646:"which", Keith later wrote, "no body understood but himself," Murray presented his own commission as lieutenant general, outranking the Marischall's, whose commission of command was only as major general. There was, apparently, considerable subsequent disagreement about how the rebellion should proceed, some wishing to wait for the Duke of Ormonde's 500 Spanish marines on the way from Spain. Knowing that the Government forces had discovered their landing place, Keith's brother convinced Murray to disembark all the troops they had and send the Spanish ships home; the Government forces would inevitably blockade the ships in the harbor and losing the ships would endanger their relationship with Spain.
134:
881:, James Keith acquired a taste for literature and learning that secured him the esteem of the most distinguished savants of Europe. His experiences in the Jacobite uprisings, and his observations of the contentious competition between and among the clan chieftains, offered him the opportunity early to learn the pitfalls of command, the arts of negotiation, and the importance of listening and diplomacy. This skill was further sharped during the intrigues of the Russian court, where he served for 17 years. He displayed in numerous campaigns the calm, intelligent and watchful valour which was his chief characteristic.
551:
653:, and the soonest the Spanish would raise another one would be the following spring. Time to mount any rebellion was running short. The Jacobites were poorly armed and even more poorly provisioned and the Government force was three days march away. The nearby clans made an effort to raise additional troops, but gathered only about 1,000. The Government forces approached with four regiments of foot and a detachment of a fifth regiment, plus 150 dragoons. The Jacobite position was secure enough, but on 10 June, the Government force came out of the mountains and attacked; in short order, the
590:
110:
910:
39:
98:
475:
379:
1295:
122:
870:
614:
and 18,000 crowns to purchase frigates destined to carry an army to
Scotland; he returned to France quietly, leaving his brother in Spain to sail with troops to the coast of Scotland. Trying to return to Paris, while in Bordeaux, he masqueraded as a friend's servant so he could acquire some horses to
1351:
See G. E. Cokayne. The full quote is this: does everything by starts; hath abundance of flashy wit, and by reason of his quality, hath good interest in the country; all Courts endeavour to have him at their side for he gives himself liberty of talking when he is not pleased with the
Government. He
900:
At his final battle, he had remonstrated with the king about establishing the camp at
Hochkirch, with the Austrians looming in the heights around them, pointing out that staying in the village was suicide. "If the Austrians leave us unmolested in this camp", Keith told the king, "they deserve to be
618:
In the course of communicating with
Jacobite sympathizers in Spain and France, Keith realised that there was a considerable division of factions among James's supporters. The sides all wanted Keith to communicate one thing, or another, often contradictory, to the king, all of which Keith considered
558:
Eventually, Keith went to Paris, where he had relatives. He spent the better part of a year living hand to mouth by selling the personal items he had brought with him, mostly horse furnishings. Although he could have asked any of his relatives for assistance, but, as he explained in his unfinished
917:
Many memorials were erected to him by the king, Prince Henry, and others. He was immortalised in song as
Feldmarschall von Keith in the ballad "Fridericus Rex" by Willibald Alexis, which was set to music by Carl Lowe in 1837 and became the basis in the 1860s for Ferdinand Radek's Fridericus Rex
806:
The failure of his troops to make any headway against Lacy's troops, and indeed their apparent collapse, caused
Frederick to feel the battle lost, and to leave the field. Upon his departure, command devolved to Keith. Initially Keith made no headway against the Austrian front, but when Lacy was
526:
at the end of
December 1715, but when the Jacobites realised that James had travelled on a fishing trawler with two servants, not with an armada bringing the army the Jacobites hoped for, their morale sank even further. Eventually, after Government forces pursued the Jacobites almost to the
672:, and ordered to prison. Keith had in his pocket a pair of commissions from the King of Spain, items which would cause them great trouble, but his jailers did not search him, nor ask for his name. For safety, "pretending a certain necessity, threw them in to a place needless to be named."
861:, the son of Peter Lacy, his old commander in Russia. The Austrians gave him a decent burial on the field; his groom, who had crept back to the battlefield, observed this and marked the location. Keith was transferred shortly afterwards by Frederick to the garrison church of Berlin.
