651:), Swedish naval forces consisting of ten ships of the line and four frigates under Admiral Tomas von Rajalin and 20 galley strong rowing fleet under Admiral Abraham Falkengren moved on 20 May 1741 to the islands near the border. While standing idle an epidemic broke out in the fleet largely paralyzing it and claiming the life of Admiral von Rajalin. The Swedish declaration of war in late July had been intended to coincide with the invasion but now it failed to do so since the fleet was unable to take action and concentration of the ground forces had not yet been carried out. The situation was not improved by the fact that Lewenhaupt arrived in Finland two months after the declaration of war and command of the army fell to General
897:'s 50 galley strong coastal fleet. However, on 7 June, a Russian fleet led by Admiral Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin managed to draw the Swedish fleet out of its anchorage while not actually engaging in a fight. This allowed the Russian galley fleet to safely pass the cape. The result was overwhelming Russian naval superiority in south-western Finland and areas near Åland, which forced the Swedish fleet to move to the west of Åland and hastened the peace negotiations. Admiral Golovin later faced a military tribunal for his refusal to engage the Swedish squadron of equal strength but was cleared when he referred to an edict from
41:
818:
continued advancing towards
Frederikshamn. The Swedes had prepared a strong defensive position outside of Frederikshamn, at Mäntlahti. The Swedish colonel defending the position had become aware of the Russian approach and withdrew all his forces from the fortified positions to Frederikshamn a day before the Russian attack, which was to take place on 25 June. However, the abandoned position was critical for the town's defense and by 28 June, the Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town on fire and started withdrawing.
213:
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853:, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home. All guns, supplies, and even fodder stores were to be given over to the Russians. All Swedish naval forces returned to Sweden in early September 1742. The Russians advanced all the way to
841:. Russians followed the withdrawing Swedes but no real action between the armies, apart from skirmishes between the Swedish rearguard and Russian cavalry patrols, took place. On 18 July after learning that Swedish garrisons further inland had left their posts, Lewenhaupt and the army council judged it to be best to withdraw to Helsingfors to prepare its defenses.
749:, also attempted to raid the Swedish anchorage near Frederikshamn over ice, but the harsh weather made it impossible. Swedish General Lewenhaupt planned to renew the attack against Vyborg in the spring of 1742. Swedish naval units required to support the attack started to arrive in mid May. However, since the naval commanders had been ordered to patrol between
845:
ended in
Helsingfors on 11 August. A couple of days later, the Russians had managed to completely surround the town on land. The Swedish galley fleet was stationed east of Helsingfors but judged its position to be untenable and withdraw into the town as well, allowing the Russian galley fleet to complete encirclement of the town after 20 August.
965:). The Hats acquiesced in her proposal in the hope that Adolf Frederick would be able to obtain better terms from her. Elizabeth also wanted Russian forces to occupy Sweden in order to ensure Adolf Frederick's peaceful election, but this plan aroused the vehement opposition of the Swedish representatives and was abandoned.
