Song dynasty - Knowledge

67: 4186: 5129: 4701: 4980: 3729: 3038: 5061: 5045: 4572: 5149: 3744: 3178: 2959: 3979: 912: 4072: 4556: 4588: 3959: 5332: 2481: 14743: 2159: 3294: 4841:, while his other maps featured a uniform graduated scale of 1:900,000. A 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map of 1137—carved into a stone block—followed a uniform grid scale of 100 li for each gridded square, and accurately mapped the outline of the coasts and river systems of China, extending all the way to India. Furthermore, the world's oldest known terrain map in printed form comes from the edited encyclopedia of Yang Jia in 1155, which displayed western China without the formal grid system that was characteristic of more professionally made Chinese maps. Although 635: 3950: 2943: 4097: 2324: 3875: 2559: 3169: 2547: 2699: 5099:('Treatise on Architectural Methods') in 1103, greatly expanded upon the works of Yu Hao and compiled the standard building codes used by the central government agencies and by craftsmen throughout the empire. He addressed the standard methods of construction, design, and applications of moats and fortifications, stonework, greater woodwork, lesser woodwork, wood-carving, turning and drilling, sawing, bamboo work, tiling, wall building, painting and decoration, brickwork, glazed tile making, and provided proportions for 5229: 4247: 5213: 3482: 3011: 4388: 4366: 3189: 3445: 3970: 2719: 10374: 2708: 3575: 2728: 2370: 4690: 4160:. Foreigners, in turn, affected the Chinese economy. For example, many West and Central Asian Muslims went to China to trade, becoming a preeminent force in the import and export industry, while some were even appointed as officers supervising economic affairs. Sea trade with the South-west Pacific, the Hindu world, the Islamic world, and East Africa brought merchants great fortune and spurred an enormous growth in the 3423: 5302:. The scientist and statesman Shen Kuo was known for his criticism relating to architecture, saying that it was more important for an artist to capture a holistic view of a landscape than it was to focus on the angles and corners of buildings. For example, Shen criticized the work of the painter Li Cheng for failing to observe the principle of "seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large" in portraying buildings. 3366:. A guilty individual or parties brought to court for a criminal or civil offense were not viewed as wholly innocent until proven otherwise, while even accusers were viewed with a high level of suspicion by the judge. Due to costly court expenses and immediate jailing of those accused of criminal offenses, people in the Song preferred to settle disputes and quarrels privately, without the court's interference. 430: 2429: 3598: 14755: 4177: 3910:, hare, partridge, pheasant, francolin, quail, fox, badger, clam, crab, and many others. Dairy products were rare in Chinese cuisine at this time. Beef was rarely consumed since the bull was a valuable draft animal, and dog meat was absent from the diet of the wealthy, although the poor could choose to eat dog meat if necessary (yet it was not part of their regular diet). People also consumed 3863:

merchants might choose to wear more ornate clothing and male blouses that came down below the waist. Acceptable apparel for scholar-officials was rigidly defined by the social ranking system. However, as time went on this rule of rank-graded apparel for officials was not as strictly enforced. Each official was able to display his awarded status by wearing different-colored traditional

5192:, towering 84 m (276 ft) in total height. Some of the bridges reached lengths of 1,220 m (4,000 ft), with many being wide enough to allow two lanes of cart traffic simultaneously over a waterway or ravine. The government also oversaw construction of their own administrative offices, palace apartments, city fortifications, ancestral temples, and Buddhist temples. 4063:. Much of this iron was reserved for military use in crafting weapons and armouring troops, but some was used to fashion the many iron products needed to fill the demands of the growing domestic market. The iron trade within China was advanced by the construction of new canals, facilitating the flow of iron products from production centres to the large market in the capital city. 3310:

local elites supervised local affairs and sponsored necessary facilities of local communities; any local magistrate appointed to his office by the government relied upon the cooperation of the few or many local gentry in the area. For example, the Song government—excluding the educational-reformist government under Emperor Huizong—spared little amount of state revenue to maintain

5309:. About 100 km (62 mi) from Gongxian is another Song dynasty tomb at Baisha, which features "elaborate facsimiles in brick of Chinese timber frame construction, from door lintels to pillars and pedestals to bracket sets, that adorn interior walls." The two large chambers of the Baisha tomb also feature conical-shaped roofs. Flanking the avenues leading to these tombs 3252:, and equality in competition for those wishing to attain an official seat in government. Using statistics gathered by the Song state, Edward A. Kracke, Sudō Yoshiyuki, and Ho Ping-ti supported the hypothesis that simply having a father, grandfather, or great-grandfather who had served as an official of state did not guarantee one would obtain the same level of authority. 5405:(1081–1129) stated "... the inscriptions on stone and bronze are made at the time the events took place and can be trusted without reservation, and thus discrepancies may be discovered." Historian R.C. Rudolph states that Zhao's emphasis on consulting contemporary sources for accurate dating is parallel with the concern of the German historian 3290:, and marriage alliances to secure appointments. By the late 11th century, the founding elite became obsolete, while political partisanship and factionalism at court undermined the marriage strategies of the professional elite, which dissolved as a distinguishable social group and was replaced by a multitude of gentry families. 5413:

compiled during the Huizong reign periods of Zheng He and Xuan He (1111–1125). Hong Mai obtained old vessels from the Han dynasty and compared them with the descriptions offered in the catalogue, which he found so inaccurate he stated he had to "hold my sides with laughter." Hong Mai pointed out that

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In addition to the Song gentry's antiquarian pursuits of art collecting, scholar-officials during the Song became highly interested in retrieving ancient relics from archaeological sites, in order to revive the use of ancient vessels in ceremonies of state ritual. Scholar-officials of the Song period

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had been mounted on Chinese ships since the 1st century, as evidenced by a preserved Han tomb model of a ship. In the Song period, the Chinese devised a way to mechanically raise and lower rudders in order for ships to travel in a wider range of water depths. The Song arranged the protruding teeth of

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regulated the food that one consumed and the clothes that one wore according to status and social class. Clothing was made of hemp or cotton cloths, restricted to a color standard of black and white. Trousers were the acceptable attire for peasants, soldiers, artisans, and merchants, although wealthy

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would now take over grassroots affairs on the vast local level. Excluding the scholar-officials in office, this elite social class consisted of exam candidates, examination degree-holders not yet assigned to an official post, local tutors, and retired officials. These learned men, degree-holders, and

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The Song government confiscated portions of land owned by the landed gentry in order to raise revenue for these projects, an act which caused dissension and loss of loyalty amongst leading members of Song society but did not stop the Song's defensive preparations. Financial matters were made worse by

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ended these northern border clashes. The Song were forced to provide tribute to the Khitans, although this did little damage to the Song economy since the Khitans were economically dependent upon importing massive amounts of goods from the Song. More significantly, the Song state recognized the Liao

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of the Shang era. Some attempted to recreate these bronze vessels by using imagination alone, not by observing tangible evidence of relics; this practice was criticized by Shen Kuo in his work of 1088. Yet Shen Kuo had much more to criticize than this practice alone. Shen objected to the idea of his

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After their fall to the Jin, the Song lost control of North China. Now occupying what has been traditionally known as "China Proper", the Jin regarded themselves the rightful rulers of China. The Jin later chose earth as their dynastic element and yellow as their royal color. According to the theory

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thousands of documents and volumes of written literature, consumed eagerly by an increasingly literate public. The advancement of printing deeply affected education and the scholar-official class, since more books could be made faster while mass-produced, printed books were cheaper in comparison to

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Military strategy and military training were treated as sciences that could be studied and perfected; soldiers were tested in their skills of using weaponry and in their athletic ability. The troops were trained to follow signal standards to advance at the waving of banners and to halt at the sound

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The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period (Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million). People enjoyed various social clubs and entertainment in the cities,

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Women wore long dresses, blouses that came down to the knee, skirts, and jackets with long or short sleeves, while women from wealthy families could wear purple scarves around their shoulders. The main difference in women's apparel from that of men was that it was fastened on the left, not on the

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marshals, each independently responsible to the Emperor. Since the Emperor rarely led campaigns personally, Song forces lacked unity of command. The imperial court often believed that successful generals endangered royal authority, and relieved or even executed them (notably Li Gang, Yue Fei, and

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up until the modern era. Roving sheriffs maintained law and order in the municipal jurisdictions and occasionally ventured into the countryside. Official magistrates overseeing court cases were not only expected to be well-versed in written law but also to promote morality in society. Magistrates

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played a prominent role in Song culture and society. A scholar-official would be frowned upon by his peers if he pursued means of profiteering outside of his official salary; however, this did not stop many scholar-officials from managing business relations through the use of intermediary agents.

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schools; instead, the bulk of the funds for schools was drawn from private financing. This limited role of government officials was a departure from the earlier Tang dynasty (618–907), when the government strictly regulated commercial markets and local affairs; now the government withdrew heavily

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for her marriage, women naturally gained many new legal rights in ownership of property. Under certain circumstances, an unmarried daughter without brothers, or a surviving mother without sons, could inherit one-half of her father's share of undivided family property. There were many notable and

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Although women were on a lower social tier than men according to Confucian ethics, they enjoyed many social and legal privileges and wielded considerable power at home and in their own small businesses. As Song society became more and more prosperous and parents on the bride's side of the family

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and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. In turn, the invading Mongols employed northern Chinese soldiers and used these same types of gunpowder weapons against the Song. By the 14th century the firearm and cannon could also be found in Europe, India, and the Middle East,

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investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind it. One observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. He wrote, "People along the coast are on intimate terms with the merchants who engage in

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were separated from the regular infantry and placed in their own units as they were prized combatants, providing effective missile fire against cavalry charges. The government was eager to sponsor new crossbow designs that could shoot at longer ranges, while crossbowmen were also valuable when

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helped to widely circulate Confucian teachings and to educate more and more eligible candidates for the exams. This can be seen in the number of exam takers for the low-level prefectural exams rising from 30,000 annual candidates in the early 11th century to 400,000 candidates by the late 13th

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The professions of the architect, craftsman, carpenter, and structural engineer were not seen as professionally equal to that of a Confucian scholar-official. Architectural knowledge had been passed down orally for thousands of years in China, in many cases from a father craftsman to his son.

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The economic power of Song China can be attested by the growth of the urban population of its capital city Hangzhou. The population was 200,000 at the start of the 12th century and increased to 500,000 around 1170 and doubled to over a million a century later. This economic power also heavily

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The Song military was chiefly organized to ensure that the army could not threaten Imperial control, often at the expense of effectiveness in war. Northern Song's Military Council operated under a Chancellor, who had no control over the imperial army. The imperial army was divided among three

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Song restaurant and tavern menus are recorded. They list entrees for feasts, banquets, festivals, and carnivals. They reveal a diverse and lavish diet for those of the upper class. They could choose from a wide variety of meats and seafood, including shrimp, geese, duck, mussel, shellfish,

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with the transition of the periods from Tang to Song. At the beginning of the dynasty, government posts were disproportionately held by two elite social groups: a founding elite who had ties with the founding emperor and a semi-hereditary professional elite who used long-held clan status,

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that allowed a figure mounted on the vehicle to always point in the southern direction, no matter how the vehicle's wheels turned about. The concept of the differential gear that was used in this navigational vehicle is now found in modern automobiles in order to apply an equal amount of

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overseas trade, either because they are fellow-countrymen or personal acquaintances. ... money to take with them on their ships for purchase and return conveyance of foreign goods. They invest from ten to a hundred strings of cash, and regularly make profits of several hundred percent".

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well-educated women, and it was a common practice for women to educate their sons during their earliest youth. The mother of the scientist, general, diplomat, and statesman Shen Kuo taught him essentials of military strategy. There were also exceptional women writers and poets, such as

2538:(wuxing), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, their ideological move showed that the Jin considered Song reign in China complete, with the Jin replacing the Song as the rightful rulers of China Proper. 2366:). Heavy losses on both sides prompted the Vietnamese commander Thường Kiệt (1019–1105) to make peace overtures, allowing both sides to withdraw from the war effort; captured territories held by both Song and Vietnamese were mutually exchanged in 1082, along with prisoners of war. 2421:(1019–1086). As one faction supplanted another in the majority position of the court ministers, it would demote rival officials and exile them to govern remote frontier regions of the empire. One of the prominent victims of the political rivalry, the famous poet and statesman 2995:(202 BCE – CE 220) postal system to provide swift communication throughout the empire. The central government employed thousands of postal workers of various ranks to provide service for post offices and larger postal stations. In rural areas, farming peasants either 4030:

and Yangtze River. Both private and government-controlled industries met the needs of a growing Chinese population in the Song; prominent merchant families and private businesses were allowed to occupy industries that were not already government-operated monopolies.

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work of tie beams and cross beams, and diagrams showing the various building types of halls in graded sizes. He also outlined the standard units of measurement and standard dimensional measurements of all building components described and illustrated in his book.

5365:; Shen rightfully attributed the discovered handicrafts and vessels from ancient times as the work of artisans and commoners from previous eras. He also disapproved of his peers' pursuit of archaeology simply to enhance state ritual, since Shen not only took an 4046:

was pursued by both private entrepreneurs who owned their own smelters as well as government-supervised smelting facilities. The Song economy was stable enough to produce over 100,000,000 kg (220,000,000 lb) of iron products per year. Large-scale

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deeply affected the pre–Neo-Confucian doctrine of Cheng Yi. The philosophical work of Cheng Yi in turn influenced Zhu Xi. Although his writings were not accepted by his contemporary peers, Zhu's commentary and emphasis upon the Confucian classics of the

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as lower members in the hierarchic social order, a person could gain status and prestige in society by becoming a high-ranking military officer with a record of victorious battles. At its height, the Song military had one million soldiers divided into

2778:(r. 1206–1227), initially invaded the Jin dynasty in 1205 and 1209, engaging in large raids across its borders, and in 1211 an enormous Mongol army was assembled to invade the Jin. The Jin dynasty was forced to submit and pay tribute to the Mongols as 2390:, which included measures such as improving the recruitment system of officials, increasing the salaries for minor officials, and establishing sponsorship programs to allow a wider range of people to be well educated and eligible for state service. 3550:

written in 1044. It was the first known book to have listed formulas for gunpowder; it gave appropriate formulas for use in several different kinds of gunpowder bombs. It also provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of double-piston pump

2346:(1031–1095). However, this campaign was ultimately a failure due to a rival military officer of Shen disobeying direct orders, and the territory gained from the Western Xia was eventually lost. The Song fought against the Vietnamese kingdom of 3362:(999–1062) embodied the upright, moral judge who upheld justice and never failed to live up to his principles. Song judges specified the guilty person or party in a criminal act and meted out punishments accordingly, often in the form of 2283:, and its arrival in 1081. However, China's closest neighbouring states had the greatest impact on its domestic and foreign policy. From its inception under Taizu, the Song dynasty alternated between warfare and diplomacy with the ethnic 4321:—were marked by the mechanical striking of a drum or bell as an auditory signal. The specifications for the 11th-century odometer were written by Chief Chamberlain Lu Daolong, who is quoted extensively in the historical text of the 5003:

for canal systems allowed different water levels to be raised and lowered for separated segments of a canal, which significantly aided the safety of canal traffic and allowed for larger barges. There was the Song-era innovation of

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The visual arts during the Song dynasty were heightened by new developments such as advances in landscape and portrait painting. The gentry elite engaged in the arts as accepted pastimes of the cultured scholar-official, including

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was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty and he was a renowned artist as well as a patron of the art and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings. A prime example of a highly venerated court painter was

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During the 11th century, political rivalries divided members of the court due to the ministers' differing approaches, opinions, and policies regarding the handling of the Song's complex society and thriving economy. The idealist

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The annual output of minted copper currency in 1085 reached roughly six billion coins. The most notable advancement in the Song economy was the establishment of the world's first government issued paper-printed money, known as

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reform, the establishment of several government monopolies, the support of local militias, and the creation of higher standards for the Imperial examination to make it more practical for men skilled in statecraft to pass.

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manuscript of 1044 was the first book in history to provide formulas for gunpowder and their specified use in different types of bombs. While engaged in a war with the Mongols, in 1259 the official Li Zengbo wrote in his

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City views of the Song dynasty from paintings. Clockwise from upper left: A Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) era Chinese painting of a water-powered mill for grain, with surrounding river transport. The bridge scene from

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and considers only three paternal ascendants of exam candidates while ignoring the demographic reality of Song China, the significant proportion of males in each generation that had no surviving sons, and the role of the

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approach with the study of archaeology, but he also emphasized the study of functionality and investigating what was the ancient relics' original processes of manufacture. Shen used ancient texts and existing models of

3269:. Many felt disenfranchised by what they saw as a bureaucratic system that favored the land-holding class able to afford the best education. One of the greatest literary critics of this was the official and famous poet 4851:) since the Sui dynasty, the illustrated gazetteer became much more common during the Song dynasty, when the foremost concern was for illustrative gazetteers to serve political, administrative, and military purposes. 2844:

continued the assault against the Song, gaining a temporary foothold on the southern banks of the Yangtze. By the winter of 1259, Uriyangkhadai's army fought its way north to meet Kublai's army, which was besieging

3141:—was spoken by actors on stage. The four largest drama theatres in Kaifeng could hold audiences of several thousand each. There were also notable domestic pastimes, as people at home enjoyed activities such as the 2685:

boasted 70,000 men on 600 warships, and the Song forces only 3,000 men on 120 warships, the Song dynasty forces were victorious in both battles due to the destructive power of the bombs and the rapid assaults by

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and corresponding printing plate. The Jiaozi was a form of promissory banknote which appeared around the 11th century in the Sichuan capital of Chengdu, China. Numismatists regard it as the first paper money in

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army. This defeat not only marked the eventual submission of the Southern Han to the Song dynasty, but also the last instance where a war elephant corps was employed as a regular division within a Chinese army.

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in order to determine cause of death (strangulation, poisoning, drowning, blows, etc.) and to prove whether death resulted from murder, suicide, or accidental death. Song Ci stressed the importance of proper

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and art collectors' clubs, horse-loving clubs, poetry clubs, and music clubs. Like regional cooking and cuisines in the Song, the era was known for its regional varieties of performing arts styles as well.

3124:, singers and musicians, prostitutes, and places to relax, including tea houses, restaurants, and organized banquets. People attended social clubs in large numbers; there were tea clubs, exotic food clubs, 2401:(1067–1085), Wang Anshi severely criticized the educational system and state bureaucracy. Seeking to resolve what he saw as state corruption and negligence, Wang implemented a series of reforms called the 2865:

to make an immediate assault and succeeded in pushing the Mongol forces back to the northern banks of the Yangtze. There were minor border skirmishes until 1265, when Kublai won a significant battle in

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Due to Song's enormous population growth and the body of its appointed scholar-officials being accepted in limited numbers (about 20,000 active officials during the Song period), the larger scholarly

2877:, the last obstacle in his way to invading the rich Yangtze River basin. Kublai officially declared the creation of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. In 1275, a Song force of 130,000 troops under Chancellor 4144:

wrote in 1154 of the prowess of Chinese merchant ships in the Indian Ocean and of their annual voyages that brought iron, swords, silk, velvet, porcelain, and various textiles to places such as

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also adopted Zhu Xi's teaching, known as the Shushigaku (朱子學, School of Zhu Xi) of Japan, and in Korea the Jujahak (주자학). Buddhism's continuing influence can be seen in painted artwork such as

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the fact that many wealthy, land-owning families—some of which had officials working for the government—used their social connections with those in office in order to obtain tax-exempt status.

