3579:
3688:
632:
3045:
3039:
3375:
3710:
2942:
9250:
2934:
82:
1587:
2764:, then known as Yanjing) to them. The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans. The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty. Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin. One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day
3460:. Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a
6922:
2878:
106:
67:
3702:
7495:
9262:
3613:
2994:. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The
3516:) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains. Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions. The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the
3779:
to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when war was over. His successor
Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital. The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well
3774:
included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and
Buddhist priests. Some sutras have only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism. At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was
3766:
or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244. The project was initiated in 1139 by a
Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the
2857:
1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote
Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions. Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered,
3569:
The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in
Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance a bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song). The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent
2603:
courts. They practiced hunting, fishing, and kept domestic oxen while their primary export was horses. They had no script, calendar, or offices during the mid-11th century. The
Jurchens were small political actors in the international system at the time. By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become
3750:
yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was not included in the
Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for printing, Sun Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks in 1192. The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles. Despite the Jin emperors having occasionally offered copies of the
3749:
in
Beijing. Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the central capital. Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing. After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which
2174:), just as some other non-Han dynasties. Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China. Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.
2805:('five elements'), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper.
3464:
woman; the
Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.
3507:
The government of the Jin dynasty merged
Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties. The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council. Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The
2817:. Over the span of twenty years, the new Jurchen ruling class constituted around half of a larger pattern of migration southward into northern China. There, many Jurchens were granted land, which was then organised around a social structure based on hereditary military units: a
3745:(r. 1161–1189) ordered for the Song Canon woodblocks to be transferred from Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital that had now become the Jin "Southern Capital") to the central capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is now the
3520:
and the Liao. The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.
3493:, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234. The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.
2930:. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.
3767:
necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song. Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing." It was further expanded during the Yuan.
3524:
The Jin court maintained a clear separation between the sedentary population who had lived under Liao rule, and the sedentary population who formerly lived under Northern Song rule but had never been under Liao rule. The former they referred to as
2564:. The Mohe exported reindeer products and may have rode them as well. They practiced mass slavery and used the slaves to aid in hunting and agricultural work. The Tang described the Mohe as a fierce and uncultured people who used poisoned arrows.
2760:, they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day
3308:
territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital"
2958:
cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The
2835:('battalions'). The Jurchen ruling class ruled over an estimated 30 million people. Many Jurchens intermarried with Han Chinese, though the ban on Jurchen nobility marrying outside of their ethnicity was only annulled in 1191.
2953:
was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir. The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and
2639:
while his father held a military title from the Liao court, although the title did not confer or hold any real power. As described, Wugunai was a great warrior, eater, drinker, and lover of women. His grandson
2862:
the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Historians have consequently referred to him by his
2903:). Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture. Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day
3412:. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals
2541:
The Mohe were the ancestors of the Jin. the Mohe were called Wuji, the Wuji lived on the land of the Sushen people. There are seven Wuji tribes: Sumo, Boduo, Anchegu, Funie, Haoshi, Heishui, Baishan.
3017:. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead
3770:
Buddhism thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general. Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets. The donors who funded such
2799:
Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied northern China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the
2556:. The Mohe were a primarily sedentary people who practiced hunting, pig farming, and grew crops such as soybean, wheat, millet, and rice. Horses were rare in the region until the
2138:
invaded in 1211, inflicting several crushing defeats upon Jin armies. After a sequence of defeats, revolts, defections, and coups over a span of 23 years, the Jin were ultimately
2910:
Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes. To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the
2922:, and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the
7558:
2970:
units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in
2756:. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated
2623:
rule among the Jurchens as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire for independence from the Khitans, chief
2591:
are also considered to be ancestors of the Jurchens. The Jurchens were mentioned in historical records for the first time in the 10th century as tribute bearers to the
569:
555:
541:
527:
513:
488:
474:
460:
2986:'s reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers
3336:
In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the
3477:
Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the
3443:
9292:
2960:
9287:
3489:. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the
3456:
Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was
3413:
3009:
3553:" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet
9312:
7551:
6915:
3545:
Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within
5972:
3038:
7368:
Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century",
6292:
Chen, Yuan Julian (2018), "Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century",
5870:
3421:
1986:
8117:
3457:
6696:
3468:
The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (
2978:
and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the
9302:
7499:
3405:
3007:(r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The
6630:
7587:
7544:
6652:
3502:
3432:
3394:
1919:
17:
1548:
1488:
3417:
6613:[A Study of XIAO Zha-la the Han Army Commander of 10,000 Families in the Year of 1229 during the Period of Khan (O)gedei].
3277:
3348:
won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the
9307:
1766:
81:
3317:). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital",
2672:. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in
1178:
9070:
8452:
7330:
7312:
7273:
7255:
7206:
7185:
7167:
7142:
6974:
6950:
6533:
6340:
6072:
6037:
5999:
1478:
3673:(Wang "Double Yang") and his disciples were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The flourishing of
9282:
7028:
1051:
1041:
8976:
6027:
2895:
embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from
7704:
5875:
1826:
1520:
682:
427:
2796:
in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.
9122:
8122:
7639:
7159:
3804:
3368:
2139:
2120:
1979:
672:
6255:
3570:
of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model.
3408:
defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor,
7766:
7597:
7294:
6899:
5880:
3641:
1349:
6269:
5926:
In English, its name is sometimes written as "Kin", "Jinn", or "Chin" in order to differentiate it from the earlier
3578:
8748:
7155:
Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty
6889:
3111:
1103:
7910:
9322:
9317:
2858:
even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin
2604:
vassals of the Liao dynasty but they also sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital of
1924:
1541:
1493:
7348:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995b). "Confucianism under the Chin and the Impact of Sung Confucian Tao-hsüeh". In
6231:
3687:
3344:
had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore,
2583:. From the Heishui Mohe emerged the Jurchens in the forested mountain areas of eastern Manchuria and Russia's
9186:
2780:, who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding
1972:
1879:
1837:
1566:
1515:
1441:
1376:
6215:
3300:
Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north.
9181:
9065:
7518:
7441:
7414:
6583:. European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 130.
3030:
1875:
1451:
6355:
Chen, Yuan Julian (2014), "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China",
9297:
9191:
3623:
2801:
2752:
and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in
2729:
1503:
641:
9240:
6777:
Chan, Hok-Lam (1997). "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih".
1508:
212:
6598:. Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. p. 175.
9149:
8297:
7861:
7582:
5927:
2741:
1909:
1847:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1689:
1534:
1471:
1436:
1009:
705:
615:
42:
31:
1215:
9107:
9082:
8932:
8591:
8586:
5594:
4086:
3004:
2189:
1757:
1205:
854:
9174:
9055:
8596:
8549:
8492:
8191:
8135:
7883:
7725:
7664:
7634:
7607:
6704:
5613:
4185:
3792:
3730:
3482:
3326:
2777:
2773:
1431:
410:
6566:
The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185–1265
3374:
9196:
9097:
9092:
8780:
8728:
8648:
8581:
8485:
8470:
8363:
8130:
8084:
7925:
7812:
6610:
5377:
5132:
4043:
3896:
3776:
3742:
3389:
and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders,
3176:
2983:
2950:
2919:
2839:
1914:
1739:
1483:
1461:
1446:
932:
651:
244:
105:
6656:
6279:
9127:
9087:
8900:
8775:
7839:
7829:
7788:
7759:
7659:
7649:
6731:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
6523:
6332:
6241:
6225:
5714:
5339:
4237:
3939:
3478:
3345:
3044:
2991:
2911:
2847:
2781:
2749:
2613:
2560:
period and pastoralism was not widespread until the 10th century under the domination of the
2095:(916–1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by the nascent Jin to the
1456:
873:
314:
194:
9015:
2616:. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and for material benefits.
9220:
9050:
9020:
8895:
8826:
8797:
8716:
8050:
7888:
7878:
3847:
2979:
2843:
2665:
2088:
2065:
1899:
1669:
1586:
1575:
1498:
711:
284:
231:
9000:
6890:
Thomas Mullaney, James Patrick Leibold, Stéphane Gros, Eric Armand Vanden Bussche (2012).
3709:
2941:
2772:
the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both
2635:
to the Wuguo tribes. According to tradition, Wugunai was a sixth generation descendant of
2160:
meaning "gold". The Jurchen word for "gold", and therefore also for their state name, was
8:
8912:
8792:
8758:
8660:
8480:
8475:
8287:
8006:
7942:
7817:
7802:
6626:
3561:'s (1130–1200) scholarship, which constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.
2933:
2757:
663:
415:
8628:
8618:
9025:
9005:
8988:
8939:
8804:
8613:
8564:
8497:
8415:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8302:
8272:
8164:
8062:
7930:
7905:
7709:
7654:
7644:
7627:
7612:
7476:
7468:
7423:
7393:
7385:
6909:
6794:
6497:
6489:
6261:, in Mullaney, Tomhas S.; Leibold, James; Gros, Stéphane; Bussche, Eric Vanden (eds.),
3781:
3746:
3680:
that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen, as two-thirds of the
3669:(1113–1170), founder of formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. He took the nickname of
3426:
3399:
3314:
3129:
3060:
2918:, at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned
2896:
2785:
2505:
2497:
2345:
2337:
2061:
1889:
1466:
646:
122:
6678:
2127:. The Jin also oversaw a number of internal cultural advances, such as the revival of
9134:
9030:
8966:
8961:
8890:
8787:
8502:
8430:
8425:
8267:
8196:
8179:
8174:
8169:
7969:
7920:
7617:
7602:
7592:
7480:
7397:
7326:
7308:
7290:
7269:
7251:
7244:
7202:
7181:
7163:
7138:
6970:
6946:
6895:
6798:
6529:
6501:
6336:
6325:
6068:
6033:
5995:
5829:
4325:
3738:
3364:
3156:
2963:
was signed in 1164, ushering in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires.
