Italian invasion of British Somaliland

1751:, of the situation, concluding that further resistance at Tug Argan would be futile and likely to result in the loss of the force. Wavell had been called to London and arrived on 7 August but Wilson kept him informed of events, signalling his decision to order the evacuation of the colony to London with a few minutes. Wavell told Churchill who said that it could not be helped, then Wavell left to return to Cairo. Withdrawal would result in an estimated 70 per cent of the force being saved but if necessary the defenders would fight on. When it was clear that the attack towards Mirgo Pass had failed, sufficient troops were left, either to retrieve the situation or cover a withdrawal. Early on 15 August, Godwin-Austen signalled his conclusions to Wilson, who ordered him to withdraw from the colony. Godwin-Austin planned a slow retirement to Barkasan, about 33 mi (53 km) from Berbera, then to Nasiyeh, 17 mi (27 km) from the port. Over three nights, civilians then troops would be embarked, the time taken being determined by the monsoon, which usually made it difficult to reach ships by boat at night and before noon. 1177:(SCC) were based in five places in the colony and a small party of police worked at Berbera. The SCC had 29 motor vehicles, 122 horses and 244 camels but no heavy weapons, only old Belgian .475 in (12.1 mm) calibre, single-shot rifles, with 1.4 million bullets of dubious quality, machine-guns and anti-tank rifles. In February, the British government planned to send 1,100 reinforcements by mid-May but financial wrangling between the War Office and the Colonial Office delayed the arrival of the first infantry battalion until 15 May and the second until 12 July. The garrison of French Somaliland was asked to block the Jirreh and Dobo passes but the British strategy was to hope that French Somaliland was the more tempting target. 1365: 1157: 205: 259: 244: 1697:; five SM 79s from Addis Ababa were transferred to Dire Dawa. Early in the morning 8 Squadron sent three Blenheims to dive bomb Italian troops at Tug Argan, one being damaged by a CR 42. In the afternoon another three Blenheims bombed the village of Dubato; two of the Blenheims collided on the return journey and crashed in flames. On 11 August a morning attack was made by Six Ca 133s and three SM 81s on the Godojere Pass, a SM 81 being shot down by ground fire. Three CR 42s strafed Laferug and a SM 79 bombed the airstrip afterwards. A Blenheim was claimed shot down by Italian troops but no loss appeared in British records. 1038: 230: 3883: 1316: 218: 327: 312: 1655:

apart for an attacker to pass between them; only Castle Hill was behind the other fortified hill tops, providing little scope for defence in depth. There were several camel tracks through the Mirgo Pass 8 mi (13 km) from Black Hill and the Jerato Pass in the Assa Hills, which gave further opportunities for the Italians to exploit their numerical superiority. During the morning of 9 August, three Italian fighters strafed the airfield at Berbera but found only a damaged Blenheim. The aircraft were fired on by personnel at the base and the Australian cruiser

291: 1222: 274: 2058:. Somali irregulars supporting the British suffered about another 2,000 casualties during the invasion and occupation; about 1,000 Somali irregulars became casualties fighting on the Italian side. In 1993, Harold Raugh wrote that 38 of the British casualties had been killed and 222 wounded. In a 1996 publication, Christopher Shores gave the same figures for Italian casualties as Maravigna and wrote that the RAF lost seven aircraft and had ten damaged. In 2007, Andrea Molinari recorded 1,995 Italian casualties and four aircraft destroyed. 1678: 8025: 57: 1526: 176: 159: 1411: 191: 1969:

learned that inadequately defended airstrips could quickly be made untenable, leaving bombers flying from Aden unprotected against air attack. Despite the land campaign, a convoy sailed the Red Sea early in August and another convoy began the voyage on 19 August escorted by 14 Squadron Wellesleys as the Blenheim IVFs were busy over Berbera. After the British evacuation, both sides dispersed aircraft sent to reinforce the local units, the CTSAO being disbanded on 26 August.

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203 Squadron from Aden patrolled Berbera as a substitute but two SM 79s bombed the port. Around noon a Blenheim attacked three more SM 79s as they bombed Berbera, damaged one and killed a member of the crew. Three SM 81s had attacked the Godojere Pass in the morning and three Ca 133s bombed the Kerim Pass. The Ro 37bis continued to fly reconnaissance sorties and the fighter patrols were maintained; a CR 32 and a CR 42 were damaged in landing accidents at Hargeisa.

1107: 1914:. Most of the Somalis of the SCC were sent home to wait for the British to return, earlier plans for them to fight a guerrilla war being scrapped. SCC members who were embarked, became an armoured car unit under the same title. There was little Italian interference with the evacuation, perhaps because on 15 August Aosta had ordered Nasi to allow the British to evacuate without too much fighting, in the hope of a peace agreement being mediated through the 1145:

an Allied counter-offensive began. In December 1939, the British had another change of mind, ordering that an invasion must be resisted and that Berbera must be held for as long as possible as a matter of imperial prestige. The commitments entered into with the French had led to them to go to the trouble and expense of fortifying their colony; because of dissension between Legentilhomme and Paris and within the British and French alliance, the passes at

1701:

Blenheims from 11 and 39 squadrons from Aden bombed Italian artillery around Darboruk against anti-aircraft fire then the 11 Squadron Blenheim was bounced by a CR 42 and damaged while the crew were trying to drop a message for British troops. The 39 Squadron machine was also attacked and made an emergency landing at Berbera. About two hours later three 39 Squadron Blenheims arrived to repeat the attack and the formation leader was attacked by a 410°

