234: 2187:at Highwood House in 2131: 1967: 1910:Resident of Singapore 1851: 1844:Singapore (1822–1823) 1780:Resident of Singapore 1590:Bencoolen, once again 1467:Resident of Singapore 1316: 1177: 1169: 1065:by the Prince Regent 955: 833:a military expedition 820:, and he was sent to 808:His knowledge of the 633:Resident of Singapore 472:Anne Raffles (mother) 154:George Francis Joseph 5513:Environmental issues 4703:Environmental issues 4294:at Wikimedia Commons 3871:British Museum Press 3248:Raffles of Singapore 2920:Raffles, Lady Sophia 2866:Bastin, John Sturgus 2806:History of Singapore 2649:Places and landmarks 2525:Tanygnathus everetti 2311:, also known as the 2050:improve this article 1902:British protectorate 1860:or Raffles Town Plan 1622:improve this section 1541:John Monckton Coombs 1514:was claimed to be a 1238:commissioner-general 1128:improve this section 1096:Bencoolen and Malaya 1048:Interlude in England 939:Mahmud Badaruddin II 770:improve this section 649:predated his arrival 416:; died 45:improve this article 5870:Population planning 5855:National Day Parade 5691:Economic statistics 4624:New Order (1966–98) 4584:VOC era (1603–1800) 4465:George John Siddons 4426:Government offices 4353:"Raffles biography" 4253:By Stamford Raffles 4213:. pp. 581–590. 4093:. London, England: 3869:. London, England: 3416:The Annual Register 3353:. London, England: 3324:The History of Java 3153:. London, England: 2933:. London, England: 2904:Singapore Infopedia 2544:Lansium parasiticum 2506:Syzygium malaccense 2399:Protanilla rafflesi 2355:Chaetodon rafflesii 2313:crab-eating macaque 2309:Macaca fascicularis 2285:author abbreviation 2015:Indian subcontinent 1934:Raffles Institution 1879:racially segregated 1678:slave-debtor system 1553:Jauhar al-Alam Shah 1471:Strait of Singapore 1365:Singaporean history 1334:commercial treaties 1227:British possessions 1055:The History of Java 876:Jan Willem Janssens 727:Thomas Otho Travers 671:, off the coast of 590:Strait of Singapore 562:The History of Java 321:, off the coast of 6196:People born at sea 5860:No U-turn syndrome 5754:Telecommunications 5744:Singapore Exchange 5706:Monetary Authority 4970:Telecommunications 4681:Biosphere reserves 4418:. 5 December 2012. 4367:on 9 February 2014 4339:on 28 October 2019 4302:Works by or about 4119:(27 April 2014) . 3897:Monsoon Publishing 3838:on 9 November 2019 3651:Caledonian Mercury 3629:(1 (161)): 43–55. 3566:on 23 October 2019 3333:East India Company 3211:Palgrave Macmillan 3077:(24 August 2016). 3052:. 26 February 2019 3034:. 21 January 2020. 2782:Singapore Airlines 2766:Raffles Lighthouse 2563:Cynogale bennettii 2521:Blue-backed parrot 2449:Myristica fragrans 2422:Theridion rafflesi 2377:Megalaima rafflesi 2366:Dinopium rafflesii 2343: 2335:Rafflesia arnoldii 2237: 2134: 2065:"Stamford Raffles" 2009:became Dutch. The 1974: 1942:British government 1930:East India Company 1926:European languages 1862: 1803:East India Company 1549:governor of Penang 1449:East India Company 1380:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1347:Raffles sailed to 1322: 1180: 1172: 1071:Princess Charlotte 1069:, whose daughter, 1029:East India Company 991:Dirk van Hogendorp 978: 829:Kingdom of Holland 704:East India Company 527:who served as the 208:Office established 60:"Stamford Raffles" 6110: 6109: 6063: 6062: 5958:Singapore English 5772: 5771: 5673: 5672: 5660:Political parties 5606:Foreign relations 5566: 5565: 5383: 5382: 5333: 5332: 5021:Human trafficking 4993: 4992: 4912: 4911: 4903:Wawasan Nusantara 4887:Political parties 4828:Foreign relations 4768: 4767: 4506: 4505: 4487:Succeeded by 4448:Succeeded by 4290:Media related to 4226:Library resources 4209:. Vol. 4#9. 4113:Finlayson, George 4104:978-0-7123-5084-6 3992:978-0-8248-1110-5 3906:978-981-08-3534-7 3703:978-0-7123-5084-6 3666:"The Marine List" 3351:BritishMuseum.org 3188:978-981-4358-86-6 3181:. Monsoon Books. 