2927:
2769:
2737:
2467:
2459:
2307:
2299:
2183:
2104:
2025:
1938:
1934:
1601:
1394:
962:
942:
717:
256:
7339:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995a). "An Overview of Chin History and Institutions". In
6061:
5988:
3325:). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer,
2720:
etc. at the end of a syllable in foreign words. The Jurchens' early rulers were the
8983:
8770:
8765:
8721:
8708:
8638:
8606:
8601:
8465:
8460:
8442:
8403:
8336:
8319:
8260:
8250:
8245:
8186:
8142:
8112:
8072:
8055:
8038:
8001:
7752:
7669:
7622:
7458:
7450:
7377:
6786:
6622:
6479:
6471:
6364:
6301:
5914:
3839:
3550:
3490:
3254:
2975:
2971:
2923:
2673:
2394:
2363:
2234:
2211:
2029:
2006:
1957:
1073:
631:
623:
337:
162:
6263:
Critical Han Studies The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority
9201:
9169:
9042:
9010:
8993:
8949:
8944:
8922:
8917:
8875:
8868:
8843:
8703:
8698:
8539:
8420:
8314:
8309:
8277:
8102:
8092:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7959:
7915:
7797:
7783:
7536:
7284:
7196:
7153:
3825:
3695:
3659:
3329:
abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital"
3243:
2864:
2733:
2692:(ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ), suggesting that the Jurchen name for the river sounded more similar to
2553:
2445:
2285:
2096:
1953:
1948:
1893:
1870:
1865:
1782:
1777:
166:
8623:
3000:
says that Emperor Shizong took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.
2608:, which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent. Some Jurchens paid tribute to
2587:. The Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation that existed to the northeast of modern
9266:
9144:
9139:
9102:
9077:
9060:
8971:
8956:
8927:
8885:
8733:
8693:
8688:
8643:
8569:
8529:
8519:
8509:
8324:
8203:
8097:
7964:
7846:
7732:
7719:
7687:
5271:
5092:
4823:
3763:
3670:
3431:(Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals
3167:
3080:
2996:
2899:(south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day
2661:
2632:
2584:
2545:
2429:
2269:
2151:
2073:
1884:
975:
892:
154:
7436:
6790:
3409:
9276:
9225:
9112:
8907:
8880:
8853:
8831:
8809:
8576:
8559:
8544:
8388:
8341:
8329:
8255:
8147:
8021:
8016:
7991:
7873:
7381:
5495:
4950:
4151:
3448:
3437:
3356:
3349:
3337:
3216:
3138:
3091:
2784:
continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the
2721:
2677:
2620:
2580:
2124:
1904:
1817:
1734:
1724:
1664:
1639:
1629:
765:
732:
520:
506:
493:
479:
345:
271:
38:
8653:
8633:
6385:
The Manchu Way: The eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China
3453:, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.
2084:. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China.
9254:
9117:
8858:
8848:
8814:
8743:
8738:
8665:
8455:
8437:
8398:
8393:
8373:
8368:
8240:
8233:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8107:
8045:
8026:
8011:
7947:
7528:
7511:
7463:
7264:
Goossaert, Vincent (2008), "Song Defang 宋德方", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.),
6484:
6414:
6320:
5358:
5113:
4734:
4646:
4558:
4382:
4009:
3734:
3718:
3546:
3486:
3360:
3341:
3301:
3234:
3225:
3205:
2915:
2892:
2877:
2859:
2788:
in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the
2725:
2657:
2641:
2600:
2592:
2568:
2557:
2401:
2241:
2135:
2128:
2116:
2108:
2092:
1841:
1797:
1787:
1762:
1714:
1340:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1234:
1193:
1131:
845:
835:
812:
562:
465:
341:
297:
189:
158:
140:
7454:
7323:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
6553:. Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales. p. 147.
6475:
6369:
8836:
8821:
8670:
8383:
8292:
8282:
8208:
7856:
7851:
7692:
5865:
4470:
3820:
3771:
3674:
3663:
3587:
3386:
3305:
3196:
3102:
3018:
2987:
2842:
in 1135, each of the next three emperors were the remaining grandsons of
2753:
2745:
2676:. This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the
2549:
2112:
2100:
1729:
1654:
1644:
1247:
1118:
952:
920:
907:
741:
595:
548:
534:
420:
7472:
7427:
7389:
7198:
The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368
6493:
6067:(reprint, illustrated ed.), Rutgers University Press, p. 136,
5994:(reprint, illustrated ed.), Rutgers University Press, p. 136,
4347:
1: For full posthumous names, see the articles for individual emperors.
2907:), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.
2823:('company') was a unit consisting of 300 households, and groups of 7–10
8863:
8680:
8554:
8514:
8447:
7041:, p. 916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Canon printed in Shanxi).
6459:
6306:
5967:
3390:
2789:
2596:
1704:
1699:
999:
788:
6742:
6740:
2966:
In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200
8753:
8524:
8408:
8378:
8159:
8033:
7824:
3014:
2882:
2814:
2700:. It was common for Chinese translators at the time to use the final
2576:
2476:
2316:
2111:(960–1279) based in southern China, and whose rulers were ethnically
1944:
1929:
1709:
7289:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 7, Brill, pp. 13–14,
8154:
7937:
7895:
7834:
7699:
6737:
3666:
3595:
3461:
2483:
2415:
2323:
2255:
2156:
The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" (大金), with
1802:
1684:
1619:
179:
3701:
2631:
clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from
2164:. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China,
66:
8067:
7996:
7952:
7807:
7714:
6596:
Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery
5930:, whose name is written identically in pinyin without tone marks.
3741:(r. 1190–1208). In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor
3705:
Chinese gold plates and a chalice from the Jin Dynasty's Zhongdu.
3359:'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader
3330:
3322:
3318:
3147:
3071:
3051:
2955:
2904:
2900:
2793:
2765:
2761:
2624:
2605:
2561:
2099:, where they would become known in Chinese historiography as the
1792:
1719:
1674:
1649:
1142:
993:
987:
310:
134:
128:
7868:
6528:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
6256:"8. Hushuo The Northern Other and the Naming of the Han Chinese"
3021:, the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court.
2740:, for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the
37:"Anchu" and "Jurchen dynasty" redirect here. For the novel, see
7900:
7775:
7494:
7158:, Korean Studies Library, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp.
3655:
3583:
3558:
3554:
3517:
3310:
3265:
2681:
2628:
2609:
2069:
2037:
1772:
1659:
1634:
1624:
600:
184:
5949:
3737:, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of
3684:
poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists.
2813:
After taking over northern China, the Jin became increasingly
8534:
3120:
2669:
2653:
2636:
2588:
1694:
1679:
590:
3729:大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by
3723:
Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin
2619:
In the 11th century there was widespread discontent against
6764:
The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty
3691:
2914:
in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in
2668:
in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of
2572:
7744:
6835:
6448:, Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", pp. 69–83
6176:
6164:
3333:, making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power.
2103:. After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a
2009:
7412:
Franke, Herbert (1971), "Chin Dynastic History Project",
7357:
Yao, Tao-chung. "Buddhism and Taoism under the Chin". In
6825:
6823:
6724:
6722:
6205:
6203:
6152:
6116:
6007:
2704:
sound at the end of a Chinese character to transliterate
2502:
2488:
2342:
2328:
2012:
7321:
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H., eds. (1995),
6699:[Chapter 29 Big Curry Terrace. This chapter is from
7437:"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors"
7195:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994),
7018:
7016:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6593:
6460:"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors"
6140:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6820:
6719:
6200:
6188:
6128:
3352:
of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.
2064:
that existed between 1115 and 1234 founded by Emperor
9238:
7105:
7095:
7093:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7051:
7049:
7047:
2792:
to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general
2464:
2450:
2434:
2420:
2406:
2304:
2290:
2274:
2260:
2246:
2015:
7013:
6982:
6894:. University of California Press. pp. 186–187.
3754:
as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.
3013:
was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the
2115:. Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors
1359:
1281:
1161:
1094:
1024:
898:
6746:
7566:
7243:
7090:
7073:
7061:
7044:
6728:
6327:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
6324:
6104:
6060:
5987:
3485:in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of
2974:, Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of
7232:
7223:
7194:
6814:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China
6092:
5955:
9274:
7231:Franke, Herbert (1994b). "The Chin dynasty". In
6080:
6653:"窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库"
2982:started to be offered in the Jurchen language.
2688:(阿勒楚喀) is a transliteration of its Manchu name
6581:Foundations and Limits of State Power in China
6568:. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 50.