844:
The Swedes started to dismantle and transport away the food and supply stores concentrated in Borgå. On 27 July
Russians arrived in the vicinity and moved into Borgå on 30 July, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier. The Swedish withdrawal, which had lasted nearly two months, finally
744:
The
Russians reneged on their ceasefire agreement early in March 1742 but a harsh winter made it impossible for the main armies to operate. Light Russian cavalry forces (cossacks and hussars) raided the Swedish side of the border but were often repulsed by local populations. In March, the Russians,
715:
Lewenhaupt, who arrived ten days after the defeat, tried to organize a joint operation by both land and naval forces towards Vyborg but
Admiral Aron Sjöstierna, who took von Rajalin's position, made it clear that the fleet would not be able to do it. The Russian fleet had also fallen into disrepair
848:
Before the town was completely cut off, on 19 August
General Lewenhaupt and General Buddenbrock were summoned to proceed immediately to Stockholm for an inquiry into their actions. Both generals were imprisoned on their arrival and they were placed on trial. The deputy commander of Swedish forces,
578:
with an order to "catch up" the envoy. The officers took away from
Sinclair his diplomatic papers, pulled him out of the coach and took him aside to a forest where he was killed and looted. The Russian government denied the responsibility for the assassination. In Sweden the assassination brought
881:
The
Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743 and at the start of May, a fleet of 16 ships of the line and 5 frigates under Admiral Jean von Utfall arrived to block the coastal sea route past Hangö. Admiral Falkengren's galley fleet was sent to Åland. The task of these naval forces was to prevent
817:
Since the
Swedish army remained inactive, the Russians again seized the initiative and moved onto the offensive. With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then
772:). A week later, a galley fleet commanded by Admiral Falkengren joined the main fleet, bringing 25 galleys and some support ships. However, unlike in the previous year, the Russian fleet was also active with a galley fleet of 45 galleys under General
586:
was elevated to the vacant position. However, Finnish defenses had fallen into disrepair as most of the funds for their support were used elsewhere in the kingdom. Neither had any preparations been made as a result of what had taken place in the
901:
which stated that a
Russian fleet should not engage in battle unless having 3:2 superiority or better. Swedish generals Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock were both beheaded primarily as scapegoats for the failed war-policy of the ruling
778:
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382:
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and was unable to take part in the fighting in 1741. Sjöstierna sailed home on 22 September and the commander of the remaining Swedish vessels ignored Lewenhaupt's attempts to persuade him to sail to
566:, became aware of it and forwarded the information to the Russian government. Sinclair accomplished his mission and at the beginning of April 1739 left Constantinople. On 17 June, between Grüneberg (
417:
558:
on the subject of negotiations with the Ottoman Empire on a possible alliance against Russia. Although the diplomatic mission was kept in high secrecy the Russian Minister Plenipotentiary in
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712:. Blame for the defeat at Villmanstrand was placed on General von Buddenbrock who had not believed that the Russians were seriously attacking and did not move to aid Wrangel.
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The main Swedish fleet arrived on 3 June from Sweden under Admiral Sjöstierna and consisted of fifteen ships of the line and five frigates. The fleet sailed to Äspö (
736:) and instead sailed back to Sweden on 27 October. Operations on the land front also came to a halt when an armistice was agreed to with Russia in early December.
342:
275:
582:
In the summer of 1740, the commander of Swedish forces in Finland, General Carl Cronstedt, was removed from his post due to his opposition to the planned war and
1332:
Hatakka, Sampsa. "The supply challenges of the Swedish army during the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743". In Petri Talvitie & Juha-Matti Granqvist (Eds.),
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317:
996:) had been finalized, with Sweden ceding to Russia the towns of Lappeenranta and Hamina and a strip of Finland to the northwest of Saint Petersburg. The
322:
347:
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Co-operation with Swedish naval and land forces did not go smoothly and instead of supporting the army, the bulk of the fleet sailed directly to
1403:
2159:
591:. In the end what funds that were allocated for Finland were used for preparations for offensive war instead of strengthening the defenses.
1647:
412:
268:
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While peace negotiations lumbered on Lacy—who had distinguished himself in similar operations during the Great Northern War—embarked from
947:
arrived at the city in order to discuss a peace settlement. The Tsarina promised to evacuate her army from Finland on the condition that
857:
and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. At about this time a small Swedish detachment attacked a Russian cavalry detachment at
2164:
2134:
1829:
1141:"329 (Samlade skrifter / 1. Grunddragen af svenska vitterhetens historia. Del 1. Stjernhjelm – frihetstiden. Akademiska föreläsningar)"
837:). This in turn cut off the army from its supply lines and Lewenhaupt started withdrawing further towards the army's supply depots at
2179:
1455:
886:
passed Hangö. The Swedish galley fleet attacked the Russian galley fleet at the narrows of Korpoström, just south of the island of
2066:
1346:
Merovuo, Jenni. "‘Divided and validated’? The institutionalization of the Russo-Swedish border region in the 1743 peace treaty."
