War of the Austrian Succession

5869: 3700: 5785: 5765: 892: 389: 261: 1012: 697: 685: 673: 659: 645: 317: 3422: 4192: 5729: 971: 509: 497: 483: 1021: 800: 788: 776: 762: 748: 733: 711: 4180: 577: 563: 5905: 202: 230: 331: 3405:) was increasingly worried about the Austrian army operating so close to his borders and decided to assist the Spaniards. Together a combined army of French, Spanish and Neapolitans surprised the Austrian army on the night of 16–17 June 1744. The Austrians were routed from three important hills around the town of Velletri during the attack. This battle is sometimes called the "Battle of Nemi" after the small town of Nemi located nearby. Because of this surprise attack, the combined army was able to take possession of the town of Velletri. Thus, the surprise attack has also been called the "first 4882:

Mathews fought with spirit but in a disorderly way, breaking the formation of his fleet, and showing no power of direction, while Navarro's smaller fleet retained cohesion and fought off the energetic but confused attacks of its larger enemy until the arrival of the French fleet forced the heavily damaged British fleet to withdraw. The Spanish fleet then sailed to Italy where it delivered a fresh army and supplies that had a decisive impact upon the war. The mismanagement of the British fleet in the battle, by arousing deep anger among the people, led to a drastic reform of the British navy.

5801: 5853: 958: 469: 457: 445: 431: 2654: 980: 549: 537: 523: 217: 2428: 1954: 1753: 5833: 45: 2232: 187: 2761: 628: 300: 4637: 3216: 3375: 3496: 718: 3352:, who became Philip V in Spain. Spain's dominance of Italy and Italian territories subsequently passed to Austria. Now the symmetry of foreign policy interests in regards to Italy existed between Bourbon France and Bourbon Spain with Habsburg Austria usually in opposition. King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia had followed the long-established foreign policy of Savoy of opposing Spanish interference in northern Italy. Now in 1744, Savoy was faced with a grandiose military plan of the combined Spanish and French armies (called the 5817: 4410:, which broke out in 1739 in consequence of the long disputes between Britain and Spain over their conflicting claims in America. The war was remarkable for the prominence of privateering on both sides. It was carried on by the Spaniards in the West Indies with great success, and actively at home. The French were no less active in all seas. Mahé de la Bourdonnais's attack on Madras partook largely of the nature of a privateering venture. The British retaliated with vigour. The total number of captures by French and Spanish 1052: 345: 998: 880: 866: 5885: 3418:

fled through a window of the palace where he was staying and rode off half-dressed on horseback out of the town. This was the second Battle of Velletri. The failure of the raid on Velletri meant that the Austrian march toward Naples was over. The defeated Austrians were ordered north where they could be used in the Piedmont of northern Italy to assist the King of Sardinia against the Prince of Conti. Count de Gages followed the Austrians north with a weak force. Meanwhile, the King of Naples returned home.

5745: 374: 246: 2880: 4915:, where he learnt that Sir John Norris was at hand with twenty-five sail of the line, and thereupon precipitately retreated. The military expedition prepared at Dunkirk to cross under cover of De Roquefeuil's fleet naturally did not start. The utter weakness of the French at sea, due to long neglect of the fleet and the bankrupt state of the treasury, was shown during the Jacobite rising of 1745, when France made no attempt to profit by the distress of the British government. 2944: 3041: 1861: 4814: 3893: 617: 3649: 8226: 1039: 932: 920: 906: 274: 3858: 989: 605: 591: 288: 3562: 4265:. The first French force sent against Cuddalore was surprised and defeated nearby by the forces of the Nawab and the British garrison in December 1746. Early in 1747 a second expedition laid siege to Fort St David but withdrew on the arrival of a British naval squadron in March. A final attempt in June 1748 avoided the fort and attacked the weakly fortified town of Cuddalore itself, but was routed by the British garrison. 1030: 854: 842: 828: 814: 403: 358: 2309: 2295: 2449: 2281: 2253: 2561: 2505: 2045: 2031: 2491: 2337: 2323: 2547: 2477: 2463: 2267: 2239: 2073: 2017: 2003: 1989: 2533: 2519: 2435: 2087: 2059: 1975: 4853:(December 1741). The French admiral told Haddock that he would support the Spaniards if they were attacked and Haddock retired. France and Great Britain were not yet openly at war, but both were engaged in the struggle in Germany—Great Britain as the ally of the Queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa; France as the supporter of the Bavarian claimant of the empire. Navarro and de Court went on to 1961: 4227:, Madras was weakly fortified and had only a small garrison, reflecting the thoroughly commercial nature of the European presence in India hitherto. On 10 September, only six days after the arrival of the French force, Madras surrendered. The terms of the surrender agreed by Bourdonnais provided for the settlement to be ransomed back for a cash payment by the 1733:, which confirmed the principle of female inheritance. However, it also modified the 1703 agreement by placing the rights of his own children first and after his first child Maria Theresa was born in 1717, Charles' internal and external policy was dominated by ensuring her succession ahead of his two nieces. Prior to their respective marriages to 3009:, but despite this, Austria and Saxony continued the war. Prussian requests for French support were ignored; Louis had been warned by his ministers state finances were increasingly strained, making it important to focus their efforts. One area was the Netherlands, particularly after British troops were recalled to deal with the 3367:, the Supreme commander of all Spanish forces. The Prince of Conti felt that the Marquis "deferred blindly to all orders coming from Spain" without any consideration of the realities on the ground. In preparation for the military campaign the Gallispan forces sought to cross the Alps in June 1744 and regroup the army in 1827:

driven by a combination of geography, and the superiority of the British navy, which made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. The expectation was military victory in Europe would compensate for any colonial losses; in 1748, France recovered possessions like

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The Dutch, having by this time joined Great Britain, made a serious addition to the naval power opposed to France, though the Dutch Republic was compelled by the necessity for maintaining an army in Flanders to play a very subordinate part at sea. Not being stimulated by formidable attack, and having

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Empress Maria Theresa was frustrated with the failure of Lobkowitz to stop the advance of Gages. Accordingly, Lobkowitz was replaced with Count Schulenburg. A change in the command of the Austrians, encouraged the Bourbon allies to strike first in the spring of 1745. Accordingly, Count de Gages moved

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After 1745, Germany ceased to be an active military theatre; although Frederick knew Maria Theresa still intended to regain Silesia, both sides needed a period of peace in order to re-organise. French objectives were less clear; for centuries, the central plank of its foreign policy was weakening the

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prevented them from taking full advantage of their victories earlier in the year. This was offset by similar divisions among their opponents; Charles Emmanuel was reluctant to see the Bourbons expelled from Italy, leaving the Habsburgs as the dominant power, while his territorial ambitions could only

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On the afternoon of 16 May, Charles of Lorraine's cavalry ran into Leopold's rearguard. Leopold recognized he was in contact with the Austrian main force and so accelerated his march ahead to close the gap with Frederick. At 2:00 am on 17 May, his exhausted troops stopped at the small village of

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Maria Theresa was also helped by deep divisions among her opponents and Frederick's duplicity. Hoping to weaken Saxony, on 9 October he signed the Klein–Schnellendorf agreement with Neipperg and in what is now considered a memorable act of diplomatic subterfuge, the Austrians surrendered Neisse after

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Although the Austrian army was a mere shadow of its former self, when they returned to Genoa, the Austrians were soon in control of northern Italy. The Austrians occupied the Republic of Genoa on 6 September 1746. But they met with no success in their forays towards the Alps. Soon Genoa revolted and

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with an Austrian corps struck at the allies on the Lower Po, and cut off their communication with the main body of the Gallispan army in Piedmont. A series of minor actions thus completely destroyed the great concentration of Gallispan troops and the Austrians reconquered the Duchy of Milan and took

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the same day. Although technically all allies, Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria had no desire to see France established in the Empire, nor to see one another gain relative ground. Maria Theresa ended Austria's secret truce with Frederick, first releasing the details. The Austrians assembled a second army

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and bombardment of enemy ports, and also utilized their ability to move troops by sea to the utmost. They would harass enemy shipping and attack enemy outposts, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort. This plan worked better in North America than in Europe, but set the

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between the British and a Franco-Spanish fleet. On 11 February, a most confused battle was fought, in which the van and centre of the British fleet was engaged with the Spanish rear and centre of the allies. Lestock, who was on the worst possible terms with his superior, took no part in the action.

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caused great joy, but dissatisfaction towards the ruling regime remained. William IV had changed little, did not reckon with his political opponents and, like them, was accused of French sympathies. Many began to think that improvements would not be obtained unless they were violently demanded; and

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surrendered to French forces in May 1748, ending the war was increasingly urgent. Louis XV therefore agreed to return the Austrian Netherlands, whose acquisition had cost so much. Few of his countrymen understood this decision; combined with the lack of tangible benefits for helping Prussia, it led

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In early August 1744, the King of Naples paid a visit in person to the newly captured town of Velletri. Hearing about the presence of the King, the Austrians developed a plan for a daring raid on Velletri. During the predawn hours of 11 August 1744, about 6,000 Austrians under the direct command of

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News of the secret truce badly damaged the relationship between Frederick and his allies, but Emperor Charles asked him to relieve the pressure by invading Moravia. Frederick had used the interval to reorganise his cavalry, previously neglected in favour of the infantry, and who performed poorly at

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signed on 13 September 1743, the government of Genoa became fearful. This fear of diplomatic isolation had caused the Genoese Republic to abandon its neutrality in the war and join the Bourbon cause. Consequently, the Genoese Republic signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of France, Spain

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staged a surprise raid on the town of Velletri. They were attempting to abduct the King of Naples during his stay in the town. However, after occupying Velletri and searching the entire town, the Austrians found no hint of the King of Naples. The King had become aware of what was happening and had

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in 1756. Under the August 'Convention of Hanover', Frederick and George II mutually guaranteed the borders of Hanover and Prussia to each other, and British diplomats tried to persuade Austria to end the Second Silesian War. Franco-Prussian relationships were marked by mutual distrust, while Maria

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Despite the surrender of Freiburg and French advances in the Southern Netherlands, Austria seemed well-positioned at the end of 1744. Frederick's retreat damaged his reputation and weakened his army, but the most significant impact was on Franco-Prussian relations, with Louis accused of failing to

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The British tried to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage this created in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France. In the War of the

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However, Habsburg policy was generally to avoid fighting on too many fronts at the same time; Prussia was the most dangerous, and most difficult to defeat. Although recovering Silesia remained a priority for decades, Maria Theresa was willing to agree a temporary truce with Prussia to improve her

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From 1747 until the close of the war in October 1748, the naval policy of the British government, without reaching a high level, was more energetic and coherent. A closer watch was kept on the French coast, and effectual means were taken to intercept communication between France and her American

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as king of Prussia on 31 May 1740 at the age of 28. Although Prussia had increased in importance over the prior few decades, its disparate and scattered territories prevented it wielding significant power, a reality Frederick intended to change. The death of Emperor Charles VI on 20 October 1740

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for Infante Philip. With French support, Prussia doubled in size with the acquisition of Silesia but twice made peace without informing their ally; Louis XV already disliked Frederick and now viewed him as untrustworthy. In the Dutch Republic the signing of the peace terms, the elevation of the

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as supreme commander calling up Maillebois to his aid. The French, skilfully conducted and marching rapidly, joined forces once more, but their situation was critical, for only two marches behind them the army of the King of Sardinia was in pursuit, and before them lay the principal army of the

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For much of the 18th century, French military strategy focused on potential threats on its eastern and northern borders, which required a strong land army. Its colonies were left to fend for themselves, or given minimal resources, anticipating they would likely be lost anyway. This strategy was

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on 16 June 1746 was hard-fought but ended in an Austrian victory, with the Spanish army heavily mauled. That the army escaped at all was in the highest degree creditable to Maillebois and to his son and chief of staff. Under their leadership the Gallispan army eluded both the Austrians and the

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on 15 August, and by the end of the month, all 80,000 of his troops were in Bohemia. Although Maria Theresa's main objective was to regain Silesia, the speed of the Prussian advance took the Austrians by surprise. On 23 August, Prince Charles withdrew from Alsace to defend Bohemia, with little

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by land and sea, forcing it to surrender on 10 September 1746. In October the French squadron was devastated by a cyclone, losing four ships of the line and suffering heavy damage to four more, and the surviving ships withdrew. French land forces went on to make several attacks on the British

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The war in the West Indies, after two other unsuccessful attacks had been made on Spanish territory, died down and did not revive until 1748. The expedition under Anson sailed late, was very ill-provided, and less strong than had been intended. It consisted of six ships and left Britain on 18

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In Austria, reactions were mixed; Maria Theresa was determined to regain Silesia and resented British support for Prussia's occupation. On the other hand, the Treaty confirmed her right to the Monarchy, while the Habsburgs had survived a potentially disastrous crisis, regained the Austrian

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were equipped and supplied by the state to conduct warfare on behalf of the sovereign's interests. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century.

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which resolved (or postponed resolution) many differences and formed an alliance between the two countries. In 1742, field marshal Count Traun held his own with ease against the Spanish and Neapolitans. On 19 August 1742, Naples was forced by the arrival of a British naval squadron in

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However, storms sank or severely damaged many French ships, while most of Louis' ministers opposed what they considered an expensive and futile diversion of resources. The invasion was cancelled on 11 March, Louis formally declared war on Britain, and in May, a French army invaded the

1795:, and it was weakened by the losses incurred. The situation was compounded by a failure to prepare Maria Theresa for her new role, and many European statesmen were sceptical Austria could survive the contest that would follow Charles' death, which finally came about in October 1740. 3572:

The complicated politics of Italy, however, are reflected in the fact that Count Maillebois was ultimately unable to turn his victory to account. Indeed, early in 1746, Austrian troops, freed by the Austrian peace with Frederick II of Prussia, passed through the Tyrol into Italy,

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Netherlands without fighting and made only minor concessions in Italy. Administrative and financial reforms made it stronger in 1750 than 1740, while its strategic position was strengthened through installing Habsburg allies as rulers of key territories in Northwest Germany, the

3479:). Conti did not, however, succeed in taking the huge fortress at Coni and had to retire into Dauphiné for his winter quarters. Thus, the Gallispan army never did combine with the Spanish army under Count of Gages in the south and now the Austro-Sardinian army lay between them. 1786:

Bavaria and Saxony refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet, while in 1738 France agreed to back the 'just claims' of Charles Albert of Bavaria despite previously accepting the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735. Attempts to offset this involved Austria in the 1733–1735

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positioned so as to command the surrounding regions and roads, with lengthy sieges a common feature of armed conflict. Decisive field battles were relatively rare, though they played a larger part in Frederick's theory of warfare than was typical among his contemporary rivals.