2048:, the British official historian, wrote that the British suffered 260 casualties and estimated Italian casualties at 2,052 men. Seven British aircraft were shot down and ten were badly damaged in the fourteen days' fighting. In 1988, Alberto Rovighi, the Italian official historian, wrote that the Italians suffered 465 men killed, 1,530 wounded and 34 missing, a total of 2,029 men, of whom 161 were Italian and 1,868 were in local Eritrean and Somali 1873:, which shot down a Blenheim in flames. the crew parachuted but two of the men died in hospital of burns. Soon after the Blenheims took off, five Wellesleys from 223 Squadron flew from Perim Island and bombed Addis Ababa airfield in bad weather. A CR 42 managed to damage four of the Wellesleys whose crews claimed two hangars destroyed, two damaged, four SM 79s destroyed, two damaged and Aosta's runabout destroyed. Italian records show a SM 79, a 1089:(25 July to 7 August). On 19 July, Legentilhomme was opposed in the Governor's Council by the navy and air force commanders and to avoid bloodshed decided that those opposed to Vichy should depart. Legentilhomme had run out of time and left for Aden on 5 August, leaving Germain to sever relations with the British. Italian apprehension about the possibility of the British using the colony as a bridgehead continued; Germain was superseded by 4226: 1936: 1760: 1799:

than expected and Godwin-Austen was able to withdraw the rearguard at Nasiyeh and once night fell, bring back the rearguard from Barkasan. Five Blenheims bombed the captured landing ground at Hargeisa and five Ca 133s with two CR 32 fighter escorts bombed the British residency at Sheikh. A 39 Squadron Blenheim on a reconnaissance sortie, was hit by ground fire and came down in the sea, the crew being rescued by the cruiser

1637: 1576:. On 6 August Blenheims of 8 and 39 squadrons continued to fly reconnaissance sorties and to attack the Italian columns. An 8 Squadron Blenheim was damaged by twelve attacks by CR 42s; the Italian pilots claimed one bomber shot down and a probable. With Hargeisa captured, two CR 32s and two CR 42s arrived from Dire Dawa on 7 August and began patrols; to the south, Ca 133s flew sorties over the front. 1717:

ammunition, which managed to fight its way through to Castle Hill. On 13 August the aircraft of CTSAO concentrated on the area to the east of Adadleh; the Jerato Pass was bombed by Ca 233s and the crashed Blenheims at Berbera were strafed twice by CR 32s, one on the second attack being hit by small-arms fire and landing inside British-held territory. Another three SM 81s were transferred from

1051:, in command of British as well as French forces since the outbreak of war obstructed the enforcement of the Armistice of Villa Incisa, continued to co-operate with the British. On 27 July, the terms of the armistice pertaining to French Somaliland were discovered by the British to be the demilitarisation of the colony and free Italian access to the port and the French part of the 1345:, completed an appreciation of the likely opposition and the campaign objectives; on 14 July they predicted that the main battle would be fought in the Karim and Jerato passes; if the defenders stood their ground, the Italian troops would be able to envelop their flanks. The Italian invasion force included five colonial brigades, three 1691:, with their Hotchkiss gun, arrived at dawn on 10 August but the gun had to be dismantled to load, which reduced its rate of fire to once every five minutes, while its 32 HE rounds and 32 solid shot lasted. The battle for Tug Argan began and another two CR 32 and a CR 42 were sent from Dire Dawa to Hargeisa along with a Ca 133 of 53° 1918:. The last CTSAO raid was flown against Berbera by three SM 79s; soon afterwards, British aircraft from Aden attacked Italian troops as they occupied the town that evening. Much of Berbera was on fire and the wreckage of four British aircraft were found on the airfield. Mussolini annexed the colony to the AOI, as part of the 1214:; on 8 August, the 2nd Battalion, Black Watch arrived. The troops were a motley collection, with different customs and culinary arrangements, no proper base or headquarters, short of artillery, transport and signalling equipment. Aircraft had to fly from Aden, while also busy with convoy patrols and air defence; only two 1124:, a small reinforcement would give the local garrison the means to resist an invasion of the colony for twelve days, sufficient for a relief force to arrive from India, but the policy was rejected. In August 1939 the evacuation policy was revised according to two scenarios, that if the French succeeded in defending 707:(11–15 August) Italian attacks had the advantage of artillery and the outnumbered defenders were gradually worn down and slowly outflanked, until the remaining fortified hilltops were vulnerable to capture. After the failure of a counter-attack towards the Mirgo Pass, the local commander, Major-General 1601:

saluting gun, a three-man crew and 30 rounds of ammunition. The two Gladiators at Berbera were caught on the ground at 06:00 by three Italian fighters; one Gladiator was burnt out and the other damaged; when the news reached Laferug the other two Gladiators were ordered back to Aden. Blenheim IVFs of

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and shot one down. As the Blenheims flew home over Zeila, the crews spotted a flight of the SM 81 bombers attacking the port. Three Blenheims broke formation and shot down one of the Italian bombers. On the morning of 2 August, 39 Squadron raided Chinele aerodrome again and were intercepted by CR 42s

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near French Somaliland, thence east along the coast road or through Hargeisa or via Burao. The inland mountains were passable by wheeled and tracked vehicles only on the Hargeisa and Burao roads, Hargeisa being the more direct route through a gap at Tug Argan and the Burao road through a defile known

1116:

The Somaliland border was 750 mi (1,210 km) long; after the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, all but the 45 mi (72 km) border with French Somaliland was contiguous with the new Italian colony. According to the Hornby Report of 1936, the War Office intended to offer no resistance to

718:

The British fought a rearguard action at Barkasan on 17 August and retreated after dark. The improvised evacuation went better than expected and the second blocking position at Nasiyeh was not needed. The rainy weather continued to slow the Italian advance and when the airstrip near Berbera was found