6382:
6029:Century-By-Century: A Summary of World History
2567:The two most powerful groups of Mohe were the
9293:States and territories disestablished in 1234
7760:
7552:
6265:, University of California Press, p. 186
6058:
5985:
3481:. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the
3469:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2368:
2216:
2169:
1980:
1542:
376:4,750,000 km (1,830,000 sq mi)
368:3,610,000 km (1,390,000 sq mi)
58:
9217:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
7250:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
6945:, University of Chicago Press, p. 119,
6914:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
5973:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
41:. For the 17th-century Jurchen khanate, see
7358:
7349:
7340:
7320:
7201:, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press,
6521:
9288:States and territories established in 1115
7767:
7753:
7559:
7545:
7222:Franke, Herbert (1994a). Introduction. In
6969:, Cambridge University Press, p. 89,
6941:Nelson, Robert S.; Olin, Margaret (2003),
6940:
6785:(2). Cambridge University Press: 257–283.
6415:"Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties 907–1234"
3717:The Jin state sponsored an edition of the
3694:ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty,
2870:
1987:
1973:
1549:
1535:
104:
80:
7462:
7434:
7263:
7038:
6766:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14.
6548:
6525:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
6483:
6457:
6391:
6368:
6305:
6025:
3642:Learn how and when to remove this message
2076:descent, it is also sometimes called the
7347:
7338:
7282:
7175:
6928:
6816:. Stanford University Press. p. 66.
6429:
6427:
6237:
6158:
6146:
6134:
6122:
3815:Sovereigns of the Jin dynasty 1115–1234
3708:
3700:
3686:
3577:
3373:
2940:
2932:
2876:
1920:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
9313:13th-century disestablishments in China
9041:
7230:
7221:
7151:
7137:, London: Routledge, pp. 291–292,
6964:
6877:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6733:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 41.
6551:Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001
6387:, Stanford University Press, p. 60
6253:
6221:
6209:
6194:
6182:
6170:
6013:
4353:
3503:Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
3288:) and main contemporary Asian polities
2846:, each by a different one of his sons.
14:
9275:
7411:
7268:, London: Routledge, pp. 915–16,
7241:
7133:大金玄嘟寶藏", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.),
6811:
6578:
6275:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3203:
3174:
3165:
3136:
2652:The Jin dynasty was created in modern
2504:
2466:
2344:
2306:
2072:clan that founded the dynasty were of
2024:
7748:
7540:
7128:
7022:
7007:
6995:
6943:Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade
6439:
6424:
6331:, Columbia University Press, p.
6319:
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4709:
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4703:
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4381:
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4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
3795:(r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.
3662:was founded under the Jin Dynasty by
3533:while the latter they referred to as
3263:
3194:
3183:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3049:
2885:, Hebei, built between 1161 and 1189.
2612:and sided with the latter during the
27:Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China
7367:
7305:The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China
6779:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
6776:
6761:
6747:J. Ganim; S. Legassie, eds. (2013).
6627:10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008
6354:
6291:
6110:
6098:
6086:
3606:
3241:
3154:
3145:
3127:
3078:
3069:
3058:
2644:eventually founded the Jin dynasty.
9303:Former countries in Chinese history
7356:
7302:
7111:
7099:
7084:
7067:
7055:
7034:
6749:Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages
6608:
6563:
6445:
6433:
6323:(2000), John Stewart Bowman (ed.),
3809:
3252:
2768:). On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens
24:
7640:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
7405:
7307:, University of Washington Press,
6703:] (in Chinese). Archived from
6633:from the original on 2 August 2016
6594:Gary Seaman; Daniel Marks (1991).
3805:Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty
3369:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
2808:
2728:, which had held sway over modern
25:
9334:
7487:
7283:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002),
7246:A History of Chinese Civilization
9260:
9248:
7493:
6729:Igor de Rachewiltz, ed. (1993).
6579:Schram, Stuart Reynolds (1987).
6412:
5871:Jurchen Jin emperors family tree
3780:as under the reigns of emperors
3611:
3043:
3037:
2754:driving the Liao to Central Asia
2005:
1585:
630:
567:
553:
539:
525:
511:
486:
472:
458:
65:
7705:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
7233:Twitchett & Fairbank (1994)
7224:Twitchett & Fairbank (1994)
7176:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002) ,
6958:
6934:
6883:
6805:
6770:
6755:
6689:
6671:
6645:
6611:"窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户"
6602:
6587:
6572:
6557:
6542:
6515:
6451:
6376:
6348:
6285:
6247:
5876:Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
3786:
3564:
3283:
2852:
2647:
2503:
2489:
2343:
2329:
1752:Medieval to Early Modern period
428:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
87:
9308:1234 disestablishments in Asia
6697:"作品相关 第二十九章 大库里台. 本章出自《草原特种兵》"
6052:
6019:
5979:
5961:
5920:
5909:
5904:
5893:
4339:
4329:
4319:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4278:
4271:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4155:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4078:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3931:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3888:
3882:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3363:in exchange for relieving the
3024:
2579:in the south, named after the
2571:in the north, named after the
2465:
2451:
2435:
2421:
2407:
2369:
2305:
2291:
2275:
2261:
2247:
2217:
2056:
2042:
1489:Science and technology history
86:Location of Jin dynasty (blue
13:
1:
6564:May, Timothy Michael (2004).
6522:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
5956:Twitchett & Fairbank 1994
5937:
5881:Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars
3496:
3289:
2951:Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong)
2949:Although crowned in October,
2087:The Jin dynasty emerged from
1838:Sino-Russian border conflicts
859:
818:
794:
771:
747:
688:
93:
7519:Dynasties in Chinese history
7442:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
6464:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
6357:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
5942:
5253:Wanyan Zongfu 完顏宗辅 1096–1135
3031:Mongol conquest of Jin China
2829:were further organised into
7:
7774:
6812:Hucker, Charles O. (1985).
6026:Lipschutz, Leonard (2000),
5859:
3757:
3573:
3304:first led the Mongols into
2937:Jin wood structure (model).
2891:Having usurped the throne,
2046:), officially known as the
1614:Ancient to Classical period
10:
9339:
7266:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
7152:Breuker, Remco E. (2010),
7135:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
7121:
6762:Watt, James C. Y. (2010).
6294:Journal of Chinese History
5244:Wanyan Zonggan 完颜宗干 d.1141
5235:Wanyan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d.1124
3802:
3798:
3713:Jin tomb with stage scene.
3540:
3500:
3379:Cai Wenji returning to Han
3028:
2945:Jin tomb with stage scene.
2187:
2181:
2177:
2149:
296:• Destruction of the
36:
29:
9210:
9162:
8679:
8083:
7782:
7680:
7583:Alliance Conducted at Sea
7575:
7525:
7516:
7508:
7435:Schneider, Julia (2011),
7359:Tillman & West (1995)
7350:Tillman & West (1995)
7341:Tillman & West (1995)
6967:An Urban History of China
6791:10.1017/S1356186300008877
6458:Schneider, Julia (2011),
6063:A History of Central Asia
6032:, iUniverse, p. 59,
5990:A History of Central Asia
5917:: Anchun or Alchun Gurun)
5783:
5781:
5739:
5737:
5684:
5682:
5666:
5664:
5638:
5636:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5560:
5558:
5542:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5512:
5510:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5442:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5394:
5392:
5317:
5315:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5295:
5287:
5285:
5264:
5262:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4781:
4779:
4693:
4691:
4605:
4603:
4517:
4515:
4429:
4427:
4346:
3602:
3591:
3513:
3470:
2742:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2552:who lived in what is now
2536:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2496:
2482:
2475:
2458:
2444:
2428:
2414:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2362:
2357:
2336:
2322:
2315:
2298:
2284:
2268:
2254:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2170:
2091:'s rebellion against the
2062:imperial dynasty of China
2051:
2033:
1910:Kwantung Leased Territory
1363:
1285:
1165:
1098:
1028:
902:
583:
437:
403:
399:
389:
385:
380:
372:
364:
359:
355:
334:
324:
307:
294:
281:
277:
267:
263:
250:
238:
225:
221:
211:
203:
172:
150:
115:
103:
79:
74:
59:
52:
7382:10.1177/0097700405282349
7242:Gernet, Jacques (1996),
6701:Grassland Special Forces
6679:"新元史/卷146 – 維基文庫，自由的圖書館"
5886:
3654:A significant branch of
3491:Mongols besieged Caizhou
3483:Mongols besieged Kaifeng
3355:The Jurchen Jin emperor
2881:The Chengling Pagoda of
2358:Alternative Chinese name
2190:Timeline of the Jurchens
2140:conquered by the Mongols
2121:fortified the Great Wall
1758:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
30:Not to be confused with
9283:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
7726:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka
7635:1194 Yellow River flood
7568:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
7500:Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)
7415:Sung Studies Newsletter
7303:Tao, Jing-shen (1976),
7129:Boltz, Judith (2008), "
6751:. Springer. p. 47.
6615:西北师大学报(社会科学版) PKUCSSCI
6383:Mark C. Elliot (2001),
5710:Wanyan Shouxu 完顏守緒 1234
3381:, Jin dynasty painting.