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Sporadic manifestations of hostility between the French and British took place in different seas, but avowed war did not begin until the French government issued its declaration of 30 March, to which Great Britain replied on 31 March. This formality had been preceded by

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As a result, France made no effort to block the election of Duke Francis, who was proclaimed Emperor Francis I on 13 September. Bolstered by this significant political victory, Maria Theresa continued her attempts to regain Silesia, only to be defeated once again at the

4272:, carrying troops and artillery, the British went on the offensive, laying siege to Pondichéry. They enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers over the defenders, but the settlement had been heavily fortified by Dupleix and after two months the siege was abandoned. 4926:

In 1746, a British combined naval and military expedition to the coast of France—the first of a long series of similar ventures which in the end were derided as "breaking windows with guineas"—was carried out during August and October. The aim was the capture of the

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were the site of frequent small scale raids, primarily by French colonial troops and their Indian allies against British targets, although several attempts were made by British colonists to organise expeditions against New France. The most significant incident was

1823:, while the third featured an increasingly global contest between Britain and France. In the end, French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands gave them clear dominance on land, while Britain's victories at sea cemented its place as the dominant naval power. 3926:. The war confirmed the decline of the Dutch Republic, and the dismantlement of the Barrier fortresses marked the end of its period as a great power; combined with a sense they received little value for the subsidies paid to Maria Theresa, Britain moved to 1903:

was better trained and led than its opponents, while its standing army of 80,000 was disproportionately large, at around 4% of its 2.2 million population. To add to these advantages, in April 1739 Frederick ensured Austria faced war on two fronts when

3074:, but it began the war due to concern at British commercial growth post-1713. Since the war in Northern Italy was largely fought to support Spanish aims, this left the Netherlands as the only remaining theatre where France could achieve strategic victory. 2801:. Although Mathews prevented them exiting the Mediterranean and supporting the invasion attempt, he was forced to retreat, which led to his dismissal. Success allowed Spain to land troops in Northern Italy, and in April they captured the important port of 3401:. From June through August 1744, Velletri became the scene of extensive military maneuvering between the French-Spanish army under the command of the Count Gages and the Austrian forces under the command of Prince Lobkowitz The King of Naples (the future 3278:

and a second Spanish army was sent to Italy via France. Sardinia had allied herself with Austria in the Convention of Turin and at the same time neither state was at war with France and this led to curious complications, combats being fought in the

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While the Pragmatic Army were able to continue their retreat, they had to abandon their wounded, and although reinforced by Charles of Lorraine were unable to agree what to do next. Charles later described Allied headquarters as a 'republic', while

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unfolded in a confused way with each side at once anxious to cover its own trade and to intercept that of the other. Capture was rendered particularly desirable for the British by the fact that the Spanish homeward-bound fleet would be laden with

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drolly put it upon hearing his government's boast, namely, that more British merchants were taken because there were many more British merchant ships to take; but partly also because the British government had not yet begun to enforce the use of

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along with mining, weaving and dyeing industries. However, Frederick underestimated Maria Theresa's determination to reverse her loss, while the retention of Austrian fortresses in Southern Silesia meant a quick victory could not be achieved.

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of 157,000, although financial restraints meant its true size was considerably less than that in 1740. Since they had a much greater area to defend, their army was more of "a sieve" than a shield against foreign invasion. In contrast, the

2595:, feeling he had been abandoned by his French allies. Divided at the top, and their troops weakened by disease, the Franco-Bavarian forces offered limited resistance to the Austrian advance; on 9 May, the Bavarians were defeated outside 2914:

Frederick was left dangerously exposed, a situation worsened in early October when Saxony joined the coalition against him as an active belligerent. Under pressure from Charles of Lorraine and a combined Austro-Saxon force under Count

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in March 1742. This allowed him to threaten Vienna; a few Prussian patrols even appeared in the suburbs, before withdrawing. In early May, he took the offensive, and moved into north-east Bohemia; by 16 May, he had 10,000 infantry at

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which confirmed Maria Theresa in her titles but failed to resolve underlying tensions between the signatories, many of whom were unhappy with the terms. France achieved minimal gains for vast expenditure, while the Spanish gained the

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had been stormed by Conti on 20 April 1744. After coming down out of the Alps, Prince Conti began his advance into Piedmont on 5 July 1744. On 19 July 1744, the Gallispan army engaged the Sardinian army in some desperate fighting at

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The campaign in Italy in 1745 was also no mere war of posts. The Convention of Turin of February 1742 (described above), which established a provisional relationship between Austria and Sardinia had caused some consternation in the

4971:'s British squadron took six of his warships. Most of the merchantmen were later intercepted and captured in the West Indies. This disaster convinced the French government of its helplessness at sea, and it made no further effort. 2989:

Bavaria's exit allowed France to focus on the Low Countries, which Saxe persuaded Louis XV provided the best opportunity of defeating Britain, whose financial backing was crucial to the Pragmatic Alliance. He proposed to attack

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while seven days later 10,000 French soldiers surrendered at Linz. On 12 February, Charles Albert of Bavaria was crowned Emperor Charles VII, the first non-Habsburg to hold the position in 300 years, although Bärenklau captured

2817:. As in 1744, they were greatly helped by divisions between the Pragmatic Allies, making it very difficult to formulate a consistent strategy. The British and Hanoverians detested each other, Austrian resources were focused in 4954:

On 14 October, another French convoy, protected by a strong squadron, was intercepted by a well-appointed and well-directed squadron of superior numbers—the squadrons were respectively eight French and fourteen British—in the

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a mock defence. Under the prevailing rules of war, this allowed them to receive a pass to the nearest friendly territory and thus be used against Prussia's allies elsewhere, rather than being taken prisoner. Her best general,

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on 25th. Austria accepted Frederick's ownership of Silesia, while Saxony paid him an indemnity of one million crowns; in return, Prussia accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, acknowledged Francis as Emperor, and evacuated Saxony.

1666:, since Maria Theresa deeply resented Britain's insistence she cede Silesia to make peace and made it her main objective to regain it. At the same time, the war demonstrated that Hanover, then held in personal union with the 4275:

The peace settlement brought the return of Madras to the British company, exchanged for Louisbourg in Canada. However, the conflict between the two companies continued by proxy during the interval before the outbreak of the

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followed this road to the south. But then the Austrian commander, Prince Lobkowitz took the offensive and drove the Spanish army of the Count de Gages further southward towards the Neapolitan frontier near the small town of

3976: 3636:). At this battle, the chevalier, and with him much of the elite of the French nobility, were killed on the barricades. Desultory campaigns continued between the Worms allies and the French until the conclusion of peace at 4673:

corruption, and the squabbles of the naval and military officers concerned caused the failure of a hopeful scheme. On 21 November 1739, Admiral Vernon did, however, succeed in capturing the ill-defended Spanish harbour of

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The aggressiveness of the Spanish in Italy forced Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and King Charles Emmanuel of Sardinia into negotiations in early 1742. These negotiations were held at Turin. Maria Theresa sent her envoy

2963:, followed by the death of Emperor Charles VII on 20 January. Since Maria Theresa's husband, Grand Duke Francis, was the best-supported candidate to replace him, this was a major setback for the Franco-Prussian alliance. 5784: 4910:

was ready to oppose him. But the French force was ill-equipped, the admiral was nervous, his mind dwelt on all the misfortunes which might possibly happen, and the weather was bad. De Roquefeuil came up almost as far as

2907:, hoping to catch the Austrians between his forces, and the Franco-Bavarian army he assumed was in pursuit. However, the Bavarians contented themselves with re-occupying Munich, while the French settled down to besiege 4919:

immediate interests both at home and in Germany, the British government was slow to make use of its latest naval strength. Spain, which could do nothing of an offensive character, was almost neglected. During 1745 the

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where on the night of 8–9 August 1744, (a mere 36 hours before the Spanish army in south of Italy fought the second Battle of Velletri, ) the Gallispan army took the fortress of Demonte from the Sardinians in the

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repeatedly warned of the impending collapse of their financial system. The British naval blockade led to the collapse of French customs receipts and caused severe food shortages, especially among the poor; after

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be captured, the Spanish reduced the risk by increasing the number of convoys, thereby reducing their value. They also increased the number of ports they visited and reduced the predictability of their voyages.

4313: 1935:, with both sides taking up winter quarters. In under two weeks Prussia had occupied most of the richest province in the Holy Roman Empire, containing a population of over one million, the commercial centre of 4800:

from the American mines. The advantage lay with the British when one Spanish warship ran aground and another was captured but the British commander failed to capitalise and the Spanish fleet took shelter in

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time to prepare. After two months of skilful defence by the Spanish, the British attack finally succumbed to a massive outbreak of disease and withdrew having suffered a dreadful loss of lives and ships.

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De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog

2702:. When Tsarina Elizabeth demanded Botta be punished, Maria Theresa refused, and the episode poisoned the relationship between Austria and Russia. Frederick managed to divide his two main opponents, but 3111: 5832: 3969: 3359:

However, in implementing this plan, the Gallispan generals at the front were hampered by the orders of their respective governments. For example, the commander of the French army in the field, the

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as his regent. Whether this amounted to anything more than drunken gossip is disputed; one suggestion is that it was a fabrication by Frederick, designed to remove anti-Prussian opponents, chiefly

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resulted in a return to British naval supremacy which put the French on the defensive. Despite the appearance of another French squadron, the arrival of large-scale British reinforcements under

5868: 4951:, British admiral George Anson's fourteen ships of the line wiped out the French escort of six ships of the line and three armed Indiamen, although in the meantime the merchant ships escaped. 1670:, was vulnerable to Prussian attacks, while many British politicians felt they received little benefit from the enormous subsidies paid to Austria. The result was the realignment known as the 8872: 5244:

was the decisive factor in many wars, as armies had grown too large to support themselves on prolonged campaigns by foraging and plunder alone. Military supplies were stored in centralised

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expedition which took Louisburg (30 April – 16 June) was covered by a British naval force, but little else was accomplished by the naval efforts of any of the belligerents.

4306: 1144: 3889:, much to the fury of British colonists. Neither of the two main protagonists appeared to have gained much for their investment and both viewed the Treaty as an armistice, not a peace. 3590:, the Spaniards marching against Browne. The latter was promptly and heavily reinforced and all that the Spaniards could do was to entrench themselves at Piacenza, Philip, the Spanish 8241: 3283:

valley between the troops of Sardinia and of Spain, in which the French took no part. At the end of 1742, the Duke of Montemar was replaced as head of the Spanish forces in Italy by

2404:. The two victories left the strategic situation unchanged, since Charles was still able to move against Prague, while the Prussian presence in Moravia remained a threat to Vienna. 3333:) royal house. Consequently, the foreign policies of Austria and Spain in regards to Italy had a symmetry of interests and these interests were usually opposed to the interests of 4299: 3804:

was in the poorest condition it had ever been in, its positioning in the estuaries and rivers of Zeeland and Holland, however, prevented French incursions into those provinces.

3104: 2752:. The year ended with Saxony agreeing a pact of mutual defence with Austria, leaving Prussia isolated, and facing a renewed offensive as Maria Theresa sought to regain Silesia. 2982:, in which he agreed to vote for Francis Stephen as Emperor, and made peace with Austria. Prussia was now isolated; attempts by Frederick to divide his opponents by supporting 1193: 1749:

would secure his daughter's throne, since neither would be prepared to allow the other to inherit, but instead he gave his two greatest rivals a claim to the Habsburg lands.

1188: 5852: 4964: 4517: 4458: 2125:; Frederick made serious mistakes in his first battle, and was so close to defeat that his subordinates ordered him to avoid capture and leave the battlefield. His deputy 3632:

on 10 July 1747. However, the defending army of the Worms allies (Austria and Savoy) handed the French army a crushing defeat at this battle, which became known as the (

2919:, the Prussians were forced to retreat; by the time they entered Silesia in late November, Frederick's army was reduced to 36,000, half of whom then died of dysentery. 1300: 3097: 1203: 3274:' own harbour, to withdraw her 10,000 troops from the Montemar force to provide for home defence. The Spanish force under Montemar was now too weak to advance in the 1357: 2650:

told Louis XV he was 'heavily indebted to the irresolutions of George II.' They ended by doing nothing, and in October, took up winter quarters in the Netherlands.