3151:BritishMuseum.org 3075:Cornelius, Vernon 2893:978-981-09-7236-3 2320:lesser mouse-deer 2249:Westminster Abbey 2208:marked the spot. 2126: 2125: 2118: 2100: 1701:religious freedom 1658: 1657: 1650: 1164: 1163: 1156: 911:Yogyakarta kraton 841:Dutch East Indies 806: 805: 798: 616:to the Dutch. An 525:colonial official 501: 500: 317:Onboard the ship 121: 120: 113: 95: 6268: 6236:Knights Bachelor 6163: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6090: 6083: 6076: 5790:Communitarianism 5783: 5782: 5719: 5684: 5683: 5577: 5576: 5501: 5500: 5485: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5353: 5346: 5004: 5003: 4923: 4922: 4865:National capital 4779: 4778: 4647: 4646: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4458:Preceded by 4451:John Fendall Jr. 4431:Preceded by 4423: 4422: 4419: 4396: 4388: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4363:. Archived from 4348: 4346: 4344: 4335:. Archived from 4323: 4301: 4292:Stamford Raffles 4289: 4280:Stamford Raffles 4277: 4231:Stamford Raffles 4214: 4201: 4190: 4179: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4127: 4108: 4085: 4072: 4056: 4042: 4019: 3996: 3973: 3957: 3941: 3910: 3884: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3725:"Picture Quiz". 3722: 3716: 3715: 3687: 3676: 3675: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3562:. Archived from 3547: 3541: 3540: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3209:(4th ed.). 3199: 3193: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3142: 3131: 3130: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2916: 2907: 2897: 2862: 2838: 2827: 2687:Raffles Holdings 2660:Raffles Hospital 2631: 2610: 2578:Crested fireback 2574: 2555: 2536: 2517: 2498: 2483:Oriental bay owl 2479: 2468:Durio zibethinus 2460: 2441: 2324:Tragulus kanchil 2303: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2245:Francis Chantrey 2121: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2058: 2034: 2026: 1912:, while Captain 1671:salutary neglect 1653: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1602: 1594: 1557:British Resident 1508:Van der Capellen 1424:to Mount Muar". 1376:Lord Castlereagh 1338:Riau Archipelago 1330:British Resident 1326:William Farquhar 1266:Riau Archipelago 1178:Stamford Raffles 1159: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1108: 1100: 1033:John Fendall Jr. 1004:was prepared by 956:The memorial to 868:Meester Cornelis 801: 794: 790: 787: 781: 750: 742: 666: 664: 629:William Farquhar 559:. He also wrote 522: 518: 514: 447: 445: 441: 421: 419: 415: 411: 366:St Mary's Church 354:(stroke) due to 336: 314: 312: 296:Personal details 282: 269: 247: 238: 220:Office abolished 216: 204: 181: 159: 150: 140: 133:Stamford Raffles 123: 122: 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 94: 53: 29: 21: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6059: 6011: 5909: 5890:Sex trafficking 5885:Public holidays 5830:Eat Frozen Pork 5768: 5717: 5669: 5562: 5490: 5483: 5423: 5414: 5384: 5379: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5329: 5320:Personification 5247: 5182: 5163:Public holidays 5148:National heroes 5040: 4989: 4908: 4764: 4733:Natural history 4636: 4574:Spread of Islam 4545: 4536: 4502: 4494: 4492: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4444: 4436: 4408: 4370: 4368: 4357:RMBR.NUS.edu.sg 4351: 4342: 4340: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4250: 4249: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4197:History of Java 4186:History of Java 4167: 4165:Further reading 4162: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4125: 4105: 4082:Rott Publishing 4069: 4039: 4016: 3993: 3907: 3881: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3805: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3704: 3688: 3679: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3617: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3514: 3507: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3418:: 216–232. 1820 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3319: 3315: 3301: 3297: 3260: 3256: 3240: 3236: 3222: 3218: 3203:Ricklefs, M. C. 3200: 3196: 3189: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3134: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3072: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2954: 2950: 2939:John Murray III 2917: 2910: 2894: 2863: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2802: 2790:Singapore River 2757: 2745: 2709:Raffles College 2705: 2683: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2611: 2585: 2575: 2566: 2556: 2547: 2537: 2528: 2518: 2509: 2499: 2490: 2487:Phodilus badius 2480: 2471: 2461: 2452: 2445:Fragrant nutmeg 2442: 2391:, a species of 2369:, olive-backed 2304: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2272:Natural history 2266: 2229: 2177:pounds sterling 2122: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2035: 2024: 2011:Malay Peninsula 1883:Singapore River 1846: 1840:(AAS) in 1822. 