769:
of southwestern
Finland on 8 (or 18) September. He proved adept as a capable and liberal civil administrator. In late 1742, Keith was succeeded in the leadership of civil administration of Finland (now based at Turku) by the new Governor-General, Johannes Balthasar von Campenhausen.
597:
When Keith was finally convinced to leave Paris (he had fallen in love), he journeyed to Spain with his brother. They had to deceive the customs agents at the borders about their destination, purpose and origins, Spain being actively engaged in trying to secure the French throne for
723:'s brigade, he asked for a delay of three months in which he could learn the language and practices of the Russian service. He took the time not only to learn the language, but also to learn the Court and its intricate politics. His first mentor there,
1485:
An historical and authentic account of the ancient and noble family of Keith, Earls
Marischal of Scotland, from their origin in Germany down to 1778, including a narrative of the military achievements of James Francis Edward Keith, Field-Marshal in
610:, raising funds for an army for James, arranging for its transport to Scotland, and communicating the king's designs to the various Scottish chieftains throughout Europe. At one point in his adventures in Spain, he carried a small note from the
807:
wounded, his subordinates did not have the same command vision, and Keith was able to make some progress against the
Austrian front, actually rolling up the Austrian lines to the north and south of Lobositz. The overall Austrian commander,
521:
failed to join up with the English Jacobites and the Catholics in the south, Keith realised that the end of this effort was near. The Jacobite effort was briefly resuscitated that year by the arrival of James himself, who landed at
575:, and offered the Tsar his sword, being, as Keith considered it "high time ... to quitte the Academy and endeavor to establish myself somewhere ..." The Tsar apparently saw no need for the sword of a youth.
641:
The Jacobite efforts were further complicated by bickering among the chiefs as to who should take command. Initially, this was awarded to the Marischall, Keith's brother, but the following day, after a long speech by
1271:
Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 180–
494:. The placement of a foreign, German family on the throne of the land led to widespread discontent in Scotland. On either 3 or 20 September 1715, he and his brother had stood side by side to proclaim
884:
In his personal relationships, he demonstrated calmness and loyalty. In this he was the opposite of his father, who had been described as "very wild, inconstant and passionate." In Finland, he met
799:. The battle at Lobositz was a particularly difficult situation. Frederick, in what was his typical manner, dismissed Austrian capability; he sent his columns directly into a valley surrounded by
1022:
Memoirs of the Life and Actions of James Keith: Field-Marshal, in the Prussian Armies. Containing His Conduct in the Muscovite Wars Against the Turks ... Prussia Against the French and Austrians.
668:
Keith spent several months lurking in the mountains and, in early September, embarked for Holland from Peterhead. Upon trying to cross France to reach Spain, the brothers were arrested at
1646:
1701:
926:
erected a stone tablet inscribed to Keith outside its church, to stand with others dedicated to the victims of Prussia's defeat by Austria on 14 October 1758. There is also a
1310:
891:
Keith became one of Frederick's chief allies and friends. Keith developed a game of chess for Frederick, life-sized, that the two would play; Frederick also travelled
1691:
1517:
An Elegy on the universally lamented death of his excellency James-Francis-Edward Keith, Field Marshal in the armies of the King of Prussia, &c. &c. &c
901:
hanged." Frederick reportedly replied, "it is to be hoped they are more afraid of us than of the gallows." Frederick was devastated by Keith's death at Hochkirch.
1711:
567:. In 1717, he received a commission as colonel of cavalry and was ordered to prepare to go to Scotland again, but the plan, contingent upon support from the
331:
to Britain. When this failed, he fled to Europe, living in France, and then Spain. He joined the Spanish and eventually the Russian armies and fought in the
1580:
970:
854:. He had been shot several times; the final shot knocked him off his horse into his groom's arms. The groom was dragged away, leaving Keith's body behind.
638:
which were transporting troops from Ireland to England: news of a conspiracy had reached London by then, and the Government had prepared for the uprising.