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and not to risk British or Hanoverians troops becoming prisoners of war, which also meant that he refused to put them on garrison duty. The British feared another

1767:. Although held by a Habsburg for over 300 years, it was an elective position and could not be held by a woman. The problem was exacerbated by tensions within the 1330: 1137: 5728: 1414: 1377: 1268: 5904: 3841:

since June 1746; the terms they agreed were then imposed on the other parties at Aix-la-Chapelle. Despite their victories in Flanders, French Finance Minister

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At the beginning of the year, Louis XV insisted Broglie be given command of the Franco-Bavarian forces, creating tension with the Bavarians, and their general

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Frederick had responded to Dettingen by renewing his search for allies, and building up his army once again. In July, the Russian court discovered an alleged

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was unsuccessful, largely due to the incompetence of their commanders. In the north, arguments over strategy, and Spanish accusations of French cowardice at

1419: 7810: 1243: 1228: 5800: 3468: 1335: 1130: 4772:. In late May 1745 two French royal frigates of 36 and 30 guns respectively under Commodore La Touché, plus three privateers in retaliation sailed from 4653:. A plan was laid for combined operations against the Spanish colonies from east and west. One force, military and naval, was to assault them from the 4215:

and of European military ascendancy and political intervention in the subcontinent. Major hostilities began with the arrival of a naval squadron under

2156:, while Neipperg was recalled from Silesia to defend Vienna. Apparently close to defeat, on 21 September Maria Theresa made an emotional speech to the 3238: 8857: 1372: 1198: 4167:

to recover Louisbourg in 1746 failed due to bad weather, disease, and the death of its commander. Louisbourg was returned to France in exchange for

4451: 3617: 2231: 1387: 1367: 1340: 473: 2427: 1953: 4239:. When Bourdonnais was forced to leave India in October after the devastation of his squadron by a cyclone Dupleix reneged on the agreement. The 2408:

position elsewhere. This suited Frederick, who was short of money and men and also suspected France was preparing a separate peace. In June, the

1678:

which had dominated European affairs for centuries, while Prussia allied with Great Britain. These changes set the scene for the outbreak of the

8016: 3819:

to the Rhine, but arrived too late to be of use. Maastricht surrendered on 7 May and on 18 October 1748, the war ended with the signing of the

3737:

in an unsuccessful attempt to divert French forces, while the new Austrian commander, Prince Charles of Lorraine, was defeated by Saxe at the

3688:

of August, 1745 forced the British to transfer troops from Flanders to deal with it. This prompted the French to seize the strategic ports of

1919:, they had fewer than 3,000 troops in Silesia, although this increased to 7,000 shortly before the invasion. They held onto the fortresses of 8867: 8576:"Giving Peace to Europe: European Geopolitics, Colonial Political Culture, and the Hanoverian Monarchy in British North America, ca. 1740–63" 5252:

that were highly vulnerable to enemy raids. Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established

5077: 4216: 2837:, supreme commander of the allied army, disagreed. He was under strict orders of the British government to not risk losing his connection to 2825:

were reluctant to declare war on France, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade Louis to withdraw. The Dutch however did want to protect their

3364: 4999: 1915:

and on 16 December invaded Silesia without a formal declaration of war. Since Austrian military resources were concentrated in Hungary and

4850: 4444: 3528:

and the Tanaro. Together Count de Gages's army and the Gallispan army composed an unusually large number of 80,000 men. A swift march on

3299: 8250: 3699: 8862: 4903: 3789: 846: 5884: 4118:, and did not begin until after formal war declarations of France and Britain reached the colonies in May 1744. The frontiers between 4874: 4834: 4730: 4502: 4000: 3842: 2967: 2848:

As a result, the French made rapid progress, quickly capturing most of the Dutch-held Barrier fortresses along the border, including

2779: 581: 53: 3881:

A commission to negotiate competing territorial claims in North America was set up, but made very little progress. Britain regained

3784:

had ended. William was also appointed head of all the Dutch armed forces. The strategic situation, however, failed to change and at

1815:, along with a wider naval conflict. The war itself can be divided into three separate but connected conflicts, the first being the 3393: 2694:, confessed to the plot after 25 days of torture; they were publicly flogged, and had their tongues removed before being exiled to 8842: 8832: 4992: 4960: 3847: 3811:, which took place to the sound of French artillery firing on Maastricht. Following their 1746 alliance with Austria, an army of 3246: 1763:

Charles was also seeking to ensure the succession of Maria Theresa not just to her family lands but the titles and powers of the

753: 4849:

put to sea. He was followed, but when the British force came in sight of him Navarro had been joined by a French squadron under

5875: 4948: 4250:

crushed by the French, in the first demonstration of the gap in quality that had opened up between European and Indian armies.

3250: 2916: 701: 5744: 3437:

had already been keenly contested before the Prince of Conti and the Gallispan army had come down out of the Alps. First, the

8729: 8710: 8650: 8631: 8564: 8545: 8517: 8498: 8479: 8460: 8432: 8401: 8382: 8363: 8315: 8296: 8277: 8202: 8183: 8164: 8145: 8123: 8097: 8078: 8059: 7988: 7969: 7947: 7909: 7886: 7864: 7798: 7779: 7760: 7337: 2970:

made one last effort to drive the Austrians out of Bavaria, but his demoralised and ill-equipped army was out-manoeuvered by

2635: 2350: 2168:, which ultimately produced 22,000 troops, rather than the promised 60,000, but was an assertion of loyalty long remembered. 4717:

on 15 June 1744. The other vessels had either failed to round the Horn or had been lost. But Anson had harried the coast of

3002:, a success that established French dominance in the Netherlands, and caused bitter disputes between the British and Dutch. 2397: 1741:

in 1719, both nieces were obliged to formally renounce their rights to the inheritance. Charles assumed the rivalry between

461: 3284: 2574: 2222: 2100: 1662:

Prussia, often considered the clearest winner, acquired Silesia from Austria, an outcome that undermined the long-standing

689: 553: 2856:. When an Austrian army under Prince Charles of Lorraine invaded Alsace in early June, Louis went on the defensive in the 1642:, but was close to bankruptcy due to the cost of the war and a crippling British naval blockade. The stalemate led to the 1638:

in 1740, although Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in Northern Italy. By early 1748, France held most of the

5538: 5110: 4246:

intervened in support of the British and advanced to retake Madras, but despite vast superiority in numbers his army was

4171:, generating much anger among the British colonists, who felt they had eliminated a nest of privateers with its capture. 1775:

of Bavaria, Prussia, and Saxony, mirrored by the post-1683 expansion of Habsburg power into lands previously held by the

1616: 513: 393: 265: 5816: 3780:, fearing violence against them, soon appointed William stadtholder. The remaining provinces followed and by 10 May the 3581:, Italy, were brusquely attacked and a French garrison of 6,000 men at Asti was forced to capitulate. At the same time, 2955:

Frederick's position continued to deteriorate; on 8 January, Austria, Britain, the Dutch Republic and Saxony signed the

2868:, a disease often fatal at the time; although he later recovered, this temporarily paralysed the French command system. 717: 2584: 2381: 792: 501: 3532:

drew the Austrian commander thither and in his absence the allies fell upon and completely defeated the Sardinians at

3426: 3360: 2173: 677: 8784: 8678: 8033: 7928: 7045: 5694: 4788: 4554: 3262: 3258: 1895: 1792: 1723: 3487:. However, when this provisional relationship was given a more durable and reliable character in the signing of the 3314:

hailed the Spanish retreat as "the finest military manoeuvre of the whole century". The Spanish-Savoyard War in the

2396:

was inconclusive, but technically a Prussian victory, since the Austrians withdrew. On 24 May, French Field Marshal

8375:

Treatise on Grand Military Operations; a Critical and Military History of the Wars of Frederick the Great, Volume 1

4907: 4769: 4581: 4375: 3832: 3820: 3637: 3624:. As usual the plan of campaign had been referred to Paris and Madrid. A picked corps of the French army under the 3421: 2718: 2710: 2657: 2176:

incorporated them into an army being assembled for a winter offensive to retake Upper Austria, and attack Bavaria.

2126: 1772: 1711: 1643: 1612: 897: 221: 126: 1722:

excluded women from the inheritance, this agreement required approval by the various Habsburg territories and the

8847: 5231:

The War of the Austrian Succession, like most European wars of the eighteenth century, was fought as a so-called

4791:

which also ended in failure and a naval action which arose from an accidental encounter between two convoys. The

4362: 4088: 4058: 4048: 4020: 4015: 2184: 1738: 568: 2971: 8795: 5911: 3927: 3797: 3516:(Prince Conti and Marshal Maillebois had exchanged commands over the winter of 1744–1745) advanced through the 3472: 3168: 2745: 1883: 1691: 1667: 1576: 1273: 74: 4968: 4687: 4662: 4507: 4497: 4148: 4043: 3781: 3326: 2998:, this forcing the Allies to fight on ground of his own choosing. On 11 May, he won a hard-fought victory at 2948: 2698:. Fredrick's supporters referred to it as the "Botta Conspiracy", alleging the involvement of Austrian envoy 2110: 664: 4191: 2986:

for Emperor were unsuccessful, while neither Britain or Russia was willing to mediate for him with Austria.

2959:, which was clearly aimed at Prussia. This was accompanied by ominous signs of Russian military activity in 2152:

from three different points, initially meeting little resistance. Before long, the Austrians had an army at

5430: 4675: 4487: 4390: 4280:, with British and French forces fighting on behalf of rival claimants to the thrones of Hyderabad and the 4010: 3761: 3703: 3625: 2634:, where 23,000 French troops blocked the road. Despite a strong position, mistakes made by their commander 2626:. By late June, the Allies were running short of supplies and withdrew towards the nearest supply depot at 1788: 1715: 833: 5619:

Naval losses: 20 ships of the line, 16 frigates, 20 minor ships, 2,185 merchant ships and 1,738 naval guns

3752:

along the border with the Austrian Netherlands and invaded Dutch Flanders, which they swiftly captured. A

8741:"Domestic politics and the escalation of commercial rivalry: Explaining the War of Jenkins' Ear, 1739–48" 5637:

Naval losses: 14 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 28 minor ships, 3,238 merchant ships and 1,012 naval guns

5122: 5050: 4601: 4196: 4164: 4073: 4068: 3918: 3913: 3438: 3153: 2935:

be achieved at Austrian expense. As a result, neither side could make significant progress in this area.

2195:

and advancing up the Danube towards Linz, while a second column under Johann Bärenklau moved through the

1864: 1675: 884: 32: 8809: 4147:(Île Royale) by an expedition (29 April – 16 June 1745) of colonial militia organised by 8212: 8115: 5791: 5771: 5751: 4912: 4532: 4522: 4228: 4136: 4038: 3886: 3874: 3793: 2768: 2647: 2615: 1730: 1608: 1283: 723: 4857:, where they remained until February 1744. A British fleet watched them, under the command of Admiral 4232: 4110:

The war was also conducted in North America and India. In North America the conflict was known in the

2797:, a combined Franco-Spanish fleet fought an indecisive action with a British naval force commanded by 8852: 7836: 5045: 4928: 4380: 4236: 4083: 3582: 3414: 3406: 3163: 1780: 1699: 936: 8837: 8237: 7874: 5376: 5146: 4939:

possessions. In the spring information was obtained that an important convoy for the East and West

4544: 4243: 3089: 3006: 2121:, threatening to cut the Prussians off. On 10 April, just outside Brieg, they were defeated at the 1707: 1596: 1382: 1020: 799: 787: 775: 761: 747: 732: 710: 336: 68: 8877: 5712: 5196: 4878: 4826: 4792: 4614: 4596: 4564: 4512: 4385: 4342: 3685: 3661: 3459: 3319: 3158: 3148: 3010: 2956: 2794: 2703: 2699: 2684: 1872: 1663: 1501: 1295: 1213: 631: 609: 36: 7037: 7031: 4179: 3057:

on 30 September. On 15 December, the Prussians forced Saxony out of the war with victory in the

2192: 1441: 8882: 7748: 5706: 4749: 4737: 4650: 4606: 4586: 4576: 4559: 4527: 4468: 4427: 4407: 4367: 4208: 4140: 4063: 3870: 3488: 3138: 2983: 2975: 2714: 2661: 2413: 1932: 1888: 1828: 1734: 1553: 1471: 1429: 1320: 1278: 1233: 871: 159: 8599: 8575: 5691:– Anglo-French rivalry in India often seen as a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession. 4695: 4078: 3869:

This was followed in November by a convention between Britain and Russia; in February 1748, a

3077:

Another significant development was the start of the realignment of alliances that became the

2900: 2212: 1446: 5457: 5403: 5322: 5081: 5030: 4845:. When the blockading squadron was forced off by want of provisions, the Spanish admiral Don 4765: 4649:

War on Spain was declared by Great Britain on 23 October 1739, which has become known as the

4291: 4281: 4240: 3934: 3621: 3601: 3574: 3565: 3311: 3295: 3198: 3188: 3183: 3143: 3078: 3058: 3018: 1819:

between Prussia and Austria. In the second, Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in

1746: 1671: 1604: 1592: 1463: 1392: 1253: 1183: 1178: 819: 596: 576: 562: 541: 349: 235: 8071:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures 1500–1999

2653: 8261:

The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800

5700: 5565: 5484: 5192: 4713: 4403: 4347: 4127: 4115: 3986: 3950: 3549: 3533: 3500: 3402: 3378: 3223: 3173: 3022: 2908: 2857: 2814: 2802: 2749: 1812: 1752: 1742: 1639: 1620: 1545: 1529: 1496: 1451: 1248: 997: 879: 865: 379: 251: 5839: 4846: 4837:, Spain was mainly intent on the Italian policy of the king. A squadron was fitted out at 4818: 1843:. In contrast to France, once Britain became engaged in the war, it took advantage of the 44: 8: 5755: 5682: 5628:

Naval losses: 17 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 1,249 merchant ships and 1,276 naval guns

5138: 4741: 4539: 4277: 4030: 3938: 3753: 3711: 3693: 3382: 3342: 3266: 2872: 2760: 2672: 2639: 2393: 2191:. The year ended with Khevenhüller decisively defeating a bigger Franco-Bavarian army at 1887:

provided him with an ideal opportunity to acquire Silesia, but he needed to do so before

1879: 1836: 1679: 1565: 1481: 1424: 1310: 1173: 1051: 911: 488: 344: 7438:

McGill, W. J. (1971). "The Roots of Policy: Kaunitz in Vienna and Versailles, 1749–53".