261:
1122:
Jenni Merovuo, "‘Divided and validated’? The institutionalization of the Russo-Swedish border region in the 1743 peace treaty."
1818:
814:) but the naval commanders judged the risk for the fleet to be too great and Lewenhaupt was forced to back down from his plan.
285:
1563:
1504:
1424:
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Due to Swedish inaction, the Russians seized the initiative and struck first with an army of 16,000 men under Field-Marshal
429:
2144:
1767:
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2199:
2194:
1705:
1590:
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Russian forces from reaching Sweden. However, before the Swedish forces arrived, a Russian galley fleet under General
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1595:
1372:
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undertook a trip with the aim of trying to arrange a safer way of diplomatic communications between Sweden and the
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to Sweden and continued the vigorous prosecution of the war, under the guidance of her pro-Austrian chancellor,
526:, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the
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2092:
1468:
531:
28:
2024:
1859:
652:
217:
574:), he was overtaken by two Russian officers, captain Kütler and lieutenant Lewitzki, who were dispatched by
1720:
1448:
1883:
1568:
942:
794:. Regardless, Lewenhaupt held a council of war on 5 June in an attempt to get naval units to sail to the
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1605:
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187:
66:
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1905:
1777:
1642:
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1521:
1351:
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956:
139:
2189:
2149:
2139:
2039:
1839:
1610:
2219:
2214:
2209:
1990:
1975:
1910:
1730:
1710:
1536:
1526:
1441:
1041:
1036:
705:
583:
205:
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was to form part of the border between the two powers. The treaty marked the further decline of
1803:
1750:
1516:
1024:
602:. The objective of these maneuvers was to threaten Saint Petersburg and to set the stage for a
337:
40:
1107:
1925:
1844:
1762:
1383:
1020:
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engineered by French and Swedish diplomats and aimed at toppling the pro-Austrian regime of
1930:
1915:
1869:
1772:
1715:
1625:
1578:
861:. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation (1742–1743) which became later known as the
8:
2005:
1947:
1895:
1854:
1824:
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2010:
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1952:
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1725:
1630:
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32:
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1985:
1813:
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1420:
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621:
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1085:
Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century (the 1700s)
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in 1738. He brought an extra copy of a letter intended for the Swedish ministers in
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2029:
1935:
1900:
1546:
1390:
Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743.
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81:
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1995:
1940:
1849:
1808:
1275:
898:
567:
2113:
1740:
1672:
1558:
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The Swedish open sea fleet at Hangö still blocked the passage of Field-Marshal
704:). Using nearly fourfold superiority in numbers, the Russians inflicted in the
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182:
175:
170:
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133:
128:
93:
77:
1140:
2128:
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973:
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357:
1834:
977:
903:
628:
518:, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to
515:
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105:
1385:Описание войны между Россией и Швецией в Финляндии в 1741, 1742 и 1743 гг.
1165:
1980:
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1047:
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101:
362:
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1494:
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894:
890:, where the Swedish attack was repulsed. Falkengren returned to Åland.
669:
97:
1341:
1084:
1419:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library.
969:
955:—was named as the heir to the throne of Sweden. (The latter had been
783:
and an open sea fleet of at least 12 ships of the line under Admiral
627:
While Swedish troops were being deployed at the Russian border, near
559:
253:
1280:(in Swedish). Tryckt uti Berlingska boktryckeriet. pp. 124–125.
1007:
The territory ceded to Russia was added to the Russian gains in the
579:
tremendous resentment around the country and hatred towards Russia.
2015:
1652:
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Bidrag till historien om Sveriges krig med Ryssland, åren 1741–1743
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1970:
838:
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109:
1920:
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612:. The coup did take place in December, but the new empress,
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1213:
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As soon as hostilities ceased and the Russian army entered
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1367:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö.