1775:Sultan of Johor 1753: 1731:. He sailed to 1721: 1654: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1619: 1603: 1592: 1569: 1479: 1456:Spanish dollars 1397:Malay Peninsula 1393:Karimun Islands 1389: 1311: 1305: 1270:Malay Peninsula 1160: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1125: 1109: 1098: 1063:Knight Bachelor 1050: 1021:Napoleonic Wars 1010:Buddhist temple 1006:Colin Mackenzie 899: 845:Robert Stopford 802: 791: 785: 782: 767: 751: 740: 735: 662: 660: 657: 598:South China Sea 553:Napoleonic Wars 520: 516: 506: 475: 450: 449: 437: 433: 423: 407: 403: 400: 338: 334: 316: 310: 308: 307: 306: 280: 273:Rollo Gillespie 267: 245: 239: 234: 214: 202: 194: 182: 177: 161: 141: 136: 134: 131: 117: 106: 100: 97: 54: 52: 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6274: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246:Indonesianists 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6168: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5880:Public housing 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5621:Prime Minister 5618: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:Urban planning 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5305:Floral emblems 5302: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5288:Faunal emblems 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4965:Stock Exchange 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4686:National parks 4683: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4669:Climate change 4661: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4503: 4488: 4485: 4476: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4406: 4397: 4381:Hamilton, John 4377: 4349: 4324: 4310: 4295: 4283: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220:External links 4218: 4216: 4215: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4136:. EBook #45505 4109: 4103: 4086: 4073: 4068:978-1846686030 4067: 4043: 4037: 4029:SDU publishers 4020: 4014: 3997: 3991: 3974: 3972:(11): 382–400. 3958: 3942: 3924:(4): 540–561. 3911: 3905: 3885: 3879: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3819: 3796: 3776: 3761: 3749:www.sma.org.sg 3736: 3717: 3702: 3677: 3657: 3640: 3611: 3594: 3577: 3542: 3536:978-9971694302 3535: 3517:Turnbull, C.M. 3505: 3483: 3454: 3429: 3403: 3367: 3355:British Museum 3338: 3313: 3295: 3274:(3): 220–247. 3254: 3234: 3216: 3194: 3187: 3167: 3155:British Museum 3132: 3108: 3063: 3037: 3019: 2994: 2965: 2948: 2941:) – via 2930:correspondence 2908: 2892: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2786: 2785: 2784:Business Class 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2587: 2586: 2582:Lophura ignita 2576: 2569: 2567: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2418: 2406: 2395: 2384: 2380:, red-crowned 2373: 2362: 2328: 2327: 2316: 2300:botanical name 2281: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2228: 2225: 2221:British Museum 2168:(ZSL) and the 2146:Berners Street 2124: 2123: 2038: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2020: 1970:Philip Jackson 1871:Philip Jackson 1845: 1842: 1752: 1749: 1720: 1717: 1656: 1655: 1606: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1568: 1565: 1529:Panglima Polim 1478: 1475: 1388: 1385: 1324:Major-General 1319:Thomas Woolner 1307:Main article: 1304: 1301: 1285:Thomas Travers 1162: 1161: 1112: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1075:Thomas Raffles 1049: 1046: 898: 895: 851:, and Colonel 810:Malay language 804: 803: 754: 752: 745: 739: 736: 734: 731: 656: 653: 643:who projected 622:maritime trade 582:Southeast Asia 574:British Empire 499: 498: 495: 494: 489: 485: 484: 481: 477: 476: 474: 473: 470: 466: 464: 460: 459: 456: 452: 451: 435: 429: 428: 427: 426: 405: 401: 396: 395: 394: 393: 390: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 373: 363: 359: 358: 349: 345: 344: 337:(aged 45) 331: 327: 326: 304: 302: 298: 297: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 277: 276: 270: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 231: 230: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 189: 185: 184: 174: 173: 167: 166: 163: 162: 