3365:Mongol siege of Zhongdu
2871:Rebellions in the north
2838:Following the death of
2544:The progenitors of the
2145:
326:• Mongol invasion
18:Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)
7286:Manchu Grammar, Part 8
6965:Lincoln, Toby (2021),
6254:Elliott, Mark (2012),
6059:René Grousset (1970),
5986:René Grousset (1970),
3733:(r. 1100–1125) of the
3714:
3706:
3698:
3599:
3382:
2946:
2938:
2886:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2123:against the ascendant
2117:adapted to Han customs
1915:Nationalist government
9323:13th century in China
9318:12th century in China
9187:Medieval great powers
7455:10.1353/sys.2011.0030
7180:, Oxford: Blackwell,
7131:Da Jin Xuandu baozang
6476:10.1353/sys.2011.0030
6370:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
5928:Jin dynasty (266–420)
5825:Wanyan Chenglin 完顏承麟
4967:Wanyan Polashu 完顏頗刺淑
4361:Emperors family tree
3775:initiated in 1162 by
3727:Da Jin Xuandu baozang
3721:that is known as the
3712:
3704:
3690:
3590:from Chongfu Temple (
3581:
3479:Southern Song dynasty
3377:
2980:imperial examinations
2944:
2936:
2912:Southern Song dynasty
2880:
2867:"Prince of Hailing".
2782:Southern Song dynasty
2750:Northern Song dynasty
2105:century-long campaign
2068:(first). Because the
1354:(mainland, 1912–1949)
315:Northern Song dynasty
195:Chinese folk religion
151:Common languages
43:Later Jin (1616–1636)
32:Jin dynasty (266–420)
9197:European colonialism
9182:Ancient great powers
7502:at Wikimedia Commons
6892:Critical Han Studies
5128:Wanyan Wuqimai 完顏吳乞買
5121:(born 1113)1115–1123
4354:Emperors family tree
3557:(1037–1101) than on
3278:class=notpageimage|
3003:Shizong's grandson,
1900:Far Eastern Republic
1670:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
1645:Yan (Warring States)
9192:Modern great powers
7361:, pp. 145–180.
6844:, pp. 265–266.
6185:, pp. 220–221.
6016:, pp. 215–320.
5480:Wanyan Yungong 完顏允恭
3816:
3551:Learning of the Way
2758:Sixteen Prefectures
2627:(1021–1074) of the
1808:Jurchen Jin dynasty
1767:Andong Protectorate
9298:Dynasties of China
7710:Huining Prefecture
7628:Treaty of Shaoxing
7352:, pp. 71–114.
7114:, pp. 161–62.
7010:, pp. 291–92.
6549:Collectif (2002).
6419:China 7 BC To 1279
6307:10.1017/jch.2018.7
6173:, p. 217–220.
5496:Prince Shao of Wei
5491:Wanyan Yongji 完顏永濟
5109:Wanyan Aguda 完颜阿骨打
4981:Wanyan Yingge 完颜盈歌
4226:; 1217–1222)
4127:; 1196–1200)
4121:; 1190–1196)
3814:
3747:White Cloud Temple
3715:
3707:
3699:
3600:
3383:
3315:Battle of Yehuling
2961:Treaty of Longxing
2947:
2939:
2897:Huining Prefecture
2887:
2786:Treaty of Shaoxing
2134:The Mongols under
1890:Beiyang government
1596:Prehistoric period
1369:
1179:Five Dynasties and
1171:
1106:Southern dynasties
1034:
933:Chu–Han Contention
925:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
309:• Capture of
283:• Founded by
123:Huining Prefecture
9236:
9235:
9158:
9157:
9123:Polish–Lithuanian
8298:Gurjara-Pratihara
7742:
7741:
7603:Jingkang incident
7535:
7534:
7526:Succeeded by
7498:Media related to
7343:, pp. 23–38.
7332:978-0-791-42273-1
7314:978-0-295-95514-8
7275:978-0-700-71200-7
7257:978-0-521-49781-7
7208:978-0-521-24331-5
7187:978-0-631-23591-0
7169:978-9-004-18325-4
7144:978-0-7007-1200-7
6976:978-1-107-19642-1
6952:978-0-226-57158-4
6683:zh.wikisource.org
6535:978-1-108-63662-9
6511:– via JSTOR
6413:Beck, Sanderson,
6342:978-0-231-11004-4
6125:, pp. 13–14.
6074:978-0-8135-1304-1
6039:978-0-595-12578-4
6001:978-0-8135-1304-1
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5826:
5711:
5610:
5591:
5492:
5483:
5374:
5359:Prince of Hailing
5355:
5336:
5254:
5245:
5236:
5129:
5110:
5096:
4982:
4968:
4954:
4827:
4351:
4350:
3739:Emperor Zhangzong
3652:
3651:
3644:
3404:, and the Khitan
3282:The Jin dynasty (
3010:Taihe Code of law
3005:Emperor Zhangzong
2928:Battle of Tangdao
2738:Mongolian Plateau
2664:tribal chieftain
2614:Khitan–Goryeo War
2534:
2533:
2513:
2512:
2395:Standard Mandarin
2353:
2352:
2235:Standard Mandarin
1997:
1996:
1939:Chinese Civil War
1935:Liaoshen Campaign
1925:Japanese invasion
1880:Russian invasions
1740:Göktürk Khaganate
1602:Liao civilization
1559:
1558:
1516:Transport history
1442:Education history
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1395:Republic of China
1377:People's Republic
1350:Republic of China
1329:
1328:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1158:
1157:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1022:
1021:
855:Spring and Autumn
718:Liao civilization
609:
608:
579:
578:
575:
574:
499:
498:
391:• 1186 est.
240:• 1161–1189
227:• 1115–1123
16:(Redirected from
9330:
9265:
9264:
9263:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9244:
9039:
9038:
8704:Austro-Hungarian
8404:Chagatai Khanate
7769:
7762:
7755:
7746:
7745:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7538:
7537:
7509:Preceded by
7506:
7505:
7497:
7483:
7466:
7430:
7400:
7362:
7353:
7344:
7335:
7317:
7299:
7278:
7260:
7249:
7236:
7227:
7226:, pp. 1–42.
7218:
7217:
7215:
7190:
7172:
7147:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7088:
7082:
7071:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7042:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6980:
6979:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6913:
6905:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6818:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6726:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6659:on 13 April 2020
6655:. Archived from
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6487:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6422:
6421:
6410:
6389:
6388:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6330:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6289:
6283:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6260:
6251:
6245:
6235:
6229:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6161:, p. 18–20.
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6066:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5993:
5983:
5977:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5931:
5924:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5897:
5824:
5709:
5608:
5589:
5490:
5479:
5372:
5354:Wanyan Liang 完顏亮
5353:
5335:Wanyan Hela 完顏合剌
5334:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5127:
5108:
5091:
4980:
4966:
4949:
4822:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4341:
4331:
4321:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4280:
4273:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4080:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4015:
4005:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3933:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3890:
3884:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3817:
3813:
3810:List of emperors
3790:
3788:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3593:
3515:
3473:
3472:
3452:
3441:
3430:
3403:
3327:Emperor Xuanzong
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3041:
2976:Jurchen language
2972:Chinese classics
2924:Battle of Caishi
2856:
2854:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2776:and his father,
2509:
2508:
2507:
2492:
2491:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2424:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2386:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2194:
2193:
2173:
2172:
2058:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1958:Russian Far East
1690:Sima Jin dynasty
1589:
1579:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1479:Military history
1437:Economic history
1425:Related articles
1402:
1384:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1221:
1211:
1199:
1186:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1137:
1124:
1111:
1096:
1095:
1079:
1074:Sixteen Kingdoms
1057:
1047:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1015:
981:
968:
958:
948:
947:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
938:
926:
913:
900:
899:
878:
870:
868:
864:
861:
851:
841:
829:
827:
823:
820:
805:
803:
799:
796:
782:
780:
776:
773:
758:
756:
752:
749:
699:
697:
693:
690:
634:
624:History of China
611:
610:
571:
570:
557:
556:
543:
542:
529:
528:
515:
514:
503:
502:
490:
489:
476:
475:
462:
461:
455:
454:
439:
438:
108:
98:
95:
91:
90:
84:
69:
63:
62:
61:
50:
49:
21:
9338:
9337:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9261:
9259:
9249:
9247:
9239:
9237:
9232:
9221:American Empire
9206:
9202:African empires
9154:
9037:
8729:Central African
8675:
8493:Romano-Germanic
8079:
7813:Middle Assyrian
7786:
7778:
7773:
7743:
7738:
7676:
7571:
7565:
7531:
7522:
7514:
7490:
7464:1854/LU-2045182
7449:(41): 343–404,
7408:
7406:Further reading
7403:
7333:
7315:
7297:
7276:
7258:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7188:
7170:
7145:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7091:
7083:
7074:
7066:
7062:
7054:
7045:
7037:, p. 174;
7033:
7029:
7021:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6994:
6983:
6977:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6939:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6888:
6884:
6876:
6872:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6828:
6821:
6810:
6806:
6775:
6771:
6760:
6756:
6745:
6738:
6727:
6720:
6710:
6708:
6707:on 4 March 2016
6695:
6694:
6690:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6634:
6607:
6603:
6592:
6588:
6577:
6573:
6562:
6558:
6547:
6543:
6536:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6485:1854/LU-2045182
6470:(41): 343–404,
6456:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6432:
6425:
6411:
6392:
6381:
6377:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6318:
6314:
6290:
6286:
6274:
6270:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6236:
6232:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6057:
6053:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5984:
5980:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5925:
5921:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5862:
5834:
5827:
5719:
5712:
5618:
5611:
5599:
5592:
5590:Wanyan Jing 完顏璟
5500:
5493:
5484:
5481:
5382:
5375:
5373:Wanyan Yong 完顏雍
5363:
5356:
5344:
5337:
5276:
5274:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5152:
5137:
5130:
5118:
5111:
5099:
5097:
5005:
5003:
4985:
4983:
4971:
4969:
4957:
4955:
4830:
4828:
4738:
4650:
4562:
4474:
4386:
4356:
4298:
4292:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4227:
4221:
4188:
4175:
4169:
4128:
4122:
4089:
4033:
4027:
3984:
3978:
3886:
3836:Years of reign
3826:Posthumous name
3812:
3807:
3801:
3791:1209–1213) and
3785:
3760:
3731:Emperor Huizong
3696:Shanghai Museum
3660:Quanzhen School
3648:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3576:
3567:
3543:
3505:
3499:
3446:
3435:
3424:
3397:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3027:
2984:Emperor Shizong
2889:
2888:
2873:
2865:posthumous name
2851:
2840:Emperor Taizong
2811:
2809:Migration south
2778:Emperor Huizong
2774:Emperor Qinzong
2650:
2554:Northeast China
2539:
2446:Tongyong Pinyin
2436:
2377:Literal meaning
2286:Tongyong Pinyin
2276:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2154:
2148:
2097:Western Regions
2078:Jurchen dynasty
2008:
2004:
1993:
1964:
1963:
1954:Outer Manchuria
1949:Northeast China
1894:Fengtian Clique
1871:Chuang Guandong
1866:Amur Annexation
1861:
1853:
1852:
1783:Dongdan Kingdom
1778:Little Goguryeo
1753:
1745:
1744:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1577:
1570:
1555:
1526:
1525:
1521:Women's history
1427:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1005:
979:
971:
966:
956:
946:
936:
924:
916:
911:
896:
895:
884:
883:
876:
866:
862:
857:
849:
839:
825:
821:
816:
808:
801:
797:
792:
779: 1046 BCE
778:
774:
769:
761:
755: 1600 BCE
754:
750:
745:
736:
735:
724:
723:
696: 2000 BCE
695:
691:
686:
678:
667:
666:
605:
568:
554:
540:
526:
512:
487:
473:
459:
433:
392:
351:9 February 1234
348:
327:
317:
300:
290:28 January 1115
287:
253:
241:
228:
199:
146:
111:
110:Circuits of Jin
99:
96:
88:
70:
64:
57:
55:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9336:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9270:
9269:
9257:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9223:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9166:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8986:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8959:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8905:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8824:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8768:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8731:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8685:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8616:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8500:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8243:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8157:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8089:
8087:
8085:Post-classical
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8065:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7940:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7884:Middle Kingdom
7881:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7840:Neo-Babylonian
7837:
7832:
7830:Old Babylonian
7822:
7821:
7820:
7815:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7780:
7779:
7772:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7749:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7733:History of Jin
7729:
7722:
7720:Yanqing Temple
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7688:Jurchen people
7684:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7637:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7564:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7489:
7488:External links
7486:
7485:
7484:
7432:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7331:
7325:, SUNY Press,
7318:
7313:
7300:
7295:
7280:
7274:
7261:
7256:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7228:
7207:
7192:
7186:
7173:
7168:
7149:
7143:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7104:
7102:, p. 161.
7089:
7087:, p. 175.
7072:
7070:, p. 173.
7060:
7058:, p. 174.
7043:
7039:Goossaert 2008
7027:
7025:, p. 292.
7012:
7000:
6998:, p. 291.
6981:
6975:
6957:
6951:
6933:
6921:
6900:
6882:
6880:, p. 267.
6870:
6868:, p. 270.
6858:
6856:, p. 266.
6846:
6834:
6832:, p. 265.
6819:
6804:
6769:
6754:
6736:
6718:
6688:
6670:
6644:
6617:(in Chinese).
6601:
6586:
6571:
6556:
6541:
6534:
6514:
6450:
6438:
6423:
6390:
6375:
6363:(1): 325–364,
6347:
6341:
6312:
6300:(2): 313–334,
6284:
6268:
6246:
6230:
6214:
6212:, p. 221.
6199:
6197:, p. 220.
6187:
6175:
6163:
6151:
6149:, p. 124.
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6073:
6051:
6038:
6018:
6006:
6000:
5978:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5919:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5846:
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5842:
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5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
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5780:
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5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
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5760:
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5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5609:Wanyan Xun 完顏珣
5606:
5604:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5370:
5368:
5351:
5349:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5272:Wanyan Nianhan
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5125:
5123:
5106:
5104:
5093:Wanyan Wuyashu
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4978:
4976:
4964:
4962:
4946:
4945:
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4941:
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4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4824:Wanyan Wugunai
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
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4792:
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4772:
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4756:
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4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4644:
4642:
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4638:
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4608:
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4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
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4402:
4400:
4398:
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4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4323:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4285:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4262:, unofficial)
4234:
4233:
4214:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4162:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4115:
4112:
4105:
4098:
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3828:
3823:
3811:
3808:
3803:Main article:
3800:
3797:
3764:Buddhist Canon
3759:
3756:
3671:Wang Chongyang
3650:
3649:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3542:
3539:
3498:
3495:
3414:Shimo Beidi'er
3346:Emperor Aizong
3313:(see also the
3281:
3276:
3275:
3073:CUMAN KHANATES
3042:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:Main article:
3026:
3023:
2997:History of Jin
2875:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2848:Emperor Xizong
2810:
2807:
2736:China and the
2649:
2646:
2633:Mount Changbai
2585:Primorsky Krai
2546:Jurchen people
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2515:
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2511:
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2500:
2494:
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2480:
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2477:Yue: Cantonese
2473:
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2448:
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2432:
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2398:
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2389:Transcriptions
2382:
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2366:
2360:
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2355:
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2350:
2340:
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2317:Yue: Cantonese
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2296:
2295:
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2281:
2272:
2266:
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2258:
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2230:
2229:Transcriptions
2222:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2182:Main article:
2179:
2176:
2152:Names of China
2150:Main article:
2147:
2144:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1885:Russian Dalian
1882:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
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1452:Jewish history
1449:
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1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:
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1390:
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1383:(1949–present)
1372:
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1016:
1004:
1003:
983:
982:
976:Three Kingdoms
970:
969:
959:
949:
939:
928:
927:
915:
914:
903:
897:
891:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:Warring States
871:
867: 476 BCE
842:
840:(1046–771 BCE)
831:
830:
826: 256 BCE
807:
806:
784:
783:
760:
759:
737:
731:
730:
729:
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725:
722:
721:
701:
700:
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661:
660:
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652:Historiography
649:
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361:
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335:
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328:
325:
322:
321:
320:9 January 1127
318:
308:
305:
304:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
282:
279:
278:
275:
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269:
268:Historical era
265:
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261:
260:
254:
251:
248:
247:
242:
239:
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235:
229:
226:
223:
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215:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
198:
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192:
187:
182:
176:
174:
170:
169:
155:Middle Chinese
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
138:
132:
126:
119:
117:
113:
112:
109:
101:
100:
85:
77:
76:
72:
71:
56:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9335:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
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9301:
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9296:
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9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9268:
9258:
9256:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9227:
9226:Soviet empire
9224:
9222:
9219:
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9211:Miscellaneous
9209:
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9059:
9057:
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9048:
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9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
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9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
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8999:
8995:
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8909:
8906:
8902:
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8860:
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8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8810:German Empire
8808:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8782:
8779:
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8772:
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8752:
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8672:
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8642:
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8608:
8605:
8603:
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8598:
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8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8550:Turco-Persian
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
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8496:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8457:
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8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8198:
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8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
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8040:
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8035:
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8028:
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8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
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8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
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7990:
7988:
7985:
7981:
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7973:
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7968:
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7963:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7951:
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7939:
7936:
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7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
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7785:
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7765:
7763:
7758:
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7751:
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7735:
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7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
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7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
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7679:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
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7651:
7648:
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7643:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7608:Huangtiandang
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7593:Jin–Song Wars
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7555:
7550:
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7507:
7501:
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7491:
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7443:
7438:
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7425:
7421:
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7410:
7409:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7328:
7324:
7319:
7316:
7310:
7306:
7301:
7298:
7296:9-004-12307-5
7292:
7288:
7287:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7259:
7253:
7248:
7247:
7240:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7179:
7174:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7127:
7126:
7113:
7108:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7069:
7064:
7057:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7017:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6978:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6929:Tillman 1995b
6925:
6917:
6911:
6903:
6901:9780520289758
6897:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6850:
6843:
6838:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6815:
6808:
6800:
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6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6758:
6750:
6743:
6741:
6732:
6725:
6723:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6575:
6567:
6560:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6518:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6322:
6321:Hymes, Robert
6316:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6238:Tillman 1995a
6234:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6160:
6159:Crossley 1997
6155:
6148:
6147:Crossley 1997
6143:
6137:, p. 17.
6136:
6135:Crossley 1997
6131:
6124:
6123:Gorelova 2002
6119:
6113:, p. 24.
6112:
6107:
6100:
6095:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6055:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6003:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5982:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5958:, p. 40.