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Despite the gentry's overriding interest in archaeology simply for reviving ancient state rituals, some of Shen's peers took a similar approach to the study of archaeology. His contemporary

4914:) implemented a faster typesetting process, improved Bi's baked-clay movable type character set with a wooden one, and experimented with tin-metal movable type. The wealthy printing patron 8745:

Anderson, James A. (2008), "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.),

4960:, which permitted accurate navigation on the open sea regardless of the weather. The magnetized compass needle – known in Chinese as the "south-pointing needle" – was first described by 2050:, use of early-ripening rice from Southeast and South Asia, and production of widespread food surpluses. The Northern Song census recorded 20 million households, double that of the 5409:(1795–1886), and was in fact emphasized by many Song scholars. The Song scholar Hong Mai (1123–1202) heavily criticized what he called the court's "ridiculous" archaeological catalogue 5397:

and archaeology. During the 11th century, Song scholars discovered the ancient shrine of Wu Liang (78–151 CE), a scholar of the Han dynasty; they produced rubbings of the carvings and

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The oldest known illustration of an endless power-transmitting chain drive. It was used for coupling the main driving shaft of the Kaifeng clock tower to the armillary sphere gear box.

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was under the control of the Jin dynasty. The Xia dynasty's territory generally remained unchanged. In the southwest, the Song dynasty bordered a territory about a sixth its size, the

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philosophy and practice to the present day. A true revival of Buddhism in Chinese society would not occur until the Mongol rule of the Yuan dynasty, with Kublai Khan's sponsorship of

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While the central Song court remained politically divided and focused upon its internal affairs, alarming new events to the north in the Liao state finally came to its attention. The

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The Song dynasty managed to win several military victories over the Tanguts in the early 11th century, culminating in a campaign led by the polymath scientist, general, and statesman

4136:, and Anqi. The size of the workforce employed in paper money factories was large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou employed more than a thousand workers a day. 3796:, Zhu Xi's Four Books and his commentary on them became standard requirements of study for students attempting to pass the civil service examinations. The neighbouring countries of 2046:

three times larger than that of Europe during the 12th century. China's population doubled in size between the 10th and 11th centuries. This growth was made possible by expanded

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toppled and completely conquered the Liao dynasty by 1125. During the joint attack, the Song's northern expedition army removed the defensive forest along the Song-Liao border.

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Structural engineering and architecture schools were known to have existed during the Song period; one prestigious engineering school was headed by the renowned bridge-builder

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emphasize this toleration of market mechanisms over population growth or new farming technologies as the major cause of Song economic prosperity. Artisans and merchants formed

8810: 5107:. In his book, Li provided detailed and vivid illustrations of architectural components and cross-sections of buildings. These illustrations displayed various applications of 3120:. There were entertainment quarters in the cities providing a constant array of amusements. There were puppeteers, acrobats, theatre actors, sword swallowers, snake charmers, 3097:(618–907). With many ethnic foreigners travelling to China to conduct trade or live permanently, there came many foreign religions; religious minorities in China included 5089:

built into pagoda towers for diagonal wind bracing. Shen Kuo also preserved Yu's specified dimensions and units of measurement for various building types. The architect

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in order to secure movements of troops and supplies. There were large ships in the Song navy that could carry 1,000 soldiers aboard their decks, while the swift-moving

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from 1075 to 1077 over a border dispute and the Song's severing of commercial relations with Đại Việt. After the Vietnamese forces inflicted heavy damages in a raid on

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that massive printing projects began to employ movable type printing. This includes the printing of sixty-six copies of a 5,020 volume long encyclopedia in 1725, the

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and 1300 members of the royal clan. On Kublai's orders, carried out by his commander Bayan, the rest of the former imperial family of Song were unharmed; the deposed

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decorating the walls of his tomb so that they could be analyzed elsewhere. On the unreliability of historical works written after the fact, the epigrapher and poet

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The gentry distinguished themselves in society through their intellectual and antiquarian pursuits, while the homes of prominent landholders attracted a variety of

2920:, out of fear that Emperor Gong would stage a coup to restore his reign. Other members of the Song imperial family continued to live in the Yuan dynasty, including 2690:. The strength of the navy was heavily emphasized following these victories. A century after the navy was founded it had grown in size to 52,000 fighting marines. 14837: 3763:

had waned in influence but it retained its hold on the arts and on the charities of monasteries. Buddhism had a profound influence upon the budding movement of

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anchors in a circular pattern instead of in one direction. David Graff and Robin Higham state that this arrangement " them more reliable" for anchoring ships.

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to repair them while suspended out of the water. The Song used crossbeams to brace the ribs of ships in order to strengthen them in a skeletal-like structure.

2200:, reuniting much of the territory that had once belonged to the Han and Tang empires and ending the upheaval of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In 3902:, which sent 30,000 bushels as a tribute to Song. Champa rice was drought-resistant and able to grow fast enough to offer two harvests a year instead of one. 3725:(b. 177). This art project was a diplomatic gesture to the Jin dynasty while he negotiated for the release of his mother from Jurchen captivity in the north. 11292: 4140:

influenced foreign economies abroad. In 1120 alone, the Song government collected 18,000,000 ounces (510,000 kg) of silver in taxes. The Moroccan geographer

2315:). Song forces were repulsed by the Liao forces, who engaged in aggressive yearly campaigns into Northern Song territory until 1005, when the signing of the 4577:

A depiction of the 13th century "long serpent" rocket launcher. The holes in the frame are designed to keep the rockets separate, from the 1510 edition of

4317:. The Chinese odometer was a wheeled carriage, its gearwork being driven by the rotation of the carriage's wheels; specific units of distance—the Chinese 1897:

dynasties in northern China. After retreating to southern China following attacks by the Jin dynasty, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led

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and other buildings aid modern-day scholars in their attempts to reconstruct and realize the nuances of Song architecture. Song dynasty artists such as

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that hung to the ground around his feet, specific types of headgear, and even specific styles of girdles that displayed his graded-rank of officialdom.

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of 1125 and 1127. Because of the removal of the previous defensive forest, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Kaifeng. In the

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replaced the old Chinese methods of movable type, while traditional woodblock printing in modern East Asia is used sparsely and for aesthetic reasons.

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where he took up a monastic life. The former emperor would eventually be forced to commit suicide under the orders of Kublai's great-great-grandson,

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However, the poor performance and military weakness of the Song army was observed by the Jurchens, who immediately broke the alliance, beginning the

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state as its diplomatic equal. The Song created an extensive defensive forest along the Song-Liao border to thwart potential Khitan cavalry attacks.

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appeared in medieval clockworks, derived from ancient clockworks of classical times). Su's tower featured a rotating gear wheel with 133 clock jack

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and Tang dynasties, but by the Song period, it became virtually the only means for drafting officials into the government. The advent of widespread

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Although the Song dynasty was able to hold back the Jin, a new foe came to power over the steppe, deserts, and plains north of the Jin dynasty. The

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The expansion of the population, growth of cities, and emergence of a national economy led to the gradual withdrawal of the central government from

1952:, the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land, sustaining a robust economy. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was 14802: 9630: 5085:

in the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively. Shen Kuo preserved the written dialogues of Yu Hao when describing technical issues such as slanting

2450:(1085–1100) and who remained in power until 1125. He revived the New Policies and pursued political opponents, tolerated corruption and encouraged 4754:, although it had earlier been described by Jia Xian in around 1100. Yang Hui also provided rules for constructing combinatorial arrangements in 5259: 2458:

in 1120. The rebellion may have been caused by an increasing tax burden, the concentration of landownership and oppressive government measures.

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Chen, Yuan Julian (2018), "Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song-Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century",

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was prepared in 1193 for instructing the crown prince on astronomical findings. The planispheres were engraved in stone several decades later.

13610: 14782: 10193: 5176:). Many of the pagoda towers built during the Song period were erected at heights that exceeded ten stories. Some of the most famous are the 4934: 1878: 14822: 10619: 3792:

as an introductory corpus to Confucian learning formed the basis of the Neo-Confucian doctrine. By the year 1241, under the sponsorship of

3711: 11223: 10947: 10886: 10778: 10393: 9670:, Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies, 6586: 5582: 5432: 4908: 10126: 10113: 2454:(1100–1126) to neglect his duties to focus on artistic pursuits. Later, a peasant rebellion broke out in Zhejiang and Fujian, headed by 11075: 4951: 4896:

and expansion of the educated class of scholar elites, the latter which expanded dramatically in size from the 11th to 13th centuries.

4325:(compiled by 1345). In the Song period, the odometer vehicle was also combined with another old complex mechanical device known as the 4216: 4026:

and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and domestic trade along the

2442:

The continual alternation between reform and conservatism had effectively weakened the dynasty. This decline can also be attributed to

1991: 1828: 1768: 10613: 5090: 3696:

The imperial courts of the emperor's palace were filled with his entourage of court painters, calligraphers, poets, and storytellers.

2789:

The Mongols were allied with the Song, but this alliance was broken when the Song recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng,

2058:

dynasties. It is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of 90 million people, and 200 million by the time of the

12959: 4039:

that the state had to deal with when assessing taxes, requisitioning goods, and setting standard workers' wages and prices on goods.

2782:; when the Jin suddenly moved their capital city from Beijing to Kaifeng, the Mongols saw this as a revolt. Under the leadership of 1980:

was proclaimed the new Great Khan and in 1271 founded the Yuan dynasty. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies

12541: 6534: 4022:

The Song dynasty had one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in

4004: 3994: 3379:(such as his argument for two throat valves instead of three); this perhaps spurred the interest in the performance of post-mortem 2967:

and there were many schools and temples to provide the people with education and religious services. The Song government supported

2417:), also known as the "Reformers", were opposed by the ministers in the "Conservative" faction led by the historian and Chancellor 66: 14797: 2220:

or military position) and promoted projects that ensured efficiency in communication throughout the empire. In one such project,

10254: 3301:, an educational institution equivalent to modern-day college. It was originally built in 1111 during the Northern Song dynasty. 2003: 11187: 9517:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology; The Gunpowder Epic

4803: 4278:, enabled the Song Chinese to ward off their militant enemies until the Song's ultimate collapse in the late 13th century. The 3388: 3315: 1882: 1458: 6582:

The Study on the Daughters' Rights to Possess and Arrange Their Parents' Property during the Period from Tang to Song dynasty

5242: 2582:

found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend itself against the Jin dynasty. It had able military officers such as

14563: 13945: 11088: 10091: 10072: 10054: 10034: 10016: 9998: 9979: 9916: 9827: 9807: 9752: 9693: 9675: 9570: 9539: 9458: 9428: 9394: 9376: 9334: 9232: 9192: 9087: 9063: 9041: 9019: 8991: 8967: 8880: 8860: 8838: 8820: 8772: 8754: 8735: 4883:

was passed on to one of Shen Kuo's nephews, and was carefully preserved. Movable type enhanced the already widespread use of

3509:

The Song navy was of great importance during the consolidation of the empire in the 10th century; during the war against the

2917: 2011: 1758: 17: 4938:, which necessitated the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze. By the 19th century the European style 10515: 10500: 10487: 10452: 10417: 10388: 9865:

West, Stephen H. (1997), "Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan",

4313:, when the state needed to accurately measure distances traveled throughout the empire, the Chinese relied on a mechanical 4185: 3453: 3417: 2148: 1928:; 1127–1279) comprise the period following the loss of control over the northern half of Song territory to the Jurchen-led 1331: 1321: 172: 14469: 10108: 2562:

Southern Song in 1142. The western and southern borders remain unchanged from the previous map. However, the north of the

2661:. With a permanent navy, the Song were prepared to face the naval forces of the Jin on the Yangtze River in 1161, in the 1981: 1800: 962: 298: 4956:

The most important nautical innovation of the Song period seems to have been the introduction of the magnetic mariner's

4899:

The movable type invented by Bi Sheng was ultimately trumped by the use of woodblock printing due to the limitations of

4724:

for each rectangular grid. China's coastline and river systems are clearly defined and precisely pinpointed on the map.

2204:, he established a strong central government over the empire. The establishment of this capital marked the start of the 14615: 13615: 10520: 6300: 2507:

during the latter invasion, the Jurchens captured not only the capital, but the retired Emperor Huizong, his successor

952: 4600:

Su Song was best known for his horology treatise written in 1092, which described and illustrated in great detail his

4413:

thanks to Shen Kuo's astronomical observations. Su Song's celestial atlas of five star maps is actually the oldest in

2473:(1054–1126) advised Emperor Huizong to form an alliance with the Jurchens, and the joint military campaign under this 13259: 10284: 10186: 9055: 8781:

Bol, Peter K. (2001), "The Rise of Local History: History, Geography, and Culture in Southern Song and Yuan Wuzhou",

6022: 1629: 5393:(1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze which pioneered ideas in early 4833:, a formal rectangular grid system, and use of a standard graduated scale of distances was applied to terrain maps. 3231:, in an effort to select the most capable individuals for governance. Selecting men for office through proven merit 2299:

in the northwest. The Song dynasty used military force in an attempt to quell the Liao dynasty and to recapture the

12537: 11162: 10510: 10400: 9508:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics

9269:——— (1996), "Song Dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing", 5034: 4860: 4512: 4334: 4220: 2228:. Emperor Taizu also promoted groundbreaking scientific and technological innovations by supporting works like the 1995: 9203:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 8829:

Brose, Michael C. (2008), "People in the Middle: Uyghurs in the Northwest Frontier Zone", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.),

5824:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 4527:

was the first to do so. He also improved the designs of astronomical instruments such as the widened astronomical

3319:

from regulating commerce and relied upon a mass of local gentry to perform necessary duties in their communities.

14241: 13138: 12219: 10146: 9770: 3717: 3540:

There was a total of 347 military treatises written during the Song period, as listed by the history text of the

1383: 13403: 5305:

There were also pyramidal tomb structures in the Song era, such as the Song imperial tombs located in Gongxian,

14792: 14787: 10242: 9562: 5326: 2268: 1821: 1773: 795: 4903:, yet movable type printing continued to be used and was improved in later periods. The Yuan scholar-official 14679: 11048: 10346: 10237: 3555:, as well as instructions for the maintenance and repair of the components and equipment used in the device. 3098: 2351: 1795: 1721: 1656: 847: 9499:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering

6012: 3827:

experienced a literary flourishing in the Song period, which saw the publication of several major classical

3630:(1051–1107) enjoyed antiquarian affairs, often borrowing or buying art pieces to study and copy. Poetry and 14812: 14674: 14558: 10546: 10215: 10179: 10153: 9744: 9241:

Hargett, James M. (1985), "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)",

5477: 4473: 4330: 4294: 3564: 3177: 1731: 453: 8855:, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press (first published by China Intercontinental Press), 7702: 5164:

Grandiose building projects were supported by the government, including the erection of towering Buddhist

3544:(compiled in 1345). However, only a handful of these military treatises have survived, which includes the 14827: 14817: 14807: 14684: 13721: 13080: 13072: 13060: 12239: 11007: 10538: 10534: 10460: 10432: 10211: 5462: 4845:

had existed since 52 CE during the Han dynasty and gazetteers accompanied by illustrative maps (Chinese:

4834: 4230: 3978: 3939: 3340: 3158: 2958: 2937: 2933: 2798: 2753: 2535: 2466: 2402: 2193: 2142: 2082: 2078: 2063: 1929: 1905: 1894: 1783: 1540: 921: 706: 584: 155: 10373: 5286:, and Ma Lin painted close-up depictions of buildings as well as large expanses of cityscapes featuring 5148: 2786:(r.1229–1241), both the Jin dynasty and Western Xia dynasty were conquered by Mongol forces in 1233/34. 14733: 12702: 12163: 11387: 10422: 10232: 9442: 9420: 9184: 8983: 8872: 4571: 4355: 4310: 4226: 3840: 3311: 1788: 774: 9490:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

6688: 3886:

The main food staples in the diet of the lower classes remained rice, pork, and salted fish. In 1011,

2885:. By 1276, most of the Song territory had been captured by Yuan forces, including the capital Lin'an. 2657:. The Song dynasty therefore established China's first permanent navy in 1132, with a headquarters at 14642: 13790: 13354: 13206: 13202: 12923: 12907: 12175: 12167: 12143: 12067: 11965: 11683: 11461: 11395: 10294: 9898: 9858:

Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture

9297:

Hartwell, Robert M. (1982), "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750-1550",

9079: 4790: 4071: 3643: 2474: 1814: 1751: 1716: 1289: 985: 895: 272: 3815:. However, the ideology was highly criticized and even scorned by some. The statesman and historian 3470:. Song cavalry employed a slew of different weapons, including halberds, swords, bows, spears, and ' 2625:

To protect and support the multitude of ships sailing for maritime interests into the waters of the

2386:(989–1052), was the first to receive a heated political backlash when he attempted to institute the 14600: 14575: 14425: 14084: 14079: 13126: 12227: 12005: 11997: 11969: 11659: 11512: 11465: 11399: 11383: 10870: 10625: 10279: 10247: 9472: 9033: 6521:"Fenjia: household division and inheritance in Qing and Republican China Written", David Wakefield 5437: 4636:, and presenting announcement plaques. In his printed book, Su published a celestial atlas of five 3887: 3475: 2398: 2070: 1953: 1134: 3112:

The populace engaged in a vibrant social and domestic life, enjoying such public festivals as the

14667: 14548: 14089: 14042: 13985: 13684: 13628: 13376: 13166: 12812: 12808: 12071: 11981: 11867: 11835: 11757: 11749: 11590: 11586: 11516: 11504: 11500: 11132: 10901: 10476: 10309: 5283: 4102:

A painting shows a pair of cargo ships with stern-mounted rudders accompanied by a smaller craft.

3697: 3354: 3018: 2551: 2515: 2508: 2451: 2436: 2328: 1711: 204: 4785:

into Chinese mathematics; before this blank spaces were used instead of zeroes in the system of

3958: 14689: 14590: 14585: 14273: 14221: 14141: 14074: 13978: 13963: 13856: 13623: 13577: 13418: 13305: 12919: 12863: 12568: 12533: 12529: 12091: 12079: 12075: 11574: 11284: 10726: 10274: 10118: 9836:

Wagner, Donald B. (2001), "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China",

6583: 5589: 5419: 5374:

to create one based on ancient standards; Shen described ancient weaponry such as the use of a

5234: 5082: 4928:

switched their printing process from woodblock to movable type printing. Yet it was during the

4528: 4326: 4258:

Advancements in weapons technology enhanced by gunpowder, including the evolution of the early

4048: 3793: 3768: 3639: 3589: 3528:

In a battle on January 23, 971, massive arrow fire from Song dynasty crossbowmen decimated the

2830: 2670: 2094: 2043: 1948:). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional Chinese heartlands around the 1763: 1741: 1726: 1212: 931: 409: 10123: 5335:

Scholars of the Song dynasty claim to have collected ancient relics dating back as far as the

14777: 14620: 14580: 14393: 14268: 13332: 13322: 13281: 13252: 13113: 13034: 12513: 12453: 12289: 12285: 11256: 10495: 6522: 5583:"China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A study in historical national accounting, 980–1850" 4996: 3851:, which had entered China in the Tang era, would also be revived in China under Mongol rule. 3494: 3082: 3014: 2988: 2913: 2303:, a territory under Khitan control since 938 that was traditionally considered to be part of 2163: 1870: 1736: 1153: 191: 147: 14508: 6683: 4565:

tower of Kaifeng featured in Su Song's book, written by 1092 and published in print by 1094.