1736:
1600:
1595:
559:
memoirs, "... I was then either so bashful or vain, that I wou'd not own the want I was in." Eventually he received a gift of 1000 livres from
1656:
1741:
1666:
1420:
811:, had never intended to make this a major battle, and so withdrew the entire force to Budin, approximately eight kilometers (5 mi) away.
1661:
1544:
563:, mother of the Pretender and this, plus some support from home and an allowance from James enabled him to spend the rest of the year at the
724:
1315:
665:, the Government forces defeated the small Jacobite army. The Jacobites decided that they should disperse and the Spaniards surrender.
518:
1352:
is a thorough Libertine, yet sets up mightily for Episcopy; a hard drinker; a thin body; a middle stature; ambitious of popularity."
919:
643:
426:
367:
846:
campaign, after which he withdrew from the army to restore his broken health. He returned in time for the autumn campaign in the
831:
1052:
619:
favoured their private ends, not the needs of the king or the goals of the campaign. Eventually, the Jacobites embarked for the
1121:
631:
Islands The wind forced them off course until, after 24 March, they had altered course and managed to slip past a squadron of
1696:
1076:"Conspiratorial Networks in the North? A Review of Jacobite and Hanoverian Freemasons in Scandinavia and Russia, 1688-1746"
1726:
1721:
1011:, 8 vols. (1887–98); new ed, ed. V. Gibbs and others, 14 vols. in 15 (1910–98); microprint repr. (1982) and (1987), 8.484
339:. In the latter he participated in the conquest of Finland and became its viceroy. Subsequently, he participated in the
1671:
857:
Although stripped bare by the time the Austrians found him on the battlefield the following day, he was recognised by
1537:
1451:
758:
685:
611:
437:
422:
402:
336:
294:
288:
200:
1554:
720:
1731:
1686:
1651:
1456:
658:
1706:
1371:
1025:
927:
689:
603:
193:
1681:
1530:
487:
1676:
1116:
Sources vary as to the date. Keith himself suggests the 3rd. P. Monod, et al.. maintain it was the 20th.
495:
418:
1716:
858:
1522:
1477:. Berlin, 1889 (with a second ed. (Berlin, 1896) on the occasion of the bicentenary of Keith's birth)
939:
735:
571:, was discovered and thwarted, and he continued at the university. Later that year, in June, he met
1376:
1104:
441:
332:
188:
878:
808:
584:
540:
449:
271:
176:
765:
Vice-Roy of Finland and responsible for the occupying Russian forces, James Keith convened the
681:
680:
After leaving France, Keith eventually obtained a colonelcy in the Spanish army as part of the
445:
275:
1510:
A discourse on the death of Marshal Keith, read before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin
550:
568:
514:
1300:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1641:
1636:
1590:
918:
Grenadier March in which his surname is mispronounced as "Kite." He is memorialised on the
766:
662:
486:, Keith makes it clear that his dissatisfaction in Great Britain began with the failure of
410:
315:
181:
162:
82:
8:
1009:
The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom
851:
784:
751:
747:
564:
359:
355:
351:
344:
320:
251:
225:
205:
151:
102:
97:
62:
1247:
Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600–1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires.
909:
589:
922:(1851). In 1889, the 22nd Infantry Regiment (1st Upper Silesian) was named after him.
823:
796:
704:
544:
220:
210:
138:
1447:
827:
700:
599:
572:
535:
warship picked up 100 officers, including Keith, and took them to St. Pol de Leon in
491:
363:
256:
38:
719:
service, Keith was initially assigned to command two regiments of foot belonging to
649:
Unfortunately for the rebellion, Ormonde's fleet had been disbanded by a storm near
1610:
1366:
975:
743:
390:
229:
114:
1468:
A Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshal James Keith, written by Himself, 1714–1734
994:
1585:
1575:
1425:
815:
669:
650:
507:
328:
215:
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a barrier to promotion in Catholic Spain, he obtained a recommendation from the
979:
792:
727:
and Duke of Liria, fell into a quarrel with both Dolgorukov and Count Matueof.