5957:
5952:
5948:
5929:
5923:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5896:
5892:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5850:
5838:
5833:
5831:
5798:
5796:
5754:
5752:
5723:
5718:
5716:
5699:
5697:
5653:
5651:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5587:
5584:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5540:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5469:
5466:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5430:
5422:
5420:
5409:
5407:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5332:
5330:
5282:
5280:
5273:
5232:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5181:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5103:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5078:
5076:
5068:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5040:
5016:
5011:
5009:
4989:
4975:
4961:
4952:
4951:Wanyan Helibo
4947:
4944:
4928:
4926:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4878:
4876:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4834:
4825:
4808:
4806:
4764:
4762:
4736:
4720:
4718:
4676:
4674:
4648:
4632:
4630:
4588:
4586:
4560:
4544:
4542:
4500:
4498:
4472:
4456:
4454:
4412:
4410:
4384:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4345:
4337:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:; 1232–1234)
4286:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4256:, unofficial)
4250:, unofficial)
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:; 1222–1224)
4215:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4163:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:; 1200–1208)
4116:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:; 1161–1189)
4076:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:; 1156–1161)
4021:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:; 1141–1149)
3972:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:; 1123–1135)
3929:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:; 1117–1123)
3880:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:Chinese name
3832:
3830:Jurchen name
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3646:
3643:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3620:This section
3618:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3357:Wanyan Yongji
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:Yangtze River
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:(present-day
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3279:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3200:
3191:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3151:
3142:
3140:GHURID EMPIRE
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3095:CONFEDERATION
3086:
3075:
3066:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:Songhua River
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:Songhua River
2578:
2574:
2573:Heilong River
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2184:Jin–Song Wars
2175:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:Mongol Empire
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2002:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Green Ukraine
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:Modern period
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Northern Yuan
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Xianbei state
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Takri Kingdom
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Naval history
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:Music history
1465:
1463:
1462:Media history
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Legal history
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1401:1949–present)
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1216:Southern Song
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:Northern Song
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
989:
985:
984:
978:
977:
973:
972:
965:
964:
960:
955:
954:
950:
945:
944:
940:
937:(206–202 BCE)
935:
934:
930:
929:
923:
922:
918:
917:
912:(221–207 BCE)
910:
909:
905:
904:
901:
894:
888:
887:
877:(475–221 BCE)
875:
872:
856:
853:
852:
850:(771–256 BCE)
848:
847:
843:
838:
837:
833:
832:
815:
814:
810:
809:
791:
790:
786:
785:
768:
767:
763:
762:
744:
743:
739:
738:
734:
728:
727:
720:
719:
714:
713:
708:
707:
703:
702:
685:
684:
680:
679:
675:
674:
670:
669:
665:
659:
658:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
613:
612:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
584:Today part of
582:
566:
564:
561:
560:
552:
550:
547:
546:
538:
536:
533:
532:
524:
522:
521:Southern Song
519:
518:
510:
508:
507:Mongol Empire
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:Northern Liao
492:
485:
484:
481:
480:Northern Song
478:
471:
470:
467:
464:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
436:
430:
429:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:Mongol Empire
343:
339:
333:
329:
323:
319:
316:
312:
306:
303:26 March 1125
302:
299:
293:
289:
286:
280:
276:
273:
272:Medieval Asia
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
249:
246:
243:
237:
233:
230:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
107:
102:
83:
78:
73:
68:
51:
48:
44:
40:
39:Anchu (novel)
33:
19:
8977:Contemporary
8827:Indo-Persian
8815:Nazi Germany
8759:Contemporary
8661:Vijayanagara
8560:Great Seljuk
8471:Thessalonica
8399:Golden Horde
8228:
8039:Carthaginian
7818:Neo-Assyrian
7803:Neo-Sumerian
7731:
7724:
7567:
7529:Yuan dynasty
7517:
7512:Liao dynasty
7446:
7440:
7422:(3): 36–37,
7419:
7413:
7373:
7370:Modern China
7369:
7322:
7304:
7285:
7265:
7245:
7212:, retrieved
7197:
7177:
7154:
7134:
7130:
7107:
7063:
7030:
7003:
6966:
6960:
6942:
6936:
6931:, pp. .
6924:
6891:
6885:
6878:Franke 1994b
6873:
6866:Franke 1994b
6861:
6854:Franke 1994b
6849:
6842:Franke 1994b
6837:
6830:Franke 1994b
6813:
6807:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6763:
6757:
6748:
6730:
6709:. Retrieved
6705:the original
6700:
6691:
6682:
6673:
6661:. Retrieved
6657:the original
6647:
6635:. Retrieved
6618:
6614:
6609:胡小鹏 (2001).
6604:
6595:
6589:
6580:
6574:
6565:
6559:
6550:
6544:
6524:
6517:
6505:, retrieved
6467:
6463:
6453:
6441:
6436:, p. 44
6418:
6384:
6378:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6326:
6315:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6271:
6262:
6249:
6233:
6222:Franke 1994a
6217:
6210:Franke 1994b
6195:Franke 1994b
6190:
6183:Breuker 2010
6178:
6171:Franke 1994b
6166:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6101:, p. 6.
6094:
6089:, p. 7.
6082:
6062:
6054:
6043:, retrieved
6028:
6021:
6014:Franke 1994b
6009:
5989:
5981:
5971:
5963:
5951:
5922:
5908:
5900:
5895:
5836:
5828:
5721:
5713:
5620:
5612:
5601:
5593:
5502:
5494:
5384:
5376:
5365:
5357:
5346:
5338:
5151:Wanyan Sagai
5139:
5131:
5120:
5112:
5101:
5002:Wanyan Hezhe
4987:
4973:
4959:
4832:
4735:Wanyan Shilu
4647:Wanyan Suike
4559:Wanyan Bahai
4383:Wanyan Hanpu
4338:Shengchang (
4313:
4308:
4291:; 1224–1232)
4265:
4246:Zhuangzong (
4220:; 1213–1217)
4174:; 1212–1213)
4168:; 1209–1212)
4146:
4138:
4032:; 1153–1156)
4026:, 1149–1153)
3994:
3983:; 1138–1141)
3977:; 1135–1138)
3885:; 1115–1116)
3772:inscriptions
3769:
3761:
3751:
3735:Song dynasty
3726:
3722:
3719:Taoist Canon
3716:
3681:
3675:
3653:
3638:
3629:
3624:copy editing
3622:may require
3621:
3582:Jin dynasty
3568:
3565:Architecture
3547:Confucianism
3544:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3509:
3506:
3476:
3467:
3455:
3422:Xiao Zhongxi
3384:
3378:
3361:Genghis Khan
3354:
3342:Wanyan Liang
3335:
3302:Genghis Khan
3299:
3185:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2967:
2965:
2948:
2909:
2893:Wanyan Liang
2890:
2860:Wanyan Liang
2837:
2812:
2800:
2798:
2726:Liao dynasty
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:rather than
2693:
2689:
2685:
2658:Heilongjiang
2651:
2648:Wanyan Aguda
2618:
2569:Heishui Mohe
2566:
2543:
2540:
2402:Hanyu Pinyin
2242:Hanyu Pinyin
2206:Chinese name
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2136:Genghis Khan
2133:
2129:Confucianism
2109:Song dynasty
2107:against the
2101:Western Liao
2093:Liao dynasty
2089:Wanyan Aguda
2086:
2081:
2077:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2000:
1998:
1807:
1798:Liao dynasty
1788:Later Balhae
1763:Tang dynasty
1715:Northern Yan
1457:LGBT history
1393:
1375:
1348:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1214:
1204:
1192:
1181:Ten Kingdoms
1177:
1130:
1117:
1104:Northern and
1102:
1072:
1050:
1040:
1008:
998:
992:
986:
980:(220–280 CE)
974:
961:
951:
941:
931:
919:
906:
846:Eastern Zhou
844:
836:Western Zhou
834:
811:
787:
764:
740:
716:
710:
704:
681:
671:
563:Eastern Liao
535:Western Liao
466:Liao dynasty
448:Succeeded by
447:
442:
425:
416:Chinese cash
411:Chinese coin
298:Liao dynasty
252:• 1234
190:Confucianism
159:Old Mandarin
47:
8565:Khwarezmian
8498:Carolingian
8303:Rashtrakuta
8007:Shaishunaga
7906:Hellenistic
7889:New Kingdom
7879:Old Kingdom
7693:Wanyan clan
7660:Sanfengshan
7650:Dachangyuan
7376:(1): 3–30,
7178:The Manchus
6278:, pp.
6276:Gernet 1996
6240:, pp.
5866:Eastern Xia
5485:Xianzong 顯宗
5098:Kangzong 康宗
4471:Wanyan Wulu
4270:Ningjiasu (
4244:, official)
4228:Yuanguang (
4192:Shengxiao (
4170:Chongqing (
4117:Mingchang (
4093:Guangxiao (
4034:Zhenglong (
3985:Huangtong (
3949:Xiaocheng (
3821:Temple name
3664:Han Chinese
3658:called the
3588:bodhisattva
3458:Shi Bingzhi
3447: [
3436: [
3425: [
3410:Ögedei Khan
3398: [
3387:Han Chinese
3306:Western Xia
3293: 1205
3104:QARA KHITAI
3062:KHWARAZMIAN
3025:Fall of Jin
3019:Han Tuozhou
2920:Wanyan Yong
2550:Mohe people
2518:Khitan name
2197:Jin dynasty
2119:, and even
2113:Han Chinese
2082:Jurchen Jin
2001:Jin dynasty
1655:Han dynasty
1576:History of
1504:Discoveries
1499:Cartography
1494:Archaeology
1432:Art history
1321:(1644–1912)
1308:(1368–1644)
1295:(1271–1368)
1265:(1115–1234)
1252:(1038–1227)
1248:Western Xia
1220:(1127–1279)
1052:Eastern Jin
1042:Western Jin
967:(25–220 CE)
963:Eastern Han
943:Western Han
822: 1046
802: 1046
798: 1250
775: 1600
751: 2070
692: 8500
673:Paleolithic
664:Prehistoric
596:North Korea
549:Eastern Xia
443:Preceded by
421:paper money
143:(1233–1234)
137:(1214–1233)
131:(1153–1214)
125:(1122–1153)
97: 1141
9277:Categories
9135:Portuguese
9016:Revival Le
9006:Vietnamese
8649:Later Tran
8619:Vietnamese
8515:Singhasari
8503:Holy Roman
8127:Bulgarian
8063:Satavahana
8034:Phoenician
7970:Achaemenid
7931:Indo-Greek
7911:Macedonian
7825:Babylonian
7523:1115–1234
7023:Boltz 2008
7008:Boltz 2008
6996:Boltz 2008
6446:Tao (1976)
6434:Tao (1976)
6224:, p.