1778:

an SM 81 flew underneath the formation. The Blenheims dived on the bomber and three achieved firing positions, shooting it down. On landing the crews handed over their aircraft and returned to Iraq in Bombay transports the next day. After a long bombardment, the Italians overran Observation Hill and

1646:

From 7 to 8 August, the defenders had received reinforcements of the 1/2nd Punjab Regiment and the 2nd Battalion Black Watch; by 10 August, de Simone had closed up on the British positions behind the Tug Argan and prepared the Italian attack. The road from Hargeisa turns north through the Kerim Pass

1605:

In the north, the Bertoldi column captured Zeila, about 150 mi (240 km) north-west of Berbera, cutting communications with French Somaliland and then began a slow advance south-east along the coast road, under intermittent air attack from Aden and bombardment from the sea, pushing back the

1968:

From 5 to 19 August the RAF at Aden flew 184 sorties and dropped 60 long tons (61 t) of bombs. From 16 to 19 August, the RAF flew 12 reconnaissance sorties, 19 bomber-reconnaissance sorties, 72 bomber sorties against Italian troops and transport and 36 fighter sorties over Berbera. The British

1539:

reconnaissance aircraft of 110° Squadriglia and attacks by SM 79s on Zeila, Berbera and Aden, two more SM 79s arriving from Addis Ababa and three Ca 133s from Doghabur to participate. Flights of three Blenheims of 8 Squadron made three attacks on Italian motor columns west of Hargeisa, one Blenheim

1384:

issued instructions on 25 July as commander of the main force, the Harrar Division with eleven African infantry battalions in three brigades, the three Blackshirt battalions, the tanks and armoured cars. The French and British were to be prevented from uniting and receiving reinforcements to attack

1144:

to fight delaying actions and then retire towards the hill country. The main road into Somaliland from Djibouti was commanded by hills with six passes good enough for wheeled vehicles; both sides agreed that they must be garrisoned to deny them to the Italians and provide a base for debouching when

1742:

At Tug Argan a counter-attack towards Mirgo Pass by two companies of the 2nd KAR, had some success before it was forced back by Italian attacks. The Italians were close to positions from which they could cut off the defenders from their sole line of supply. The Italian advantage in artillery meant

1521:

further south closer to Tug Argan, both strips having only small-arms for defence. There were two 3-inch anti-aircraft guns at Berbera but these were reserved for the defence of the port. During the night 216 Squadron at Aden sent a Bristol Bombay to bomb Dire Dawa but a lightning storm forced the

1798:

The retirement was followed up cautiously by the Italians, who attacked the defenders at Barkasan on 17 August. The Black Watch made several counter-attacks and repulsed the Italians but it was only a matter of time before the defences were outflanked. The evacuation at Berbera went more smoothly

1700:

On 11 August, the Italians bombarded then attacked the west end of the Assa Hills at Punjab Ridge with a brigade of infantry, pushed back the defending company of the 3rd Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment, then repulsed a counter-attack; attacks on Mill and Knobbly hills failed. At dawn a couple of

1654:

The positions had been fortified with machine-gun posts and a modest amount of barbed wire. The defences were impossible to by-pass and had good observation but with so little artillery, the advantage was dubious. The defenders were too few in number to cover the gap and the hills were far enough

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On 3 August 1940, British air reconnaissance discovered that about 400 Italians had crossed the frontier at Biyad. Nasi communicated with de Simone by wireless and liaison aircraft; the central column crossed the frontier and made for Hargeisa and Tug Argan in the Assa Hills as the western column

1240:

Chater garrisoned Tug Argan with two battalions and the mountain artillery, one battalion to guard the other two approaches and kept one battalion in reserve. When the Black Watch arrived, it went into reserve and the 3/15th Punjab Regiment reinforced Tug Argan. The Camel Corps formed a screen in

1877:

and three Ca 133s destroyed, one SM 79 and a SM 81 damaged. Two attacks on Berbera were made by SM 79s during the morning and three SM 79s escorted by two CR 42s attacked soon after noon, the fighters driving a Blenheim F away. Italian troops overcame the second British defensive position before

1716:

were lost and the Italians had established themselves in the Assa Hills, dominating the southern side of the gap. On 13 August, the defenders of Knobbly Hill defeated another attack but the Italians infiltrated down Mirgo Pass past the defended localities and ambushed a convoy carrying water and

1627:

was appointed to command the enlarged force, with orders to defend the Tug Argan, defeat the Italian invasion and plan secretly to evacuate the defenders if it became necessary. Godwin-Austen reached Berbera on 11 July and took over command that evening; the reinforcements were too late and were

1589:

The Italians paused at Hargeisa for two days to reorganise and then resumed the advance through the Karim Pass toward the Tug Argan, in the Assa Hills. Aosta urged haste but Nasi refused to rush because the road was deteriorating under the heavy traffic and rain. The Italian advance resumed on 8

1779:

during the night the NRR retreated from Black, Knobbly and Castle hills. The Black Watch, two companies of the 2nd KAR and elements of 1/2nd Punjab Regiment formed a rearguard at Barkasan on the Berbera road, about 10 mi (16 km) behind Tug Argan and other troops moved back to Nasiyeh.

1738:

Italian troops of the western column reported air attacks at Zeila and on a column advancing down the coast road towards Berbera, one bomber being claimed shot down but no losses appearing in RAF records. SM 79s attacked shipping off Bulhar, three SM 81s and three Ca 133s bombed a fort near the

1707:

CR 32. The pilot of the third Blenheim saw the attack, jettisoned bombs and attacked the Italian fighter, which made a head-on attack, wounding the Blenheim pilot and killed the observer. The pilot managed to reach Berbera and crash-land; the Italian pilot was also wounded. During the attack, a

1385:

Harrar, by defeating the garrison and occupying British Somaliland. Because the Assa Hills rose to over 4,500 ft (1,400 m), parallel to the coast about 50 mi (80 km) inland, there were three approaches to Berbera for wheeled and tracked vehicles for the Italians to consider.