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560:
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126:
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25:
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1605:
1306:
1301:
935:
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483:
414:
398:
1570:
1480:
1362:
1260:
History of the Irish Brigades in the Service of France: From the Revolution
1153:
Nothing but my sword: the life of Field Marshal James Francis Edward Keith.
425:(1648–1716), and his first wife, Lady Jane Douglas, the fourth daughter of
1444:
Nothing but my sword: the life of Field Marshal James Francis Edward Keith
440:(1692/93–1778) were educated by a kinsman, the historian and bishop
354:, where he distinguished himself in several campaigns. He died during the
1615:
885:
532:
1319:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 716.
474:
1552:
739:
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654:
635:
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324:
266:
931:
923:
893:
523:
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457:
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394:
378:
78:
58:
1075:
1470:; edited by Thomas Constable for the Spalding Club. Edinburgh, 1843
536:
313:; 11 June 1696 – 14 October 1758) was a Scottish soldier and
847:
843:
819:
800:
628:
607:
1421:"Rallying call to restore statue of Field Marshal James Keith"
869:
624:
962:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004).
528:
1496:
Memoir of Marshal Keith, with a sketch of the Keith family
888:. Although they never married, they had several children.
436:, named him after the Great Pretender. He and his brother
822:
against a greatly superior force. He was also present at
1647:
18th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire
1512:, translated from the French original. Edinburgh, 1764
873:
Frederick commemorated Keith on the Rheinsberg Obelisk
490:
to settle the Scottish succession on her half-brother
1101:
A fragment of a Memoir of Field Marshal James Keith.
974:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1702:
Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
1475:
Lebensbeschreibung des General-Feldmarschalls Keith
750:'s seizure of power in Petersburg. He received the
623:on 19 March in a small ship, from the mouth of the
1400:, Longmans, Green, and Company, 1881, pp. 145–147.
1118:Loyalty and Identity: Jacobites at Home and Abroad
963:
350:He subsequently served in the Prussian army under
850:region, and was killed on 14 October 1758 at the
1628:
791:. In 1756, he commanded the troops covering the
327:he took part in a failed attempt to restore the
1331:The Seven Years' War in Europe: 1756–1763
961:
1503:Leben grosser Helden des gegenwärtigen Krieges
864:
818:and later, in this same campaign, he defended
1538:
1073:
421:. His mother, Mary Drummond, was daughter of
1712:Scottish military personnel killed in action
1398:Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War
842:In 1758, Keith took a prominent part in the
742:active in Russia, as a master of a lodge in
725:James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick
382:Dunnottar Castle, seat of the chiefs of the
1692:People of the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
897:with Keith throughout Germany and Hungary.
710:
1545:
1531:
1249:Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. Page 103.
1223:
1221:
1202:
1200:
1163:
1161:
746:in 1732–34. He also participated in
16:Scottish Prussian army general (1696–1758)
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
513:Keith was present later that year at the
1361:
1305:
1049:Annals of Peterhead, from its foundation
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1014:
920:Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great
908:
868:
644:William Murray, Marquess of Tullibardine
588:
549:
473:
427:William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas
377:
368:Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great
1657:18th-century Spanish military personnel
1390:
1230:
1218:
1197:
1158:
971:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1737:Collegium of Little Russia (1722–1727)
1629:
1275:
957:
955:
913:Statue to Keith in Peterhead, Scotland
826:, and, while the king was fighting at
517:on 9 November. Subsequently, when the
1742:People of the Jacobite rising of 1719
1667:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1526:
1030:
606:. Keith and his brother journeyed to
1662:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
1461:Leben des Feldmarschalls Jakob Keith
1262:, Cameron and Ferguson, 1870 p. 305
952:
778:
773:
13:
1436:
675:
389:Keith was born on 11 June 1696 at
14:
1753:
1245:Andrew MacKillop, Steve Murdoch.
938:, which was given to the town by
787:, Keith held high command in the
612:James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde
448:, James traveled to study at the
423:James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth
409:of Scotland, was a Knight of the
1555:History of Freemasonry in Russia
1411:"Fridericus Rex Grenadiermarsch"
1293:
1155:Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000, p. 53.