5938:References
5901:Jin Empire
5256:Ruizong 睿宗
5238:Huizong 徽宗
4299:Tianxing (
4284:1224–1234
4222:Xingding (
4213:1213–1224
4161:1208–1213
4123:Cheng'an (
4114:1189–1208
4074:1161–1189
4028:Zhenyuan (
4019:1149–1161
3979:Tianjuan (
3970:1135–1149
3927:1123–1135
3878:1115–1123
3842:and years
3632:March 2024
3501:See also:
3497:Government
3406:Xiao Zhala
3391:Shi Tianze
2790:Huai River
2597:Later Tang
2575:, and the
2490:daai6 gam1
2430:Wade–Giles
2277:Chin Ch'ao
2270:Wade–Giles
2188:See also:
2060:), was an
1705:Former Qin
1700:Former Yan
1509:Inventions
1239:(916–1125)
1210:(960–1127)
1198:(960–1279)
865: – c.
863: 770
824: – c.
800: – c.
789:Late Shang
777: – c.
753: – c.
694: – c.
395:53,000,000
381:Population
204:Government
9128:Couronian
8766:Ethiopian
8754:Manchukuo
8709:Brazilian
8555:Ghaznavid
8525:Srivijaya
8476:Trebizond
8461:Byzantine
8443:North Sea
8438:Norwegian
8426:Almoravid
8409:Ilkhanate
8379:Majapahit
8352:Muromachi
8261:Solomonic
8246:Ethiopian
8160:Caliphate
8093:Aragonese
7921:Ptolemaic
7481:162237648
7398:144587815
6910:cite book
6799:161851226
6502:162237648
6111:Zhao 2006
6099:Zhao 2006
6087:Zhao 2006
5943:Citations
5722:1224–1234
5621:1213–1223
5602:1190–1208
5595:Zhangzong
5503:1209–1213
5482:1146–1185
5385:1161–1189
5366:1149–1161
5347:1135–1149
5277:1080–1136
5247:Dezong 德宗
5140:1123–1135
5102:1103–1113
4988:1094–1103
4984:Muzong 穆宗
4974:1092–1094
4970:Suzong 肅宗
4960:1074–1092
4833:1021–1074
4829:Jingzu 景祖
4739:Zhaozu 昭祖
4651:Xianzu 獻祖
4293:Kaixing (
4287:Zhengda (
4252:Minzong (
4216:Zhenyou (
4176:Zhining (
4087:Zhangzong
4053:Renxiao (
4002:Digunai (
3973:Tianhui (
3930:Tianhui (
3913:Wuqimai (
3881:Shouguo (
3840:Era names
3433:Zhang Rou
3395:Liu Heima
3256:SULTANATE
3247:SULTANATE
3160:CALIPHATE
3113:KIPCHACKS
3015:Tang Code
2916:Shangjing
2883:Zhengding
2815:sinicised
2770:ransacked
2744:with the
2734:northeast
2577:Sumo Mohe
2526:Nik, Niku
2380:Great Jin
2330:gam1 ciu4
2142:in 1234.
2048:Great Jin
1945:Manchuria
1930:Manchukuo
1848:Qing rule
1833:Later Jin
1823:Ming rule
1813:Yuan rule
1710:Later Yan
1578:Manchuria
1185:(907–979)
1146:(690–705)
1136:(618–907)
1123:(581–618)
1110:(420–589)
1078:(304–439)
1056:(317–420)
1046:(266–316)
1014:(266–420)
957:(9–23 CE)
683:Neolithic
647:Dynasties
373:1186 est.
365:1142 est.
313:from the
311:Bianliang
173:Religion
75:1115–1234
54:Great Jin
9108:Japanese
9071:Scottish
9051:American
9043:Colonial
8972:Imperial
8940:Moroccan
8876:Japanese
8854:Afsharid
8713:Burmese
8699:Austrian
8654:Later Le
8629:Early Le
8614:Venetian
8540:Tiwanaku
8453:Hellenic
8416:Moroccan
8347:Kamakura
8337:Japanese
8320:Saffarid
8273:Georgian
8187:Chalukya
8165:Rashidun
8155:Calakmul
8123:Bruneian
8002:Haryanka
7980:Sasanian
7975:Parthian
7926:Bactrian
7916:Seleucid
7896:Goguryeo
7874:Egyptian
7808:Assyrian
7798:Akkadian
7789:Colonies
7700:Jiaochao
7681:See also
7655:Daohuigu
7645:Yehuling
7613:Yancheng
7598:Timeline
7588:Military
7473:23496214
7428:23497078
7390:20062627
7214:10 March
7112:Yao 1995
7100:Yao 1995
7085:Yao 1995
7068:Yao 1995
7056:Yao 1995
7035:Yao 1995
6631:Archived
6507:31 March
6494:23496214
5860:See also
5839:; d.1234
5614:Xuanzong
4956:Shizu 世祖
4563:Andi 安皇帝
4475:Dedi 德皇帝
4387:Shizu 始祖
4342:; 1234)
4326:Chenglin
4277:Shouxu (
4258:Yizong (
4199:Wudubu (
4186:Xuanzong
4180:; 1213)
4100:Madage (
4077:Dading (
4022:Tiande (
3906:Wenlie (
3887:Tianfu (
3857:Wuyuan (
3793:Xuanzong
3758:Buddhism
3667:Wang Zhe
3598:, Shanxi
3596:Shuozhou
3574:Religion
2686:Alechuka
2680:east of
2548:are the
2484:Jyutping
2416:Bopomofo
2324:Jyutping
2292:Jin cháo
2256:Bopomofo
2248:Jīn cháo
2166:Zhongguo
2043:Jīn cháo
1803:Xingliao
1685:Goguryeo
1620:Gojoseon
1567:a series
1565:Part of
1472:Timeline
1399:(Taiwan,
1379:of China
893:Imperial
642:Timeline
616:a series
614:Part of
404:Currency
207:Monarchy
180:Buddhism
9267:History
9241:Portals
9175:largest
9170:Empires
9150:Swedish
9145:Spanish
9140:Russian
9103:Italian
9078:Chinese
9066:English
9061:British
9056:Belgian
9031:Vietnam
9021:Tay son
8967:Tsarist
8962:Russian
8957:Ottoman
8923:Dzungar
8918:Khoshut
8891:Mexican
8886:Maratha
8869:Pahlavi
8849:Safavid
8844:Iranian
8771:Haitian
8734:Chinese
8694:Ashanti
8666:Wagadou
8592:Eastern
8587:Western
8570:Timurid
8530:Tibetan
8520:Songhai
8510:Serbian
8431:Almohad
8421:Idrisid
8325:Samanid
8315:Tahirid
8310:Iranian
8288:Kannauj
8268:Genoese
8204:Chinese
8197:Eastern
8192:Western
8180:Fatimid
8175:Abbasid
8170:Umayyad
8143:Burmese
8103:Ayyubid
8098:Angevin
8068:Xianbei
8056:Eastern
8051:Western
7997:Magadha
7960:Iranian
7953:Xiongnu
7938:Hittite
7847:Chinese
7835:Kassite
7784:Ancient
7776:Empires
7715:Zhongdu
7670:Caizhou
7665:Kaifeng
7618:Tangdao
7576:History
7122:Sources
6045:28 June
5915:Jurchen
5910:Jīn guó
5378:Shizong
5133:Taizong
4318:Hudun (
4297:; 1232)
4164:Da'an (
4147:Unknown
4129:Taihe (
4044:Shizong
3920:Sheng (
3897:Taizong
3864:Aguda (
3799:Fashion
3789:
3782:Weishao
3777:Shizong
3743:Shizong
3549:, the "
3541:Culture
3510:Shuo Fu
3487:Caizhou
3462:Keraite
3444:Yan Shi
3418:Tabuyir
3367:in the
3350:Tanguts
3331:Kaifeng
3323:Beijing
3319:Zhongdu
3285:
3245:AYYUBID
3209:DYNASTY
3189:DYNASTY
3178:YADAVAS
3158:ABBASID
3149:ZENGIDS
3131:GEORGIA
2968:meng'an
2905:Kaifeng
2901:Beijing
2855:
2832:meng-an
2794:Yue Fei
2766:Kaifeng
2762:Beijing
2698:anchuhu
2694:alchuhu
2690:alchuqa
2674:Jurchen
2662:Jurchen
2660:by the
2625:Wugunai
2606:Kaifeng
2562:Khitans
2437:Ta Chin
2422:ㄉㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄣ
2364:Chinese