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and Burao in the south, cover the flank of the central column and be prepared to link up with it if necessary. De Simone with the central column would establish a base at Hargeisa and Adalek, then to carry the main weight of the attack through the Mirgo Pass towards Berbera. The western column

1965:. News of the evacuation came as a shock to British public opinion but Wavell backed Godwin-Austen, saying that he had judged the situation correctly. The British had to immobilise and abandon 350 vehicles and most of their stores because of the need to ferry everything to the ships offshore. 1948:

The Italians had shown the ability to coordinate columns separated by many miles of desert; the forces under British command had kept their discipline during the retreat and preserved most of their men. British Somaliland was annexed to Italian East Africa and Mussolini boasted that Italy had

1782:

The CTSAO concentrated its operations against the port and in a dawn attack two SM 81 bombers attacked ships in the harbour and were damaged by anti-aircraft fire. Two SM 79s bombed at noon and one was also damaged by anti-aircraft fire. The third Italian raid, by three SM 79s met two Martin

1501:, to deceive the defenders and exploit opportunities. Early on 4 August the central column advanced towards Hargeisa, observed by the SCC which skirmished with the column to impose delays. In the afternoon, three SM 81s attacked Berbera and a 94 Squadron Gladiator attacked one from the 15° 1647:

to Tug Argan and then east between the Assa hills to the south, hills and dry riverbeds (tugs) to the north. The pass is a flat stone expanse with occasional thorn bushes, tugs and a few rocky hills about 2,000 to 2,500 yd (1,800 to 2,300 m) apart, named Black, Knobbly, Mill and

1663:. The Gladiator damaged the day before was dismantled and taken to Aden. On 10 August the Italian northern column reached Zeila despite naval bombardments and bombing from aircraft flying from Aden; the column was eventually stopped by its vehicle tyres being damaged by the rough ground. 2010:

and the defeat could not be portrayed in heroic terms. Churchill was wrong to condemn Wavell and his subordinates but as Minister of Defence as well as Prime Minister, he could dictate consequences to defeated generals. Adolf Hitler called the evacuation of the colony a "hard blow" but

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and halted by gunfire. After dark, the rearguard was withdrawn to Berbera with minimal losses and loading was complete by the early hours of 18 August. At 05:35 on 18 August three 11 Squadron Blenheims bombed Italian vehicles near Laferug and were intercepted by two CR 32s of 410°

1340:

wanted to occupy Djibouti to forestall the British, with a simultaneous advance on Berbera to counter a British intervention. Aosta submitted the plan to Mussolini on 18 June and in August received permission for the invasion. While waiting, Aosta and his deputy, General

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and AB W. J. Hurren took the 3-pounder, which had been mounted on an improvised carriage, to reinforce the defenders at Tug Argan. The sailors went missing and were feared dead but became the first Australian prisoners of war until they were liberated at Adi Ugri (now

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On 12 August, all of the British positions were attacked simultaneously and by the evening Mill Hill, the least fortified position, had been captured after a determined resistance by troops of the Northern Rhodesian Regiment. Two of the East African Light Battery

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an invasion. In 1938, the governor, Arthur Lawrence, deplored such a defeatist policy and suggested that the colony could be demilitarised, that the British could leave or that the colony could be defended. According to the British military commander, Brigadier

1128:, the British would withdraw towards them and if the French were defeated, the British would retreat into the hills and wait on events. All of the defence arrangements were based on co-operation with Legentilhomme, who would command both forces in time of war. 1708:

Blenheim IVF of 203 Squadron patrolled Berbera and tried to intercept three SM 79s but broke off the pursuit when a hit in the cockpit, wounded the pilot and navigator. Italian aircraft provided ground support all day, six Ca 133s bombing Mandera and Laferug.

994:, to gain control over the territory. In 1910 the British garrison had been forced to retreat to the coast until the end of the First World War and only after four campaigns did Somali resistance end in 1920, after three weeks of attacks by local troops, a 927:

and East Africa. Faced with frontiers guarded by about eight men to the mile, Wavell concluded that a defensive strategy was the only feasible policy and intended to mount delaying actions at the main posts and hope for the best. The Foreign Secretary

1568:, a small force of local levies normally employed on police duties, conducted a delaying action as the other British and Commonwealth forces retreated towards Tug Argan. At 01:00 twelve light tanks advanced in line; three were hit and knocked out by 1783:

Marylands from the Free French flight in 8 Squadron, which were patrolling Berbera and one Maryland pilot claimed a SM 79 shot down; it was not confirmed but crashed in flames soon after. The CTSAO at Dire Dawa was reinforced by two SM 79s of 44°

1773:

On 15 August, CTSAO bombers continued to fly sorties in support of the army. Three Ca 133s bombed around Laferug and three SM 79s bombed troops around Berbera. Six Blenheim I bombers flew from Iraq to reinforce the RAF at Aden and on passing

1135:

Wavell became reluctant for British forces to come under French command, unless the withdrawal plan to Djibouti was implemented, which gave Chater more discretion, provided that he still co-operated with the French. Chater wanted to garrison

2029:

The capture of the colony was the greatest success of the Italians in the East African campaign but they were unable to exploit the opportunities that they had created. Delays caused by the terrain, weather and the cancellation of a

1185:

After the Armistice of Villa Incisa, the end of pro-British prevarication by Legentilhomme led to Chater receiving orders to plan an evacuation if the colony became untenable. By August, the garrison consisted of the 1st Battalion

1743:

that the defended localities could be picked off piecemeal. After four days, the defenders were tiring and there was no better position to retreat to; an attempt to hold Berbara alone would be pointless. Godwin-Austen informed