4787:

The last year of the war saw two significant actions in the Caribbean. A second British

3392:

allowed a road into central Italy. While the Prince of Conti stayed in the north, Count

3237:. In 1741, the allied army of 40,000 Spaniards and Neapolitans under the command of the 2979: 2978:

on 15 April. With most of his electorate once again occupied, on 22 April he signed the

1595:

saw it as an opportunity to challenge Habsburg power, while Maria Theresa was backed by

8762: 8603: 8595: 8342: 8107: 8010: 5895: 5823: 5735: 5715:– France provided limited support to Charles Edward Stuart's invasion of Great Britain. 5676: 5511: 5241: 5016: 4980: 4781: 4636: 4492: 4352: 4184: 4156: 4144: 3785: 3749: 3730: 3681: 3633: 3596: 3442: 3434: 3374: 3341:

and the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the childless last Habsburg monarch (

3203: 3178: 3045: 2999: 2884: 2764: 2188: 2122: 1764: 1656: 1588: 1561: 1557: 1506: 1476: 1362: 1263: 1208: 970: 508: 496: 482: 436: 207: 155: 62: 3717:

During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking

2994:, a vital link in the trading network for Northern Europe, and strongest of the Dutch 2871:

With the bulk of the Austrian army occupied in Eastern France, Frederick launched the

2830: 2741:, guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction, and provided 40,000 troops, paid for by Britain. 858: 8780: 8725: 8706: 8700: 8689: 8674: 8646: 8627: 8607: 8560: 8541: 8513: 8494: 8475: 8456: 8428: 8397: 8378: 8359: 8311: 8292: 8273: 8198: 8179: 8160: 8141: 8119: 8093: 8074: 8055: 8043: 8029: 7984: 7965: 7943: 7924: 7905: 7882: 7860: 7794: 7775: 7756: 7333: 7041: 5349: 5295: 4686:

with massive naval reinforcements and a strong body of troops, an attack was made on

3808: 3801: 3777: 3773: 3722: 3545: 3484: 3389: 3349: 3338: 3230: 3219: 3071: 3062: 3034: 2927: 2775: 2691: 2668: 2631: 2596: 2409: 2132:

On 5 June, Frederick signed an alliance against Austria with France, who crossed the

1768: 1703: 1695: 1652: 1584: 1580: 1541: 1404: 1238: 1011: 957: 696: 684: 672: 658: 644: 616: 528: 468: 456: 444: 430: 322: 279: 192: 151: 8766: 5601:

The amount of British troops on the Continent however never reached above 48,000 men

4219:, carrying troops from France. In September 1746 Bourdonnais landed his troops near 3253:

had out-marched them, captured Modena and forced the Duke to make a separate peace.

2642:. This was the last time a British monarch would personally lead troops in battle. 8752: 8691:

The War of the Austrian Succession, in The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume VII

8591: 8587: 8334: 7815: 7494:

George W. Forrest, "The Siege of Madras in 1746 and the action of La Bourdonnais."

5859: 5843: 5790:

View of the British landing on the island of Cape Breton to attack the fortress of

5204: 5101: 5093: 5035: 4842: 4053: 3882: 3738: 3524:. In the middle of July 1745, the two armies were at last concentrated between the 3334: 3215: 3193: 2680: 2619: 1258: 627: 299: 8338: 7827: 3660:

The Dutch, British and Austrians withdrew from Fontenoy in good order but Tournai

3280: 7512:

The East India Company's Maritime Service, 1746–1834: Masters of the Eastern Seas

7330:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

5891: 5646: 5114: 5040: 4899: 4858: 4357: 4269: 4247: 4224: 4152: 4111: 3909: 3812: 3788:

on 2 July 1747, Saxe won another victory over a British and Dutch army under the

3734: 3629: 3517: 3082:

Theresa resented British attempts to persuade her to accept the loss of Silesia.

2783: 2412:

ended the First Silesian War; Prussian troops withdrew from Bohemia, and Austria

2401: 2196: 2180: 2157: 1315: 1218: 1122: 621: 449: 303: 5092:, Barnett's successor, withdrew to Bengal, leaving Bourdonnais unopposed on the 4694:(9 March – 24 April 1741). The delay had given the Spanish under 3586:

possession of much of northern Italy. The allies separated, Maillebois covering

2372: 7998: 7819: 5679:(1740–1742) – Prussian invasion and ensuing Central European theatre of the war 5188: 5073: 4862: 4822: 4669:

and to fall upon the Pacific coast of Latin America. Delays, bad preparations,

4643: 4549: 4436: 4254: 4223:

and laid siege to the port. Although it was the main British settlement in the

4212: 4204: 3923: 3745: 3653: 3454:

on 18 July 1744. As a result of the battle, the Gallispan army took control of

3291: 3234: 3054: 2995: 2826: 2822: 2806: 2798: 2738: 2726: 2603: 2129:

managed to drag out a victory, both sides losing nearly 25% of their strength.

1908:

of France agreed to attack from the west, while Prussia did so from the north.

1848: 1820: 1804: 1779:. These were the centrifugal forces behind a war that reshaped the traditional 1776: 1648: 1628: 1624: 1600: 1537: 1525: 1345: 1029: 931: 919: 905: 853: 841: 827: 813: 804: 739: 408: 363: 292: 147: 6034: 5685:(1744–1745) – Renewed Prussian invasion and continuation of First Silesian War 1835:

Austrian Succession, the British were allied with Austria; by the time of the

8826: 8757: 8740: 8245: 8232: 8133: 8051: 7957: 5688: 5661: 5249: 5224: 5220: 5208: 5200: 5184: 5089: 4956: 4683: 4658: 4005: 3954: 3536:

on 27 September 1745, a victory which was quickly followed by the capture of

3495: 3455: 3298:

on 8 February 1743. However, the next six months were wasted in inaction and

2786:, and over the winter, 12,000 French troops and transports were assembled at 2730: 2607: 1900: 1816: 1756: 1572: 1549: 1223: 650: 111: 107: 3471:. The King of Sardinia was defeated yet again by Conti in a great Battle at 3302:, joining Traun with reinforcements from Austria, drove back the Spanish to 2879: 2845:

uprising and therefore wanted to be able to send their troops home in time.

2377: 7644:, vol. 1:1, Verlag L. W. Seidel & Sohn, Wien, pp. 372, 432–434, 444–445 5245: 5236: 5216: 5072:

In the East Indies, attacks on French commerce by a British squadron under

4699: 4640: 4253:

The French now turned to the remaining British settlement in the Carnatic,

3930:, rather than Austria, in order to protect Hanover from French aggression. 3451: 2611: 2114: 767: 8325:

Horn, David Bayne (1929). "Saxony in the War of the Austrian Succession".

8254:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45. 5697:– Swedish and Russian participation in the War of the Austrian Succession. 4898:. In February 1744, a French fleet of twenty sail of the line entered the 7033:

Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1754

5846:

politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745

5709:– Anglo-Spanish war which merged into the War of the Austrian Succession. 5232: 5126: 5121:

on the way) gave the British overwhelming dominance on land and sea, but

4920: 4890:

The French scheme to invade Britain was arranged in combination with the

4761: 4726: 4654: 4414:

was in all probability larger than the list of British—as the French wit

4262: 4131: 4123: 3851: 3765: 3707: 3677: 3537: 3318:

continued without much result, the only incident of note being the first

3249:

had allied himself with them, but the vigilant Austrian commander, Count

3026: 2943: 2834: 780: 115: 6035:

Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century

5256:

in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring.

4813: 3680:

soon followed. By the end of July, the French stood on the threshold of

3612:

drove out the Austrians on 5–11 December 1746. As an Allied invasion of

3604:

on 12 August 1746. Then the Austrian army made good its retreat back to

3368: 3040: 2587:. With most of his lands occupied by the Austrians, Charles VII fled to 2179:

While Frederick completed his conquest of Silesia, a French force under

1860: 8420: 8270:

The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748

5775: 5253: 5154: 5149:. Eighteenth-century European armies were built around units of massed 5085: 4891: 4773: 4119: 3862: 3748:

itself was now in danger. In April 1747, the French began reducing the

3669: 2842: 2734: 2136:

on 15 August. A combined Franco-Bavarian force now advanced along the

1847:

to expand it into the colonies. The British pursued a dual strategy of

1844: 924: 8702:

Development of British Naval Thinking: Essays in Memory of Bryan Ranft

8346: 4967:, succeeded in covering the escape of most of the merchant ships, but 3892: 3807:

The French advance lent greater urgency to ongoing peace talks at the

3329:(1701–1714) Spain and Austria had been ruled by branches of the same ( 2368: 1936: 8356:

The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (New Approaches to European History)

7901: 5212: 5157: 5118: 5106: 4984: 4757: 4745: 4744:

in 1742, belligerent naval actions in the Caribbean were left to the

4666: 4411: 4258: 3902: 3648: 3628:(the younger brother of Marshal Belle-Isle) was ordered to storm the 3353: 3346: 3275: 2623: 2389: 2161: 1719: 1706:

became extinct in the male line, these possessions would go first to

1611:. As the conflict widened, it drew in other participants, among them 8138:

God's Playground: A History of Poland; Volume 1: The Origins to 1795

7523:

Jack M. Sosin, "Louisburg and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748."

4748:

of both sides. Fearing great financial and economic losses should a

3684:, the south-western corner of the Dutch Republic. The French-backed 3322:(7–10 October 1743), when an initial French offensive was defeated. 3119: 2392:, still three hours from Kutná Hora. Fought later the same day, the 2148:

on 14 September. Joined by a Saxon army of 20,000, they advanced on

1911:

In early December 1740, the Prussian army assembled along the river

8289:

Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 (Modern Wars in Perspective)

5991: 5150: 4865:

was sent out as commander-in-chief and as Minister to the Court of

4777: 4708: 4691: 4670: 4415: 3769: 3757: 3613: 3529: 3398: 3330: 2865: 2864:

to meet this threat. In early August, he fell dangerously ill with

2737:. In return, Charles Emmanuel renounced his claim to the strategic 2722: 2588: 1905: 1783:; the various legal claims were largely pretexts and seen as such. 1524:

was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in

8231:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

7499: 4838: 4163:(then part of Massachusetts), and assisted by a Royal Navy fleet. 3857: 3721:

and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between

3561: 2892: 2153: 8811:

De geschiedenis van Nederland, aan het Nederlandsche Volk verteld

5223:. Strategic warfare in this period centred around control of key 5180: 5168: 5164: 5142: 5097: 4944: 4932: 4895: 4841:

to convey troops to Italy. It was watched by the British admiral

4797: 4220: 3837:

Negotiations between Britain and France had been taking place at

3816: 3718: 3591: 3587: 3541: 3525: 3463: 3030: 2991: 2960: 2896: 2787: 2695: 2676: 2364: 1924: 1868: 1840: 1635: 141: 5862:

in 1746, between the French and the British, Dutch and Austrians

2774:

Under the 1743 Treaty of Fontainebleau, Louis XV and his uncle,

2360:

Mollwitz; they would prove more effective in the 1742 campaign.

2183:

took Prague on 26 November 1741, allowing the Bavarian elector,

1894:

With a population of 16 million, Austria had an authorised

1729:

Charles succeeded Joseph in 1711 and two years later issued the

1690:

The immediate cause of the war was the death in 1740 of Emperor

5807: 5703:– American participation in the War of the Austrian Succession. 5176: 5160: 4940: 4854: 4802: 4679: 4420: 4261:, which was dangerously close to the main French settlement of 4168: 3896:

Europe in the years after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748

3756:

broke out under the Dutch population, who still remembered the

3689: 3673: 3521: 3345:) had been replaced by the Bourbon grandson of the French king 3307: 3303: 3271: 3242: 2931: 2911:, a town of far less importance to Maria Theresa than Bohemia. 2904: 2838: 2818: 2592: 2217: 2200: 2149: 2141: 2137: 1920: 988: 604: 590: 287: 103: 8624:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

8003:

History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great

7476: 5076:

in 1745 led to the despatch of a French squadron commanded by

4321: 3552:

calls the concentration of forces which effected the victory "

2725:, the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the river 8873:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

7940:

The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America

7671:

K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 620–621, 626–627

5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5172: 4866: 4725:

and had captured a Spanish galleon of immense value near the

4718: 4160: 3838: 3726: 3665: 3620:, took the offensive (1747). Genoa held out against a second 3605: 3509: 3492:

and Naples. On 26 June 1745, Genoa declared war on Sardinia.

3476: 2853: 2849: 2627: 2133: 2118: 1928: 1916: 1808: 1533: 1038: 979: 548: 536: 522: 216: 7370: 7358: 4203:

The war marked the beginning of a powerful struggle between

3908:

Of the other combatants, Spain retained its predominance in

2690:

Anna Bestuzhev, wife of his brother Mikhail, and her friend

2211:

On 17 January, von Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at

6903: 6879: 6711: 6639: 6627: 6576: 6219: 4947:. The convoy was intercepted by Anson on 3 May, and in the 4733:. His cruise was a great feat of resolution and endurance. 4722: 3578: 3446: 3315: 2861: 2706:

remained in place, leaving the overall position unchanged.

2145: 1931:, but abandoned the rest of the province and withdrew into 1912: 1831:, in return for withdrawing from the Austrian Netherlands. 8538:

In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730

7879:

British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–1793

6605: 6603: 6554: 6552: 5979: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5927: 5109:, but the eventual replacement of the negligent Peyton by 3512:, the Gallispan army in the Alps under the new command of 2887:; his position at the end of 1744 was extremely precarious 8048:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

6747: 6431: 6429: 6327: 4736:

After the failure of the British invasions and a Spanish

3013:. The other was Italy, where a Franco-Spanish army under 2630:, the road to which ran through Dettingen, now a part of 8816:

The history of the Netherlands, told to the Dutch nation

7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7298: 7296: 7239: 6939: 6315: 6135: 6039: 5610:

Authorised strength in 1747, actual closer to 90,000 men

4235:, the governor general of the Indian possessions of the 3941:, which was even grander in scale than its predecessor. 6995: 6993: 6951: 6927: 6891: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6759: 6723: 6699: 6675: 6600: 6549: 6537: 6513: 6501: 6477: 6441: 6380: 6378: 6195: 6051: 5948: 4756:

In 1744, a British force of 300 men accompanied by two

3933:

These factors led to the realignment known as the 1756

3854:

could no longer protect their colonies or trade routes.

3265:. On 1 February 1742, Schulenburg and Ormea signed the 6867: 6651: 6615: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6390: 6303: 6267: 6255: 6123: 6063: 4764:

successfully captured the French half of neighbouring

3325:

In 1744, the Italian war became serious. Prior to the

2778:

agreed on joint action against Britain. This included

1698:, often collectively referred to as Austria. The 1703 7857:

From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power

7808:

Baugh, Daniel A (2004). "Mathews, Thomas 1676–1751".