2262:ㄐㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ
2212:Chinese
2178:History
2080:or the
2074:Jurchen
2030:Chinese
1793:Jeongan
1720:Kumo Xi
1675:Cao Wei
1650:Xiongnu
1143:Wu Zhou
733:Ancient
712:Yangtze
344:to the
342:Caizhou
336:•
245:Shizong
234:(first)
213:Emperor
163:Jurchen
157:(later
141:Caizhou
135:Kaifeng
129:Zhongdu
116:Capital
89:
9113:Mongol
9098:German
9093:French
9083:Danish
9026:Dainam
9001:Tongan
8989:Somali
8984:Sokoto
8950:'Alawi
8928:Kalmyk
8908:Mongol
8901:Second
8881:Korean
8832:Mughal
8822:Indian
8805:German
8798:Second
8788:French
8781:Second
8717:Second
8689:Afghan
8681:Modern
8607:Kyrgyz
8602:Uighur
8597:Second
8577:Turkic
8545:Toltec
8481:Epirus
8466:Nicaea
8389:Mongol
8342:Yamato
8278:Huetar
8136:Second
8073:Rouran
8022:Shunga
8017:Maurya
7992:Kushan
7965:Median
7943:Hunnic
7901:Harsha
7623:Caishi
7570:topics
7479:
7471:
7426:
7396:
7388:
7329:
7311:
7293:
7272:
7254:
7205:
7184:
7166:
7162:-221,
7141:
6973:
6949:
6898:
6797:
6532:
6500:
6492:
6339:
6071:
6036:
5998:
5715:Aizong
5340:Xizong
5095:完顏烏雅束
5006:d.1121
4953:完颜劾里钵
4831:~1050–
4238:Aizong
4152:Yongji
4107:Jing (
4067:Yong (
4060:Wulu (
3956:Hela (
3940:Xizong
3678:poetry
3656:Taoism
3603:Taoism
3584:fresco
3559:Zhu Xi
3555:Su Shi
3535:nanren
3531:yanren
3527:hanren
3518:Balhae
3420:, and
3340:where
3311:Datong
3258:OF RUM
3198:XI XIA
3169:MALAYU
3093:MONGOL
3082:KIEVAN
3064:EMPIRE
2826:moukes
2802:wuxing
2722:Khitan
2682:Harbin
2629:Wanyan
2621:Khitan
2610:Goryeo
2599:, and
2537:Origin
2523:Khitan
2452:Dà Jin
2408:Dà Jīn
2162:alchun
2070:Wanyan
2057:Dà Jīn
2040::
2038:pinyin
2032::
1876:Korean
1827:Nurgan
1773:Balhae
1735:Shiwei
1725:Khitan
1660:Wuhuan
1635:Yemaek
1630:Donghu
1625:Sushen
1569:on the
1341:Modern
997:, and
715:, and
706:Yellow
618:on the
601:Russia
259:(last)
217:
185:Taoism
167:Khitan
9255:China
9163:Lists
9118:Omani
9088:Dutch
8994:Isaaq
8945:Saadi
8913:Oirat
8896:First
8864:Qajar
8793:First
8776:First
8749:China
8722:Third
8582:First
8535:Tikal
8486:Morea
8456:Roman
8374:Latin
8369:Khmer
8364:Kanem
8330:Buyid
8256:Zagwe
8251:Aksum
8241:Chola
8148:First
8131:First
8118:Bornu
8113:Benin
8108:Aztec
8046:Roman
8027:Gupta
8012:Nanda
7948:White
7477:S2CID
7469:JSTOR
7424:JSTOR
7394:S2CID
7386:JSTOR
6795:S2CID
6711:3 May
6663:3 May
6637:3 May
6621:(6).
6498:S2CID
6490:JSTOR
6259:(PDF)
5968:"Jin"
5899:Also
5887:Notes
5720:1198–
5619:1163–
5600:1168–
5501:1168–
5383:1123–
5364:1122–
5345:1119–
5138:1075–
5119:1068-
5114:Taizu
5100:1061–
4986:1053–
4972:1042–
4958:1039–
4826:完颜乌骨迺
4335:1234
4206:Xun (
4010:Liang
3963:Dan (
3871:Min (
3848:Taizu
3752:Canon
3586:of a
3451:]
3440:]
3429:]
3402:]
3385:Many
3236:KHMER
3218:PAGAN
3122:QOCHO
2844:Aguda
2820:mouke
2748:-led
2730:north
2724:-led
2670:Hanpu
2666:Aguda
2654:Jilin
2642:Aguda
2637:Hanpu
2589:Jilin
2066:Taizu
1695:Yuwen
1680:Buyeo
766:Shang
591:China
285:Aguda
232:Taizu
8933:Bogd
8859:Zand
8837:Sikh
8744:Qing
8739:Ming
8671:Wari
8639:Tran
8624:Dinh
8394:Yuan
8384:Mali
8293:Pala
8283:Inca
8234:Yuan
8224:Song
8219:Liao
8214:Tang
7987:Kush
7869:Dʿmt
7327:ISBN
7309:ISBN
7291:ISBN
7270:ISBN
7252:ISBN
7216:2014
7203:ISBN
7182:ISBN
7164:ISBN
7139:ISBN
6971:ISBN
6947:ISBN
6916:link
6896:ISBN
6713:2016
6665:2016
6639:2016
6530:ISBN
6509:2023
6337:ISBN
6280:358–
6069:ISBN
6047:2014
6034:ISBN
5996:ISBN
5837:1234
5275:完颜粘罕
5153:完顏撒改
5004:完顏劾者
4737:完颜石鲁
4561:完颜跋海
4314:None
4309:None
4266:None
4139:None
3995:None
3692:Jade
3393:and
3269:RYEO
3227:DALI
3207:SONG
3084:RUS'
3053:1205
2992:Shun
2990:and
2926:and
2732:and
2656:and
2601:Song
2593:Liao
2558:Tang
2146:Name
1999:The
1956:(in
1878:and
1842:Jaxa
1730:Mohe
1317:Qing
1304:Ming
1291:Yuan
1235:Liao
1194:Song
1132:Tang
813:Zhou
804:BCE)
426:see
360:Area
338:Fall
330:1211
257:Modi
9011:Mac
8448:Oyo
8357:Edo
8229:Jīn
8209:Sui
7862:Jin
7857:Han
7852:Qin
7459:hdl
7451:doi
7378:doi
7160:220
6787:doi
6623:doi
6480:hdl
6472:doi
6365:doi
6302:doi
6242:28–
5498:衛紹王
5361:海陵王
4272:寧甲速
4201:吾睹補
4189:宣宗
4102:麻達葛
4090:章宗
4004:迪古乃
3915:吳乞買
3866:阿骨打
3627:.
3594:),
3592:崇福寺
3529:or
3474:).
3471:新附軍
3267:GO-
3187:JIN
2988:Yao
2746:Han
2498:IPA
2460:IPA
2338:IPA
2300:IPA
2158:Jin
1261:Jin
1119:Sui
1010:Jin
994:Shu
988:Wei
953:Xin
921:Han
908:Qin
742:Xia
340:of
161:),
9279::
8644:Ho
8634:Ly
7475:,
7467:,
7457:,
7447:41
7445:,
7439:,
7418:,
7392:,
7384:,
7374:32
7372:,
7092:^
7075:^
7046:^
7015:^
6984:^
6912:}}
6908:{{
6822:^
6793:.
6781:.
6739:^
6721:^
6681:.
6629:.
6619:38
6496:,
6488:,
6478:,
6468:41
6466:,
6462:,
6426:^
6417:,
6393:^
6361:44
6359:,
6335:,
6333:34
6296:,
6226:39
6202:^
5970:.
5913:;
5907:;
5905:金國
5835:r.
5832:末帝
5830:Mo
5717:哀宗
5616:宣宗
5597:章宗
5380:世宗
5342:熙宗
5135:太宗
5116:太祖
4649:綏可
4473:乌鲁
4385:函普
4340:盛昌
4332:)
4330:承麟
4322:)
4320:呼敦
4301:天興
4295:開興
4289:正大
4281:)
4279:守緒
4274:)
4260:義宗
4254:閔宗
4248:莊宗
4242:哀宗
4230:元光
4224:興定
4218:貞祐
4210:)
4203:)
4196:)
4194:聖孝
4178:至寧
4172:崇慶
4166:大安
4158:)
4156:永濟
4143:–
4131:泰和
4125:承安
4119:明昌
4111:)
4104:)
4097:)
4095:光孝
4079:大定
4071:)
4064:)
4062:烏祿
4057:)
4055:仁孝
4050:)
4048:世宗
4036:正隆
4030:貞元
4024:天德
4016:)
4006:)
3999:–
3987:皇統
3981:天眷
3975:天會
3967:)
3960:)
3958:合剌
3953:)
3951:孝成
3946:)
3944:熙宗
3932:天會
3924:)
3917:)
3910:)
3908:文烈
3903:)
3901:太宗
3889:天輔
3883:收國
3875:)
3868:)
3861:)
3859:武元
3854:)
3852:太祖
3787:r.
3762:A
3682:ci
3676:ci
3537:.
3514:說郛
3449:zh
3442:,
3438:zh
3427:zh
3416:,
3400:zh
3371:.
3290:c.
2956:Xi
2853:r.
2718:-z
2716:,
2714:-s
2712:,
2710:-r
2708:,
2706:-l
2702:-n
2684:.
2595:,
2370:大金
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