1009:, the biggest town and port, was ringed by desert and scrubland; in the cold season it had a population of about 30,000, falling to around 15,000 in the summer months. The port was a first class anchorage and was the principal 1002:(RAF). The colony had an area of about 68,000 sq mi (180,000 km) with a plain inland from the coast up to 60 mi (97 km) deep, ending at a mountain range an average of 4,000 ft (1,200 m) high. 1622:

for an infantry battalion, a field battery and a field company to be disembarked at Berbera. Anti-aircraft guns at Port Said were ordered to the colony but this decision was quietly countermanded two days later. Major-General

1388:

The direct route with the widest pass was via Hargeisa and the Italian plan was for the western column to seal off French Somaliland and then send light forces east along the coast road. The eastern column (Brigadier-General

1450:

bombers, attacked shipping off Zeila as two waves of six Blenheim Mk Is from 8 and 39 squadrons, escorted by two 203 Squadron Blenheim IVFs, bombed the Italian airfield at Chinele, which had been discovered that morning.

2005:

In 2016, Andrew Stewart wrote that given the exiguous nature of the British force in the colony, the defenders had done well to resist for as long as they had. The defence of British Somaliland took place during the

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The British expected that Berbera would be the objective of an Italian invasion; the frontier with Ethiopia was too long to guard and there was no position from whence to contest the approaches to the port through

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Not carrying wireless, the crew misunderstood hand signals from the other crews who could see smoke coming out of the aircraft. The SM 79 crew waved back but then the aircraft exploded and hit the ground near

944:), Wavell and the senior military commanders in East Africa, including Lieutenant-General Platt and Lieutenant-General Cunningham. An offensive strategy was decided on against Ethiopia, including the use of 1085:, was sent to Aden from Egypt by cruiser, ready to reinforce the French, as Legentilhomme feigned ignorance of the armistice terms. Legentilhomme also denied entry to the new Vichy French governor, General 8121: 1976:. Wavell refused to co-operate and said that Godwin-Austen and Wilson had conducted a textbook withdrawal in the face of superior numbers. Wavell sent a telegram to Churchill which included the passage 521: 1721:(south of Addis Ababa) to Dire Dawa. Italian outflanking moves at Tug Argan led the British to begin a withdrawal to Berbera. Eleven 223 Squadron Wellesleys were sent to reinforce the RAF at Aden. 8131: 1013:

of the colony, despite having no port installations making it unsuitable for an expeditionary force, since ships had to be unloaded by lighter, a method that took ten days to empty a 3,000

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The Italians remained suspicious of French intentions and after Legentilhomme was replaced by Germaine feared a British invasion through Djibouti. Despite orders from Rome to be cautious,

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Winston Churchill criticised Wavell for the loss of British Somaliland; because of the few casualties, Churchill thought that the colony had not been vigorously defended and proposed a

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August and for two days closed up to the British defences as the Italians made preparations to attack. The defenders reported the presence of Italian medium tanks and the captain of

868:

force garrisoned the Suez Canal and the Red Sea route, which was vital to Britain's communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. In mid-1939, Lieutenant-General

3161:. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War, 1939–1945: General War Administration and Organisation. Series 2. Vol. V. Agra: Agra University Press. 1836:

had exchanged it SM 81s from reinforcements of SM 79s being flown from Libya. In Aden 39 Squadron gave up two Blenheims to 11 Squadron so that each had five operational bombers.

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The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.

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Ferrara, Orazio (2005). "La battaglia di Tug Argan Pass (La conquista del Somaliland britannico)" [The Battle of Tug Argan Pass (The Conquest of British Somaliland)].

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had built an all-tide jetty and had commenced evacuating civilian and administrative officials; on 16 August, the British started to embark troops. Attacks by the

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that had been part of the defence force in August 1940 and a Somali commando detachment landed on either side of Berbera from transports escorted by the cruisers

5888: 5860: 5004: 8106: 7926: 6605: 6292: 5426: 17: 1998:(CIGS), to have been moved to "greater anger than he had ever seen him in before"; the incident was the beginning of the end for Wavell who was superseded by 1862:

suffered splinter damage. On 17 August, the Italian western column at Bulhar, about 40 mi (64 km) west of Berbera, was engaged by the light cruiser

1724:

On 14 August, Castle Hill and Observation Hill were bombed and bombarded by artillery but an attack on Observation Hill failed. Mussolini signalled to Aosta,

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supported by Somali irregulars. The Italian victory was based on mobility and speed but was hampered by the terrain, rainy weather and British resistance.

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landing on an occupied beach of the war; few men of the Italian 70th Colonial Brigade offered resistance. Repairs began on the port and supplies for the

1885:, with the force headquarters aboard, stayed behind to collect stragglers and complete the destruction of buildings, vehicles, fuel and stores. The tug 4900: 4191: 3849: 2141: 1614:

to visit London for talks, reports of the size of the invasion force led him to order most of a field artillery regiment and two anti-tank guns of the

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Godojere Pass and retreating troops on the road to Berbera, nearby. Three CR 32s attacked road transport at Laferug, Mandera and tracks to Berbera.

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Come abbiamo perduto la guerra in Africa. Le nostre prime colonie in Africa. Il conflitto mondiale e le operazioni in Africa Orientale e in Libia

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were passing through within a week, reducing the road transport distance by 500 mi (800 km). The British re-captured the rest of

711:, had too few men to retrieve the situation and to keep open an escape route at the same time and was given permission to retreat towards 7462: 6529: 6441: 6385: 6348: 5630: 1237:

as Sheikh Pass. Once north of the hills, the coastal plain had no feature where a small force could prevent the advance of a larger one.