7662:

K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 639, 642

7547: 7530: 7293: 7209: 7036:. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press. p. 6915: 6735: 6588: 6564: 6525: 6453: 6363: 6291: 6279: 6231: 6087: 6075: 3363:, could not get along with, or even reason with, the 1759:, whose succession was the proximate cause of the war 7734:

K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 585–586

7725:

K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 661–662

7680:

K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 610–611

7653:

K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 589–590

7469: 7467: 7382: 6990: 6687: 6375: 6339: 6003: 5132: 4965:

Henri-François des Herbiers, Marquis de l'Estenduère

3912:

and made minor gains in Northern Italy, gaining the

2876:

interference from the French due to Louis' illness.

2833:

thus argued to engage the French in the open field.

1718:, then those of Charles, his younger brother. Since 8112:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

7921:

America or Europe?: British Foreign Policy, 1739–63

6771: 6465: 6351: 6243: 6207: 6183: 6111: 6099: 4268:With the arrival of a naval squadron under Admiral 2748:in October, and Louis XV began plans to invade the 8797:Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen deel 4 6171: 6159: 6147: 5967: 5806:The British fleet bombarding the Corsican port of 4894:leaders, and soldiers were to be transported from 3696:, threatening Britain's links to mainland Europe. 1803:On land, fighting focused on three main theatres, 1152: 92:16 December 1740 – 18 October 1748 8472:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 7464: 7351: 7349: 7265: 7263: 7184: 7182: 7118: 7116: 7088: 7086: 7084: 6663: 6489: 3600:Sardinians and defeated an Austrian corps in the 2951:, elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745 2891:By mid-September, Frederick had captured Prague, 8824: 8373:Jomini, General Baron Antoine Henri de (2015) . 5141:was characterised by the widespread adoption of 4466: 3871:Russian corps of 37,000 arrived in the Rhineland 3618:Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle 3577:after a siege. The Gallispan winter quarters at 3233:was collected for the purpose of conquering the 2591:, from where he initiated talks with Vienna and 354: 164:All other territories restored to pre-war owners 8694:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 416–439. 7716:K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 573 7707:K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 601 7698:K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 602 7689:K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 605 7286: 7284: 4875:French preparations for the invasion of England 3710:of all the Dutch provinces after the bloodless 3643: 3085: 2974:, while a Franco-Bavarian army was defeated at 2721:from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in 1771:, caused by dramatic increases in the size and 1486: 327: 8308:A History of Modern Germany, Vol. 2: 1648–1840 7346: 7260: 7179: 7113: 7081: 5774:and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine before 5117:(who considered but did not make an attack on 4707:September 1740. Anson returned alone with his 3984: 3733:in April, the British launched a diversionary 2618:, who was attending the enthronement of a new 94:(7 years, 10 months and 2 days) 7332:. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO. p. 746. 5000: 4452: 4307: 3970: 3371:uniting there with the army on the lower Po. 3105: 1138: 8773: 8722:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas 8557:Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion 8286: 8026:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough 7814:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7753:The War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748 7588: 7586: 7496:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7364: 7281: 6717: 6633: 5997: 5985: 5942: 4776:to invade and capture the British colony of 3729:. After defeating the Jacobite Rebellion at 3553: 3048:in May 1745 re-established French confidence 3005:On 4 June, Frederick won a major victory at 2363:In December 1741, von Schwerin had captured 8745:European Journal of International Relations 7791:Frederick the Great; The Magnificent Enigma 7023: 5259: 3300:Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz 8807: 8739:Young, Patricia T.; Levy, Jack S. (2011). 8664:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 8413:The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias 8068: 8015:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7482: 7072: 6045: 5961: 5007: 4993: 4817:The Franco-Spanish fleet commanded by Don 4459: 4445: 4314: 4300: 4231:. However, this concession was opposed by 3977: 3963: 3616:stalled, and the French, now commanded by 3229:In central Italy an army of Spaniards and 3112: 3098: 2109:Early in the year, an Austrian army under 1634:Prussia occupied the Austrian province of 1145: 1131: 8756: 8738: 8671:War in the Age of Enlightenment 1700–1789 8640: 8540:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8535: 8510:The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire 8491:Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland's bloody defeat 8211: 7583: 6519: 6447: 6141: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 4906:, before the British force under Admiral 4780:but were repelled with heavy loss in the 3792:and Cumberland; the French then besieged 226: 198: 8858:Rebellions against the Habsburg monarchy 8793: 8573: 8507: 8176:The French Navy and the Seven Years' War 8023: 7978: 7956: 7937: 7747: 7376: 7029: 6957: 6933: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6765: 6729: 6705: 6681: 6645: 6609: 6582: 6558: 6543: 6507: 6483: 6435: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6333: 6309: 6273: 6261: 6225: 6129: 6093: 6057: 5129:organised by Boscawen was unsuccessful. 4812: 4661:. Another, to be commanded by Commodore 4635: 4190: 4178: 3891: 3878:to the phrase "as stupid as the Peace". 3856: 3800:, which fell in September. Although the 3698: 3647: 3560: 3494: 3420: 3373: 3214: 3039: 2942: 2878: 2759: 2652: 1859: 1751: 399: 370: 242: 183: 8687: 8668: 8643:Frederick the Great: A Military History 8488: 8410: 8305: 8267: 8106: 7997: 7811:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7628: 6873: 6657: 6621: 6069: 2713:, Maria Theresa and Britain agreed the 2660:, who entered the war by the September 1694:(1685–1740) and the inheritance of the 8825: 8621: 8554: 8531:(in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris. 8526: 8469: 8453:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 8419: 8394:Aspects of European History, 1494–1789 8372: 8353: 8258: 8236: 8132: 7895: 7788: 7769: 7604: 7592: 7568: 7541: 7437: 7408:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 7327: 7302: 7245: 7215: 6999: 6921: 6753: 6741: 6693: 6594: 6570: 6531: 6459: 6384: 6369: 6345: 6321: 6297: 6285: 6237: 6213: 6015: 6009: 5910:Taking and looting of the fortress of 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5014: 4665:, afterwards Lord Anson, was to round 4423:so strictly as it did in later times. 3555:Le plus remarquable de toute la Guerre 3356:army) for conquest of northern Italy. 3337:controlled France. However, since the 8659: 8450: 8441: 8425:Frederick the Great on the Art of War 8192: 8154: 8042: 7918: 7873: 7854: 7834: 7807: 7772:A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918 7616: 6945: 6777: 6669: 6495: 6471: 6357: 6249: 6189: 6105: 5973: 5145:in combination with more traditional 4988: 4682:. When Vernon had been joined by Sir 4440: 4295: 3958: 3294:had achieved a victory over Traun at 3093: 2638:, allowed the Allies to win a narrow 1491: 1126: 16:1740–1748 war between European powers 8868:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 8719: 8698: 8324: 8173: 8157:Frederick the Great: A Military Life 8087: 6201: 6177: 6153: 6117: 6081: 4963:which followed, the French admiral, 4851:Claude-Élisée de Court de La Bruyère 4406:of this war were entangled with the 3826: 3247:Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena 2926:In Italy, an Austrian attack on the 2744:France and Spain responded with the 2308: 8391: 7923:. University College London Press. 6165: 4287: 3261:and King Charles Emmanuel sent the 2938: 2755: 2419: 2206: 1945: 1855: 1839:, they were allied with its enemy, 13: 8446:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Pub. 8219:. Vol. II. London: MacMillan. 7981:The War of the Austrian Succession 4904:Jacques Aymar, comte de Roquefeuil 4885: 4821:drove off the British fleet under 3917:Prince of Orange and the birth of 2294: 2221:of 28,000 to retake Prague, under 462:François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie 14: 8894: 8863:Wars involving the Dutch Republic 8779:(in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw. 5734:The Prussian infantry during the 5133:Military methods and technologies 2610:, on the north bank of the river 2448: 2280: 2252: 8377:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 8224: 8178:. University of Nebraska Press. 7983:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 7728: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7642:Oesterreichischer Erbfolge-Krieg 7634: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7574: 7517: 7504: 7488: 7455: 7446: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7400: 7391: 7328:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). 7321: 7308: 7272: 7251: 7230: 7221: 7200: 7191: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7125: 7104: 7095: 5903: 5883: 5867: 5851: 5831: 5815: 5799: 5783: 5763: 5743: 5727: 5655: 4961:Second Battle of Cape Finisterre 4808: 4195:British Admiral Edward Boscawen 3944: 3833:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) 3475:on 30 September 1744 near Coni ( 2782:, aimed at restoring the exiled 2733:, along with lands south of the 2711:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 2679:, with his mother Grand Duchess 2658:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 2560: 2559: 2545: 2531: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2489: 2475: 2461: 2447: 2433: 2426: 2335: 2321: 2307: 2293: 2279: 2265: 2251: 2237: 2230: 2085: 2071: 2057: 2044: 2043: 2030: 2029: 2015: 2001: 1987: 1973: 1959: 1952: 1852:stage for the Seven Years' War. 1050: 1037: 1028: 1019: 1010: 996: 987: 978: 969: 956: 930: 918: 904: 890: 878: 864: 852: 840: 826: 812: 798: 786: 774: 760: 746: 731: 716: 709: 695: 683: 671: 657: 643: 626: 615: 603: 589: 575: 561: 547: 535: 521: 507: 495: 481: 467: 455: 443: 429: 401: 387: 372: 356: 343: 329: 315: 298: 286: 272: 259: 244: 228: 215: 200: 185: 43: 8574:Robinson, Daniel (April 2016). 8529:Batailles françaises; Volume VI 8242:Austrian Succession, War of the 8090:History of the House of Austria 7640:K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896); 7500:https://doi.org/10.2307/3678377 7410:, Longman, London, 2003, p. 259 7063: 7054: 7014: 7005: 6981: 6972: 6963: 5670: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5219:and played the leading role in 4974: 4949:First Battle of Cape Finisterre 3025:on 27 September, then captured 2903:; he now advanced up the river 2490: 2380:, and another 18,000 men under 2336: 2322: 2104:Central European campaign, 1741 1674:. Austria and France ended the 8843:1740s in the Habsburg monarchy 8833:War of the Austrian Succession 8818:] (in Dutch). Leiden; z.j. 8600:10.5309/willmaryquar.73.2.0291 8592:10.5309/willmaryquar.73.2.0291 8580:The William and Mary Quarterly 8512:. Princeton University Press. 8358:. Cambridge University Press. 8310:. Princeton University Press. 8287:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). 7881:. Cambridge University Press. 5651:Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg 5604: 5595: 5265: 5063:War of the Austrian Succession 4768:, occupying it until the 1748 4627:War of the Austrian Succession 4432: 4325:War of the Austrian Succession 4101:War of the Austrian Succession 3499:The Genoese charge during the 3123:War of the Austrian Succession 2780:a proposed invasion of Britain 2546: 2476: 2462: 2266: 2238: 2072: 2016: 2002: 1988: 1793:Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 1522:War of the Austrian Succession 1156:War of the Austrian Succession 1117:Total: 750,000 dead or wounded 26:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 8626:. W.W. Norton & Company. 8327:The English Historical Review 8217:A History of the British Army 8195:The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830 8069:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017) . 7774:. Bloomsbury Academic Press. 7514:(Boydell & Brewer, 2010). 5920: 5695:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 4833:While Anson was pursuing his 4731:circumnavigation of the world 3873:. Although the Dutch city of 3782:Second Stadtholderless Period 3664:and through a swift advance, 3327:War of the Spanish Succession 2675:, and restore three-year old 2532: 2518: 2434: 2086: 2058: 1974: 1889:Augustus of Saxony and Poland 1798: 1685: 1571:Its pretext was the right of 77:(14 July – 18 September 1747) 8442:Mahan, J. Alexander (1932). 8155:Duffy, Christopher (2015) . 7938:Borneman, Walter R. (2007). 7828:UK public library membership 4199:in the later months of 1748. 4122:and the British colonies of 3644:The Low Countries, 1745–1748 3433:The war in the Alps and the 3290:In 1743, the Spanish on the 3086:Italian Campaigns, 1741–1747 2984:Frederick Augustus of Saxony 1960: 1789:War of the Polish Succession 1735:Frederick Augustus of Saxony 1607:, collectively known as the 1544:. Related conflicts include 7: 8794:De Jonge, Cornelis (1861). 8774:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002). 8669:Starkey, Armstrong (2003). 