1200:
1198:
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when the army started its withdrawal. Galleys sailed to
1195:
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a major defeat on the Swedish garrison led by General
1334:
Civilians and military supply in early modern Finland
1284:
1166:"671 (Bonniers litterära magasin / Årgång XII. 1943)"
1183:
2185:
18th-century military history of the Russian Empire
2126:
1056:, the area that Russia gained from Sweden in war
1336:(Helsinki University Press, 2021) pp. 177–202.
1023:. This was later incorporated into the Russian
1449:
269:
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757:they refused to follow Lewenhaupt's orders.
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1442:
1402:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
594:The Swedish war plan was to first capture
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538:, which lost more territory to Russia.
2127:
1044:(1716–1789), a Finnish prisoner of war
283:
45:A 1742 map of the location of the war.
1437:
1392:] (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg.
1138:
257:
1463:
1108:The Swedish-Russian War of 1741–1743
949:Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp
13:
1050:, a Russo-Swedish war in 1808–1809
768:) (25 km SSE from modern-day
14:
2236:
2165:Wars involving the Russian Empire
598:and then advance further towards
2180:Sweden during the Age of Liberty
2160:Russia–Sweden military relations
1274:Tengberg, Niklas August (1857).
972:in order to effect a landing in
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1417:The history of the Russian Army
1348:Hungarian Geographical Bulletin
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1124:Hungarian Geographical Bulletin
1564:History of independent Finland
1382:Shpilevskaya, Natalya (1859).
1158:
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532:War of the Austrian Succession
508:Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743
96:acquires the land east of the
57:8 August 1741 – 18 August 1743
29:War of the Austrian Succession
16:18th Century military conflict
1:
2135:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
1060:
653:Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock
534:. The war was a disaster for
218:Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock
1365:Sea safeguarding our country
957:offered the crown of Finland
7:
2145:1740s in the Russian Empire
1411:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
1030:
774:Vasily Yakovlevich Levashov
235:The exact number is unknown
10:
2241:
2205:1743 in the Russian Empire
2200:1742 in the Russian Empire
2195:1741 in the Russian Empire
1819:Government-owned companies
1490:Finland under Swedish rule
1139:Malmström, Bernhard Elis.
913:
884:James Francis Edward Keith
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2079:
1961:
1891:
1882:
1830:National income agreement
1799:
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1412:
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1359:Mattila, Tapani (1983).
938:Erik Mathias von Nolcken
514:) was instigated by the
298:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
1537:Finland in World War II
1527:Independence of Finland
1042:Anna Margareta Salmelin
1037:Battle of Villmanstrand
1002:Sweden as a great power
951:—that is, the uncle of
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739:
706:Battle of Villmanstrand
663:
584:Charles Emil Lewenhaupt
2225:18th century in Sweden
2175:Wars involving Finland
1350:66.4 (2017): 283–293.
1126:66.4 (2017): 283–293.
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1413:История русской армии
1112:World History at KMLA
1021:Governorate of Vyborg
1019:) in 1721, under the
984:, news came that the
953:her own heir apparent
745:under the command of
240:Casualties and losses
100:with the fortress of
2067:World Heritage Sites
1004:in Northern Europe.
934:Alexander Rumyantsev
542:Swedish preparations
1361:Meri maamme turvana
851:Jean Louis Bousquet
710:Carl Henrik Wrangel
512:The War of the Hats
1860:Telecommunications
1500:Great Northern War
796:Beryozovye Islands
718:Beryozovye Islands
614:Elizaveta Petrovna
589:Great Northern War
524:Great Northern War
424:Russo–Swedish Wars
287:Russo-Swedish wars
248:50,000 total loses
206:Charles Lewenhaupt
140:Kingdom of Finland
67:Modern-day Finland
33:Russo-Swedish wars
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1721:Foreign relations
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1342:10.33134/HUP-10-6
1320:, pp. 72–73.
1308:, pp. 69–70.
1264:, pp. 67–68.
1252:, pp. 64–67.
1237:, pp. 63–64.
1222:, pp. 62–63.
1207:, pp. 61–62.