4555: 3678:

existed in China since the 1st century, the matured form known as "treatise on a place", or

3065:

during this period had a great effect on people's lives, beliefs, and daily activities, and

3045:

feather banner like the one used in dramatical theater to signal an acting leader of troops.

2526:

and shift of capitals from Kaifeng to Lin'an was the dividing line between the Northern and

2109:

ideals, and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that established the doctrine of

14713: 14543: 14513: 14388: 14319: 14290: 14209: 13543: 13381: 13371: 13130: 12832: 12554: 12478: 12059: 11142: 10631: 10351: 9819:

China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change

5077:

Architecture during the Song period reached new heights of sophistication. Authors such as

5012:

without sinking the ships. If ships were damaged, the Chinese of the 11th century employed

5005: 4904: 4751: 4504: 4293:

was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased bombshells a month, dispatching to

4241: 4085: 3864: 3819:(1007–1072) called the religion a "curse" that could only be remedied by uprooting it from 3293: 3228: 2909: 2272: 2209: 2122: 2114: 1956:, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. 1941: 1778: 991: 311: 111: 14493: 5081:

and Shen Kuo wrote books outlining the field of architectural layouts, craftsmanship, and

4051:

would have continued if not for the 11th-century innovation of the use of coal instead of

8: 14405: 14285: 14251: 14153: 13973: 13968: 13780: 13499: 13435: 13310: 13295: 11181: 11021: 10410: 10356: 9368: 6420:

The Song dynasty in China (960–1279): Life in the Song Seen through a 12th-century Scroll

4822: 4743: 4680: 4641: 4406: 4027: 4023: 3732: 3715:. Emperor Gaozong of Song initiated a massive art project during his reign, known as the 3623: 3278: 3274: 3227:

system of recruiting officials; this was based upon degrees acquired through competitive

2900:, finally crushed the Song resistance. The last remaining ruler, the 13-year-old emperor 2882: 2874: 2563: 2300: 2252: 2221: 2217: 1998:

flourished during the Song era. The Song dynasty was the first in world history to issue

943: 14121: 14111: 12816: 12305: 12191: 9343:

Hsu, Mei-ling (1993), "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development",

9327:

Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung

9202: 5823: 4587: 3949: 3666: 2942: 2413:

The reforms created political factions in the court. Wang Anshi's "New Policies Group" (

2347: 14518: 14498: 14481: 14432: 14297: 14106: 14057: 13990: 13908: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13795: 13765: 13657: 13555: 13423: 13398: 13178: 13004: 12828: 12742: 12665: 11957: 11157: 11117: 10324: 10319: 10044: 9950: 9942: 9882: 9817: 9787: 9728: 9655: 9604: 9596: 9531: 9314: 9286: 9258: 9209: 9168: 9160: 9123: 9115: 8953: 8919: 8849: 8798: 8117: 6557: 6273: 5830: 5708: 5357: 5352:

claimed to have discovered ancient bronze vessels that were created as far back as the

5314: 5310: 5267: 5044: 4884: 4794: 4767: 4562: 4515:

over time. He created a theory of land formation involving concepts accepted in modern

3706: 3671: 3631: 3209:, Palace Museum, Beijing; "Four Generals of Zhongxing" by Southern Song dynasty artist 3138: 3066: 2379: 2280: 2229: 2182: 2086: 2039: 1866: 1746: 926: 831: 823: 640: 11989: 11953: 8831:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

8747:

Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period

2355: 2121:, they became much more prominent in the Song period. Officials gaining power through 14627: 14523: 14459: 14454: 14383: 14280: 13995: 13923: 13918: 13760: 13689: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13462: 13413: 13008: 12927: 12730: 12363: 11871: 11196: 11036: 11031: 10968: 10505: 10329: 10314: 10304: 10299: 10259: 10087: 10068: 10050: 10030: 10012: 9994: 9975: 9954: 9912: 9906: 9823: 9803: 9748: 9689: 9671: 9624: 9608: 9566: 9535: 9525: 9454: 9424: 9390: 9372: 9330: 9228: 9188: 9172: 9127: 9083: 9073: 9059: 9037: 9015: 9009: 8987: 8977: 8963: 8923: 8876: 8856: 8834: 8816: 8768: 8750: 8731: 8109: 6561: 6296: 6018: 5406: 5366: 5299: 5184:

built in 1165 during the Southern Song, though there were others. The tallest is the

5116: 5009: 4900: 4875: 4838: 4734: 4684: 4645: 4351: 4299: 4194: 4111: 4081: 4013: 3657: 3653: 3371: 3134: 3117: 3062: 2893: 2662: 2504: 2500: 2465:, a subject tribe of the Liao, rebelled against them and formed their own state, the 2244: 1933: 1674: 1242: 1222: 997: 758: 750: 445: 441: 285: 13190: 12804: 12525: 12055: 11961: 4096: 2224:

created detailed maps of each province and city that were then collected in a large

634: 14476: 14263: 14258: 14214: 14201: 14131: 14099: 14094: 13958: 13953: 13935: 13896: 13829: 13812: 13753: 13743: 13738: 13679: 13635: 13605: 13565: 13548: 13531: 13494: 13245: 13198: 13142: 12987: 12971: 12644: 12521: 12505: 12492: 12332: 12309: 12235: 12125: 11985: 11973: 11790: 11732: 11704: 11570: 11553: 11348: 11107: 11041: 10588: 10556: 10339: 10334: 9934: 9874: 9845: 9779: 9720: 9647: 9588: 9352: 9306: 9278: 9250: 9152: 9105: 8959: 8939: 8911: 8790: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8091: 6549: 6265: 5700: 5371: 5362: 5291: 5100: 4999:

and nautical technology during the Song dynasty. The 10th-century invention of the

4656: 4625: 4621: 4609: 4116: 4032: 3859: 3836: 3820: 3764: 3760: 3674:

to argue for a philosophical point. Although an early form of the local geographic

3615: 3461:

of 50 troops, companies made of two platoons, battalions composed of 500 soldiers.

3392: 3273:. Yet Su was a product of his times, as the identity, habits, and attitudes of the 3260:

criticized this model, stating that it places too much emphasis on the role of the

3168: 3121: 3113: 3078: 3037: 2666: 2558: 2276: 2130: 2110: 2047: 1848: 1353: 911: 903: 671: 648: 449: 135: 35: 12983: 12915: 11675: 9816:

Veeck, Gregory; Pannell, Clifton W.; Smith, Christopher J.; Huang, Youqin (2007),

9668:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400

4922:

established China's first metal movable type (using bronze) in 1490. In 1638, the

3743: 2698: 14694: 14662: 14535: 14503: 14486: 14442: 14437: 14415: 14410: 14368: 14361: 14336: 14196: 14191: 14032: 13913: 13807: 13802: 13770: 13595: 13585: 13479: 13472: 13467: 13452: 13408: 13290: 13276: 13154: 13084: 12979: 12759: 12755: 12592: 12588: 12465: 12436: 12432: 12375: 12204: 12139: 12001: 11896: 11839: 11786: 11761: 11753: 11651: 11647: 10774: 10361: 10264: 10224: 10130: 6590: 5472: 5361:

peers that ancient relics were products created by famous "sages" in lore or the

5155: 5135: 4969: 4893: 4798: 4613: 4608:

built in Kaifeng. The clock tower featured large astronomical instruments of the

3298: 3287: 3266: 3257: 3253: 3249: 2972: 2889: 2480: 2447: 2362:, the Song commander Guo Kui (1022–1088) penetrated as far as Thăng Long (modern 2316: 2178: 1985: 736: 324: 255: 14116: 3728: 3432:. Trebuchets like this were used to launch the earliest type of explosive bombs. 3235:. The civil service system became institutionalized on a small scale during the 2912:

was demoted, being given the title 'Duke of Ying', but was eventually exiled to

2522:

to establish a new capital at Lin'an (modern Hangzhou). The Jurchen conquest of

14759: 14637: 14632: 14595: 14570: 14553: 14464: 14449: 14420: 14378: 14226: 14186: 14181: 14136: 14062: 14022: 14012: 14002: 13817: 13696: 13590: 13457: 13339: 13194: 13186: 13170: 13088: 13000: 12876: 12772: 12738: 12618: 12605: 12576: 12392: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12231: 12187: 12151: 11855: 11847: 11773: 11508: 11478: 11457: 11391: 11094: 10744: 10465: 10427: 9849: 9765: 9761: 9143:

Guo, Qinghua (1998), "Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual",

9001: 6553: 6256:(2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260". 6253: 5482: 5467: 5402: 5375: 5169: 5165: 4939: 4924: 4633: 4524: 4520: 4372: 4280: 4124:, the Song court established several government-run factories in the cities of 4009: 3923: 3779:

Buddhism influenced Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi through its concept of ethical

3648: 3619: 3546: 3522: 3514: 3490: 3428: 3306: 3261: 2968: 2642: 2626: 2462: 2406: 2387: 2074: 1255: 1172: 868: 861: 720: 151: 125: 9925:

Yuan, Zheng (1994), "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment",

9356: 8900:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China" 6269: 5128: 4700: 3882:

such as these were imported to Song China from South Asia and the Middle East.

3664:(1126–1193) and Su Shi, the latter of whom wrote the 'daytrip essay' known as 2818: 2783: 2425:(1037–1101), was jailed and eventually exiled for criticizing Wang's reforms. 1957: 14771: 14718: 14605: 14400: 14373: 14346: 14324: 14302: 14069: 14052: 14037: 13881: 13834: 13822: 13748: 13640: 13514: 13509: 13484: 13366: 13146: 12931: 12911: 12796: 12509: 12223: 12183: 12155: 12112: 12104: 12083: 12018: 11904: 11859: 11679: 11667: 11663: 11634: 11620: 11379: 11375: 11173: 11167: 11152: 10974: 10962: 10442: 10437: 10084:

China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

8251: 8113: 5492: 5442: 5353: 5340: 5336: 5247: 5185: 5095: 4889: 4786: 4763: 4544: 4516: 4493: 4056: 4043: 3824: 3752: 3518: 3510: 3486: 3327: 3224: 3142: 3130: 3000: 2897: 2802: 2292: 2284: 2240: 1965: 1917: 1045: 1012: 543: 232: 14146: 14126: 9783: 6258:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

4987:, a concept pioneered in 984 by the Assistant Commissioner of Transport for 4246: 2744:

husband (Zuoxianwang) dating from the Southern Song. A head sculpture of an

14747: 14610: 14351: 14341: 14307: 14236: 14231: 14158: 13948: 13930: 13891: 13886: 13866: 13861: 13733: 13726: 13711: 13706: 13600: 13538: 13519: 13504: 13440: 12967: 12063: 11912: 11900: 11794: 11671: 11582: 11449: 11335: 11268: 11147: 11122: 10956: 10907: 10756: 10648: 10603: 10598: 10470: 10163: 9711:

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1993), "The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan",

6565: 5487: 5279: 5181: 4929: 4919: 4873:(990–1051), first described by the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo in his 4866: 4755: 4725: 4709: 4259: 4161: 3989: 3848: 3780: 3702: 3552: 3533: 3529: 3481: 3438: 3210: 3102: 3094: 2775: 2687: 2682: 2646: 2591: 2587: 2567: 2383: 2304: 2288: 2264: 2256: 2197: 2102: 2090: 2059: 2055: 2006:. This dynasty saw the first surviving records of the chemical formula for 1949: 1898: 1886: 1620: 1596: 1583: 1570: 1514: 1411: 1125: 1115: 1092: 840: 678: 598: 571: 529: 259: 143: 31: 9766:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 9638:

Schafer, Edward H. (1957), "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China",

8915: 5228: 4708:, or "Map of the Tracks of Yu", carved into stone in 1137, located in the 3874: 3010: 2858: 14329: 14314: 14163: 13876: 13785: 13775: 13701: 13349: 13344: 13174: 13150: 13021: 12850: 12457: 12396: 11993: 11908: 11708: 11696: 11262: 11219: 11112: 11102: 11064: 11053: 10943: 10919: 10793: 10762: 10666: 10593: 10551: 9741:

The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China

9005: 8263: 5719: 5379: 5287: 5258:

Besides existing buildings and technical literature of building manuals,

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laborious handwritten copies. The enhancement of widespread printing and

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were worshipped with sacrificial offerings. Tansen Sen asserts that more

3056: 2992: 2921: 2841: 2794: 2757: 2749: 2523: 2397:(1021–1086) became Chancellor of the imperial court. With the backing of 2296: 2263:

Kingdom in Korea, and other countries that were also trade partners with

2233: 2118: 2051: 1977: 1969: 1890: 1527: 1398: 1232: 1200: 1187: 1021: 9972:"This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China 7048: 6277: 5691:

Durand, John (1960). "The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2–1953".

4535:(which had shifted over centuries of time). Shen Kuo was also known for 3525:

were viewed as essential fighting ships in any successful naval battle.

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From 1268 to 1273, Kublai blockaded the Yangtze River with his navy and

2813:

as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in

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The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire

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state, the Song navy employed tactics such as defending large floating

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to support maritime trade abroad, including at the major international

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations

9262: 8869:

Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine

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century. The civil service and examination system allowed for greater

3217:(1103–1142) is the second person from the left in the latter painting. 14246: 14017: 13901: 13871: 13652: 13526: 13317: 13096: 13048: 12903: 12836: 12710: 12648: 12440: 12379: 12359: 11977: 11765: 11492: 11083: 10992: 10937: 10931: 10852: 10720: 10714: 10702: 10690: 10684: 10608: 10571: 10561: 9800:

The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention

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The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279

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while experimenting with a compass. Shen theorized that geographical

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was defeated by Kublai's newly appointed commander-in-chief, general

2878: 2862: 2834: 2737: 2718: 2674: 2615: 2603: 2470: 2248: 2007: 1973: 788: 515: 217: 10135: 9878: 9724: 9651: 9592: 9417:

The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty

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instead of linear interpolation in calibrating the measure of time.

4432:(1020–1101) embodied advancements in all fields of study, including 2707: 2369: 13647: 13430: 13388: 13327: 13068: 13056: 13052: 12890: 12734: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12640: 12584: 12580: 12572: 12461: 12428: 12420: 12371: 11949: 11936: 11863: 11843: 11831: 11578: 11529: 11436: 11244: 11232: 11213: 11137: 11026: 10986: 10858: 10834: 10811: 10768: 10750: 10576: 9938: 9802:, with a foreword by Joseph Needham, New York: Simon and Schuster, 9254: 8152: 7620: 7608: 7557: 7407: 7380: 5415: 5271: 4961: 4880: 4870: 4810: 4747: 4713: 4465: 4425: 4414: 4342:

to a car's wheels even when they are rotating at different speeds.

4314: 4290: 4133: 4121: 4052: 3776: 3462: 3383:

in China during the 12th century. The physician and judge known as

3323: 3240: 3232: 3074: 3026: 2951: 2947: 2905: 2822: 2727: 2611: 2443: 2343: 2126: 2106: 1999: 1945: 1912:; 960–1127), the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now 809: 692: 165: 98: 91: 8952:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),

8867:

Chan, Alan Kam-leung; Clancey, Gregory K.; Loy, Hui-Chieh (2002),

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was very popular amongst the elite and general populace, although

2323: 2002:

or true paper money and the first Chinese government to establish

13560: 13489: 13445: 13300: 13223: 13219: 13182: 13162: 13158: 13134: 13100: 13092: 13064: 12955: 12706: 12689: 12517: 12424: 12367: 12346: 12251: 12247: 12243: 11851: 11818: 11607: 11557: 11496: 11250: 11238: 11127: 10882: 10660: 10654: 10581: 10566: 10289: 10269: 9032:(2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge; London: The Belknap Press of 8338: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6595: 5104: 5013: 4988: 4957: 4915: 4826: 4729: 4689: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4398: 4267: 4263: 4129: 4125: 3895: 3642:

and dozens of treatises on technical subjects. This included the

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Rudolph, R. C. (1963), "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology",

9075:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

8275: 7238: 7236: 4640:. These star charts feature a cylindrical projection similar to 3922:-fruit juice, honey and ginger drinks, spices and seasonings of 3638:. Enormous encyclopedic volumes were compiled, such as works of 13393: 13268: 13076: 12975: 12824: 12800: 12726: 12661: 12632: 12179: 12171: 12159: 12147: 12108: 11879: 11875: 11745: 11700: 11655: 11594: 11453: 11412: 10864: 10805: 10787: 10738: 10732: 10678: 5447: 5295: 5275: 5201: 5108: 5078: 5067: 5021: 4759: 4489: 4433: 4405:

published in 1092, featuring cylindrical projection similar to

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The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

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date to the 4th century BCE, yet it was not until the time of

3404:'s conduct during autopsies and the accurate recording of the 2514:

The remaining Song forces regrouped under the self-proclaimed

14027: 12820: 12042: 11769: 11362: 10925: 10895: 8593: 8591: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8060: 7973: 7484: 7482: 7233: 7120: 6452: 6418:, in Ebrey, Patricia, & Conrad Schirokauer, consultants, 5306: 5219: 5189: 5086: 5017: 4979: 4892:

in the Song period was thus a direct catalyst in the rise of

4149: 4036: 3810: 3801: 3797: 3736: 3627: 3558: 3426:

Traction trebuchet on an Early Song dynasty warship from the

3090: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2826: 2810: 2745: 2638: 2634: 2363: 2225: 2208:

period. He ensured administrative stability by promoting the

2158: 1885:. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous 852: 557: 10067:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 9181:

Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia

8537: 8398: 8374: 8350: 8287: 8212: 8140: 7847: 7835: 7811: 7799: 7751: 7299: 7007: 6584:

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TSSF201003024.htm

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The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China

8687: 8615: 8578: 8576: 7961: 7903: 7901: 7888: 7886: 7635: 6872: 6860: 6811: 5944: 5743: 5331: 4766:, and was the first to use negative coefficients of 'x' in 4750:'s 1261 book provided the earliest Chinese illustration of 4145: 3930:, soy sauce, vegetable oil, sesame oil, salt, and vinegar. 3844: 3828: 3634:

profited from the rising popularity and development of the

3022: 3004: 2678: 2654: 2077:

assumed a larger role in local administration and affairs.