151: 143: 142: 135: 132: 128:The Honourable 126: 119: 118: 101:September 2023 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6216:City founders 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5589:Town Councils 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Urban renewal 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5201:Ethnic groups 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 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Singapore: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4212: 4211:History Today 4208: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4059:Profile Books 4055: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4038:90-12-08974-3 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4015:0-19-582605-1 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3895:. Singapore: 3894: 3890: 3889:Barley, Nigel 3886: 3882: 3880:0-7141-2542-3 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863:Barley, Nigel 3860: 3859: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3790: Raffles 3786: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550:Khoo, Kevin. 3546: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3385:. Singapore: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3331:for the Hon. 3330: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3145:Anon (n.d.). 3141: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3008: 3007:mothership.sg 3004: 2998: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874:. Singapore: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2776:Stamford Road 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2675:Raffles Place 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665:Raffles Hotel 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2393:pitcher plant 2390: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2360:butterflyfish 2357: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2286: 2283:The standard 2279: 2269: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2120: 2117: 2109: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: – 2066: 2062: 2061:Find sources: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2039:This section 2037: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986:East Indiaman 1982: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1955:opium-smoking 1952: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:John Crawfurd 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1887:Raffles Place 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1768:Sikh religion 1765: 1761: 1758: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1707:were largely 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1607:This section 1605: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1387:Establishment 1384: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:Lord Hastings 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Francis Light 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1176: 1168: 1158: 1155: 1147: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1113:This section 1111: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1088:(present-day 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 985:a cash-based 983: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 948: 944: 943:Bangka Island 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 916: 912: 908: 904: 894: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 800: 797: 789: 779: 775: 771: 765: 764: 760: 755:This section 753: 749: 744: 743: 730: 728: 724: 723:Philip Dundas 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 513: 509: 505: 496: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 471: 468: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 432: 425: 424: 399: 392: 391: 389: 385: 382: 379: 375: 371: 367: 364: 362:Resting place 360: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 332: 328: 324: 320: 303: 299: 294: 290: 287: 284: 278: 274: 271: 265: 262: 259: 255: 252: 251:Earl of Minto 249: 243: 237: 232: 229: 224: 221: 218: 212: 209: 206: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 180: 175: 172: 168: 164: 155: 149: 144: 139: 129: 124: 115: 112: 104: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: – 61: 57: 56:Find sources: 50: 46: 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 28: 