6434: 5166: 3374: 1402:) was to advance towards Zeila to seal the border with French Somaliland and then move eastwards along the coast road towards Berbera. 3825: 808:(Djibouti) or British Somaliland was also feasible. Mussolini looked forward to propaganda triumphs in Sudan and British East Africa ( 7940: 6568: 4958: 4916: 1889:

was the only British ship lost in the operation, scuttled by her crew on 18 August. Italian forces refloated the tug and renamed her

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scrambled from Dire Dawa (8 mi (13 km) away) and attacked the Blenheim IVFs. As the second wave of six Blenheims arrived,

7789: 5608: 5382: 5145: 5011: 4822: 4403: 3820: 3415:

Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: From the Working Group for Military Research and from the Library for Contemporary History

6684: 6481: 5518: 5018: 4930: 4866: 4646: 3812: 3170: 6399: 5249: 4787: 4688: 1078:

tried to make contact, Legentilhomme assured Cairo that he would play for time but anticipated that the Italians would attack.

1056: 955: 954:

for Patriots), by the conference. In November, the British and Commonwealth forces gained an intelligence advantage, when the

820:). The Italian General Staff had based its strategic calculations on an assumption that there would be no war until 1942; the 7483: 7388: 6915: 6661: 6536: 5622: 5596: 5453: 5159: 5076: 4651: 3864: 3776: 3686: 3631: 3591: 3568: 3528: 3485: 3466: 3422: 3399: 3338: 3319: 3296: 3230: 3214: 3195: 3789:(4 June 1946). "Operations in the Somaliland Protectorate, 1939–1940 (Appendix A – G. M. R. Reid and A. R. Godwin-Austen)". 2036:

by 300 Italian infantry on the port, had enabled the British to get away, despite the improvised nature of the embarkation.

7716: 7123: 7009: 6174: 5641: 5637: 5615: 5219: 669: 531: 43: 1728:

Pour all available reserves into Somaliland to stimulate the operation. Order the entire Imperial air force to co-operate.

8086: 8076: 7631: 7095: 6427: 6413: 5626: 4519: 4328: 4255: 1995: 873: 3879: 8141: 7840: 7709: 7587: 7165: 6880: 6831: 6589: 6144: 5396: 5235: 5083: 4937: 4438: 4323: 3272:

How We Lost the War in Africa: Our First Colonies in Africa, the World Conflict and Operations in East Africa and Libya

1618:

to be sent from Egypt to Somaliland by special convoy. The Indian Army was asked to organise the first echelon of the

1364: 723:

was cancelled. The British defeat was controversial and the beginning of a deterioration in relations between General

7956: 6838: 6810: 6627: 6209: 5928: 5895: 4703: 4570: 4499: 4355: 3996: 3942: 3650: 1156: 1032: 607: 562: 545: 5111: 3411:

Chronik des Seekrieges 1939–1945: Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis für Wehrforschung und von der Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte

7993: 7151: 7088: 6223: 6059: 5182: 4683: 3857: 5736: 2015:...all the British had lost was the privilege of maintaining an expensive garrison in their least valuable colony. 8081: 7517: 7358: 7347: 7183: 6942: 6901: 6794: 6732: 6119: 5389: 5258: 5226: 4754: 4616: 4308: 1440:(CTSAO, Western Sector Tactical Command) was created for the invasion of British Somaliland. At first the CTSAO ( 1065: 1005:

There was little scope for agriculture and most of the 320,000 inhabitants made a living from livestock herding.

864:, which only allowed British military forces to occupy Egypt in defence of the Suez Canal. The small British and 853: 640: 482: 5906: 5474: 1446:

Collalti) had 27 bombers, 23 fighters and seven reconnaissance aircraft. During the afternoon, flights of three

7903: 7875: 7753: 7546: 6783: 6234: 6160: 5956: 5327: 5046: 4951: 4836: 4641: 4293: 3974: 962:

broke the high-grade cypher of the Royal Army in East Africa. Later that month, the replacement cypher for the

462: 7963: 7896: 7847: 7778: 7603: 7109: 7060: 6824: 6817: 6420: 6181: 5972: 5025: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4313: 4181: 4155: 4150: 4087: 3954: 3921: 3664:. Vol. II (2nd pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 1195: 1161: 861: 823: 1153:, parallel to the border, were left unfortified, despite permission to base defences in the British colony. 8096: 8037: 7933: 7308: 7269: 6188: 6023: 6008: 5935: 5914: 5732: 5410: 5196: 5189: 5173: 4884: 4843: 4815: 4459: 4379: 4371: 4318: 4303: 4250: 4171: 3959: 3911: 1619: 1615: 1337: 1075: 370: 8146: 8136: 8091: 8000: 7324: 7276: 6894: 6866: 6719: 6334: 6313: 5834: 5497: 5403: 4893: 4673: 4298: 4130: 3352: 2131: 592: 8071: 7798: 7294: 7213: 7158: 7046: 7002: 6652: 6278: 6202: 6104: 5981: 5853: 5846: 5806: 5779: 5511: 5444: 5039: 4850: 4780: 3979: 3417:] (in German). G. Stalling (2nd trans. ed.). Oldenburg: Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD. 1315: 1187: 789: 753: 3726:. Vol. II (online ed.). London: Harrison and Sons for HMSO War Office, General Staff. 1907. 3455:

Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iran, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42

1218:

anti-aircraft guns of the 23rd Battery, Hong Kong and Singapore Brigade RA could be spared from Aden.