1096:Shpilevskaya 1859
932:), the statesmen
747:Woldemar Lowendal
622:Aleksey Bestuzhev
528:Habsburg monarchy
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22:Russo-Swedish War
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2040:National symbols
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980:was approaching
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618:Baltic provinces
610:Anna Leopoldovna
600:Saint Petersburg
570:) and Neustadt (
564:Bestuzhev-Ryumin
548:Malcolm Sinclair
546:Swedish officer
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1696:
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1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1621:National parks
1618:
1616:Municipalities
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Extreme points
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Finlandization
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1497:
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1487:
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1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1453:
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1438:
1432:
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1425:
1408:
1379:
1373:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1295:
1283:
1266:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1182:
1157:
1131:
1115:
1100:
1098:, p. 267.
1088:
1077:
1075:, p. 180.
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1029:
914:Main article:
911:
908:
878:
875:
741:
738:
665:
662:
660:
657:
556:Constantinople
552:Ottoman Empire
543:
540:
501:
500:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
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410:
405:
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395:
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385:
380:
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365:
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355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
296:
293:
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281:
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266:
258:
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242:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
221:
220:
208:
195:
193:
191:
190:
178:
176:Peter von Lacy
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:
144:
143:
142:
134:Russian Empire
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
91:
85:
84:
75:
71:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2237:
2226:
2223:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
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2188:
2186:
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2178:
2176:
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2171:
2168:
2166:
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2161:
2158:
2156:
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2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
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2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
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1909:
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1899:
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1887:
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1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Ship-building
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
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1528:
1525:
1523:
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1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
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1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1454:
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1436:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1374:951-99487-0-8
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1293:, p. 69.
1292:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1192:, p. 60.
1191:
1186:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1073:Егоршина 2023
1069:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:Treaty of Åbo
983:
979:
975:
974:Sweden proper
971:
966:
964:
963:
959:by the local
958:
954:
950:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
916:Treaty of Åbo
910:Treaty of Åbo
907:
905:
904:"Hat" faction
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
791:
786:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Villmanstrand
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:Frederikshamn
638:
634:
630:
629:Villmanstrand
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
592:
590:
585:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
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451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
294:
289:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
259:
256:
247:
244:
243:
238:
234:
231:
230:
225:
219:
209:
207:
197:
196:
194:
189:
184:
179:
177:
172:
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
155:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
87:
86:
83:
82:Treaty of Åbo
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2100:Bibliography
2017:The Kalevala
2016:
1991:Coat of arms
1976:Architecture
1911:Demographics
1835:Nordic model
1809:Central bank
1731:Human rights
1711:Constitution
1416:
1389:
1364:
1360:
1347:
1333:
1327:Bibliography
1318:Mattila 1983
1313:
1306:Mattila 1983
1291:Mattila 1983
1286:
1276:
1269:
1262:Mattila 1983
1257:
1250:Mattila 1983
1235:Mattila 1983
1220:Mattila 1983
1205:Mattila 1983
1190:Mattila 1983
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1172:(in Swedish)
1170:runeberg.org
1169:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1147:(in Swedish)
1145:runeberg.org
1144:
1134:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1091:
1080:
1068:
1017:Uusikaupunki
1006:
978:Baltic Fleet
967:
960:
919:
892:
880:
863:Lesser Wrath
862:
847:
843:
820:
816:
759:
743:
714:
702:Lappeenranta
667:
637:Lappeenranta
626:
603:
593:
581:
568:Zielona Góra
545:
511:
507:
505:
484:
423:
422:
297:
232:70,000 total
125:
120:Belligerents
106:Lappeenranta
27:Part of the
1804:Agriculture
1648:Urban areas
1552:Lapland War
1517:Grand Duchy
1512:Finnish War
1054:Old Finland
1048:Finnish War
976:. When the
941: [
788: [
777: [
766:Haapasaaret
755:Helsingfors
605:coup d'état
522:during the
490:(1788–1790)
485:(1741–1743)
480:(1700–1721)
475:(1656–1658)
465:(1610–1617)
460:(1590–1595)
455:(1558–1583)
450:(1554–1557)
440:(1495–1497)
435:(1479–1482)
430:(1475–1476)
245:10,000 dead
188:James Keith
102:Olavinlinna
88:Territorial
2129:Categories
2011:Literature
1926:Healthcare
1763:Parliament
1726:Government
1542:Winter War
1495:Cudgel War
1485:Prehistory
1176:2020-12-20
1151:2020-12-20
1061:References
998:Kymi River
895:Peter Lacy
692:) towards
670:Peter Lacy
98:Kymi River
2035:Mythology
1931:Languages
1916:Education
1870:Transport
1773:President
1736:Judiciary
1716:Elections
1673:Jyväskylä
1626:Provinces
1579:Geography
1532:Civil War
1398:cite book
1027:in 1812.