8555:Riding, Jacqueline (2016). 8415:. New York: The Dial Press. 8339:10.1093/ehr/XLIV.CLXXIII.33 8213:Fortescue, Sir John William 8140:. Oxford University Press. 7898:European Warfare, 1660–1815 7789:Asprey, Robert B. (2007) . 4935:, but it was not attained. 4789:assault on Santiago de Cuba 3914:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 3021:defeated the Sardinians at 2685:Chancellor Bestuzhev-Ryumin 2614:. Here they were joined by 1865:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1093:148,000 killed and wounded 1071:158,400 killed and wounded 56:Nuestra Señora de Covadonga 10: 8899: 8808:Van Lennep, Jacob (1880). 8660:Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965). 8641:Showalter, Dennis (2012). 8411:Lincoln, W. Bruce (1981). 8174:Dull, Jonathan R. (2007). 8116:Cambridge University Press 7979:Browning, Reed S. (1993). 7741: 7525:William and Mary Quarterly 7030:Cranston, Maurice (1991). 5719: 5187:were used principally for 4978: 4425: 4229:British East India Company 3948: 3887:Louisbourg, in Nova Scotia 3885:, in return for restoring 3830: 3652:Map of the Low Countries; 2769:Maurice Quentin de La Tour 2648:Adrien Maurice de Noailles 2599:, by Charles of Lorraine. 1731:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 1106:14,630 killed and wounded 1100:26,400 killed and wounded 1078:23,100 killed and wounded 8688:Thomson, Mark A. (1957). 8536:Pritchard, James (2004). 8527:Périni, Hardÿ de (1896). 8508:Mitchell, A Wess (2018). 8489:McNally, Michael (2017). 8268:Harding, Richard (2013). 7440:Journal of Modern History 5876:Battle of Cape Finisterre 5059: 5026: 4929:French East India Company 4770:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 4623: 4478: 4338: 4097: 3996: 3928:align itself with Prussia 3760:, and they demanded that 3630:fortified pass of Exilles 3583:Maximilian Ulysses Browne 3462:. Conti then moved on to 3134: 2947:Maria Theresa's husband, 2354:Bohemia and Moravia, 1742 1781:European balance of power 1739:Charles Albert of Bavaria 1700:Mutual Pact of Succession 1644:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1164: 1116: 1060: 945: 419: 174: 127:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 84: 42: 30: 25: 8758:10.1177/1354066109350054 8622:Rodger, Brendan (2005). 8444:Maria Theresa of Austria 8392:Lee, Stephen J. (1984). 8354:Ingrao, Charles (2000). 8259:Hanlon, Gregory (1997). 8197:. Taylor & Francis. 8193:Dwyer, Philip G (2001). 8024:Chandler, David (1990). 7498:2 (1908): 189–234. DOI: 7397:Black (1999), pp. 97–100 5260:Strength of armies, 1740 5137:European warfare in the 5096:. He landed troops near 4244:Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan 4174: 3821:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 3251:Otto Ferdinand von Traun 2883:Frederick the Great, by 2382:Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau 2187:, to be crowned King of 1112:7,840 killed and wounded 1085:3,000 killed and wounded 502:Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau 450:Maurice, Count of Saxony 8720:Vego, Milan N. (2003). 8699:Till, Geoffrey (2006). 8662:Spain: A Modern History 8251:Encyclopædia Britannica 8088:Coxe, William (2010) . 7896:Black, Jeremy (1994b). 7406:Hochedlinger, Michael; 6000:, p. 12 & 103. 5713:Jacobite rising of 1745 5197:tactical communications 4001:Planned French invasion 3758:French invasion of 1672 3754:general anger and panic 3626:Chevalier de Belle-Isle 3595:Austrians. The pitched 3566:Infante Philip of Spain 3460:Battle of Casteldelfino 3320:Battle of Casteldelfino 3011:Jacobite rising of 1745 2966:Charles' son and heir, 2746:Second Pacte de Famille 2704:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 2700:Antoniotto Botta Adorno 1714:, daughters of Emperor 1664:Anglo-Austrian Alliance 1575:to succeed her father, 1502:Jacobite rising of 1745 75:Siege of Bergen op Zoom 37:Austro-Prussian rivalry 33:French–Habsburg rivalry 8848:18th-century conflicts 8470:McLynn, Frank (2008). 8306:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 8073:. McFarland & Co. 8028:. Spellmount Limited. 8005:. Vol. V. London. 7919:Black, Jeremy (1998). 7820:10.1093/ref:odnb/18332 5650: 5078:Mahé de la Bourdonnais 4835:voyage round the world 4830: 4646: 4217:Mahé de la Bourdonnais 4200: 4188: 4141:Fortress of Louisbourg 3897: 3866: 3714: 3657: 3569: 3554: 3504: 3489:Treaty of Worms (1743) 3430: 3385: 3226: 3049: 2952: 2888: 2771: 2664: 2400:won a minor action at 2384:a day's march behind. 1876: 1760: 1168:Flanders and the Rhine 420:Commanders and leaders 8451:McKay, Derek (1983). 8396:. London: Routledge. 7962:The Duke of Newcastle 7855:Black, James (1999). 7257:Browning, pp. 287–288 7176:Browning, pp. 142–143 7167:Browning, pp. 186–188 7149:Browning, pp. 168–169 7020:Browning, pp. 132–133 5235:in which disciplined 5082:an inconclusive clash 4816: 4639: 4426:Further information: 4241:Nawab of the Carnatic 4194: 4182: 3937:and the 1756 to 1763 3935:Diplomatic Revolution 3895: 3860: 3702: 3662:fell to French forces 3651: 3602:Battle of Rottofreddo 3564: 3498: 3429:by Alexis Simon Belle 3424: 3377: 3241:had advanced towards 3218: 3079:Diplomatic Revolution 3059:Battle of Kesselsdorf 3043: 2968:Maximilian III Joseph 2946: 2882: 2793:In the February 1744 2763: 2671:to overthrow Empress 2656: 2371:, before moving onto 1882:succeeded his father 1863: 1755: 1702:provided that if the 1672:Diplomatic Revolution 1061:Casualties and losses 872:Frederick Augustus II 820:Anthonie van der Heim 7835:Berry, Jeff (2013). 7770:Armour, Ian (2012). 4555:2nd Santiago de Cuba 4513:1st Santiago de Cuba 4197:besieged Pondicherry 4069:d'Anville Expedition 3905:and Northern Italy. 3764:should be appointed 3508:from Modena towards 3501:Battle of Bassignano 3439:Fort de Villefranche 3403:Charles III of Spain 3379:Charles III of Spain 3224:Louis-Michel van Loo 2909:Freiburg im Breisgau 2858:Southern Netherlands 2815:Austrian Netherlands 2803:Villefranche-sur-Mer 2750:Austrian Netherlands 2717:, intended to expel 2575:class=notpageimage| 2351:class=notpageimage| 2101:class=notpageimage| 1891:could pre-empt him. 1813:Austrian Netherlands 1640:Austrian Netherlands 1566:Second Silesian Wars 1530:Austrian Netherlands 898:Charles Emmanuel III 632:Francesco III d'Este 140:Prussian control of 8645:. Frontline Books. 8108:Creveld, Martin van 8092:. Nabu Publishing. 7964:. Yale University. 7485:, pp. 334–335. 7461:Black (1994), p. 63 7388:Tucker, pp. 755–756 7379:, pp. 208–230. 7316:Austrian Succession 7069:Smith, pp. 231–233. 7060:Smith, pp. 200–201. 6948:, pp. 138–140. 6912:, pp. 146–147. 6888:, pp. 143–144. 6756:, pp. 290–294. 6648:, pp. 126–127. 6585:, pp. 117–118. 6228:, pp. 291–332. 6204:, pp. 156–157. 5756:Battle of Dettingen 5707:War of Jenkins' Ear 5683:Second Silesian War 5248:and distributed by 5171:were equipped with 5139:early modern period 4696:Sebastián de Eslava 4688:Cartagena de Indias 4651:War of Jenkins' Ear 4508:Cartagena de Indias 4470:War of Jenkins' Ear 4428:War of Jenkins' Ear 4408:War of Jenkins' Ear 4248:easily and bloodily 4237:Compagnie des Indes 4165:A French expedition 4089:3rd Northeast Coast 4059:2nd Northeast Coast 4049:1st Northeast Coast 4021:Annapolis Royal 2nd 4016:Annapolis Royal 1st 3712:Orangist revolution 3634:Colle dell'Assietta 3383:Anton Raphael Mengs 3267:Convention of Turin 3159:Casteldelfino (2nd) 3149:Casteldelfino (1st) 2873:Second Silesian War 2860:, and travelled to 2578:Key locations, 1743 2394:Battle of Chotusitz 2223:Charles of Lorraine 1867:; in 1742, most of 1554:War of Jenkins' Ear 1482:Second Silesian War 1472:War of Jenkins' Ear 1290:Bohemia and Moravia 690:Charles of Lorraine 678:Ludwig Khevenhüller 569:Emperor Charles VII 8044:Clark, Christopher 7452:Armour, pp. 99–101 6324:, pp. 99–101. 5896:Battle of Lauffeld 5824:Battle of Fontenoy 5736:Battle of Mollwitz 5689:First Carnatic War 5677:First Silesian War 5242:Military logistics 5018:First Carnatic War 4981:First Carnatic War 4831: 4782:Battle of Anguilla 4647: 4592:Mataró and Palamós 4391:Saint-Louis-du-Sud 4201: 4189: 4185:East India Company 4157:William Pepperrell 4145:Cape Breton Island 4074:Fort Massachusetts 3898: 3867: 3750:Barrier Fortresses 3715: 3658: 3597:Battle of Piacenza 3570: 3568:by Laurent Pécheux 3514:Marshal Maillebois 3505: 3443:Fort du mont Alban 3431: 3407:Battle of Velletri 3386: 3365:Marquis de La Mina 3227: 3050: 2953: 2889: 2885:Wilhelm Camphausen 2827:Barrier fortresses 2772: 2765:Louis XV of France 2665: 2164:. They approved a 2123:Battle of Mollwitz 1877: 1765:Holy Roman Emperor 1761: 1579:, as ruler of the 1577:Emperor Charles VI 1558:First Carnatic War 1507:First Carnatic War 1477:First Silesian War 793:Duke of Cumberland 610:Charles Lewenhaupt 437:Louis XV of France 211:(1740–42, 1744–45) 8731:978-0-7146-5389-1 8712:978-0-7146-5320-4 8652:978-1-84832-640-8 8633:978-0-393-06050-8 8566:978-1-4088-1912-8 8547:978-0-521-82742-3 8519:978-0-691-17670-3 8500:978-1-4728-1625-2 8481:978-0-09-952639-1 8462:978-0-582-48554-9 8434:978-1-111-78540-6 8403:978-0-416-37490-2 8384:978-1-298-62742-1 8365:978-0-521-78034-6 8317:978-0-691-00796-0 8298:978-0-582-29084-6 8279:978-1-84383-823-4 8272:. Boydell Press. 8204:978-0-582-29268-0 8185:978-0-8032-1731-7 8166:978-1-138-92465-9 8147:978-0-19-925339-5 8125:978-0-521-21730-9 8099:978-1-148-32947-5 8080:978-0-7864-1204-4 8061:978-0-674-03196-8 7990:978-0-312-09483-6 7971:978-0-300-01746-5 7949:978-0-06-076184-4 7942:. HarperCollins. 7911:978-1-85728-172-9 7888:978-0-521-45001-0 7866:978-1-85728-934-3 7826:(Subscription or 7800:978-0-595-46900-0 7781:978-1-84966-488-2 7762:978-0-582-05950-4 7365:Van Nimwegen 2002 7339:978-1-851-09667-1 7248:, pp. 42–43. 6718:Van Nimwegen 2002 6634:Hochedlinger 2003 6336:, pp. 69–72. 6084:, pp. 33–37. 5998:Van Nimwegen 2002 5986:Van Nimwegen 2002 5943:Van Nimwegen 2002 5701:King George's War 5591: 5590: 5207:and deployed for 5205:tactical reserves 5123:the ensuing siege 5102:besieged the port 5069: 5068: 4943:was to sail from 4847:Juan José Navarro 4819:Juan José Navarro 4633: 4632: 4399: 4398: 4187:(founded in 1600) 4116:King George's War 4107: 4106: 3988:King George's War 3951:King George's War 3861:The surrender of 3827:The Peace of 1748 3809:Congress of Breda 3802:Dutch States Navy 3790:Prince of Waldeck 3546:Casale Monferrato 3485:Republic of Genoa 3473:Madonna dell'Olmo 3469:Battle of Demonte 3339:Treaty of Utrecht 3306:. Observing from 3259:Count Schulenburg 3220:Philip V of Spain 3212: 3211: 3169:Madonna dell'Olmo 3128:Italian Campaigns 3063:Treaty of Dresden 3061:, leading to the 3035:Casale Monferrato 2928:Kingdom of Naples 2923:support Prussia. 2776:Philip V of Spain 2709:On 13 September, 2692:Natalia Lopukhina 2632:Karlstein am Main 2602:In mid-June, the 2414:recaptured Prague 2410:Treaty of Breslau 2367:; Frederick took 2117:, and marched on 1884:Frederick William 1769:Holy Roman Empire 1696:Habsburg monarchy 1581:Habsburg monarchy 1546:King George's War 1542:Mediterranean Sea 1515: 1514: 1497:King George's War 1487:Italian campaigns 1121: 1120: 1089:Habsburg monarchy 847:Prince of Waldeck 727:(personal union) 582:Maximilian Joseph 529:Philip V of Spain 323:Habsburg Monarchy 170: 169: 8890: 8853:Global conflicts 8819: 8804: 8803:. A.C. Kruseman. 8802: 8790: 8770: 8760: 8735: 8716: 8695: 8684: 8665: 8656: 8637: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8570: 8551: 8532: 8523: 8504: 8485: 8466: 8447: 8438: 8416: 8407: 8388: 8369: 8350: 8321: 8302: 8283: 8264: 8255: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8220: 8208: 8189: 8170: 8151: 8129: 8103: 8084: 8065: 8039: 8020: 8014: 8006: 7994: 7975: 7953: 7934: 7915: 7892: 7870: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7837:"Chotusitz 1742" 7831: 7823: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7735: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7717: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7645: 7638: 7632: 7631:, pp. 26–28 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7607:, pp. 67–80 7602: 7596: 7595:, pp. 38–52 7590: 7581: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7545: 7539: 7528: 7527:(1957): 516–535. 