2019: 1857: 13237: 8704: 8702: 8665: 8663: 8603: 8588: 8465: 8434: 8176: 7652: 7650: 7533: 7479: 7311: 7265: 7263: 7221: 6663: 6661: 6233: 6231: 6165: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6102: 6100: 5779: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5028: 4879:

of 1088. The collection of Bi Sheng's original clay-fired

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War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795

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and the construction of enormous bridges (wood or stone,

3832: 3748: 3652:, compiled into 1000 volumes of 9.4 million written 2042:. Economically, the Song dynasty was unparalleled with a 828: 814: 800: 9838:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

8573: 8561: 8453: 8422: 8410: 8386: 8048: 8036: 7985: 7937: 7925: 7898: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7823: 7787: 7763: 7419: 7287: 7248: 7163: 7161: 7159: 6763: 6416:

China in 1000 CE: The Most Advanced Society in the World

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also became popular with the writings of the geographer

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that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by

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Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BCE–CE 1840

9011:

Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching

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traveled to China during the Song than in the previous

1908:

is divided into two periods: during the Northern Song (

9815: 8767:(Revised ed.), Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 8648: 8239: 7775: 7506: 7467: 7455: 7431: 7060: 7019: 6826: 6739: 6476: 6464: 6082: 5725: 5521: 5519: 5418:, who prohibited scholars from reading and consulting 4716:. This 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map features a 4632:

who were timed to rotate past shuttered windows while

4250:

Earliest known written formula for gunpowder from the

3223:

During this period greater emphasis was laid upon the

3041:

A 12th-century painting by Su Hanchen; a girl waves a

1936:. At that time, the Song court retreated south of the 14731: 8362: 8200: 8188: 7662: 7395: 7368: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7156: 6727: 6715: 6612: 6610: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6357: 6345: 6321: 6189: 5867: 5631: 5607: 5562: 4945: 4846: 3334: 3059:(1084–1151), who became famous even in her lifetime. 3021:, prime minister Zhao Pu and other ministers playing 2653:, it was necessary to establish an official standing 1851: 755: 741: 725: 711: 697: 683: 11464:(鄆州) | Jìzhōu (濟州) | Shànzhōu (單州) | 9227:, New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 8955:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

8299: 8224: 8021: 7913: 7674: 7359: 7144: 7132: 6937: 6775: 6500: 6488: 5992: 5803: 5755: 5619: 4531:, which allowed Shen Kuo to fix the position of the 2669:. During these battles the Song navy employed swift 2239:

The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with

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Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture

9706:, Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing 8951: 8525: 8477: 8332: 7629: 7566: 7545: 7521: 7413: 7389: 7329: 7108: 7096: 7084: 7001: 6931: 6854: 6805: 6628: 6601: 6446: 6315: 6222: 6207: 6159: 6040: 5986: 5965: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5861: 5791: 5672: 5666: 5516: 5414:the erroneous material was the fault of Chancellor 4604:-powered, 12 m (39 ft) tall astronomical 2393:After Fan was forced to step down from his office, 2062:. This dramatic increase of population fomented an 1968:, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle 9201:Halsall, Paul (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 8848: 8833:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 253–289, 8749:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 191–226, 8728:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History 7949: 7715: 7347: 6751: 6607: 6070: 6058: 5908: 5896: 5843: 5767: 3626:. The poet and statesman Su Shi and his associate 3411: 3069:on spirituality was popular. The major deities of 2829:. On August 11, 1259, Möngke Khan died during the 9686:Cultural flow between China and the outside world 9050:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Haber, Francis C. (1986), 8501: 6634: 5822:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 5643: 4616:, both driven by an early intermittently working 3474:' that discharged a gunpowder blast of flame and 2736:Clockwise from upper left: Anonymous painting of 1984:in 1279 after defeating the Southern Song in the 1916:) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now 14769: 10086:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 9096:Golas, Peter (1980), "Rural China in the Song", 9052:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 8815:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 7584: 6535:"Women and Property in China, 960-1949 (review)" 6046: 5879: 5134:The 42-metre (138 ft) tall, brick and wood 4968:and first mentioned in active use by sailors in 4797:, and astronomical data used in determining the 4644:, the latter being a cartographic innovation of 2821:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day 9822:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 9027: 8642: 6960: 6907: 6895: 6458: 5180:built in 1049 during the Northern Song and the 4539:clockworks, as he invented a new overflow-tank 4424:Polymaths such as the scientists and statesmen 3823:and replacing it with Confucian discourse. The 2954:province, built in 1223 during the Song dynasty 2904:, committed suicide, along with Prime Minister 1877:dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the 71:The Song dynasty at its greatest extent in 1111 14838:States and territories established in the 960s 10136:The Newly Compiled Overall Geographical Survey 9743:, translated by Brian E. McKnight, Ann Arbor: 8866: 7979: 6295:. University of California Press. p. 45. 5588:. Economic History Association. Archived from 4995:There were other considerable advancements in 4674: 3375:argued against traditional Chinese beliefs in 2797:at the collapse of the Jin dynasty. After the 2598:improvement projects, and the construction of 2574:Although weakened and pushed south beyond the 14833:States and territories disestablished in 1279 13253: 11300: 10187: 10046:All Under Heaven: A Complete History of China 9451:Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction 9243:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 9028:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) , 8080:"Book Review: The Soochow Astronomical Chart" 4935:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 4728:refers to the Chinese deity described in the 3735:of mixed styles written by Song dynasty poet 2527: 1988:, and reunited China under the Yuan dynasty. 1921: 1822: 1495: 653: 356:3,100,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi) 49: 14710:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 10620:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 9629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5821: 5815: 4306:Measuring distance and mechanical navigation 3712:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 1485: 9974:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 9225:The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 9134:Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin (2002), 9133: 9049: 9000: 8630: 8447: 7967: 7641: 7242: 7227: 7126: 6171: 5313:of officials, tomb guardians, animals, and 2896:in 1279, the Yuan army, led by the general 2857:, but a pending civil war with his brother 2541: 372:1,800,000 km (690,000 sq mi) 364:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi) 13260: 13246: 11307: 11293: 10194: 10180: 9710: 8979:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 8609: 8597: 6284: 4952:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 4217:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 3559:Arts, literature, philosophy, and religion 3353:of the earlier Tang dynasty, the basis of 2987:. The Song dynasty supported a widespread 2153: 1829: 1815: 65: 10029:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9760: 9329:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 9109: 8943: 8095: 5544: 4210: 3153:Civil service examinations and the gentry 2677:aboard the decks that launched gunpowder 2622:, that were sustaining China's commerce. 2435:, a painting of the Song royal palace by 2275:from the ruler of "Fu lin" (拂菻, i.e. the 2232:tower designed and built by the engineer 348:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi) 27:Chinese imperial dynasty from 960 to 1279 11206: 10109:Song dynasty at China Heritage Quarterly 9514: 9505: 9496: 9487: 9478: 9436: 9362: 9296: 9078:, Translated by H. M. Wright, Stanford: 8744: 8582: 8567: 8555: 8543: 8519: 8495: 8471: 8459: 8428: 8416: 8404: 8392: 8380: 8356: 8344: 8320: 8293: 8269: 8257: 8218: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8066: 8054: 8042: 8015: 7991: 7943: 7931: 7907: 7892: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7769: 7757: 7745: 7733: 7656: 7578: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7254: 7013: 6878: 6866: 6820: 6678: 6676: 6667: 6482: 6470: 6237: 6147: 6135: 6123: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5749: 5737: 5330: 4978: 4854: 4789:. He is also known for working with the 4742:There were many notable improvements to 4699: 4688: 4519:. He performed optical experiments with 4245: 4005:Along the River During Qingming Festival 3995:Along the River During Qingming Festival 3873: 3742: 3727: 3480: 3443: 3421: 3292: 3036: 3009: 2971:programs including the establishment of 2957: 2941: 2557: 2545: 2479: 2427: 2368: 2322: 2157: 1994:, science, philosophy, mathematics, and 14803:13th-century disestablishments in China 14534: 10201: 9904: 9637: 9578: 9556: 9523: 9519:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9510:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9501:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9492:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9483:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 9268: 9240: 9200: 8888: 8725: 8708: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8281: 7781: 7695:"Islam in China (650–present): Origins" 7515: 7500: 7341: 7269: 6745: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6290: 6195: 6183: 6091: 6010: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5568: 5556: 5378:on crossbows; while experimenting with 5311:are lines of Song dynasty stone statues 5029:Structural engineering and architecture 4659:, the remnants of which would form the 3854: 3588:, active during the reign of Shenzong. 2760:statue from the Song dynasty (960–1279) 2681:. Although the Jin forces commanded by 2064:economic revolution in pre-modern China 2026:. It also saw the first discernment of 14: 14770: 11188:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 11113:Endless power transmitting chain drive 10124:Song dynasty art with video commentary 9892: 9835: 9797: 9614: 9222: 9071: 8654: 8245: 7682:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 7668: 7614: 7602: 7539: 7488: 7473: 7461: 7449: 7437: 7425: 7401: 7066: 7030: 6984: 6972: 6733: 6709: 6652: 6428:, as accessed October 6 & 9, 2012. 6426:) (Asia for Educators, Columbia Univ.) 6248: 6246: 6017:. New York: St Martin's. p. 148. 5785: 5690: 5580: 4804:Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections 4781:–1261) was the first to introduce the 4634:ringing gongs and bells, banging drums 4543:which had more efficient higher-order 3918:, pears, plums, apricots, pear juice, 3493:, built in 1055; it was intended as a 3452:Although the scholar-officials viewed 2927: 2518:(1127–1162) and withdrew south of the 2071:direct involvement in economic affairs 1883:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 830: 757: 13241: 11288: 10175: 10049:, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 9701: 9547: 9414: 9402: 9324: 9095: 8975: 8828: 8808: 8368: 8308: 8233: 8030: 8003: 7919: 7721: 7374: 7215: 7191: 7179: 7167: 7150: 7138: 7054: 7042: 6948: 6835: 6788: 6769: 6673: 6616: 6509: 6494: 6076: 5998: 5914: 5902: 5809: 5761: 5678: 5525: 4329:. This device, originally crafted by 3501:for observation of potential dangers. 3497:, yet served a military purpose as a 14783:10th-century establishments in China 13043: 12213: 12134: 11330: 9924: 9864: 9855: 9738: 9688:, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 9683: 9466: 9448: 9387:The Chinese Market Economy 1000-1500 9178: 8929: 8897: 7955: 7551: 7527: 7078: 6919: 6757: 6721: 6542:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6106: 6064: 6052: 5890: 5873: 5849: 5797: 5773: 4620:mechanism (similarly to the western 4346:Polymaths, inventions, and astronomy 4235: 4012:during the Southern Song dynasty by 3705:(1085–1145) who painted an enormous 3418:Military history of the Song dynasty 3408:of each autopsy by official clerks. 2683:Wanyan Liang (the Prince of Hailing) 2149:List of emperors of the Song dynasty 2034:, first recorded description of the 14823:Former countries in Chinese history 9665: 9384: 9342: 9142: 8846: 8780: 8762: 8531: 8507: 8483: 8206: 8194: 7590: 7353: 7203: 7114: 7102: 7090: 6640: 6252: 6243: 5649: 4746:during the Song era. Mathematician 4333:in the 3rd century, incorporated a 3683: 3682:, replaced the old "map guide", or 2853:. Kublai made preparations to take 2590:. The government sponsored massive 24: 9962: 9908:China; Land of Dragon and Emperors 9867:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9860:, Fujian People's Publishing House 9299:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9271:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 8783:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6532: 6424:Asian Topics on Asia for Educators 4946:Hydraulic and nautical engineering 4503:Shen Kuo was the first to discern 4409:and the corrected position of the 3335:Law, justice, and forensic science 3213:(1174–1224); the renowned general 2511:, and most of the Imperial court. 2446:(1047–1126), who was appointed by 2105:with new commentary, infused with 2089:and the 11th-century invention of 2081:was vibrant. Citizens gathered to 25: 14849: 12910:(洋州) | Làngzhōu (閬州) | 12540:(辰州) | Yuánzhōu (沅州) | 11793:(永寧) | Guǎngxìn (廣信) | 11772:(祁州) | Zhàozhōu (趙州) | 11748:(相州) | Dìngzhōu (定州) | 11511:(均州) | Fángzhōu (房州) | 10102: 10027:A history of Chinese civilization 10009:The Dynasties of China: A History 9559:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 9527:Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors 9056:University of Massachusetts Press 8333:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7630:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7567:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7414:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7390:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7330:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 7002:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6932:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6855:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6806:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6629:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6602:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6447:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6316:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6293:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 6223:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6208:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6160:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 6041:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5987:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5966:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5862:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5667:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 4869:printing was made by the artisan 4762:'s forty-third proposition about 4758:, provided theoretical proof for 2962:Model of the capital city Kaifeng 14753: 14741: 13165:(柳州) | Guìzhōu (貴州) | 13055:(韶州) | Xúnzhōu (循州) | 12090:(岷州) | Lánzhōu (蘭州) | 11870:(嵐州) | Shízhōu (石州) | 11756:(懷州) | Wèizhōu (衛州) | 11315:Administrative divisions of the 10372: 10011:, New York: Carroll & Graf, 9911:, New York: Random House, Inc., 9615:Sastri, Nilakanta, K.A. (1984), 8976:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), 8730:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 8072: 7687: 5356:(1600–1046 BCE), which bore the 5227: 5211: 5147: 5127: 5059: 5043: 5035:Architecture of the Song dynasty 5006:watertight bulkhead compartments 4983:A plan and side view of a canal 4861:History of printing in East Asia 4586: 4570: 4554: 4386: 4364: 4221:Architecture of the Song dynasty 4184: 4175: 4095: 4070: 3977: 3968: 3957: 3948: 3596: 3573: 3187: 3176: 3167: 2991:that was modeled on the earlier 2799:first Mongol invasion of Vietnam 2748:, 11th Century. A seated wooden 2726: 2717: 2706: 2697: 2083:view and trade precious artworks 1873:, who usurped the throne of the 1847: 910: 633: 603: 589: 564: 550: 536: 522: 508: 494: 480: 429: 428: 12733:(簡州) | Lízhōu (黎州) | 12086:(熙州) | Hézhōu (河州) | 11878:(麟州) | Fǔzhōu (府州) | 11654:(滄州) | Jìzhōu (冀州) | 10147:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 9771:International Studies Quarterly 9515:——— (1986e), 9506:——— (1986d), 9497:——— (1986c), 9488:——— (1986b), 9385:Liu, William Guangling (2015), 6576: 6526: 6515: 6408: 6004: 5684: 5093:(1065–1110), who published the 4080:from the 13th century featured 3718:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute 3412:Military and methods of warfare 2333: 2216:by skill and merit (instead of 2187: 2168: 2093:printing. Philosophers such as 1940:and established its capital at 874: 853: 829: 815: 801: 780: 14798:1279 disestablishments in Asia 10614:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 9927:History of Education Quarterly 9619:, Madras: University of Madras 9563:University of California Press 5574: 5327:History of Chinese archaeology 5320: 5218:Temple of the Saintly Mother, 4738:, dated 5th–3rd centuries BCE. 2291:in the northeast and with the 1769:Science and technology history 756: 742: 726: 712: 698: 684: 654: 13: 1: 12382:(信州) | Tàipíngzhōu (太平州) 11049:Southern Song dynasty coinage 9453:, New York: Springer-Verlag, 8090:(4061): 279. 30 August 1947. 7699:Religion & Ethics – Islam 5504: 4885:woodblock methods of printing 4829:(224–271) that topographical 4775: 3667:Record of Stone Bell Mountain 2997:owned their own plots of land 2373:A Song-era wooden Bodhisattva 2350:twice, the first conflict in 1139: 1098: 1074: 1051: 1027: 968: 10154:Dynasties in Chinese history 9745:University of Michigan Press 9581:The Journal of Asian Studies 9098:The Journal of Asian Studies 8904:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 8893:, Cambridge University Press 7980:Chan, Clancey & Loy 2002 7617:, pp. 178–179, 181–183. 5509: 5478:Timeline of the Song dynasty 4823:earliest extant Chinese maps 4695:Jade Mirror of Four Unknowns 3831:which remain influential in 3565:Religion in the Song dynasty 3495:Buddhist religious structure 3233:was an ancient idea in China 3205:, 10th century; Zhou Wenju, 2675:traction trebuchet catapults 7: 13267: 10461:Department of State Affairs 9895:Buddhism in Chinese History 9552:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing 9439:Law and Order in Sung China 9437:McKnight, Brian E. (1992), 9136:A Military History of China 8765:An Outline History of China 8643:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 8522:, pp. 96–100, 108–109. 8260:, pp. 547–549, Plate LXXXI. 6961:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 6908:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 6896:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 6459:Fairbank & Goldman 2006 5463:Taxation in premodern China 5425: 5066:The Xiude Temple Pagoda in 4847: 4801:. Qin's major work was the 4675:Mathematics and cartography 4561:An interior diagram of the 4311:As early as the Han dynasty 4231:List of Chinese discoveries 3940:Economy of the Song dynasty 3693:, during the Song dynasty. 3341:Society of the Song dynasty 3197:Clockwise from upper left: 3159:Society of the Song dynasty 2938:Society of the Song dynasty 2934:Culture of the Song dynasty 2143:History of the Song dynasty 2079:Social life during the Song 10: 14854: 10423:Bureau of Military Affairs 10007:Gascoigne, Bamber (2003), 9989:Cotterell, Arthur (2007), 9893:Wright, Arthur F. (1959), 9850:10.1163/156852001753731033 9443:Cambridge University Press 9421:Cambridge University Press 9407:(1st ed.), New York: 9185:University of Hawaii Press 8984:Cambridge University Press 8932:Journal of Chinese History 8898:Chen, Yuan Julian (2014), 8873:Singapore University Press 8726:Adshead, S. A. M. (2004), 8718: 8161:, pp. 46, 59–60, 104. 6554:10.1162/jinh.2001.32.1.160 6011:Roberts, J. A. G. (1996). 5386:by using a hollow handle. 5363:ancient aristocratic class 5324: 5032: 4991:, the engineer Qiao Weiyo. 4949: 4858: 4835:Following a long tradition 4693:Facsimile of Zhu Shijie's 4678: 4665:Soochow Astronomical Chart 4651:The Song Chinese observed 4513:climates gradually shifted 4375:for Su's celestial globe, 4356:List of Chinese inventions 4349: 4239: 4227:List of Chinese inventions 4224: 4214: 3937: 3933: 3606:, by Mao Yi, 12th century. 3582:Double Happiness (Cui Bai) 3562: 3415: 3338: 3156: 3081:, and the many deities of 2931: 2484:A Liao dynasty (907–1125) 2146: 2140: 2136: 2115:civil service examinations 2038:, and improved designs of 1982:conquered the Song dynasty 207:(founder of Southern Song) 194:(founder of Northern Song) 29: 14703: 14655: 14172: 13576: 13275: 13214: 13121: 13112: 13033: 13016: 12995: 12950: 12943: 12898: 12885: 12875: 12858: 12844: 12791: 12784: 12767: 12750: 12697: 12684: 12677: 12656: 12651:(漳州) | Tīngzhōu (汀州) 12627: 12617: 12600: 12563: 12553: 12500: 12487: 12477: 12448: 12415: 12408: 12387: 12354: 12341: 12331: 12317: 12280: 12270: 12263: 12203: 12124: 12099: 12050: 12037: 12030: 12013: 11944: 11931: 11924: 11887: 11826: 11813: 11806: 11781: 11740: 11727: 11720: 11691: 11642: 11629: 11619: 11602: 11565: 11548: 11541: 11524: 11487: 11477: 11444: 11431: 11424: 11407: 11370: 11357: 11347: 11323: 11074: 11006: 10827: 10641: 10533: 10486: 10451: 10381: 10370: 10295:Alliance Conducted at Sea 10285:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 10210: 10160: 10151: 10143: 9905:Yen-Mah, Adeline (2008), 9899:Stanford University Press 9479:Needham, Joseph (1986a), 9365:When China Ruled the Seas 9363:Levathes, Louise (1994), 9357:10.1080/03085699308592766 9325:Hymes, Robert P. (1986), 9138:, Boulder: Westview Press 9080:Stanford University Press 8889:Chaffee, John W. (2015), 8137:, pp. 278, 280, 428. 7057:, pp. 30–31, footnote 27. 6270:10.1017/S0041977X13000475 5382:, Shen suggested hanging 5054:of Kaifeng, built in 1049 4791:Chinese remainder theorem 4500:, and many other fields. 3489:, the tallest pre-modern 2673:naval vessels armed with 2475:Alliance Conducted at Sea 2212:system of drafting state 2210:civil service examination 2185:, Emperor Taizu of Song ( 2004:a permanent standing navy 1925: 1909: 1867:imperial dynasty of China 1643: 1565: 1445: 1378: 1308: 1182: 885: 867: 860: 846: 839: 822: 808: 794: 787: 773: 766: 749: 735: 719: 705: 691: 677: 670: 665: 661: 647: 632: 628: 623: 459: 437: 422: 408: 404: 385: 381: 376: 368: 360: 352: 344: 339: 335: 321: 308: 295: 282: 269: 252: 242: 238: 228: 224: 211: 198: 185: 181: 171: 161: 131: 121: 76: 64: 59: 50: 43: 11939:(京兆) | Hézhōng (河中) 10626:Four Great Books of Song 10114:Song dynasty at bcps.org 10082:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 10025:Gernet, Jacques (1982), 9704:Science in Ancient China 9557:Rossabi, Morris (1988), 9473:Harvard University Press 9469:Imperial China: 900–1800 9223:Hansen, Valerie (2000), 9072:Gernet, Jacques (1962), 9034:Harvard University Press 8347:, pp. 206–208, 217. 8284:, pp. 406, 409–412. 6987:, pp. 60–61, 68–69. 6291:Rossabi, Morris (2009). 5438:Four Great Books of Song 5380:ancient musical measures 5237:arm clusters containing 5222:, Taiyuan, built in 1032 5200:(1012–1067) in medieval 4298:during the early age of 3992:'s (1085–1145) painting 3888:Emperor Zhenzong of Song 3847:. The Christian sect of 3747:Portrait of the Chinese 2801:in 1258, Mongol general 2542:Southern Song, 1127–1279 1954:conquered by the Mongols 394:Northern: 80–110 million 30:Not to be confused with 13226:(萬安) | Zhūyái (朱崖) 11686:(濱州) | Ēnzhōu (恩州) 10477:Secretariat-Chancellery 9798:Temple, Robert (1986), 9784:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8809:Brook, Timothy (1998), 8631:Fraser & Haber 1986 8448:Graff & Higham 2002 8272:, p. 549, Plate LXXXII. 8106:2027/mdp.39015071688480 7968:Embree & Gluck 1997 7642:Embree & Gluck 1997 7243:Graff & Higham 2002 7228:Graff & Higham 2002 7127:Graff & Higham 2002 6689:Encyclopædia Britannica 6533:Li, Lillian M. (2001). 6172:Embree & Gluck 1997 5284:Emperor Huizong of Song 5142:, Hebei, built in 1045. 5008:that allowed damage to 4474:pharmaceutical medicine 4120:). For the printing of 4086:watertight compartments 3721:from the life story of 3656:. The genre of Chinese 3466:employed as long-range 3355:traditional Chinese law 3139:the vernacular language 3019:Emperor Taizong of Song 2552:Emperor Gaozong of Song 2516:Emperor Gaozong of Song 2467:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 2329:Emperor Taizong of Song 2307:(Most parts of today's 2154:Northern Song, 960–1127 11108:Early Bessemer process 11076:Science and technology 10275:Nong Zhigao rebellions 10043:Kruger, Rayne (2003), 9970:Bol, Peter K. (1992). 9856:Wang, Lianmao (2000), 9702:Sivin, Nathan (1995), 9179:Hall, Kenneth (1985), 9002:Embree, Ainslie Thomas 7365:Ebrey, Cambridge, 149. 5376:scaled sighting device 5348: 5083:structural engineering 4992: 4770:. Yang's contemporary 4739: 4697: 4373:south polar projection 4327:south-pointing chariot 4287:Kezhai Zagao, Xugaohou 4255: 4211:Science and technology 4208: 4049:Deforestation in China 3883: 3756: 3740: 3590:National Palace Museum 3502: 3449: 3433: 3395:on the examination of 3302: 3099:Middle Eastern Muslims 3046: 3034: 2963: 2955: 2831:siege of Diaoyu Castle 2756:(1115–1234). A wooden 2571: 2555: 2496: 2488:wood-carved statue of 2439: 2374: 2339: 2192:) spent sixteen years 2174: 2125:led to a shift from a 2117:had existed since the 2044:gross domestic product 1976:. His younger brother 254:• Signing of the 156:Nestorian Christianity 14793:12th century in China 14788:11th century in China 14680:Medieval great powers 12218:Yángzhōu (揚州) | 10496:Ministry of Personnel 10401:Imperial examinations 10119:Song and Liao artwork 10063:Kuhn, Dieter (2009). 