7700: 7617: 7402: 7262: 7234: 7067: 6972: 6762: 6195: 5269: 4923: 4724: 4554: 4549: 4524: 4270: 4176: 3969: 3833: 3701:. Vol. I (online ed.). London: Harrison and Sons for HMSO War Office, General Staff. 1907. 3540:

Trent'anni di storia italiana 1915–1945: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza: lezioni con testimonianze

920: 796:, making the Italian forces in Africa a threat to British supply routes along the Mediterranean, the 5467: 3544:

Thirty Years of Italian History 1915–1945: From Antifascism to Resistance: Lessons with Testimonials

7439: 7416: 6668: 6469: 6462: 6126: 5786: 5758: 5751: 5138: 4734: 4063: 3348: 1765: 995: 885: 572: 398: 5483: 5460: 3916: 2939: 836:(Italian Royal Air Force) were not prepared for a long war, nor to occupy large tracts of Africa. 7861: 7805: 7675: 7535: 7220: 6873: 6769: 6675: 6243: 6111: 6081: 6045: 6030: 5902: 5794: 5772: 5718: 5704: 5686: 5350: 5131: 4859: 4808: 4729: 4514: 4504: 4363: 3964: 3218: 1748: 1660: 1017:(GRT) ship. Loading and unloading was impossible during the period from July to August, when the 865: 857: 689: 3984: 3769:

East Africa 1940–1941 (land campaign): The Italian Army Defends the Empire in the Horn of Africa

3754:] (in Italian). Vol. I (2nd ed.). Roma: Stato Maggiore Esercito, Ufficio storico. 3662:

The King's African Rifles: A Study in the Military History of East and Central Africa, 1890–1945

7553: 7446: 7248: 7199: 7102: 6995: 6965: 6748: 6636: 6362: 6153: 5744: 5725: 5695: 5242: 5212: 4611: 4544: 4529: 4423: 3361:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (3rd ed.). 2115: 2111: 1874: 1854:

on the British vessels in the Gulf of Aden and Berbera had begun on 8 August to little effect;

1598: 1447: 1174: 1165: 1118: 813: 359: 3498:. Army at War. London: Issued for the War Office by the Ministry of Information (HMSO). 1942. 3116: 8044: 7767: 7610: 7506: 7476: 7432: 7172: 7137: 7130: 7053: 6951: 6392: 6369: 6216: 5827: 5364: 5104: 5090: 4773: 3991: 3314:]. Collana Saggi storici/Historical essays series (in Italian). Milan: Hobby & Work. 1744: 1517:

arrived at Dire Dawa and two of the 94 Squadron Gloster Gladiators at Berbera transferred to

793: 567: 349: 296: 5662: 3356: 7868: 7723: 7374: 7331: 7301: 7227: 7037: 7016: 5942: 5419: 5097: 4454: 4265: 4206: 4095: 2727: 2067: 1569: 1300: 1288: 1276: 1203: 849: 792:(3 October 1935 – 5 May 1936). On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war against Britain and 597: 577: 3156: 1037: 899:

The Italian Royal Army had about 215,000 men in Libya and in Egypt, the British had about

8: 7986: 7760: 7638: 7594: 7116: 6250: 6016: 5543: 5373: 5357: 5306: 4428: 4398: 4285: 4115: 4041: 4036: 4031: 3623: 2199: 1672: 1624: 1371: 1361:

tankettes, several armoured cars, 21 howitzer batteries, pack artillery and air support.

1304: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1242: 1199: 987: 877: 817: 767: 757: 708: 704: 645: 555: 354: 332: 136: 3721: 3696: 2591: 499: 7979: 7812: 7737: 7691: 7661: 7569: 7409: 7074: 6958: 6852: 6803: 6741: 6497: 6448: 6257: 5881: 5536: 5334: 4534: 4479: 4408: 4201: 4053: 4019: 3748:

Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941) Narrazione Parte Prima

2255: 2237: 2213: 2178: 2119: 2105: 1252: 1090: 1048: 1014: 781: 210: 84: 1251:) an armed constabulary, usually used as a frontier police force. The RAF in Aden had 7970: 7854: 7744: 7684: 7645: 7578: 7560: 7526: 7469: 7423: 7367: 7192: 6930: 6922: 6859: 6712: 6306: 5838: 5299: 5278: 4988: 4413: 4260: 4211: 4120: 4100: 4068: 4058: 3903: 3794: 3772: 3755: 3727: 3702: 3682: 3665: 3646: 3627: 3606: 3587: 3564: 3547: 3524: 3499: 3481: 3462: 3441: 3418: 3395: 3366: 3334: 3315: 3292: 3275: 3254: 3246: 3222: 3191: 3162: 2226: 2092: 2085: 2007: 1999: 1591: 1498: 1327: 1292: 1284: 1211: 1074:, Legentilhomme threatened to use force to prevent him from doing so. When the local 941: 831: 805: 732: 728: 264: 249: 1651:

hills by the defenders, with Castle Hill 2 mi (3.2 km) east of Mill Hill.

7889: 7882: 7826: 7490: 7255: 7241: 7144: 7081: 7032: 6845: 6698: 6645: 6455: 6406: 6320: 5550: 5527: 5060: 4719: 4658: 4509: 4464: 4110: 4074: 3882: 3786: 3496:

The Abyssinian Campaigns: The Official Story of the Conquest of Italian East Africa

1973: 1454:

The Blenheims dived to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) through anti-aircraft fire as

1256: 1221: 1215: 869: 845: 785: 763: 724: 673: 635: 630: 602: 48: 5069: 3771:. Mussolini's War. Vol. I. Translated by Basarabowicz, Tomasz. Zielona Gora. 3358:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

3206: 587: 7912: 7624: 7539: 7497: 7395: 7338: 7206: 6988: 6979: 6508: 6090: 6066: 5320: 4698: 4275: 4014: 3679:

The RAF and Tribal Control: Airpower and Irregular Warfare between the World Wars