23: 22: 19: 6088:Bibliography 6030:Coat of arms 6007:Singaporeans 5928:Architecture 5875:Prostitution 5825:Demographics 5643:Conscription 5628:Human rights 5596:Constitution 5218:Homelessness 5188:Demographics 5128:Martial arts 5073: 5054:Architecture 5031:Prostitution 4901: 4869: 4833:Human rights 4818:Constitution 4676:Conservation 4632:(since 1998) 4629: 4489: 4478: 4460: 4439: 4415:The Guardian 4413: 4404:Find a Grave 4390: 4369:. Retrieved 4365:the original 4356: 4341:. Retrieved 4337:the original 4332: 4282:at Wikiquote 4252: 4230: 4206: 4196: 4185: 4174: 4138:. Retrieved 4121: 4116: 4090: 4077: 4052: 4024: 4001: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3921: 3915: 3892: 3866: 3840:. Retrieved 3836:the original 3831: 3822: 3811: 3789: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3752:. Retrieved 3748: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3692: 3671:Lloyd's List 3669: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3604: 3597: 3587: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3555: 3545: 3521: 3495: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3466: 3457: 3439: 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3415: 3406: 3394:. Retrieved 3382: 3358:. Retrieved 3350: 3341: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3304:Miksic, John 3298: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3247: 3237: 3228: 3225:Carey, Peter 3219: 3206: 3197: 3177: 3170: 3158:. Retrieved 3150: 3117: 3111: 3099:. Retrieved 3082: 3054:. Retrieved 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3010:. Retrieved 3006: 2997: 2987:30 September 2985:. Retrieved 2977: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2943:Google Books 2928: 2870: 2825: 2787: 2711:– currently 2655:Raffles City 2640:World Museum 2619:World Museum 2599:World Museum 2590: 2588: 2581: 2562: 2543: 2524: 2505: 2486: 2467: 2448: 2431: 2420: 2408: 2397: 2386: 2375: 2364: 2353: 2345:A number of 2344: 2323: 2308: 2267: 2257: 2253: 2241:white marble 2238: 2217: 2210: 2193:anti-slavery 2182: 2174: 2151: 2135: 2112: 2106:January 2023 2103: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2060: 2048:Please help 2043:verification 2040: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1975: 1959:criminal act 1947:social evils 1938: 1922: 1891: 1875:Jackson Plan 1863: 1858:Jackson Plan 1853: 1835: 1827:Lord Amherst 1819: 1815:Public works 1811: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1772: 1754: 1741: 1729:Cochin China 1722: 1713:missionaries 1705:Malay states 1686: 1675: 1659: 1644: 1638:January 2023 1635: 1620:Please help 1608: 1585: 1573:missionaries 1570: 1561: 1525: 1504: 1480: 1464: 1453: 1446: 1438: 1426: 1414:Hussein Shah 1390: 1373: 1368: 1352: 1346: 1323: 1290: 1278: 1235: 1216: 1208:cockfighting 1181: 1150: 1144:January 2023 1141: 1126:Please help 1114: 1079: 1060: 1053: 1051: 1018: 1008:, while the 999: 979: 923:Central Java 920: 900: 884: 861: 826: 807: 792: 783: 768:Please help 756: 712: 693: 668: 658: 626: 594:Indian Ocean 576:'s reach in 571: 560: 503: 502: 356:brain tumour 335:(1826-07-05) 318: 286:John Fendall 281:Succeeded by 246:Appointed by 235: 219: 215:Succeeded by 207: 178: 152:Portrait by 107: 98: 88: 81: 74: 67: 55: 43:Please help 38:verification 35: 18: 6186:1826 deaths 6181:1781 births 5900:Social fund 5696:Agriculture 5298:Subdivision 5281:Subdivision 5243:LGBT rights 5178:Video games 4930:Agriculture 4848:Enforcement 4698:Earthquakes 4564:Prehistoric 4493:John Prince 4333:Singlish.it 3727:The Linnean 3447:. pp. 3445:John Murray 3396:22 February 3360:22 February 3243:Hahn, Emily 2974:"Rafflesia" 2935:John Murray 2749:Raffles Cup 2559:Otter civet 2502:Malay apple 2358:, latticed 2183:He died of 2003:East Indies 1951:drunkenness 1867:slave trade 1807:Castlereagh 1784:smörgåsbord 1737:East Indies 1581:cantonments 1537:John Palmer 1512:Tengku Long 1374:In London, 1367:, the name 1200:Thomas Parr 1082:Sophia Hull 987:land tenure 982:slave trade 962:Kanarielaan 949:in Europe. 880:Cape Colony 733:Java Island 696:Hammersmith 689:slave trade 685:West Indies 681:ship master 673:Port Morant 645:colonialism 641:imperialist 551:during the 537:the capture 431:Sophia Hull 377:Nationality 333:5 July 1826 323:Port Morant 315:5 July 1781 268:Preceded by 203:Preceded by 6175:Categories 5987:Mass media 5982:Literature 5810:Disability 5718:(currency) 5650:Parliament 5611:Government 5533:Reservoirs 5276:Historical 5211:Healthcare 5158:Properties 5123:Literature 5075:Rumah adat 4935:Automotive 4843:Censorship 4791:Historical 4484:1818–1824 4445:1811–1816 4308:Wikisource 3981:. Hawaii: 3956:(9): 1–48. 