9548:Peers, C. J. (2006), 9524:Paludan, Ann (1998), 9415:Lorge, Peter (2015), 9403:Lorge, Peter (2005), 9145:Architectural History 9014:, Armonk: ME Sharpe, 8916:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 8847:Cai, Yanxin (2011) , 7701:, BBC, archived from 5581:Broadberry, Stephen. 5433:Emperors' family tree 5334: 5325:Further information: 5154:Close-up view of the 4997:hydraulic engineering 4982: 4859:Further information: 4855:Movable type printing 4837:, Shen Kuo created a 4703: 4692: 4679:Further information: 4350:Further information: 4249: 4240:Further information: 4225:Further information: 4203: 4164:industry of Song-era 4024:joint stock companies 3877: 3841:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 3755:, painted in 1238 AD. 3746: 3731: 3563:Further information: 3484: 3448:Armoured Song cavalry 3447: 3425: 3349:retained most of the 3296: 3083:Chinese folk religion 3040: 3015:Emperor Taizu of Song 3013: 2961: 2945: 2561: 2549: 2483: 2431: 2372: 2326: 2164:Emperor Taizu of Song 2161: 2147:Further information: 2127:military-aristocratic 1871:Emperor Taizu of Song 1634:(mainland, 1912–1949) 148:Chinese folk religion 122:Common languages 18:Northern Song dynasty 14690:European colonialism 14675:Ancient great powers 10632:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 10406:Administrative units 10280:Song–Tibet relations 10255:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 9684:Shen, Fuwei (1996), 9666:Sen, Tansen (2003), 9467:Mote, F. W. (1999), 9449:Mohn, Peter (2003), 9369:Simon & Schuster 9030:China: A New History 8851:Chinese Architecture 8763:Bai, Shouyi (2002), 8069:, pp. 165, 445. 5788:, pp. 173, 316. 5260:Song dynasty artwork 4974:Pingzhou Table Talks 4730:geographical chapter 4505:magnetic declination 4242:History of gunpowder 3855:Cuisine and clothing 3584:. It was painted by 3506:of bells and drums. 2817:under Mongol leader 2469:. The Song official 2131:scholar-bureaucratic 2123:imperial examination 397:Southern: 65 million 297:• Beginning of 14813:Confucian dynasties 14685:Modern great powers 12849:Huáiān (懷安) | 12409:Jiangnan West (江南西) 11925:Yongxing Army (永興軍) 11425:Jingdong West (京東西) 11182:Forensic entomology 11143:Watertight bulkhead 11022:Joint-stock company 10516:Ministry of Justice 10501:Ministry of Revenue 10411:Sixteen Prefectures 9993:, London: Pimlico, 9739:Sung, Tz'u (1981), 9532:Thames & Hudson 8696:, pp. 170–171. 8546:, pp. 151–153. 8407:, pp. 350–351. 8383:, pp. 215–216. 8359:, pp. 212–213. 8335:, pp. 159–160. 8296:, pp. 201–203. 8221:, pp. 538–540. 8149:, pp. 134–137. 7856:, pp. 283–284. 7844:, pp. 281–282. 7820:, pp. 174–175. 7808:, pp. 173–174. 7760:, pp. 220–221. 7705:on February 8, 2007 7542:, pp. 135–136. 7491:, pp. 134–137. 7308:, pp. 122–124. 7182:, pp. 130–131. 7016:, pp. 155–157. 6934:, pp. 162–163. 6922:, pp. 196–199. 6910:, pp. 101–106. 6881:, pp. 416–420. 6869:, pp. 405–413. 6823:, pp. 417–418. 6772:, pp. 145–146. 6712:, pp. 222–225. 6109:, pp. 159–161. 5953:, pp. 208–209. 5752:, pp. 469–471. 5728:, pp. 103–104. 5559:, pp. 29, 327. 5315:legendary creatures 4918:(1439–1513) of the 4807:published in 1247. 4768:quadratic equations 4744:Chinese mathematics 4681:Chinese mathematics 4642:Mercator projection 4523:just decades after 4407:Mercator projection 4403:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 4377:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 4033:Economic historians 3733:Chinese calligraphy 3107:Persian Manichaeans 3025:, an early form of 2928:Culture and society 2671:paddle wheel driven 2564:Qinling Huaihe Line 2554:(r. 1127–1162) 2301:Sixteen Prefectures 2253:Kara-Khanid Khanate 2194:conquering the rest 2179:usurping the throne 2040:astronomical clocks 2010:, the invention of 244:• Established 14828:Medieval East Asia 14818:Dynasties of China 14808:960 establishments 12264:Huainan West (淮南西) 11542:Jingxi North (京西北) 11118:Astronomical clock 10325:Treaty of Shaoxing 10129:2008-09-07 at the 9210:Fordham University 8945:10.1017/jch.2018.7 7605:, pp. 88, 94. 7452:, pp. 127–30. 7081:, pp. 12, 72. 6589:2014-03-07 at the 6014:A History of China 5831:Fordham University 5693:Population Studies 5358:oracle bone script 5349: 5300:Chinese city walls 5251:, printed in 1103. 4993: 4901:Chinese characters 4865:The innovation of 4740: 4698: 4563:astronomical clock 4256: 3884: 3757: 3741: 3707:panoramic painting 3672:persuasive writing 3654:Chinese characters 3604:Cats in the Garden 3523:paddle-wheel craft 3503: 3450: 3434: 3387:(1186–1249) wrote 3358:such as the famed 3303: 3288:family connections 3067:Chinese literature 3047: 3035: 3007:on large estates. 2964: 2956: 2875:besieged Xiangyang 2572: 2556: 2497: 2440: 2375: 2340: 2281:Michael VII Doukas 2230:astronomical clock 2183:Later Zhou dynasty 2175: 2162:Court portrait of 2087:woodblock printing 1649: 1459:Five Dynasties and 1451: 1386:Southern dynasties 1314: 1213:Chu–Han Contention 641:Chinese characters 639:"Song dynasty" in 14729: 14728: 14651: 14650: 14616:Polish–Lithuanian 13791:Gurjara-Pratihara 13235: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13108: 13107: 13029: 13028: 12939: 12938: 12871: 12870: 12780: 12779: 12673: 12672: 12613: 12612: 12549: 12548: 12473: 12472: 12404: 12403: 12327: 12326: 12259: 12258: 12199: 12198: 12120: 12119: 12026: 12025: 11920: 11919: 11802: 11801: 11716: 11715: 11615: 11614: 11537: 11536: 11473: 11472: 11420: 11419: 11343: 11342: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11197:Dream Pool Essays 11089:Gunpowder weapons 11002: 11001: 10529: 10528: 10521:Ministry of Works 10506:Ministry of Rites 10453:Three Departments 10290:Fang La rebellion 10270:Wang Ze rebellion 10170: 10169: 10161:Succeeded by 10093:978-0-520-04383-1 10074:978-0-674-03146-3 10056:978-0-470-86533-0 10036:978-0-521-24130-4 10018:978-1-84119-791-3 10000:978-1-84595-009-5 9981:978-0-8047-1920-9 9918:978-0-385-73748-7 9829:978-0-7425-5402-3 9809:978-0-671-62028-8 9754:978-0-89264-800-9 9695:978-7-119-00431-0 9677:978-0-8248-2593-5 9572:978-0-520-05913-9 9541:978-0-500-05090-3 9460:978-3-540-43183-1 9430:978-1-107-08475-9 9396:978-1-4384-5567-9 9378:978-0-671-70158-1 9336:978-0-521-30631-7 9234:978-0-393-97374-7 9194:978-0-8248-0959-1 9089:978-0-8047-0720-6 9065:978-0-87023-495-8 9043:978-0-674-01828-0 9021:978-1-56324-264-9 8993:978-0-521-66991-7 8969:978-0-618-13384-0 8882:978-9971-69-259-9 8862:978-0-521-18644-5 8840:978-1-4039-6084-9 8822:978-0-520-22154-3 8774:978-7-119-02347-2 8756:978-1-4039-6084-9 8737:978-1-4039-3456-7 8474:, pp. 82–84. 8209:, pp. 96–97. 8197:, pp. 90–93. 8185:, pp. 62–63. 8006:, pp. 23–24. 7428:, pp. 88–89. 7344:, pp. 74–76. 7332:, pp. 81–83. 7320:, pp. 82–84. 7245:, pp. 86–87. 7206:, pp. 81–82. 7129:, pp. 25–26. 7045:, pp. 30–31. 6975:, pp. 92–93. 6838:, pp. 35–36. 6724:, pp. 69–70. 6655:, pp. 82–83. 6566:Project MUSE 6342:, pp. 50–51. 6186:, pp. 90–91. 6138:, pp. 43–47. 5876:, pp. 70–71. 5726:Veeck et al. 2007 5595:on 9 January 2021 5420:written histories 5407:Leopold von Ranke 5372:armillary spheres 5367:interdisciplinary 5188:built in 1055 in 5117:mortise and tenon 4966:Dream Pool Essays 4876:Dream Pool Essays 4839:raised-relief map 4813:was essential to 4752:Pascal's triangle 4735:Book of Documents 4685:Chinese geography 4646:Gerardus Mercator 4626:mechanical clocks 4352:Chinese astronomy 4335:differential gear 4300:gunpowder warfare 4289:that the city of 4236:Gunpowder warfare 3900:Kingdom of Champa 3783:, while Buddhist 3658:travel literature 3644:universal history 3454:military soldiers 3389:a pioneering work 3372:Dream Pool Essays 3199:A Literary Garden 3135:Classical Chinese 3118:Qingming Festival 3079:ancestral spirits 3063:Religion in China 2894:Pearl River Delta 2688:paddlewheel ships 2663:Battle of Tangdao 2505:Jingkang Incident 2433:Auspicious Cranes 2405:. These involved 2245:Fatimid Caliphate 2012:gunpowder weapons 1906:dynasty's history 1839: 1838: 1796:Transport history 1722:Education history 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1675:Republic of China 1657:People's Republic 1630:Republic of China 1609: 1608: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1438: 1437: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1302: 1301: 1205:(206 BC – 220 AD) 1135:Spring and Autumn 998:Liao civilization 889: 888: 881: 880: 796:Yale Romanization 672:Standard Mandarin 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 577: 576: 424:• Per capita 327:(end of dynasty) 286:Jingkang Incident 273:Alliance with Jin 213:• 1278–1279 200:• 1127–1162 114:(1129, 1138–1276) 16:(Redirected from 14845: 14758: 14757: 14756: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14737: 14532: 14531: 14197:Austro-Hungarian 13897:Chagatai Khanate 13262: 13255: 13248: 13239: 13238: 13119: 13118: 13041: 13040: 12948: 12947: 12883: 12882: 12789: 12788: 12682: 12681: 12625: 12624: 12561: 12560: 12485: 12484: 12413: 12412: 12339: 12338: 12268: 12267: 12211: 12210: 12132: 12131: 12035: 12034: 11929: 11928: 11811: 11810: 11725: 11724: 11721:Hebei West (河北西) 11627: 11626: 11546: 11545: 11485: 11484: 11429: 11428: 11355: 11354: 11328: 11327: 11309: 11302: 11295: 11286: 11285: 11228: 11225: 11204: 11203: 10952: 10951: 1174–1189 10949: 10891: 10890: 1050–1080 10888: 10783: 10782: 1111–1117 10780: 10639: 10638: 10589:Longquan celadon 10557:Five Great Kilns 10449: 10448: 10376: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10144:Preceded by 10141: 10140: 10097: 10078: 10059: 10039: 10021: 10003: 9985: 9957: 9921: 9901: 9889: 9861: 9852: 9832: 9812: 9794: 9757: 9735: 9707: 9698: 9680: 9662: 9634: 9628: 9620: 9611: 9575: 9553: 9544: 9520: 9511: 9502: 9493: 9484: 9475: 9463: 9445: 9433: 9411: 9399: 9381: 9359: 9339: 9321: 9293: 9265: 9237: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9197: 9175: 9139: 9130: 9113: 9092: 9068: 9046: 9024: 8996: 8972: 8960:Houghton Mifflin 8948: 8947: 8926: 8894: 8885: 8865: 8854: 8843: 8825: 8805: 8777: 8759: 8740: 8712: 8706: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8586: 8580: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8099: 8097:10.1038/160279b0 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7896: 7890: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7691: 7685: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6839: 6833: 6824: 6818: 6809: 6803: 6792: 6786: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6680: 6671: 6665: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6539: 6530: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6429: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6250: 6241: 6235: 6226: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6110: 6104: 6095: 6089: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6028: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5245:building manual 5231: 5215: 5151: 5131: 5063: 5047: 4913: 4912: 1290–1333 4910: 4850: 4780: 4777: 4663:. Moreover, the 4622:verge escapement 4610:armillary sphere 4590: 4574: 4558: 4428:(1031–1095) and 4390: 4371:Star map of the 4368: 4188: 4179: 4099: 4074: 3981: 3972: 3961: 3952: 3837:Tibetan Buddhism 3829:koan collections 3771:(1033–1107) and 3765:Neo-Confucianism 3761:Chinese Buddhism 3692: 3688: 3685: 3600: 3577: 3393:forensic science 3277:had become less 3275:scholar-official 3191: 3180: 3171: 3131:Theatrical drama 3114:Lantern Festival 3050:provided larger 2999:, paid rents as 2973:retirement homes 2730: 2721: 2710: 2701: 2667:Battle of Caishi 2399:Emperor Shenzong 2337: 2335: 2277:Byzantine Empire 2191: 2189: 2172: 2170: 2111:Neo-Confucianism 2048:rice cultivation 1927: 1911: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1759:Military history 1717:Economic history 1705:Related articles 1682: 1664: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1602: 1589: 1576: 1563: 1562: 1546: 1533: 1520: 1501: 1491: 1479: 1466: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1427: 1417: 1404: 1391: 1376: 1375: 1359: 1354:Sixteen Kingdoms 1337: 1327: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1295: 1261: 1248: 1238: 1228: 1218: 1206: 1193: 1180: 1179: 1158: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1131: 1121: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1029: 979: 977: 973: 970: 914: 904:History of China 891: 890: 877: 876: 856: 855: 835: 834: 833: 818: 817: 804: 803: 783: 782: 762: 761: 760: 745: 744: 731: 730: 729: 715: 714: 701: 700: 687: 686: 663: 662: 657: 656: 637: 621: 620: 607: 606: 593: 592: 581: 580: 568: 567: 554: 553: 540: 539: 526: 525: 512: 511: 498: 497: 484: 483: 477: 476: 461: 460: 432: 431: 415: 136:Chinese Buddhism 102: 88: 69: 54: 53: 52: 41: 40: 36:Liu Song dynasty 21: 14853: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14768: 14767: 14764: 14754: 14752: 14742: 14740: 14732: 14730: 14725: 14714:American Empire 14699: 14695:African empires 14647: 14530: 14222:Central African 14168: 13986:Romano-Germanic 13572: 13306:Middle Assyrian 13279: 13271: 13266: 13236: 13227: 13210: 13104: 13025: 13012: 12991: 12935: 12894: 12867: 12854: 12840: 12776: 12763: 12746: 12693: 12669: 12652: 12609: 12596: 12545: 12496: 12469: 12444: 12400: 12383: 12350: 12323: 12313: 12276: 12255: 12195: 12116: 12095: 12046: 12022: 12009: 11940: 11916: 11883: 11822: 11798: 11777: 11736: 11712: 11687: 11638: 11611: 11598: 11561: 11533: 11520: 11469: 11440: 11416: 11403: 11366: 11339: 11319: 11313: 11283: 11274: 11226: 11202: 11158:Horner's method 11070: 10998: 10950: 10902:Emperor Huizong 10889: 10823: 10781: 10637: 10525: 10511:Ministry of War 10482: 10447: 10377: 10368: 10347:Mongol conquest 10265:Chanyuan Treaty 10225:Chenqiao mutiny 10206: 10200: 10166: 10157: 10149: 10131:Wayback Machine 10105: 10100: 10094: 10081: 10075: 10062: 10057: 10042: 10037: 10024: 10019: 10006: 10001: 9988: 9982: 9969: 9965: 9963:Further reading 9960: 9919: 9879:10.2307/2719361 9830: 9810: 9762:Taagepera, Rein 9755: 9725:10.2307/1523201 9696: 9678: 9652:10.2307/1579643 9622: 9621: 9593:10.2307/2050010 9573: 9542: 9461: 9431: 9397: 9379: 9337: 9311:10.2307/2718941 9283:10.2307/2719404 9235: 9214: 9212: 9195: 9157:10.2307/1568644 9111:10.2307/2054291 9090: 9066: 9054:, Amherst, MA: 9044: 9022: 8994: 8970: 8883: 8863: 8841: 8823: 8795:10.2307/3558587 8775: 8757: 8738: 8721: 8716: 8715: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8629: 8616: 8610:Steinhardt 1993 8608: 8604: 8598:Steinhardt 1993 8596: 8589: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8534:, pp. 1–6. 8530: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8486:, pp. 4–6. 8482: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8244: 8240: 8232: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7706: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7105:, pp. 250. 7101: 7097: 7093:, pp. 239. 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6842: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6795: 6787: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6693: 6682: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6591:Wayback Machine 6581: 6577: 6537: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6432: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6289: 6285: 6254:Haw, Stephen G. 6251: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6113: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001:, pp. 3–4. 5997: 5993: 5985: 5972: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5833: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5705:10.2307/2172247 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5532: 5528:, pp. 4–5. 5524: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5473:Tiger Cave Kiln 5428: 5384:an ancient bell 5339:, such as this 5329: 5323: 5298:, and distinct 5256: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5166:Chinese pagodas 5162: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5156:Lingxiao Pagoda 5152: 5144: 5143: 5136:Lingxiao Pagoda 5132: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5037: 5031: 4954: 4948: 4911: 4894:social mobility 4863: 4857: 4799:winter solstice 4795:Heron's formula 4778: 4718:graduated scale 4687: 4677: 4614:celestial globe 4598: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4369: 4358: 4348: 4308: 4244: 4238: 4233: 4223: 4215:Main articles: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4075: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4017: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3857: 3843:as the leading 3821:Chinese culture 3759:In philosophy, 3698:Emperor Huizong 3690: 3689: – transl. 3686: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3592: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3515:pontoon bridges 3420: 3414: 3347:judicial system 3343: 3337: 3299:Donglin Academy 3267:extended family 3258:Robert P. Hymes 3254:Robert Hartwell 3250:social mobility 3221: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3161: 3155: 2946:A city gate of 2940: 2932:Main articles: 2930: 2924:and Zhao Yong. 2890:Battle of Yamen 2764: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2544: 2509:Emperor Qinzong 2452:Emperor Huizong 2448:Emperor Zhezong 2437:Emperor Huizong 2356:significant war 2332: 2317:Shanyuan Treaty 2269:Chinese records 2186: 2167: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2139: 1986:Battle of Yamen 1850: 1846: 1835: 1806: 1805: 1801:Women's history 1707: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1623: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1579: 1574: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1536: 1531: 1523: 1518: 1510: 1504: 1499: 1489: 1477: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1259: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1227:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1226: 1216: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1176: 1175: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1119: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1041: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1004: 1003: 975: 971: 966: 958: 947: 946: 737:Tongyong Pinyin 727: 707:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 643: 604: 590: 565: 551: 537: 523: 509: 495: 481: 425: 413: 400: 388: 328: 325:Battle of Yamen 314: 310:• Fall of 301: 299:Mongol invasion 288: 275: 262: 256:Chanyuan Treaty 245: 214: 205:Emperor Gaozong 201: 188: 187:• 960–976 117: 97: 83: 72: 55: 48: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14851: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14763: 14762: 14750: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14652: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14551: 14546: 14540: 14538: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14496: 14491: 14490: 14489: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14452: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14440: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14398: 14397: 14396: 14391: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14327: 14317: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14305: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14261: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14224: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14212: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14178: 14176: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14109: 14104: 14103: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13993: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13800: 13799: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13736: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13687: 13677: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13650: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13626: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13582: 13580: 13578:Post-classical 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13558: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13546: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13524: 13523: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13476: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13450: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13433: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13377:Middle Kingdom 13374: 13364: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13333:Neo-Babylonian 13330: 13325: 13323:Old Babylonian 13315: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13285: 13273: 13272: 13265: 13264: 13257: 13250: 13242: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13211: 13125: 13123: 13116: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13105: 13047: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13020: 13018: 13014: 13013: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12992: 12954: 12952: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12889: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12862: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12795: 12793: 12786: 12782: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12771: 12769: 12765: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12679: 12675: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12631: 12629: 12622: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12597: 12567: 12565: 12558: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12491: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12445: 12419: 12417: 12410: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12384: 12358: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12345: 12343: 12336: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12315: 12314: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12217: 12215: 12208: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12196: 12138: 12136: 12129: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12054: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12041: 12039: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12017: 12015: 12011: 12010: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11935: 11933: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11823: 11817: 11815: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11778: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11731: 11729: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11688: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11633: 11631: 11624: 11617: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11606: 11604: 11600: 11599: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11491: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11361: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11312: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11289: 11280: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11227: 10th c. 11217: 11210: 11208: 11201: 11200: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11170: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095:Wujing Zongyao 11091: 11080: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11024: 11019: 11012: 11010: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10941: 10935: 10929: 10923: 10917: 10911: 10905: 10899: 10893: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10745:Huang Tingjian 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10652: 10645: 10643: 10636: 10635: 10628: 10623: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10554: 10549: 10543: 10541: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10492: 10490: 10488:Six Ministries 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10428:Qingli Reforms 10425: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10403: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10248:Gaoliang River 10245: 10240: 10235: 10227: 10221: 10219: 10208: 10207: 10199: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10176: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10159: 10150: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10103:External links 10101: 10099: 10098: 10092: 10079: 10073: 10060: 10055: 10040: 10035: 10022: 10017: 10004: 9999: 9986: 9980: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9939:10.2307/369121 9933:(2): 193–213, 9922: 9917: 9902: 9890: 9862: 9853: 9844:(2): 175–197, 9833: 9828: 9813: 9808: 9795: 9778:(3): 475–504, 9758: 9753: 9736: 9708: 9699: 9694: 9681: 9676: 9663: 9646:(2): 289–291, 9635: 9612: 9587:(2): 169–177, 9576: 9571: 9554: 9545: 9540: 9521: 9512: 9503: 9494: 9485: 9476: 9464: 9459: 9446: 9434: 9429: 9412: 9400: 9395: 9389:, SUNY Press, 9382: 9377: 9360: 9340: 9335: 9322: 9305:(2): 365–442, 9294: 9277:(2): 405–442, 9266: 9255:10.2307/495194 9249:(1/2): 67–93, 9238: 9233: 9220: 9198: 9193: 9176: 9140: 9131: 9104:(2): 291–325, 9093: 9088: 9069: 9064: 9047: 9042: 9025: 9020: 8998: 8992: 8973: 8968: 8949: 8938:(2): 313–334, 8927: 8895: 8886: 8881: 8861: 8844: 8839: 8826: 8821: 8806: 8778: 8773: 8760: 8755: 8742: 8736: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711:, p. 171. 