970:Kronstadt
871:Pikkuviha
560:Stockholm
495:(1808–09)
388:1350–1351
383:1348–1349
378:1338–1339
373:1321–1323
363:1311–1314
358:1300–1301
353:1293–1295
348:1283–1284
343:1256–1257
338:1249–1250
328:1236–1237
318:1227–1228
80:victory;
2109:Category
2006:Folklore
1948:Religion
1896:Abortion
1855:Taxation
1845:Startups
1825:Industry
1751:Military
1694:Politics
1680:Wildlife
1653:Helsinki
1469:articles
1031:See also
849:General
835:Pellinki
827:Pellinge
812:Koivisto
734:Koivisto
227:Strength
62:Location
2086:Outline
1996:Cuisine
1963:Culture
1941:Swedish
1936:Finnish
1884:Society
1865:Tourism
1792:Economy
1658:Tampere
1631:Regions
1606:Islands
1601:Geology
1477:History
1465:Finland
1013:Finnish
990:Finnish
962:lantdag
926:Swedish
867:Finnish
831:Finnish
808:Finnish
800:Swedish
762:Finnish
730:Finnish
722:Swedish
698:Finnish
690:Viipuri
686:Finnish
678:Swedish
645:Finnish
633:Finnish
576:Münnich
572:Prudnik
530:in the
90:changes
78:Russian
2114:Portal
1986:Cinema
1971:Anthem
1823:
1814:Energy
1643:Rivers
1467:
1423:
1371:
1352:online
1128:online
804:Björkö
726:Björkö
682:Viborg
674:Vyborg
649:Hamina
639:) and
596:Vyborg
536:Sweden
520:Russia
470:(1656)
445:(1499)
154:Sweden
110:Hamina
94:Russia
74:Result
2093:Index
2062:Sport
2057:Sauna
2030:Music
2025:Media
1921:Finns
1901:Crime
1663:Turku
1636:Åland
1611:Lakes
1415:[
1388:[
1363:[
994:Turku
945:]
922:Turku
888:Korpo
855:Åland
839:Borgå
823:Hangö
792:]
781:]
770:Kotka
751:Reval
2001:Flag
1756:NATO
1668:Oulu
1421:ISBN
1404:link
1369:ISBN
982:Umeå
936:and
877:1743
873:).
859:Kemi
753:and
740:1742
664:1741
516:Hats
506:The
418:1448
413:1444
408:1411
403:1399
398:1396
393:1395
368:1318
333:1240
323:1229
313:1187
308:1164
303:1142
108:and
54:Date
1981:Art
1741:Law
1338:doi
930:Åbo
659:War
2131::
1400:}}
1396:{{
1298:^
1242:^
1227:^
1212:^
1197:^
1168:.
1143:.
1110:–
1015::
992::
943:sv
928::
906:.
869::
833::
810::
806:,
802::
790:ru
779:ru
764::
732::
728:,
724::
700::
688::
684:,
680::
655:.
647::
635::
624:.
562:,
1457:e
1450:t
1443:v
1429:.
1406:)
1377:.
1340::
1179:.
1154:.
1011:(
988:(
924:(
865:(
829:(
798:(
720:(
696:(
676:(
643:(
631:(
277:e
270:t
263:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