7521: 7515: 7508: 7502: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7473:Browning, p. 150 7471: 7462: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7344: 7343: 7325: 7319: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7291: 7290:Browning, p. 312 7288: 7279: 7278:Browning, p. 313 7276: 7270: 7269:Browning, p. 311 7267: 7258: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7236:Browning, p. 287 7234: 7228: 7227:Browning, p. 262 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7206:Browning, p. 204 7204: 7198: 7195: 7189: 7188:Browning, p. 205 7186: 7177: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7159: 7158:Browning, p. 169 7156: 7150: 7147: 7141: 7140:Browning, p. 168 7138: 7132: 7131:Browning, p. 165 7129: 7123: 7122:Browning, p. 164 7120: 7111: 7110:Browning, p. 163 7108: 7102: 7101:Browning, p. 167 7099: 7093: 7092:Browning, p. 166 7090: 7079: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7012: 7011:Browning, p. 119 7009: 7003: 6997: 6988: 6987:Browning, p. 118 6985: 6979: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6032: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5946: 5940: 5907: 5887: 5871: 5860:Battle of Rocoux 5855: 5838:Colonels of the 5835: 5819: 5803: 5787: 5772:Duke of Lorraine 5767: 5747: 5731: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5264: 5263: 5094:Coromandel Coast 5021: 5019: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4879:Battle of Toulon 4843:Nicholas Haddock 4738:counter invasion 4533:Gully Hole Creek 4503:Anson expedition 4473: 4471: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4333: 4326: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288:Naval operations 4278:Seven Years' War 4112:British colonies 4084:Fort at Number 4 3991: 3989: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3939:Seven Years' War 3850:in October, the 3739:Battle of Rocoux 3557: 3239:Duke of Montemar 3129: 3124: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3091: 3090: 2980:Treaty of Füssen 2957:Treaty of Warsaw 2939:Campaign of 1745 2795:Battle of Toulon 2756:Campaign of 1744 2681:Anna Leopoldovna 2620:Elector of Mainz 2563: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2535: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2479: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2420:Campaign of 1743 2339: 2338: 2325: 2324: 2311: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2283: 2282: 2269: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2207:Campaign of 1742 2174:von Khevenhüller 2089: 2088: 2075: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2047: 2046: 2033: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2005: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1977: 1976: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1946:Campaign of 1741 1856:Campaign of 1740 1837:Seven Years' War 1680:Seven Years' War 1649:Duchies of Parma 1609:Pragmatic Allies 1159: 1157: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1124: 1123: 1055: 1054: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 983: 982: 974: 973: 961: 960: 935: 934: 923: 922: 909: 908: 895: 894: 893: 883: 882: 869: 868: 857: 856: 845: 844: 831: 830: 817: 816: 803: 802: 791: 790: 779: 778: 765: 764: 751: 750: 736: 735: 721: 720: 714: 713: 700: 699: 688: 687: 676: 675: 662: 661: 648: 647: 630: 620: 619: 608: 607: 594: 593: 580: 579: 566: 565: 552: 551: 540: 539: 526: 525: 512: 511: 500: 499: 486: 485: 472: 471: 460: 459: 448: 447: 434: 433: 411: 407: 405: 404: 392: 391: 390: 382: 378: 376: 375: 366: 362: 360: 359: 348: 347: 339: 335: 333: 332: 321: 319: 318: 302: 291: 290: 278: 276: 275: 264: 263: 262: 254: 250: 248: 247: 238: 234: 232: 231: 220: 219: 210: 206: 204: 203: 195: 191: 189: 188: 160:Spanish Bourbons 148:Duchies of Parma 86: 85: 47: 23: 22: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8838:1740s conflicts 8823: 8822: 8800: 8787: 8732: 8713: 8681: 8653: 8634: 8612: 8610: 8567: 8548: 8520: 8501: 8482: 8463: 8435: 8404: 8385: 8366: 8318: 8299: 8280: 8225: 8223: 8205: 8186: 8167: 8148: 8126: 8100: 8081: 8062: 8036: 8008: 8007: 7999:Carlyle, Thomas 7991: 7972: 7950: 7931: 7912: 7889: 7867: 7845: 7843: 7841:Obscure Battles 7825: 7801: 7782: 7763: 7749:Anderson, M. S. 7744: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7648: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7548: 7540: 7531: 7522: 7518: 7509: 7505: 7493: 7489: 7483:Van Lennep 1880 7481: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7326: 7322: 7313: 7309: 7301: 7294: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7197:Browing, p. 231 7196: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978:Browning, p. 97 6977: 6973: 6969:Browning, p. 96 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6060:, pp. 7–9. 6056: 6052: 6046:Clodfelter 2017 6044: 6040: 6033: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5962:Clodfelter 2017 5960: 5949: 5941: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5892:Maurice de Saxe 5888: 5879: 5872: 5863: 5856: 5847: 5836: 5827: 5820: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5788: 5779: 5768: 5759: 5748: 5739: 5732: 5722: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5274: 5262: 5254:winter quarters 5135: 5115:Edward Boscawen 5070: 5065: 5055: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4983: 4977: 4931:'s dockyard at 4900:English Channel 4888: 4886:Northern waters 4859:Richard Lestock 4811: 4729:, completing a 4690:in what is now 4678:in present-day 4634: 4629: 4619: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4435: 4430: 4400: 4395: 4381:31 January 1748 4334: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4290: 4270:Edward Boscawen 4177: 4155:, commanded by 4153:William Shirley 4108: 4103: 4093: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3953: 3947: 3910:Spanish America 3848:Cape Finisterre 3835: 3829: 3813:30,000 Russians 3735:raid on Lorient 3686:Jacobite rising 3646: 3638:Aix-la-Chapelle 3575:capturing Genoa 3518:Italian Riviera 3427:Prince of Conti 3388:The support of 3361:Prince of Conti 3350:Philip of Anjou 3263:Marquis d'Ormea 3213: 3208: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3088: 2972:Count Batthyány 2941: 2831:Isaac Cronström 2805:, then part of 2799:Admiral Mathews 2758: 2715:Treaty of Worms 2662:Treaty of Worms 2585:von Seckendorff 2581: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2209: 2181:Maurice de Saxe 2107: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1948: 1858: 1801: 1688: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1468: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1111: 1109:Savoy-Sardinia: 1107: 1105: 1103:Dutch Republic: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1008: 995: 994: 986: 985: 977: 976: 968: 967: 963: 955: 954: 941: 929: 917: 903: 891: 889: 877: 863: 859:Isaac Cronström 851: 839: 825: 811: 797: 785: 773: 759: 754:Spencer Compton 745: 730: 715: 708: 694: 682: 670: 656: 642: 636: 622:Lorenzo De Mari 614: 602: 588: 574: 560: 546: 534: 520: 506: 494: 480: 474:Ulrich Lowendal 466: 454: 442: 428: 415: 412:(1741–43, 1748) 402: 400: 388: 386: 373: 371: 357: 355: 342: 330: 328: 316: 314: 308: 304:Duchy of Modena 285: 273: 271: 260: 258: 245: 243: 229: 227: 214: 201: 199: 186: 184: 134: 118: 93: 80: 59:(20 April 1743) 54:Capture of the 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8896: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8878:1740s in India 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8821: 8820: 8805: 8791: 8785: 8771: 8751:(2): 209–232. 8736: 8730: 8724:. Frank Cass. 8717: 8711: 8696: 8685: 8679: 8666: 8657: 8651: 8638: 8632: 8619: 8586:(2): 291–332. 8571: 8565: 8559:. Bloomsbury. 8552: 8546: 8533: 8524: 8518: 8505: 8499: 8486: 8480: 8467: 8461: 8448: 8439: 8433: 8427:. Free Press. 8417: 8408: 8402: 8389: 8383: 8370: 8364: 8351: 8333:(173): 33–47. 8322: 8316: 8303: 8297: 8284: 8278: 8265: 8256: 8246:Chisholm, Hugh 8221: 8209: 8203: 8190: 8184: 8171: 8165: 8152: 8146: 8134:Davies, Norman 8130: 8124: 8104: 8098: 8085: 8079: 8066: 8060: 8040: 8034: 8021: 7995: 7989: 7976: 7970: 7958:Browning, Reed 7954: 7948: 7935: 7929: 7916: 7910: 7893: 7887: 7871: 7865: 7852: 7832: 7805: 7799: 7786: 7780: 7767: 7761: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7727: 7718: 7709: 7700: 7691: 7682: 7673: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7633: 7629:Creveld (1977) 7621: 7609: 7597: 7582: 7573: 7546: 7529: 7516: 7503: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7399: 7390: 7381: 7369: 7367:, p. 299. 7357: 7355:Tucker, p. 753 7345: 7338: 7320: 7307: 7292: 7280: 7271: 7259: 7250: 7238: 7229: 7220: 7208: 7199: 7190: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7112: 7103: 7094: 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7046: 7022: 7013: 7004: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6960:, p. 153. 6950: 6938: 6936:, p. 148. 6926: 6924:, p. 333. 6914: 6902: 6900:, p. 218. 6890: 6878: 6876:, p. 107. 6866: 6864:, p. 143. 6854: 6852:, p. 141. 6842: 6840:, p. 203. 6830: 6828:, p. 140. 6818: 6816:, p. 142. 6806: 6804:, p. 139. 6794: 6792:, p. 135. 6782: 6770: 6768:, p. 134. 6758: 6746: 6744:, p. 289. 6734: 6732:, p. 175. 6722: 6720:, p. 187. 6710: 6708:, p. 132. 6698: 6686: 6684:, p. 137. 6674: 6662: 6660:, p. 171. 6650: 6638: 6636:, p. 255. 6626: 6624:, p. 197. 6614: 6612:, p. 128. 6599: 6597:, p. 275. 6587: 6575: 6573:, p. 295. 6563: 6561:, p. 136. 6548: 6546:, p. 114. 6536: 6534:, p. 274. 6524: 6520:Showalter 2012 6512: 6510:, p. 170. 6500: 6488: 6486:, p. 103. 6476: 6474:, pp. 39. 6464: 6462:, p. 208. 6452: 6448:Showalter 2012 6440: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6374: 6372:, p. 223. 6362: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6302: 6300:, p. 164. 6290: 6288:, p. 129. 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6240:, p. 507. 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6168:, p. 285. 6158: 6146: 6144:, p. 356. 6142:Pritchard 2004 6134: 6122: 6120:, p. 242. 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6072:, p. 108. 6062: 6050: 6038: 6014: 6012:, p. 120. 6002: 5990: 5988:, p. 102. 5978: 5966: 5947: 5945:, p. 403. 5925: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5912:Bergen-op-Zoom 5909: 5902: 5900: 5889: 5882: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5848: 5844:British guards 5837: 5830: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5769: 5762: 5760: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5639: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5261: 5258: 5250:baggage trains 5237:regular armies 5225:fortifications 5189:reconnaissance 5147:bladed weapons 5134: 5131: 5111:Thomas Griffin 5105:settlement at 5088:in July 1746, 5074:Curtis Barnett 5067: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4979:Main article: 4976: 4973: 4887: 4884: 4863:Thomas Mathews 4827:Toulon in 1744 4823:Thomas Mathews 4810: 4807: 4750:treasure fleet 4657:under Admiral 4631: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4545:Puerto Cabello 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4376:2nd Finisterre 4373: 4365: 4363:1st Finisterre 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4255:Fort St. David 4176: 4173: 4139:of the French 4105: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4064:Ile Saint-Jean 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3949:Main article: 3946: 3943: 3831:Main article: 3828: 3825: 3798:Bergen op Zoom 3746:Dutch Republic 3682:Dutch Flanders 3656:, upper center 3654:Bergen op Zoom 3645: 3642: 3622:Austrian siege 3458:in the second 3235:Duchy of Milan 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3055:Battle of Soor 3007:Hohenfriedberg 2940: 2937: 2757: 2754: 2739:Duchy of Milan 2604:Pragmatic Army 2573: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2373:Groß Seelowitz 2349: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2208: 2205: 2185:Charles Albert 2166:levée en masse 2158:Hungarian Diet 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1857: 1854: 1849:naval blockade 1821:Northern Italy 1805:Central Europe 1800: 1797: 1777:Ottoman Empire 1687: 1684: 1601:Dutch Republic 1538:Atlantic Ocean 1526:Central Europe 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1383:Hohenfriedberg 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1279:Rhine Campaign 1276: 1274:Bergen op Zoom 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1086: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1003: 948: 947: 943: 942: 940: 939: 927: 915: 901: 887: 885:Count Rutowsky 875: 861: 849: 837: 823: 809: 808: 807: 805:Thomas Mathews 795: 783: 771: 757: 743: 740:Robert Walpole 706: 705: 704: 702:Otto von Traun 692: 680: 654: 639: 637: 635: 634: 624: 612: 600: 586: 585: 584: 558: 557: 556: 554:Count of Gages 544: 542:Infante Philip 518: 517: 516: 504: 478: 477: 476: 464: 452: 425: 422: 421: 417: 416: 414: 413: 397: 384: 368: 364:Dutch Republic 352: 340: 325: 311: 309: 307: 306: 296: 283: 269: 256: 240: 224: 212: 196: 180: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 162: 145: 136: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 102: 100: 96: 95: 90: 82: 81: 79: 78: 72: 69:Hohenfriedberg 66: 60: 50: 49:Left to right: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8895: 8884: 8883:Maria Theresa 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8806: 8799: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8786:90-6707-540-X 8782: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8705:. Routledge. 8704: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8680:0-275-97240-2 8676: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8625: 8620: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8455:. Routledge. 8454: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291:. Routledge. 8290: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8238:Hannay, David 8234: 8233:public domain 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8159:. Routledge. 8158: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8052:Belknap Press 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8035:0-946771-42-1 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7930:0-203-49947-6 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7875:Black, Jeremy 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859:. Routledge. 7858: 7853: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793:. iUniverse. 7792: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755:. Routledge. 7754: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7731: 7722: 7713: 7704: 7695: 7686: 7677: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7643: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7619:, p. 209 7618: 7613: 7606: 7605:Black (1994b) 7601: 7594: 7593:Black (1994b) 7589: 7587: 7577: 7571:, p. 44. 7570: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7544:, p. 45. 7543: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7510:Jean Sutton, 7507: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7470: 7468: 7458: 7449: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7409: 7403: 7394: 7385: 7378: 7377:De Jonge 1861 7373: 7366: 7361: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7305:, p. 43. 7304: 7299: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7275: 7266: 7264: 7254: 7247: 7242: 7233: 7224: 7218:, p. 42. 7217: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7185: 7183: 7173: 7164: 7155: 7146: 7137: 7128: 7119: 7117: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7078:Smith, p. 243 7075: 7066: 7057: 7049: 7047:0-226-11862-2 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7026: 7017: 7008: 7002:, p. 41. 