8698: 8686: 8684:, p. 172. 8674: 8672:, p. 170. 8659: 8657:, p. 142. 8647: 8635: 8633:, p. 227. 8614: 8612:, p. 376. 8602: 8600:, p. 375. 8587: 8585:, p. 115. 8572: 8570:, p. 153. 8560: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8512: 8500: 8488: 8476: 8464: 8462:, p. 141. 8452: 8433: 8431:, p. 660. 8421: 8419:, p. 463. 8409: 8397: 8395:, p. 350. 8385: 8373: 8371:, p. xxi. 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325: 8313: 8298: 8286: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8248:, p. 179. 8238: 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8071: 8059: 8057:, p. 448. 8047: 8045:, p. 445. 8035: 8020: 8008: 7996: 7994:, p. 614. 7984: 7972: 7970:, p. 843. 7960: 7948: 7946:, p. 446. 7936: 7934:, p. 136. 7924: 7912: 7910:, p. 208. 7897: 7895:, p. 569. 7882: 7880:, p. 287. 7870: 7868:, p. 291. 7858: 7846: 7834: 7832:, p. 283. 7822: 7810: 7798: 7796:, p. 117. 7786: 7774: 7772:, p. 192. 7762: 7750: 7738: 7726: 7714: 7686: 7673: 7661: 7646: 7644:, p. 339. 7634: 7632:, p. 158. 7619: 7607: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7569:, p. 157. 7556: 7544: 7532: 7520: 7505: 7503:, p. 102. 7493: 7478: 7476:, p. 134. 7466: 7464:, p. 129. 7454: 7442: 7440:, p. 215. 7430: 7418: 7416:, p. 169. 7406: 7394: 7392:, p. 168. 7379: 7377:, p. 151. 7367: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7296:, p. 119. 7286: 7274: 7272:, p. 291. 7259: 7257:, p. 422. 7247: 7232: 7220: 7218:, p. 129. 7208: 7196: 7194:, p. 131. 7184: 7172: 7170:, p. 130. 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7117:, p. 254. 7107: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7069:, p. 170. 7059: 7047: 7035: 7033:, p. 107. 7018: 7006: 7004:, p. 161. 6989: 6977: 6965: 6963:, p. 104. 6953: 6951:, p. 148. 6936: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6898:, p. 106. 6883: 6871: 6859: 6857:, p. 159. 6840: 6825: 6810: 6808:, p. 162. 6793: 6791:, p. 147. 6774: 6762: 6750: 6748:, p. 162. 6738: 6736:, p. 223. 6726: 6714: 6702: 6672: 6670:, p. 465. 6657: 6645: 6633: 6631:, p. 172. 6621: 6606: 6594: 6575: 6548:(1): 160–162. 6525: 6514: 6512:, p. 158. 6499: 6497:, p. 155. 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6449:, p. 167. 6430: 6407: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6318:, p. 240. 6308: 6302:978-0520261327 6301: 6283: 6264:(3): 361–371. 6242: 6240:, p. 139. 6227: 6225:, p. 236. 6212: 6210:, p. 235. 6200: 6188: 6176: 6174:, p. 385. 6164: 6162:, p. 239. 6152: 6150:, p. 134. 6140: 6128: 6126:, p. 476. 6111: 6096: 6094:, p. 136. 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6043:, p. 165. 6030: 6023: 6003: 5991: 5989:, p. 164. 5970: 5968:, p. 163. 5955: 5943: 5941:, p. 208. 5931: 5929:, p. 207. 5919: 5907: 5895: 5878: 5866: 5864:, p. 154. 5854: 5842: 5814: 5812:, p. 258. 5802: 5800:, p. 158. 5790: 5778: 5766: 5764:, p. 138. 5754: 5742: 5740:, p. 518. 5730: 5718: 5699:(3): 209–256. 5683: 5671: 5669:, p. 156. 5654: 5652:, p. 294. 5642: 5640:, p. 435. 5630: 5618: 5616:, p. 115. 5606: 5573: 5571:, p. 625. 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 493. 5545:Taagepera 1997 5530: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5483:Wang Chongyang 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:Tianchao Daguo 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5403:Zhao Mingcheng 5322: 5319: 5288:arched bridges 5233: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5153: 5146: 5145: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5065: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033:Main article: 5030: 5027: 4950:Main article: 4947: 4944: 4940:printing press 4925:Peking Gazette 4856: 4853: 4764:parallelograms 4676: 4673: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4579:Wujing Zongyao 4576: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4525:Ibn al-Haytham 4521:camera obscura 4392: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4370: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4347: 4344: 4307: 4304: 4281:Wujing Zongyao 4252:Wujing Zongyao 4237: 4234: 4212: 4209: 4193: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4076: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4057:blast furnaces 4010:Leifeng Pagoda 3986: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3938:Main article: 3935: 3932: 3924:Sichuan pepper 3894:to China from 3860:Sumptuary laws 3856: 3853: 3794:Emperor Lizong 3649:Zizhi Tongjian 3640:historiography 3636:ci poetry form 3622:, and writing 3602: 3595: 3594: 3579: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3557: 3547:Wujing Zongyao 3491:Chinese pagoda 3429:Wujing Zongyao 3416:Main article: 3413: 3410: 3339:Main article: 3336: 3333: 3262:nuclear family 3196: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3157:Main article: 3154: 3151: 3087:Buddhist monks 3001:tenant farmers 2989:postal service 2969:social welfare 2929: 2926: 2840:His successor 2735: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2643:Southeast Asia 2627:East China Sea 2550:A portrait of 2543: 2540: 2407:land value tax 2388:Qingli Reforms 2338: 976–997) 2190: 960–976 2171: 960–976 2155: 2152: 2141:Main article: 2138: 2135: 2101:reinvigorated 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1732:Jewish history 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1663:(1949–present) 1652: 1650: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1591: 1590: 1578: 1577: 1566: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1481: 1480: 1468: 1467: 1454: 1452: 1446: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1406: 1405: 1393: 1392: 1379: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1284: 1283: 1263: 1262: 1256:Three Kingdoms 1250: 1249: 1239: 1229: 1219: 1208: 1207: 1195: 1194: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154:Warring States 1151: 1122: 1111: 1110: 1087: 1086: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1046 BC 1040: 1039: 1035: 1600 BC 1017: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 981: 980: 976: 2000 BC 957: 956: 948: 942: 941: 940: 937: 936: 935: 934: 932:Historiography 929: 924: 916: 915: 907: 906: 900: 899: 887: 886: 883: 882: 879: 878: 871: 869:Middle Chinese 865: 864: 862:Middle Chinese 858: 857: 850: 844: 843: 837: 836: 826: 820: 819: 812: 806: 805: 798: 792: 791: 789:Yue: Cantonese 785: 784: 777: 771: 770: 764: 763: 753: 747: 746: 739: 733: 732: 723: 717: 716: 709: 703: 702: 695: 689: 688: 681: 675: 674: 668: 667: 666:Transcriptions 659: 658: 651: 645: 644: 638: 630: 629: 626: 625: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 601: 595: 594: 587: 578: 575: 574: 569: 561: 560: 555: 547: 546: 541: 533: 532: 527: 519: 518: 513: 505: 504: 499: 491: 490: 485: 473: 472: 467: 457: 456: 439: 435: 434: 426: 423: 420: 419: 416: 406: 405: 402: 401: 399: 398: 395: 391: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 337: 336: 333: 332: 329: 322: 319: 318: 315: 309: 306: 305: 302: 296: 293: 292: 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 270: 267: 266: 263: 253: 250: 249: 248:4 February 960 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 229:Historical era 226: 225: 222: 221: 215: 212: 209: 208: 202: 199: 196: 195: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 133: 129: 128: 126:Middle Chinese 123: 119: 118: 116: 115: 109: 103: 95: 89: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 57: 56: 47: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14850: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14766: 14761: 14751: 14749: 14739: 14738: 14735: 14720: 14719:Soviet empire 14717: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14704:Miscellaneous 14702: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14654: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14533: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14488: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14431: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14402: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14338: 14335: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14303:German Empire 14301: 14300: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14043:Turco-Persian 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13801: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13698: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13634: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13575: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13454: 13451: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13316: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13263: 13258: 13256: 13251: 13249: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13208: 13204: 13201:(鬱林州) | 13200: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13114:Guangnan West 13111: 13102: 13099:(南恩州) | 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13035:Guangnan East 13032: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12946: 12942: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12843: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12787: 12783: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12676: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12650: 12647:(南劍州) | 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12616: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12556: 12552: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12337: 12334: 12330: 12320: 12316: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275:Shòuchūn (壽春) 12273: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12029: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11540: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11310: 11305: 11303: 11298: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11287: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11174:Yingzao Fashi 11171: 11169: 11168:Liaodi Pagoda 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11153:Tianchi basin 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11005: 10994: 10991: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10975:Zhao Mengjian 10973: 10970: 10967: 10964: 10963:Wuzhun Shifan 10961: 10958: 10955: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10924: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10816: 10813: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10443:Three Bureaus 10441: 10439: 10438:Baojia system 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10310:Huangtiandang 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10300:Jin–Song Wars 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10260:Song–Xia wars 10258: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10243:Southern Tang 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10204: 10197: 10192: 10190: 10185: 10183: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10165: 10156: 10155: 10148: 10142: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10066: 10061: 10058: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10020: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9973: 9968: 9967: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9873:(1): 67–106, 9872: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9831: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9697: 9691: 9687: 9682: 9679: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9618: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9551: 9546: 9543: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9500: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9465: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9447: 9444: 9441:, Cambridge: 9440: 9435: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9419:, Cambridge: 9418: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9401: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9239: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9199: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9045: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9026: 9023: 9017: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8985: 8982:, Cambridge: 8981: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8884: 8878: 8874: 8871:, Singapore: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8845: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8824: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8779: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8723: 8710: 8705: 8703: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8664: 8656: 8651: 8645:, p. 33. 8644: 8639: 8632: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8583:Needham 1986d 8579: 8577: 8569: 8568:Needham 1986d 8564: 8558:, p. 84. 8557: 8556:Needham 1986d 8552: 8545: 8544:Needham 1986d 8540: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8520:Needham 1986d 8516: 8509: 8504: 8498:, p. 85. 8497: 8496:Needham 1986d 8492: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8472:Needham 1986d 8468: 8461: 8460:Needham 1986d 8456: 8450:, p. 86. 8449: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8430: 8429:Needham 1986d 8425: 8418: 8417:Needham 1986d 8413: 8406: 8405:Needham 1986d 8401: 8394: 8393:Needham 1986d 8389: 8382: 8381:Needham 1986e 8377: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8357:Needham 1986e 8353: 8346: 8345:Needham 1986e 8341: 8334: 8329: 8323:, p. 33. 8322: 8321:Needham 1986c 8317: 8311:, p. 27. 8310: 8305: 8303: 8295: 8294:Needham 1986e 8290: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8270:Needham 1986b 8266: 8259: 8258:Needham 1986b 8254: 8247: 8242: 8236:, p. 22. 8235: 8230: 8228: 8220: 8219:Needham 1986b 8215: 8208: 8203: 8196: 8191: 8184: 8183:Needham 1986b 8179: 8173:, p. 43. 8172: 8171:Needham 1986b 8167: 8160: 8159:Needham 1986b 8155: 8148: 8147:Needham 1986b 8143: 8136: 8135:Needham 1986b 8131: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8068: 8067:Needham 1986c 8063: 8056: 8055:Needham 1986c 8051: 8044: 8043:Needham 1986c 8039: 8033:, p. 17. 8032: 8027: 8025: 8018:, p. 98. 8017: 8016:Needham 1986c 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7992:Needham 1986b 7988: 7982:, p. 15. 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7944:Needham 1986c 7940: 7933: 7932:Needham 1986a 7928: 7922:, p. 32. 7921: 7916: 7909: 7908:Needham 1986b 7904: 7902: 7894: 7893:Needham 1986d 7889: 7887: 7879: 7878:Needham 1986c 7874: 7867: 7866:Needham 1986c 7862: 7855: 7854:Needham 1986c 7850: 7843: 7842:Needham 1986c 7838: 7831: 7830:Needham 1986c 7826: 7819: 7818:Needham 1986e 7814: 7807: 7806:Needham 1986e 7802: 7795: 7794:Needham 1986e 7790: 7784:, p. 79. 7783: 7778: 7771: 7770:Needham 1986e 7766: 7759: 7758:Needham 1986e 7754: 7748:, p. 82. 7747: 7746:Needham 1986e 7742: 7736:, p. 80. 7735: 7734:Needham 1986e 7730: 7723: 7718: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7677: 7671:, p. 38. 7670: 7665: 7659:, p. 48. 7658: 7657:Needham 1986e 7653: 7651: 7643: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7581:, p. 23. 7580: 7579:Needham 1986c 7575: 7568: 7563: 7561: 7554:, p. 86. 7553: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7530:, p. 73. 7529: 7524: 7518:, p. 78. 7517: 7512: 7510: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7475: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7404:, p. 93. 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7384: 7376: 7371: 7362: 7356:, p. 44. 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7318:Needham 1986e 7314: 7307: 7306:Needham 1986e 7302: 7295: 7294:Needham 1986e 7290: 7284:, p. 19. 7283: 7282:Needham 1986e 7278: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7256: 7255:Needham 1986d 7251: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7230:, p. 87. 7229: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7153:, p. 45. 7152: 7147: 7141:, p. 43. 7140: 7135: 7128: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7015: 7014:McKnight 1992 7010: 7003: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6879:Hartwell 1982 6875: 6868: 6867:Hartwell 1982 6863: 6856: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6822: 6821:Hartwell 1982 6817: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6771: 6766: 6760:, p. 76. 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6723: 6718: 6711: 6706: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6669: 6668:Needham 1986d 6664: 6662: 6654: 6649: 6643:, p. 13. 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6604:, p. 71. 6603: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6485:, p. 36. 6484: 6483:Needham 1986d 6479: 6473:, p. 35. 6472: 6471:Needham 1986d 6467: 6461:, p. 89. 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6425: 6422:([§] 6421: 6417: 6411: 6405:, p. 90. 6404: 6399: 6393:, p. 94. 6392: 6387: 6381:, p. 88. 6380: 6375: 6369:, p. 82. 6368: 6363: 6361: 6354:, p. 56. 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6330:, p. 49. 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6239: 6238:Needham 1986a 6234: 6232: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6209: 6204: 6198:, p. 80. 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6148:Needham 1986a 6144: 6137: 6136:Levathes 1994 6132: 6125: 6124:Needham 1986d 6120: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6088: 6086: 6078: 6073: 6067:, p. 14. 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6026: 6024:9780312163341 6020: 6016: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5951:Anderson 2008 5947: 5940: 5939:Anderson 2008 5935: 5928: 5927:Anderson 2008 5923: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5852:, p. 69. 5851: 5846: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5776:, p. 23. 5775: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5750:Needham 1986c 5746: 5739: 5738:Needham 1986b 5734: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5681:, p. 96. 5680: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5628:, p. 76. 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5515: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Wen Tianxiang 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:House of Zhao 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5354:Shang dynasty 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337:Shang dynasty 5333: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5296:pagoda towers 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5250: 5249: 5248:Yingzao Fashi 5244: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186:Liaodi Pagoda 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172:or segmental 5171: 5167: 5157: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5096:Yingzao Fashi 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5069: 5062: 5053: 5046: 5036: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4890:print culture 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787:counting rods 4784: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756:magic squares 4753: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4545:interpolation 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529:sighting tube 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517:geomorphology 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4494:art criticism 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4207: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4098: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4059:for smelting 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4044:iron industry 4040: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3980: 3971: 3960: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775:(1130–1200). 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3753:Wuzhun Shifan 3750: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3691: tujing 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3553:flamethrowers 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3532:corps of the 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3519:Yangtze River 3516: 3512: 3511:Southern Tang 3507: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:Liaodi Pagoda 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3329: 3328:commercialism 3325: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:civil service 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3150: 3149:board games. 