3842:9 November 3556:NAS.Gov.sg 3476:23 January 3443:. London: 3012:16 January 2886:editions. 2845:References 2371:woodpecker 2276:See also: 2170:London Zoo 2142:parliament 2138:Cheltenham 2076:newspapers 1916:took over 1520:succession 1442:subterfuge 1429:Royal Navy 1229:, such as 1042:St. Helena 907:Yogyakarta 891:Buitenzorg 872:Jatinegara 857:conscripts 847:, General 814:Lord Minto 786:March 2021 663:1781-07-05 655:Early life 543:island of 541:Indonesian 311:1781-07-05 261:George III 192:George III 71:newspapers 6165:Biography 6141:Singapore 6129:Indonesia 6045:Lion head 5953:Languages 5865:OB marker 5820:Education 5764:Transport 5665:President 5601:Elections 5553:Waterways 5496:Geography 5417:Singapore 5315:Nusantara 5223:Languages 5196:Education 5143:Mythology 5113:Festivals 4980:Transport 4892:President 4871:Pancasila 4823:Elections 4806:Districts 4796:Provinces 4760:Volcanoes 4723:Mountains 4642:Geography 4630:Reformasi 4539:Indonesia 4500:Bencoolen 4490:abolished 4473:Bencoolen 4150:cite book 4130:Fairbanks 3938:226792993 3712:316836618 3527:NUS Press 3127:940527190 3119:centuries 3056:17 August 3050:France 24 2978:Infopedia 2898:cited in 2831:Palembang 2755:Transport 2703:Education 2410:Rafflesia 2339:Indonesia 2213:Bencoolen 2199:) by the 2189:Mill Hill 1918:Bencoolen 1822:dysentery 1760:cannibals 1689:artifacts 1666:free port 1609:does not 1577:segregate 1533:treachery 1516:pretender 1369:Lion City 1353:Singapura 1246:Muntinghe 1188:Bencoolen 1115:does not 1086:Bencoolen 1067:George IV 1014:Borobudur 1002:Prambanan 974:West Java 931:Palembang 839:, in the 757:does not 610:Bencoolen 586:Singapore 567:Rafflesia 547:from the 488:Known for 480:Education 372:, England 343:, England 341:Middlesex 325:, Jamaica 240:1811–1816 236:In office 196:George IV 183:1818–1824 179:In office 6097:Category 5997:Religion 5948:Gambling 5739:Reserves 5701:Aviation 5638:Military 5572:Politics 5558:Wildlife 5421:articles 5360:Category 5233:Refugees 5228:Religion 5153:Painting 5064:Colonial 5011:Abortion 4940:Aviation 4855:Military 4774:Politics 4559:Timeline 4543:articles 4496:Resident 4469:Resident 4383:(1896). 4049:(2012). 3891:(2009). 3865:(1999). 3832:Roots.sg 3635:41502903 3519:(2009). 3306:(1990). 3290:27859777 3245:(1946). 3227:(2008). 3205:(2008). 3095:Archived 2926:(1830). 2800:See also 2681:Business 2185:apoplexy 2013:and the 1949:such as 1894:Resident 1764:Tapanuli 1733:Calcutta 1545:Calcutta 1409:surveyed 1281:Calcutta 1219:hegemony 1212:convicts 1196:Resident 1090:Bengkulu 1038:Napoleon 927:Java War 903:Javanese 677:Deptford 618:entrepôt 596:and the 455:Children 352:Apoplexy 275:(acting) 188:Monarchs 6153:History 6115:Portals 6074:Outline 6050:Merlion 6017:Symbols 5975:history 5970:culture 5938:Cuisine 5915:Culture 5895:Smoking 5835:Five Cs 5805:Driving 5778:Society 5759:Tourism 5716:Dollar 5679:Economy 5616:Cabinet 5523:Islands 5518:Geology 5508:Beaches 5484:present 5429:History 5370:Gallery 5344:Outline 5266:Costume 5253:Symbols 5173:Theatre 5118:Legends 5103:Cuisine 5098:Costume 5069:Mosques 5046:Culture 5036:Smoking 4999:Society 4975:Tourism 4955:History 4918:Economy 4859:Babinsa 4813:Cabinet 4750:Regions 4713:Islands 4708:Geology 4664:Climate 4654:Borders 4551:History 4315:at the 4140:10 June 3855:Sources 3422:7 April 2902:at the 2835:Batavia 2540:Langsat 2427:Sumatra 2347:species 2290:Raffles 2243:by Sir 2205:Jamaica 2158:zoology 2090:scholar 2007:Sumatra 1978:Batavia 1829:as the 1725:Sumatra 1630:removed 1615:sources 1491:Malacca 1487:Sumatra 1357:Malayan 1349:Malacca 1274:Malacca 1223:Batavia 1136:removed 1121:sources 935:Sumatra 822:Malacca 778:removed 763:sources 614:Sumatra 539:of the 463:Parents 448: 436: 422: 406: 402: 387:Spouses 381:British 257:Monarch 85:scholar 6102:Portal 6055:Pledge 6040:Flower 6025:Anthem 6002:Sports 5933:Cinema 5840:Health 5795:Caning 5729:Labour 5724:Energy 5655:Police 5538:Rivers 5419: 5365:Portal 5271:Emblem 5261:Anthem 5206:Health 5093:Cinema 5026:Piracy 4950:Energy 4882:Police 4755:Rivers 4659:Cities 4541: 4228:about 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