578:
132:
120:
108:
96:
37:
1414:
1403:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1333:, Routledge, 5 Nov 2013, p. 43.
1323:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1209:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1145:
1136:
1080:Politica Hermetica, 24 Sorbonne
795:, and distinguished himself at
738:. He was also one of the first
721:Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov
688:. He then fought in the failed
543:compelled him to remain on the
1127:
1110:
1093:
1067:
1058:
1001:
759:Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743
627:, and set course to round the
444:. After briefly attending the
1:
1372:National Biography of Finland
1053:James Keith, p. 131–132
945:
814:In 1757, he commanded at the
734:, had fled Ireland after the
604:War of the Quadruple Alliance
463:
373:
1258:John Cornelius O'Callaghan,
1099:James Francis Edward Keith,
995:UK public library membership
904:
837:
7:
1697:People of the Silesian Wars
1494:(i.e., Norman N. Maclean):
1446:. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000
1396:Frederick William Longman,
1311:Keith, Francis Edward James
865:Relationship with Frederick
752:Imperial Order of St Andrew
419:James Francis Edward Stuart
366:and is memorialised on the
10:
1758:
1727:University of Paris alumni
1722:Spanish military personnel
1473:-- von Paczyński-Tenczyn:
1367:"Merthen, Eva (1723–1811)"
940:William I, King of Prussia
582:
554:James arrives in Peterhead
467:
405:. His father, was the 9th
307:James Francis Edward Keith
1672:Field marshals of Prussia
1561:
539:. His activities in this
478:The battle of Sheriffmuir
281:
265:
244:
169:
157:
147:
88:
68:
45:
36:
23:
1377:Finnish Literary Society
711:Imperial Russian service
684:, then commanded by the
1316:Encyclopædia Britannica
1194:Keith, pp. 40–42.
879:University of Edinburgh
585:Jacobite rising of 1719
541:Jacobite rising of 1715
510:, as King of Scotland.
452:in preparation for the
450:University of Edinburgh
432:His parents, committed
272:University of Edinburgh
177:Jacobite rising of 1719
1133:Keith, p. 20.–24
1074:Steve Murdoch (2010).
980:10.1093/ref:odnb/62762
914:
874:
594:
555:
479:
446:University of Aberdeen
413:, and a member of the
386:
276:University of Aberdeen
1732:Younger sons of earls
1687:People from Peterhead
1652:18th-century soldiers
1457:KA Varnhagen von Ense
1103:Spalding Club, 1843,
912:
872:
730:His commander there,
592:
583:Further information:
569:Charles XII of Sweden
553:
515:Battle of Sheriffmuir
498:, son of the deposed
477:
468:Further information:
381:
1707:Scottish mercenaries
1505:. Thl. 4. Halle, 17–
834:'s force in Saxony.
761:, Keith was briefly
663:Battle of Glen Shiel
593:James Keith, aged 24
411:Order of the Thistle
397:, the second son of
316:Generalfeldmarschall
182:Battle of Glen Shiel
163:Generalfeldmarschall
83:Electorate of Saxony
1682:Scottish Freemasons
1553:Key figures in the
852:battle of Hochkirch
793:investment of Pirna
748:Elizabeth of Russia
659:Eilean Donan Castle
615:get back to Paris.
456:. Keith was a keen
360:Battle of Hochkirch
352:Frederick the Great
345:Elizabeth of Russia
321:Royal Prussian Army
252:Order of St. Andrew
226:Battle of Hochkirch
152:Royal Prussian Army
103:Kingdom of Scotland
63:Kingdom of Scotland
1677:Scottish Jacobites
1581:George von Reichel
1329:Franz A.J. Szabo,
1120:. Springer, 2009,
1051:, Scotland, 1819,
1020:Andrew Henderson,
915:
875:
705:Peter II of Russia
690:Siege of Gibraltar
595:
556:
480:
387:
362:. He received the
221:Battle of Rossbach
211:Battle of Lobositz
194:Siege of Gibraltar
139:Kingdom of Prussia
1717:Scottish soldiers
1624:
1623:
1498:. Peterhead, 1869
1488:. Peterhead, 1820
1342:Keith, pp. 51–74.