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3053: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:Zhang Hongfan 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:Uriyangkhadai 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2720: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580:Southern Song 2577: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2536:Five Elements 2531: 2529: 2528:Southern Song 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Jin–Song Wars 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271:even mention 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:cartographers 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Northern Song 2203: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2180: 2165: 2160: 2150: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:Mongol Empire 1963: 1960:, the fourth 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Jin–Song Wars 1931: 1923: 1922:Southern Song 1919: 1918:Eastern China 1915: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881:, ending the 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1844: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1764:Naval history 1762: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747:Music history 1745: 1743: 1742:Media history 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727:Legal history 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1681:1949–present) 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1498: 1497: 1496:Southern Song 1493: 1488: 1487: 1486:Northern Song 1483: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1155: 1152: 1147: 476 BC 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120:(1046–771 BC) 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1106: 256 BC 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 988: 987: 983: 982: 965: 964: 960: 959: 955: 954: 950: 949: 945: 939: 938: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 913: 909: 908: 905: 902: 901: 897: 893: 892: 884: 872: 870: 866: 863: 859: 851: 849: 845: 842: 838: 832: 827: 825: 821: 813: 811: 807: 799: 797: 793: 790: 786: 778: 776: 772: 769: 765: 759: 754: 752: 748: 740: 738: 734: 724: 722: 718: 710: 708: 704: 696: 694: 690: 682: 680: 676: 673: 669: 664: 660: 652: 650: 646: 642: 636: 631: 627: 622: 602: 600: 597: 596: 588: 586: 583: 582: 579: 573: 570: 563: 562: 559: 556: 549: 548: 545: 544:Southern Tang 542: 535: 534: 531: 528: 521: 520: 517: 514: 507: 506: 503: 500: 493: 492: 489: 486: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 458: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440: 436: 427: 421: 417: 411: 407: 403: 396: 393: 392: 390: 387:• 1120s 384: 380: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 334: 331:19 March 1279 330: 326: 320: 316: 313: 307: 303: 300: 294: 290: 287: 281: 277: 274: 268: 264: 261: 257: 251: 247: 241: 237: 234: 233:Postclassical 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 210: 206: 203: 197: 193: 192:Emperor Taizu 190: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 167: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 113: 110: 107: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 82: 81: 79: 75: 68: 63: 58: 42: 37: 33: 19: 14778:Song dynasty 14765: 14470:Contemporary 14320:Indo-Persian 14308:Nazi Germany 14252:Contemporary 14154:Vijayanagara 14053:Great Seljuk 13964:Thessalonica 13892:Golden Horde 13716: 13532:Carthaginian 13311:Neo-Assyrian 13296:Neo-Sumerian 13222:(昌化) | 13205:(廉州) | 13197:(白州) | 13193:(欽州) | 13189:(雷州) | 13185:(高州) | 13181:(化州) | 13177:(橫州) | 13173:(賓州) | 13169:(宜州) | 13161:(潯州) | 13157:(龔州) | 13153:(藤州) | 13149:(昭州) | 13145:(象州) | 13141:(融州) | 13137:(邕州) | 13133:(容州) | 13129:(桂州) | 13095:(康州) | 13091:(新州) | 13087:(端州) | 13083:(封州) | 13079:(賀州) | 13075:(英州) | 13071:(雄州) | 13067:(梅州) | 13063:(連州) | 13059:(潮州) | 13051:(廣州) | 13017:Inspectorate 13007:(梁山) | 13003:(雲安) | 12986:(渝州) | 12982:(涪州) | 12978:(達州) | 12974:(萬州) | 12970:(忠州) | 12966:(施州) | 12962:(黔州) | 12958:(夔州) | 12944:Kuizhou (夔州) 12930:(蓬州) | 12926:(興州) | 12922:(文州) | 12918:(巴州) | 12914:(劍州) | 12906:(利州) | 12859:Inspectorate 12835:(榮州) | 12831:(合州) | 12827:(瀘州) | 12823:(戎州) | 12815:(普州) | 12811:(資州) | 12807:(果州) | 12803:(遂州) | 12799:(梓州) | 12768:Inspectorate 12758:(永康) | 12741:(茂州) | 12737:(雅州) | 12729:(嘉州) | 12725:(漢州) | 12721:(綿州) | 12717:(彭州) | 12713:(蜀州) | 12709:(眉州) | 12705:(邛州) | 12678:Chengdu (成都) 12664:(邵武) | 12643:(泉州) | 12639:(建州) | 12635:(福州) | 12601:Inspectorate 12591:(邵州) | 12587:(郴州) | 12583:(永州) | 12579:(道州) | 12575:(衡州) | 12571:(潭州) | 12555:Jinghu South 12536:(歸州) | 12532:(岳州) | 12528:(峽州) | 12524:(澧州) | 12520:(鼎州) | 12516:(復州) | 12512:(安州) | 12508:(鄂州) | 12479:Jinghu North 12464:(臨江) | 12460:(南安) | 12456:(興國) | 12439:(撫州) | 12435:(袁州) | 12431:(吉州) | 12427:(虔州) | 12423:(洪州) | 12395:(廣德) | 12378:(饒州) | 12374:(江州) | 12370:(池州) | 12366:(歙州) | 12362:(宣州) | 12308:(光州) | 12304:(濠州) | 12300:(舒州) | 12296:(和州) | 12292:(蘄州) | 12288:(廬州) | 12250:(真州) | 12246:(滁州) | 12242:(泗州) | 12238:(泰州) | 12234:(海州) | 12230:(楚州) | 12226:(宿州) | 12222:(亳州) | 12190:(秀州) | 12186:(睦州) | 12182:(衢州) | 12178:(處州) | 12174:(台州) | 12170:(溫州) | 12166:(明州) | 12162:(婺州) | 12158:(湖州) | 12154:(潤州) | 12150:(蘇州) | 12146:(越州) | 12142:(杭州) | 12111:(鎮戎) | 12107:(德順) | 12082:(原州) | 12078:(渭州) | 12074:(涇州) | 12070:(鳳州) | 12066:(成州) | 12062:(隴州) | 12058:(秦州) | 12031:Qinfeng (秦鳳) 12004:(寧州) | 12000:(邠州) | 11996:(環州) | 11992:(慶州) | 11988:(坊州) | 11984:(鄜州) | 11980:(延州) | 11972:(華州) | 11968:(同州) | 11964:(虢州) | 11960:(商州) | 11956:(陝州) | 11952:(解州) | 11911:(火山) | 11907:(寧化) | 11903:(岢嵐) | 11899:(平定) | 11895:(威勝) | 11874:(隰州) | 11866:(憲州) | 11862:(遼州) | 11858:(汾州) | 11854:(忻州) | 11850:(代州) | 11846:(澤州) | 11842:(絳州) | 11838:(晉州) | 11834:(潞州) | 11789:(安肅) | 11768:(磁州) | 11764:(深州) | 11760:(洺州) | 11752:(邢州) | 11707:(保定) | 11703:(永靜) | 11699:(乾寧) | 11682:(德州) | 11678:(霸州) | 11674:(雄州) | 11670:(莫州) | 11666:(棣州) | 11662:(博州) | 11658:(瀛州) | 11650:(澶州) | 11593:(穎州) | 11589:(陳州) | 11585:(蔡州) | 11581:(孟州) | 11577:(滑州) | 11573:(鄭州) | 11556:(河南) | 11515:(金州) | 11507:(鄧州) | 11503:(唐州) | 11499:(隨州) | 11495:(襄州) | 11460:(曹州) | 11456:(徐州) | 11452:(兗州) | 11398:(濰州) | 11394:(萊州) | 11390:(登州) | 11386:(沂州) | 11382:(密州) | 11378:(青州) | 11317:Song dynasty 11316: 11269:Guo Shoujing 11195: 11186: 11172: 11163:Architecture 11148:Fishing reel 11123:Movable type 11093: 11063: 10957:Zhou Jichang 10908:Zhang Zeduan 10757:Zhou Bangyan 10649:Fan Zhongyan 10630: 10618: 10604:Yaozhou ware 10599:Qingbai ware 10433:New Policies 10238:Southern Han 10229:Unification 10203:Song dynasty 10202: 10164:Yuan dynasty 10152: 10083: 10064: 10045: 10026: 10008: 9990: 9971: 9930: 9926: 9907: 9897:, Stanford: 9894: 9870: 9866: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9818: 9799: 9775: 9769: 9740: 9716: 9712: 9703: 9685: 9667: 9643: 9639: 9616: 9584: 9580: 9561:, Berkeley: 9558: 9549: 9526: 9516: 9507: 9498: 9489: 9480: 9468: 9450: 9438: 9416: 9404: 9386: 9367:, New York: 9364: 9348: 9344: 9326: 9302: 9298: 9274: 9270: 9246: 9242: 9224: 9213:. Retrieved 9205: 9180: 9148: 9144: 9135: 9101: 9097: 9074: 9051: 9029: 9010: 9006:Gluck, Carol 8997:(paperback). 8978: 8954: 8935: 8931: 8907: 8903: 8890: 8868: 8850: 8830: 8811: 8789:(1): 37–76, 8786: 8782: 8764: 8746: 8727: 8709:Rudolph 1963 8694:Rudolph 1963 8689: 8682:Rudolph 1963 8677: 8670:Rudolph 1963 8650: 8638: 8605: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8527: 8515: 8510:, p. 5. 8503: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8455: 8424: 8412: 8400: 8388: 8376: 8364: 8352: 8340: 8328: 8316: 8289: 8282:Hargett 1996 8277: 8265: 8253: 8241: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8142: 8130: 8087: 8083: 8074: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8011: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7958:, p. 1. 7951: 7939: 7927: 7915: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7782:Rossabi 1988 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7707:, retrieved 7703:the original 7698: 7689: 7681: 7676: 7664: 7637: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7516:Rossabi 1988 7501:Yen-Mah 2008 7496: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7370: 7361: 7349: 7342:Hargett 1985 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7270:Schafer 1957 7250: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7175: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7038: 7009: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6874: 6862: 6765: 6753: 6746:Rossabi 1988 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6694:, retrieved 6687: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6619:, p. 1. 6597: 6578: 6545: 6541: 6528: 6517: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6403:Rossabi 1988 6398: 6391:Rossabi 1988 6386: 6379:Rossabi 1988 6374: 6367:Rossabi 1988 6352:Rossabi 1988 6347: 6340:Rossabi 1988 6335: 6328:Rossabi 1988 6323: 6311: 6292: 6286: 6261: 6257: 6203: 6196:Rossabi 1988 6191: 6184:Adshead 2004 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6092:Paludan 1998 6079:, p. 5. 6072: 6060: 6048: 6013: 6006: 5994: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5917:, p. 9. 5910: 5905:, p. 8. 5898: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5834:. Retrieved 5826: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5674: 5645: 5638:Chaffee 2015 5633: 5626:Rossabi 1988 5621: 5614:Rossabi 1988 5609: 5597:. Retrieved 5590:the original 5576: 5569:Chaffee 2015 5564: 5557:Chaffee 2015 5552: 5488:Water Margin 5410: 5388: 5350: 5342: 5304: 5290:, halls and 5280:Zhang Zeduan 5257: 5246: 5194: 5182:Liuhe Pagoda 5163: 5103:formulas in 5094: 5076: 4994: 4973: 4965: 4964:in his 1088 4955: 4933: 4930:Qing dynasty 4923: 4920:Ming dynasty 4898: 4874: 4867:movable type 4864: 4809: 4802: 4741: 4733: 4710:Stele Forest 4705: 4694: 4669:planispheres 4664: 4655:, including 4650: 4599: 4578: 4502: 4423: 4402: 4376: 4322: 4309: 4286: 4279: 4262:, explosive 4260:flamethrower 4257: 4251: 4204: 4162:shipbuilding 4138: 4115: 4108: 4041: 4021: 4003: 4002:depicted in 3993: 3990:Zhang Zeduan 3904: 3885: 3869: 3865:silken robes 3858: 3849:Nestorianism 3809: 3781:universalism 3758: 3716: 3710: 3703:Zhang Zeduan 3695: 3679: 3665: 3647: 3646:text of the 3618:, composing 3612: 3603: 3581: 3580:Close up on 3545: 3541: 3539: 3534:Southern Han 3530:war elephant 3527: 3508: 3504: 3451: 3439:Han Shizhong 3435: 3427: 3370: 3368: 3344: 3321: 3307:gentry class 3304: 3283:bureaucratic 3279:aristocratic 3229:examinations 3222: 3211:Liu Songnian 3206: 3198: 3122:storytellers 3111: 3103:Kaifeng Jews 3095:Tang dynasty 3061: 3048: 2965: 2910:Emperor Gong 2887: 2872: 2839: 2788: 2776:Genghis Khan 2769: 2765: 2647:Indian Ocean 2624: 2602:and seaport 2592:shipbuilding 2588:Han Shizhong 2579: 2573: 2568:Dali dynasty 2532: 2513: 2498: 2460: 2441: 2432: 2414: 2412: 2403:New Policies 2392: 2384:Fan Zhongyan 2376: 2354:and later a 2341: 2327:Portrait of 2305:China proper 2289:Liao dynasty 2257:Central Asia 2238: 2218:aristocratic 2205: 2198:China proper 2176: 2103:Confucianism 2091:movable type 2075:lower gentry 2068: 2060:Ming dynasty 1990: 1950:Yellow River 1903: 1899:Yuan dynasty 1879:Ten Kingdoms 1843:Song dynasty 1842: 1840: 1737:LGBT history 1673: 1655: 1628: 1595: 1582: 1569: 1539: 1526: 1513: 1494: 1484: 1473: 1472: 1461:Ten Kingdoms 1457: 1410: 1397: 1384:Northern and 1382: 1352: 1330: 1320: 1288: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260:(220–280 AD) 1254: 1241: 1231: 1221: 1217:(206–202 BC) 1211: 1199: 1192:(221–207 BC) 1186: 1157:(475–221 BC) 1130:(771–256 BC) 1126:Eastern Zhou 1124: 1116:Western Zhou 1114: 1091: 1067: 1044: 1020: 996: 990: 984: 961: 951: 875:/suoŋ ʈˠiᴇu/ 841:Southern Min 775:Romanization 679:Hanyu Pinyin 624:Song dynasty 599:Yuan dynasty 572:Northern Han 530:Southern Han 470:Succeeded by 469: 464: 454:Chinese cash 144:Confucianism 32:Song (state) 14058:Khwarezmian 13991:Carolingian 13796:Rashtrakuta 13500:Shaishunaga 13399:Hellenistic 13382:New Kingdom 13372:Old Kingdom 12819:(昌州) | 12785:Zizhou (梓州) 12645:Nánjiànzhōu 11976:(耀州) | 11807:Hedong (河東) 11481:South (京西南) 11324:Jingji (京畿) 11271:(1231–1316) 11265:(1202–1261) 11263:Qin Jiushao 11259:(1192-1279) 11253:(1186–1249) 11247:(1031–1095) 11241:(1020–1101) 11235:(1010–1070) 11220:Zhang Sixun 11065:Zhu Fan Zhi 11054:Champa rice 11018:(1021–1086) 10995:(1235–1305) 10989:(1222–1307) 10983:(1210–1269) 10977:(1199–1295) 10971:(1190–1230) 10965:(1178–1249) 10944:Lin Tinggui 10940:(1140–1210) 10934:(1120–1182) 10928:(1100–1197) 10922:(1096–1119) 10920:Wang Ximeng 10916:(1094-1172) 10910:(1085–1145) 10904:(1082–1135) 10898:(1051–1107) 10879:(1049–1106) 10873:(1036–1093) 10867:(1020–1090) 10861:(1019–1079) 10855:(1000–1064) 10820:(1170–1231) 10814:(1140–1207) 10808:(1130–1200) 10802:(1127–1206) 10796:(1126–1193) 10794:Fan Chengda 10790:(1125–1209) 10771:(1085–1144) 10765:(1084–1155) 10763:Li Qingzhao 10759:(1056–1121) 10753:(1047–1126) 10747:(1045–1105) 10741:(1039–1112) 10735:(1037–1101) 10729:(1033–1107) 10723:(1032–1085) 10717:(1022–1077) 10711:(1019–1086) 10705:(1019–1083) 10699:(1017–1073) 10693:(1012–1067) 10687:(1011–1077) 10681:(1009–1066) 10675:(1007–1072) 10669:(1002–1060) 10667:Mei Yaochen 10594:Cizhou ware 10471:Chancellery 10466:Secretariat 10394:Family tree 10352:Diaoyucheng 9719:: 369–381, 9471:, Harvard: 9345:Imago Mundi 9206:Fordham.edu 8910:: 325–364, 8741:(hardback). 8655:Hansen 2000 8246:Temple 1986 7669:Gernet 1962 7615:Wagner 2001 7603:Gernet 1962 7540:Gernet 1962 7489:Gernet 1962 7474:Gernet 1962 7462:Gernet 1962 7450:Gernet 1962 7438:Gernet 1962 7426:Wright 1959 7402:Wright 1959 7067:Gernet 1962 7031:Gernet 1962 6985:Gernet 1962 6973:Gernet 1962 6734:Gernet 1962 6710:Gernet 1962 6653:Gernet 1962 5827:Fordham.edu 5786:Sastri 1984 5399:bas-reliefs 5321:Archaeology 5262:portraying 5239:cantilevers 5178:Iron Pagoda 5174:arch bridge 5052:Iron Pagoda 4819:cartography 4783:zero symbol 4779: 1202 4772:Qin Jiushao 4667:on Chinese 4661:Crab Nebula 4638:star charts 4606:clock tower 4486:cartography 4482:mathematics 4462:meteorology 4395:star charts 4393:One of the 4154:Indus River 4122:paper money 4028:Grand Canal 3914:, raisins, 3908:fallow deer 3892:Champa rice 3890:introduced 3806:Lin Tinggui 3785:metaphysics 3739:(1051–1107) 3662:Fan Chengda 3624:calligraphy 3517:across the 3472:fire lances 3463:Crossbowmen 3369:Shen Kuo's 3312:prefectural 3246:meritocracy 3126:antiquarian 3057:Li Qingzhao 3033:(1235–1305) 2993:Han dynasty 2922:Zhao Mengfu 2918:Gegeen Khan 2842:Kublai Khan 2819:Möngke Khan 2784:Ögedei Khan 2758:Bodhisattva 2754:Jin dynasty 2750:Bodhisattva 2530:dynasties. 2524:North China 2297:Western Xia 2241:Chola India 2234:Zhang Sixun 2214:bureaucrats 2129:elite to a 2119:Sui dynasty 2113:. Although 2016:fire arrows 1996:engineering 1978:Kublai Khan 1970:Diaoyucheng 1958:Möngke Khan 1930:Jin dynasty 1891:Western Xia 1784:Discoveries 1779:Cartography 1774:Archaeology 1712:Art history 1601:(1644–1912) 1588:(1368–1644) 1575:(1271–1368) 1545:(1115–1234) 1532:(1038–1227) 1528:Western Xia 1500:(1127–1279) 1332:Eastern Jin 1322:Western Jin 1247:(25–220 AD) 1243:Eastern Han 1223:Western Han 1102: 1046 1082: 1046 1078: 1250 1055: 1600 1031: 2070 972: 8500 953:Paleolithic 944:Prehistoric 585:Jin dynasty 465:Preceded by 108:(1129–1138) 101:(1128–1129) 94:(1127–1128) 14772:Categories 14628:Portuguese 14509:Revival Le 14499:Vietnamese 14142:Later Tran 14112:Vietnamese 14008:Singhasari 13996:Holy Roman 13620:Bulgarian 13556:Satavahana 13527:Phoenician 13463:Achaemenid 13424:Indo-Greek 13404:Macedonian 13318:Babylonian 13097:Nán'ēnzhōu 12335:East (江南東) 12322:Wúwéi (無為) 12207:East (淮南東) 11623:East (河北東) 11351:East (京東東) 11216:(972–1051) 11133:Pound lock 11059:Nanhai One 11016:Wang Anshi 10914:Su Hanchen 10877:Li Gonglin 10847:Zhao Chang 10843:(970–1053) 10841:Xu Daoning 10837:(960–1030) 10818:Zhao Rukuo 10800:Yang Wanli 10709:Sima Guang 10697:Zhou Dunyi 10673:Ouyang Xiu 10663:(998–1061) 10657:(991–1055) 10651:(989–1052) 10382:Government 9530:, London: 9351:: 90–100, 9215:2016-09-16 9183:, Hawaii: 8958:, Boston: 8369:Brook 1998 8309:Sivin 1995 8234:Sivin 1995 8031:Sivin 1995 8004:Sivin 1995 7920:Sivin 1995 7722:Golas 1980 7709:2007-08-01 7375:Ebrey 1999 7216:Peers 2006 7192:Peers 2006 7180:Peers 2006 7168:Peers 2006 7151:Lorge 2005 7139:Lorge 2005 7055:Sivin 1995 7043:Sivin 1995 6949:Ebrey 1999 6836:Hymes 1986 6789:Ebrey 1999 6770:Ebrey 1999 6617:Sivin 1995 6510:Ebrey 1999 6495:Ebrey 1999 6077:Sivin 1995 5999:Sivin 1995 5915:Sivin 1995 5903:Sivin 1995 5836:2016-09-14 5810:Brose 2008 5762:Ebrey 1999 5679:Brook 1998 5526:Lorge 2015 5505:References 5391:Ouyang Xiu 5264:cityscapes 5220:Jin Temple 5204:province. 5113:cantilever 5111:brackets, 5001:pound lock 4985:pound lock 4843:gazetteers 4653:supernovae 4630:mannequins 4618:escapement 4509:true north 4498:hydraulics 4478:archeology 4450:metallurgy 4446:mineralogy 4276:land mines 4156:, and the 4114:(see also 3817:Ouyang Xiu 3813:Laundering 3790:Four Books 3687: zho 3670:that used 3632:literature 3499:watchtower 3351:legal code 3207:Go players 3203:Zhou Wenju 3003:, or were 2985:graveyards 2649:, and the 2631:Yellow Sea 2610:, such as 2604:warehouses 2576:Huai River 2486:polychrome 2419:Sima Guang 2395:Wang Anshi 2380:Chancellor 2273:an embassy 2247:of Egypt, 2036:pound lock 2028:true north 2024:fire lance 2022:, and the 1992:Technology 1962:Great Khan 1875:Later Zhou 1789:Inventions 1519:(916–1125) 1490:(960–1127) 1478:(960–1279) 1145: – c. 1143: 770 1104: – c. 1080: – c. 1069:Late Shang 1057: – c. 1033: – c. 974: – c. 816:Sung3 ciu4 802:Sung chìuh 728:Sung ch'ao 721:Wade–Giles 713:Sonq chaur 488:Later Zhou 433:26.5 taels 377:Population 162:Government 87:(960–1127) 14621:Couronian 14259:Ethiopian 14247:Manchukuo 14202:Brazilian 14048:Ghaznavid 14018:Srivijaya 13969:Trebizond 13954:Byzantine 13936:North Sea 13931:Norwegian 13919:Almoravid 13902:Ilkhanate 13872:Majapahit 13845:Muromachi 13754:Solomonic 13739:Ethiopian 13653:Caliphate 13586:Aragonese 13414:Ptolemaic 13207:Qióngzhōu 13199:Yùlínzhōu 13143:Xiàngzhōu 13069:Xióngzhōu 13049:Guǎngzhōu 13005:Liángshān 12968:Zhōngzhōu 12817:Chāngzhōu 12703:Qióngzhōu 12649:Zhāngzhōu 12542:Chéngzhōu 12466:Jiànchāng 12372:Jiāngzhōu 12347:Jiāngníng 12310:Huángzhōu 12306:Guāngzhōu 12192:Chángzhōu 12064:Chéngzhōu 12043:Fèngxiáng 11958:Shāngzhōu 11840:Jiàngzhōu 11746:Xiāngzhōu 11672:Xióngzhōu 11571:Zhèngzhōu 11558:Yǐngchāng 11493:Xiāngzhōu 11207:Inventors 11084:Gunpowder 10993:Qian Xuan 10959:(12th c.) 10938:Liang Kai 10932:Zhao Boju 10871:Wang Shen 10853:Yi Yuanji 10849:(10th c.) 10721:Cheng Hao 10715:Zhang Zai 10703:Zeng Gong 10691:Cai Xiang 10685:Shao Yong 10609:Jian ware 10572:Guan ware 10562:Ding ware 10357:Xiangyang 10233:Later Shu 10158:960–1279 9955:144538656 9617:The CōĻas 9609:164153713 9409:Routledge 9173:192365949 9128:162997737 8924:147099574 8114:0028-0836 7956:Mohn 2003 7552:West 1997 7528:West 1997 7079:Sung 1981 6920:Yuan 1994 6758:West 1997 6722:West 1997 6562:142559461 6107:Shen 1996 6065:Wang 2000 6053:Chen 2014 5891:Chen 2018 5874:Mote 1999 5850:Mote 1999 5798:Shen 1996 5774:Hall 1985 5599:15 August 5510:Citations 5498:Zeng Gong 5458:Tang Clan 5453:Shao Yong 5395:epigraphy 5292:pavilions 5198:Cai Xiang 5140:Zhengding 5020:-mounted 4905:Wang Zhen 4831:elevation 4815:surveying 4648:in 1569. 4602:hydraulic 4541:clepsydra 4537:hydraulic 4533:pole star 4470:astronomy 4458:magnetics 4454:mechanics 4411:pole star 4295:Xiangyang 4158:Euphrates 4142:al-Idrisi 4061:cast iron 3825:Chan sect 3767:, led by 3751:Buddhist 3723:Cai Wenji 3676:gazetteer 3381:autopsies 3360:Bao Zheng 3345:The Song 3324:courtiers 3281:and more 3031:Qian Xuan 2975:, public 2902:Zhao Bing 2879:Jia Sidao 2863:Jia Sidao 2859:Ariq Böke 2835:Chongqing 2805:attacked 2774:, led by 2738:Cai Wenji 2616:Guangzhou 2471:Tong Guan 2249:Srivijaya 2008:gunpowder 2000:banknotes 1974:Chongqing 1865:) was an 1465:(907–979) 1426:(690–705) 1416:(618–907) 1403:(581–618) 1390:(420–589) 1358:(304–439) 1336:(317–420) 1326:(266–316) 1294:(266–420) 1237:(9–23 AD) 963:Neolithic 927:Dynasties 854:Sòng tiâu 743:Sòng cháo 685:Sòng cháo 516:Later Shu 414:(nominal) 369:1204 est. 361:1127 est. 278:1115–1125 218:Zhao Bing 132:Religion 106:Jiangning 14601:Japanese 14564:Scottish 14544:American 14536:Colonial 14465:Imperial 14433:Moroccan 14369:Japanese 14347:Afsharid 14206:Burmese 14192:Austrian 14147:Later Le 14122:Early Le 14107:Venetian 14033:Tiwanaku 13946:Hellenic 13909:Moroccan 13840:Kamakura 13830:Japanese 13813:Saffarid 13766:Georgian 13680:Chalukya 13658:Rashidun 13648:Calakmul 13616:Bruneian 13495:Haryanka 13473:Sasanian 13468:Parthian 13419:Bactrian 13409:Seleucid 13389:Goguryeo 13367:Egyptian 13301:Assyrian 13291:Akkadian 13282:Colonies 13220:Chānghuà 13203:Liánzhōu 13175:Héngzhōu 13155:Gōngzhōu 13151:Téngzhōu 13147:Zhāozhōu 13139:Róngzhōu 13135:Yōngzhōu 13131:Róngzhōu 13093:Kāngzhōu 13085:Duānzhōu 13081:Fēngzhōu 13073:Yīngzhōu 13061:Liánzhōu 13057:Cháozhōu 13053:Sháozhōu 12960:Qiánzhōu 12932:Lóngzhōu 12928:Péngzhōu 12924:Xīngzhōu 12912:Jiànzhōu 12908:Yángzhōu 12891:Xīngyuán 12851:Guǎng'ān 12833:Róngzhōu 12821:Róngzhōu 12773:Língjǐng 12756:Yǒngkāng 12731:Jiǎnzhōu 12719:Miánzhōu 12715:Péngzhōu 12641:Quánzhōu 12637:Jiànzhōu 12593:Quánzhōu 12589:Shàozhōu 12585:Chēnzhōu 12581:Yǒngzhōu 12573:Héngzhōu 12538:Chénzhōu 12518:Dǐngzhōu 12493:Jiānglín 12462:Línjiāng 12433:Yuánzhōu 12425:Qiánzhōu 12421:Hóngzhōu 12360:Xuánzhōu 12333:Jiangnan 12252:Tōngzhōu 12248:Zhēnzhōu 12164:Míngzhōu 12140:Hángzhōu 12126:Liangzhe 12113:Tōngyuǎn 12109:Zhènróng 12080:Yuánzhōu 12072:Jīngzhōu 12068:Fèngzhōu 12060:Lǒngzhōu 12002:Níngzhōu 11994:Huánzhōu 11990:Qìngzhōu 11986:Fāngzhōu 11966:Tóngzhōu 11954:Shǎnzhōu 11937:Jīngzhào 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5650:Liu 2015 5426:See also 5416:Cai Jing 5272:Fan Kuan 5268:Li Cheng 5243:Li Jie's 5014:drydocks 4972:'s 1119 4962:Shen Kuo 4881:typeface 4871:Bi Sheng 4811:Geometry 4748:Yang Hui 4706:Yu Ji Tu 4624:of true 4466:horology 4426:Shen Kuo 4323:Song Shi 4315:odometer 4291:Qingzhou 4268:firearms 4264:grenades 4198:history. 4134:Hangzhou 4053:charcoal 3777:Mahayana 3769:Cheng Yi 3616:painting 3542:Song Shi 3476:shrapnel 3459:platoons 3241:printing 3116:and the 3075:Buddhism 3027:football 2952:Zhejiang 2948:Shaoxing 2906:Lu Xiufu 2823:Shandong 2795:Chang'an 2752:statue, 2740:and her 2665:and the 2612:Quanzhou 2608:seaports 2444:Cai Jing 2348:Đại Việt 2344:Shen Kuo 2107:Buddhist 2095:Cheng Yi 2030:using a 2014:such as 1946:Hangzhou 1752:Timeline 1679:(Taiwan, 1659:of China 1173:Imperial 922:Timeline 896:a series 894:Part of 810:Jyutping 699:ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄠˊ 693:Bopomofo 438:Currency 418:estimate 353:980 est. 345:958 est. 166:Monarchy 99:Yangzhou 92:Yingtian 85:Bianjing 60:960–1279 14760:History 14734:Portals 14668:largest 14663:Empires 14643:Swedish 14638:Spanish 14633:Russian 14596:Italian 14571:Chinese 14559:English 14554:British 14549:Belgian 14524:Vietnam 14514:Tay son 14460:Tsarist 14455:Russian 14450:Ottoman 14416:Dzungar 14411:Khoshut 14384:Mexican 14379:Maratha 14362:Pahlavi 14342:Safavid 14337:Iranian 14264:Haitian 14227:Chinese 14187:Ashanti 14159:Wagadou 14085:Eastern 14080:Western 14063:Timurid 14023:Tibetan 14013:Songhai 14003:Serbian 13924:Almohad 13914:Idrisid 13818:Samanid 13808:Tahirid 13803:Iranian 13781:Kannauj 13761:Genoese 13697:Chinese 13690:Eastern 13685:Western 13673:Fatimid 13668:Abbasid 13663:Umayyad 13636:Burmese 13596:Ayyubid 13591:Angevin 13561:Xianbei 13549:Eastern 13544:Western 13490:Magadha 13453:Iranian 13446:Xiongnu 13431:Hittite 13340:Chinese 13328:Kassite 13277:Ancient 13269:Empires 13195:Báizhōu 13191:Qīnzhōu 13187:Léizhōu 13183:Gāozhōu 13179:Huàzhōu 13171:Bīnzhōu 13163:Liǔzhōu 13159:Xúnzhōu 13127:Guìzhōu 13101:Huìzhōu 13089:Xīnzhōu 13065:Méizhōu 13009:Nánpíng 12988:Kāizhōu 12972:Wànzhōu 12964:Shīzhōu 12956:Kuízhōu 12920:Wénzhōu 12805:Guǒzhōu 12801:Suìzhōu 12760:Shíquán 12743:Wēizhōu 12739:Màozhōu 12727:Jiāzhōu 12723:Hànzhōu 12711:Shǔzhōu 12707:Méizhōu 12690:Chéngdū 12666:Xīnghuà 12606:Guìyáng 12577:Dàozhōu 12569:Tánzhōu 12534:Guīzhōu 12530:Yuèzhōu 12526:Xiázhōu 12454:Xīngguó 12441:Yúnzhōu 12397:Nánkāng 12393:Guǎngdé 12380:Xìnzhōu 12376:Rāozhou 12368:Chízhōu 12364:Shèzhōu 12302:Háozhōu 12298:Shūzhōu 12244:Chúzhōu 12236:Tàizhōu 12232:Hǎizhōu 12228:Chǔzhōu 12205:Huainan 12188:Xiùzhōu 12176:Chǔzhōu 12172:Táizhōu 12168:Wēnzhōu 12152:Rùnzhōu 12144:Yuèzhōu 12092:Jiēzhōu 12088:Mínzhōu 12076:Wèizhōu 12056:Qínzhōu 12006:Dānzhōu 11998:Bīnzhōu 11978:Yánzhōu 11974:Yàozhōu 11970:Huázhōu 11962:Guózhōu 11950:Xìezhōu 11909:Huǒshān 11905:Nínghuà 11876:Línzhōu 11868:Lánzhōu 11856:Fénzhōu 11852:Xīnzhōu 11848:Dàizhōu 11836:Jìnzhōu 11819:Tàiyuán 11795:Shùn'ān 11774:Bǎozhōu 11705:Bǎodìng 11684:Bīnzhōu 11608:Xìnyáng 11583:Càizhōu 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