7001: 6996: 6994: 6984: 6975: 6966: 6959: 6958:Anderson 1995 6954: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6934:Anderson 1995 6930: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6910:Anderson 1995 6906: 6899: 6898:Browning 1993 6894: 6887: 6886:Anderson 1995 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6862:Anderson 1995 6858: 6851: 6850:Anderson 1995 6846: 6839: 6838:Browning 1993 6834: 6827: 6826:Anderson 1995 6822: 6815: 6814:Anderson 1995 6810: 6803: 6802:Anderson 1995 6798: 6791: 6790:Anderson 1995 6786: 6780:, p. 56. 6779: 6774: 6767: 6766:Anderson 1995 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6730:Browning 1993 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6706:Anderson 1995 6702: 6696:, p. 29. 6695: 6690: 6683: 6682:Anderson 1995 6678: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6646:Anderson 1995 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6610:Anderson 1995 6606: 6604: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6583:Anderson 1995 6579: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6559:Browning 1993 6555: 6553: 6545: 6544:Anderson 1995 6540: 6533: 6528: 6522:, p. 27. 6521: 6516: 6509: 6508:Mitchell 2018 6504: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6484:Browning 1975 6480: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6450:, p. 22. 6449: 6444: 6438:, p. 94. 6437: 6436:Anderson 1995 6432: 6430: 6423:, p. 88. 6422: 6421:Anderson 1995 6417: 6411:, p. 89. 6410: 6409:Anderson 1995 6405: 6399:, p. 86. 6398: 6397:Anderson 1995 6393: 6387:, p. 40. 6386: 6381: 6379: 6371: 6366: 6360:, p. 13. 6359: 6354: 6348:, p. 46. 6347: 6342: 6335: 6334:Anderson 1995 6330: 6323: 6318: 6312:, p. 68. 6311: 6310:Anderson 1995 6306: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6282: 6276:, p. 24. 6275: 6274:Browning 1993 6270: 6264:, p. 20. 6263: 6262:Browning 1993 6258: 6252:, p. 62. 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6226:Robinson 2016 6222: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6192:, p. 45. 6191: 6186: 6180:, p. 77. 6179: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6156:, p. 14. 6155: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6132:, p. 80. 6131: 6130:Borneman 2007 6126: 6119: 6114: 6108:, p. 82. 6107: 6102: 6095: 6094:Anderson 1995 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6058:Anderson 1995 6054: 6048:, p. 81. 6047: 6042: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5976:, p. 14. 5975: 5970: 5964:, p. 78. 5963: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840:French Guards 5834: 5829: 5826:, 11 May 1745 5825: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5663: 5662:Royal Marines 5658: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5377:Great Britain 5375: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5221:siege warfare 5218: 5214: 5211:. Smoothbore 5210: 5209:shock attacks 5206: 5203:were used as 5202: 5201:heavy cavalry 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5185:light cavalry 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119:Île de France 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090:Edward Peyton 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957:Bay of Biscay 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4880: 4877:, and by the 4876: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4809:Mediterranean 4806: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684:Chaloner Ogle 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659:Edward Vernon 4656: 4652: 4645: 4644:Edward Vernon 4642: 4638: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4615:18 March 1748 4613: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Fuerteventura 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:St. Augustine 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:18 March 1748 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4149:Massachusetts 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4026:Port Toulouse 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3945:North America 3942: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3815:marched from 3814: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 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2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731:Lake Maggiore 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608:Aschaffenburg 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2429: 2417: 2416:in December. 2415: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2352: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2102: 1955: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1901:Prussian Army 1897: 1896:standing army 1892: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817:Silesian Wars 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1757:Maria Theresa 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1724:Imperial Diet 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Maria Josepha 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:British Crown 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Maria Theresa 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:North America 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 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Retrieved 7840: 7809: 7790: 7771: 7752: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7667: 7658: 7649: 7641: 7636: 7624: 7617:Clark (2006) 7612: 7600: 7576: 7524: 7519: 7511: 7506: 7495: 7490: 7478: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7433: 7428:McLynn, p. 2 7424: 7419:McLynn, p. 1 7415: 7407: 7402: 7393: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7329: 7323: 7315: 7310: 7274: 7253: 7241: 7232: 7223: 7211: 7202: 7193: 7172: 7163: 7154: 7145: 7136: 7127: 7106: 7097: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7032: 7025: 7016: 7007: 6983: 6974: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6874:Starkey 2003 6869: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6658:Harding 2013 6653: 6641: 6629: 6622:Lincoln 1981 6617: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6216:, p. 3. 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6096:, p. 3. 6089: 6077: 6070:Holborn 1982 6065: 6053: 6041: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5671:Related wars 5657: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5431:Hesse-Kassel 5267:Belligerent 5230: 5217:fire support 5136: 5071: 5062: 5061:Part of the 4975:Indian Ocean 4953: 4937: 4925: 4917: 4889: 4871: 4861:, until Sir 4832: 4786: 4766:Saint Martin 4755: 4735: 4712: 4705: 4700:Blas de Lezo 4663:George Anson 4648: 4641:Vice-Admiral 4626: 4625:Part of the 4607: 4587:Saint Tropez 4577:8 April 1740 4528:Bloody Marsh 4401: 4368: 4330: 4323: 4274: 4267: 4252: 4202: 4183:Flag of the 4109: 4100: 4099:Part of the 4044:Tatamagouche 4032: 4011:Newfoundland 3932: 3907: 3899: 3880: 3868: 3865:, 7 May 1748 3836: 3806: 3743: 3741:in October. 3716: 3659: 3610: 3571: 3506: 3481: 3452:Peyre-Longue 3432: 3415:Count Browne 3411: 3387: 3358: 3324: 3289: 3255: 3228: 3139:Saint Tropez 3121: 3076: 3068: 3051: 3017:and Infante 3004: 2988: 2976:Pfaffenhofen 2965: 2954: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2890: 2870: 2847: 2821:, while the 2811: 2792: 2773: 2743: 2708: 2689: 2666: 2644: 2601: 2582: 2406: 2386: 2362: 2358: 2315:Židlochovice 2210: 2193:Sankt Pölten 2178: 2170: 2165: 2144:, capturing 2131: 2127:von Schwerin 2111:von Neipperg 2108: 1942: 1910: 1893: 1880:Frederick II 1878: 1833: 1825: 1802: 1785: 1762: 1728: 1712:Maria Amalia 1689: 1661: 1633: 1570: 1521: 1519: 1430:Pfaffenhofen 1154: 1108: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1045: 1005: 964: 951: 910: 896: 870: 832: 818: 768:Henry Pelham 766: 752: 737: 722: 663: 649: 595: 567: 527: 489:Frederick II 487: 435: 175:Belligerents 55: 31:Part of the 18: 8777:(1740–1748) 8673:. Praeger. 8474:. Vintage. 8421:Luvaas, Jay 7569:Hannay 1911 7542:Hannay 1911 7303:Hannay 1911 7246:Hannay 1911 7216:Hannay 1911 7000:Hannay 1911 6922:Asprey 2007 6754:Asprey 2007 6742:Asprey 2007 6694:Riding 2016 6595:Asprey 2007 6571:Périni 1896 6532:Asprey 2007 6460:Asprey 2007 6385:Hannay 1911 6370:Asprey 2007 6346:Luvaas 1966 6322:Armour 2012 6298:Asprey 2007 6286:Asprey 2007 6238:Davies 2005 6214:Luvaas 1966 6010:Hanlon 1997 5233:cabinet war 5153:armed with 5051:Pondicherry 4921:New England 4908:John Norris 4762:Saint Kitts 4727:Philippines 4676:Porto Bello 4655:West Indies 4602:Villafranca 4433:West Indies 4331:Sea battles 4137:the capture 4132:Nova Scotia 4124:New England 4031:Capture of 3924:riots arose 3852:French Navy 3766:stadtholder 3708:stadtholder 3678:Dendermonde 3538:Alessandria 3296:Campo Santo 3285:Count Gages 3231:Neapolitans 3199:Genoa (2nd) 3189:Genoa (1st) 3184:Rottofreddo 3154:Villafranca 3144:Campo Santo 3044:Victory at 3027:Alessandria 2835:George Wade 2606:arrived at 1492:Sea battles 1464:Kesselsdorf 1393:Hennersdorf 1358:Groß-Glogau 1194:Wissembourg 1189:Lauterbourg 912:Elizabeth I 781:George Wade 597:Frederick I 133:Territorial 116:South India 8827:Categories 8493:. Osprey. 7900:. London: 7830:required.) 7442:(43): 229. 7314:Browning: 6946:McKay 1983 6778:Duffy 2015 6670:Baugh 2004 6496:Berry 2013 6472:Duffy 2015 6358:Black 1998 6250:Black 1994 6190:Black 1999 6106:Black 1999 5974:Dwyer 2001 5921:References 5792:Louisbourg 5776:Strasbourg 5485:Palatinate 5281:Engineers 5278:Artillery 5169:Cavalrymen 5155:smoothbore 5127:Pondichéry 5086:Negapatnam 4774:Martinique 4758:privateers 4746:privateers 4597:Cape Sicié 4488:Portobello 4404:operations 4402:The naval 4348:8 May 1744 4263:Pondichéry 4120:New France 4039:Louisbourg 3875:Maastricht 3863:Maastricht 3794:Maastricht 3762:William IV 3704:William IV 3694:Nieuwpoort 3534:Bassignano 3343:Charles II 3174:Bassignano 3023:Bassignano 3015:Maillebois 2901:Frauenberg 2398:de Broglie 2378:Kuttenberg 2301:Kutná Hora 2199:, towards 2140:, towards 1875:to Prussia 1845:Royal Navy 1829:Louisbourg 1811:, and the 1799:Strategies 1692:Charles VI 1686:Background 1560:, and the 1442:St. Pölten 1420:Ingolstadt 1410:Deggendorf 1331:3rd Prague 1321:2nd Prague 1296:1st Prague 1284:Maastricht 925:Peter Lacy 834:William IV 514:Leopold II 8608:148249823 8240:(1911). " 8136:(2005) . 8011:cite book 7902:UCL Press 6202:Vego 2003 6178:Till 2006 6154:Dull 2007 6118:Coxe 2010 6082:Horn 1929 5752:George II 5275:Dragoons 5246:magazines 5215:provided 5213:artillery 5193:screening 5158:flintlock 5107:Cuddalore 5046:Cuddalore 5031:Negapatam 4959:. In the 4913:The Downs 4714:Centurion 4667:Cape Horn 4560:Brunswick 4540:La Guaira 4493:Fort Mosé 4259:Cuddalore 4151:Governor 4079:Grand Pré 3903:Rhineland 3706:, became 3670:Oudenarde 3435:Apennines 3354:Gallispan 3347:Louis XIV 3276:Po Valley 3072:Habsburgs 2949:Francis I 2673:Elizabeth 2624:Wiesbaden 2616:George II 2455:Dettingen 2390:Chotusitz 2287:Chotusice 2259:Schärding 2213:Schärding 2162:Pressburg 2113:relieved 1720:Salic law 1704:Habsburgs 1682:in 1756. 1657:Guastalla 1447:Schärding 1425:Vilshofen 1415:Straubing 1311:Chotusitz 1229:Oudenarde 1174:Dettingen 1034:127,000 724:George II 665:Francis I 396:(1742–48) 383:(1743–45) 367:(1744–48) 295:(1741–43) 282:(1745–48) 268:(1741–42) 255:(1741–42) 239:(1741–45) 156:Guastalla 144:confirmed 8767:18541144 8423:(1966). 8215:(1899). 8110:(1977). 8046:(2006). 8001:(1873). 7960:(1975). 7877:(1994). 7751:(1995). 6166:Lee 1984 5890:Marshal 5539:Sardinia 5290:Sources 5287:Militia 5199:, while 5181:carbines 5165:bayonets 5151:infantry 5143:firearms 5080:. After 4892:Jacobite 4778:Anguilla 4709:flagship 4692:Colombia 4671:dockyard 4610:campaign 4608:Glorioso 4482:Americas 4416:Voltaire 4412:corsairs 4371:campaign 4369:Glorioso 4353:Anguilla 4282:Carnatic 4225:Carnatic 4128:New York 4054:Saratoga 4033:Vigilant 3843:Machault 3786:Lauffeld 3731:Culloden 3725:and the 3723:Brussels 3614:Provence 3530:Piacenza 3399:Velletri 3369:Dauphiné 3331:Habsburg 3312:Rousseau 3204:Assietta 3179:Piacenza 3164:Velletri 3046:Fontenoy 3000:Fontenoy 2866:smallpox 2843:Jacobite 2723:Lombardy 2589:Augsburg 2567:Augsburg 2511:Budapest 2051:Mollwitz 2037:Budapest 1906:Louis XV 1791:and the 1716:Joseph I 1653:Piacenza 1617:Sardinia 1363:Mollwitz 1326:2nd Eger 1306:1st Eger 1264:Lauffeld 1239:Brussels 1209:Fontenoy 1204:Breisgau 1025:120,000 946:Strength 394:Sardinia 266:Sardinia 152:Piacenza 99:Location 63:Fontenoy 35:and the 8613:9 April 8248:(ed.). 8235:: 7846:14 July 7742:Sources 7580:Harding 5914:in 1747 5894:at the 5810:in 1745 5754:at the 5720:Gallery 5512:Prussia 5458:Cologne 5404:Hanover 5396:130,000 5354:111,000 5323:Bavaria 5296:Austria 5284:Others 5177:pistols 5161:muskets 4945:Lorient 4933:Lorient 4896:Dunkirk 4798:bullion 4742:Georgia 4523:Georgia 4358:Lorient 4233:Dupleix 4205:Britain 3919:his son 3817:Livonia 3778:Holland 3774:Zeeland 3770:regents 3719:Antwerp 3592:Infante 3588:Liguria 3542:Valenza 3526:Scrivia 3520:to the 3503:in 1745 3464:Demonte 3335:Bourbon 3194:Antibes 3031:Valenza 2992:Tournai 2961:Livonia 2897:Budweis 2788:Dunkirk 2784:Stuarts 2696:Siberia 2677:Ivan VI 2640:victory 2636:Gramont 2597:Simbach 2497:Simbach 2343:Kłodzko 2329:Olomouc 2189:Bohemia 1937:Breslau 1933:Moravia 1925:Breslau 1869:Silesia 1841:Prussia 1747:Bavaria 1676:rivalry 1636:Silesia 1605:Hanover 1597:Britain 1593:Bavaria 1589:Prussia 1436:Austria 1405:Simbach 1399:Bavaria 1352:Silesia 1336:Budweis 1244:Antwerp 1234:Ostende 1214:Tournai 1074:Prussia 1043:55,000 1016:204,000 975:120,000 962:200,000 350:Hanover 236:Bavaria 208:Prussia 142:Silesia 135:changes 8783: 8765: 8728: 8709: 8677: 8649: 8630: 8606: 8598: 8563: 8544: 8516: 8497: 8478: 8459: 8431: 8400: 8381: 8362: 8347:552493 8345: 8314: 8295: 8276: 8244:". 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War of the Austrian Succession

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