993:(Subscription or
573:Peter I of Russia
364:Black Eagle Order
337:Russo-Swedish War
333:Anglo-Spanish War
304:
303:
257:Black Eagle Order
201:Russo-Swedish War
189:Anglo-Spanish War
1749:
1611:Alexander Labzin
1601:Pyotr Tatishchev
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1519:. n.p., ca. 1758
1486:Prussia ...
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785:Seven Years' War
779:Seven Years' War
774:Prussian service
744:Saint Petersburg
717:Imperial Russian
454:legal profession
391:Inverugie Castle
356:Seven Years' War
309:(in later years
234:
206:Seven Years' War
137:
136:
135:
125:
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115:Kingdom of Spain
113:
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100:
75:
55:
53:
41:
21:
20:
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1596:Semyon Gamaleya
1586:Nikolay Novikov
1576:Pyotr Melissino
1557:
1551:
1439:
1437:Further reading
1434:
1433:
1429:, 29 April 2014
1426:Buchan Observer
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1324:
1309:, ed. (1911). "
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928:statue to Keith
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816:siege of Prague
803:sharpshooters.
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686:Duke of Ormonde
678:
676:Spanish service
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347:on the throne.
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311:Jakob von Keith
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1206:Keith, p. 47.
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1176:Keith, p. 34.
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1571:Ivan Yelagin
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1382:27 September
1380:. Retrieved
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1363:Matti Klinge
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1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1069:
1064:Keith, p. 12
1060:
1048:
1024:, Scotland,
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
983:. Retrieved
969:
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892:
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883:
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841:
832:Prince Henry
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805:
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695:Finding his
694:
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661:and, at the
648:
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529:Isle of Skye
512:
496:James Stuart
481:
442:Robert Keith
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295:George Keith
231:
161:
74:(1758-10-14)
56:11 June 1696
18:
1642:1758 deaths
1637:1696 births
1616:G. O. Mebes
1566:James Keith
1442:Sam Coull:
1151:Sam Coull,
942:, in 1868.
886:Eva Merthen
783:During the
757:During the
533:French Navy
519:Earl of Mar
341:coup d'état
31:James Keith
1631:Categories
1227:Keith, 53.
1085:1 December
997:required.)
946:References
740:Freemasons
732:Peter Lacy
655:Royal Navy
636:men-of-war
633:Royal Navy
565:university
488:Queen Anne
470:Jacobitism
464:Jacobitism
384:Clan Keith
374:Early life
267:Alma mater
89:Allegiance
52:1696-06-11
932:Peterhead
924:Hochkirch
905:Memorials
894:incognito
838:Hochkirch
657:captured
545:Continent
524:Peterhead
504:pretender
458:freemason
434:Jacobites
395:Peterhead
343:that put
297:(brother)
282:Relations
79:Hochkirch
59:Inverugie
844:Moravian
824:Rossbach
801:Croatian
797:Lobositz
763:de facto
600:Philip V
537:Brittany
335:and the
325:Jacobite
291:(father)
1304::
985:11 June
848:Lausitz
828:Leuthen
820:Leipzig
767:estates
651:Galicia
602:in the
506:to the
482:In his
358:at the
323:. As a
319:of the
232:†
1515:Anon:
1450:
1298:
991:
629:Orkney
608:Madrid
438:George
245:Awards
228:
148:Branch
670:Sedan
625:Seine
492:James
393:near
1448:ISBN
1384:2010
1272:181.
1122:p.82
1105:p. 1
1087:2019
987:2023
859:Lacy
531:, a
502:and
401:and
170:Wars
158:Rank
69:Died
46:Born
1313:".
976:doi
930:in
715:In
703:to
417:of
1633::
1483:,
1459::
1423:-
1375:.
1369:.
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1277:^
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81:,
61:,
1546:e
1539:t
1532:v
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1089:.
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1027:.
989:.
978::
54:)
50:(
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