2376: 2220: 1800: 1381: 1260: 999: 924: 916: 777: 681: 677: 582: 380: 8024: 2364: 1682:

Modern geographic map of Somaliland showing the coastal plain and hilly interior

7919: 7455: 7381: 5433: 5292: 4636: 4580: 4433: 4125: 4006: 3887: 2627: 2625: 2135: 1919: 1775: 1677: 1431: 1342: 1296: 1241:

advance of the main defences to observe and delay invaders with patrols of the

1207: 1042:

Italian East Africa (1938–1941), showing Aden and British and French Somaliland

959: 933: 697: 693: 375: 181: 164: 4474: 4469: 3645:(2nd. pbk. Grafton Books , London ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 1525: 892:(western Libya) faced the French army in Tunisia and the Italian 10th Army in 56: 8060: 7730: 5655: 5504: 5343: 4693: 4585: 4539: 4418: 4105: 3798: 3759: 3731: 3706: 3669: 3610: 3551: 3445: 3370: 3279: 3166: 2492: 2315: 2313: 2174: 1896: 1511:

with one dead crewman and two wounded. On 4 August, two SM 79 bombers of 44°

1121: 991: 912: 685: 317: 105: 92: 3258: 3064: 2816: 2622: 2451: 2439: 2288: 2286: 1410: 8029: 7833: 6133: 6038: 5669: 5032: 4796: 4590: 4575: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2298: 2181: 2098: 2045: 1573: 1093:

as governor beginning on 7 August, who arrived from France on 2 September.

1071: 929: 889: 809: 804:. Egypt and the Suez Canal were obvious targets and an Italian invasion of 720: 620: 222: 3503: 3226: 2310: 1953:(British Somaliland), the border outposts of Karora, Gallabat, Kurmak and 932:

convened a conference in Khartoum at the end of October 1940 with Emperor

7668: 7654: 7316: 5992: 5813: 5798: 5152: 4024: 3813:

Official Italian "Bulletins of War" on the conquest of British Somaliland

3458: 2283: 2081: 1962: 1082: 1052: 976: 196: 3752:

Operations in East Africa (June 1940 – November 1941) Narration Part One

3132: 3001: 2828: 2758: 2715: 2519: 2463: 1535:

On 5 August as the Italian invasion force occupied Hargeisa, covered by

1106: 1010: 8112:

Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II

7023: 6776: 6755: 5648: 4981: 4909: 3561:

The Bitter Sea: The Struggle for Mastery in the Mediterranean 1935–1949

1845: 1718: 1536: 1477: 1455: 1346: 1132: 797: 3076: 7286: 6691: 6488: 6299: 6097: 6052: 2271: 2186: 1991: 1980:...a big butcher's bill was not necessarily evidence of good tactics. 1427: 1191: 1150: 946: 937: 893: 625: 279: 235: 5573: 4621: 3478:

The First Victory: The Second World War and the East Africa Campaign

3440:] (in Italian). Roma: Stato Maggiore Esercito, Ufficio storico. 1806:. As the Italian invasion neared completion, three SM 81s of the 4° 1579: 8122:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

5557: 5285: 4142: 3521:

The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy

1915: 1759: 1713: 1394: 1137: 1125: 4225: 3308:

La conquista dell'Impero, 1935–1941: La guerra in Africa Orientale

1935: 1210:

and the SCC, including 37 officer and NCO reinforcements from the

3931: 3331:

The Scramble in the Horn of Africa: History of Somalia, 1827–1977

2241: 2072:

On 16 March 1941, the British executed Operation Appearance from

1954: 1950: 1562:, Somali for a dry sandy riverbed). The SCC and small patrols of 1518: 1307:

ferried six Blenheim IFs to Aden to replace losses on 15 August.

1006: 951: 801: 712: 3434:

Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941)

2244:

Italian vehicles and dropped two 112 lb (51 kg) bombs.

1636: 1552:, reached Odweina on 6 August and then headed north-west toward 6167: 4765: 4739: 4631: 3289:

Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941

2049: 1958: 1607: 1553: 1508: 1354: 860:

since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the

8132:

Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa

6355: 4626: 3312:

The conquest of the Empire, 1935–1941: The War in East Africa

2991: 2989: 1943:(red); the maximum extent of the Italian Empire shown in pink 1858:

was slightly damaged in two attacks and the auxiliary vessel

1611: 1358: 1233: 1146: 1141: 727:, the theatre commander, his subordinates and Prime Minister 217: 3392:

Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship

3351:; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C.; Toomer, S. E. (1959) . 2240:

to attack an Italian headquarters at Zeila. The Walrus crew

3362: 2325: 2077: 2073: 1572:

fire from the SCC and the company of the NRR defending the

8102:

Military history of British Somaliland during World War II

3217:, Series 2. Vol. I (online ed.). Canberra, ACT: 2986: 2962: 2903: 2901: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2654: 2652: 2612: 2610: 2509: 2507: 1194:) Battalion KAR, the 1st East African Light Battery (four 3723:

Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04

3698:

Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04

3347: 3138: 3122: 3070: 3030: 3028: 3007: 2839: 2822: 2769: 2737: 2721: 2631: 2601: 2534: 2498: 2474: 2457: 2445: 2405: 2403: 2382: 2370: 2319: 2304: 2292: 2277: 1497:

advanced on Zeila and the eastern column struck east for

1493:

Corrado Santoro, was hit in the engine and force landed.

529: 4745:

Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa

3052: 2886: 2705: 2703: 2637: 2545: 2543: 2388: 1556:, a village on the Tug Argan, instead of towards Burao ( 3207:"Chapter 5, R. A. N. Ships Overseas June–December 1940" 3104: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2898: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2787: 2775: 2748: 2746: 2649: 2607: 2579: 2504: 2480: 2354: 2352: 2122:

and on 8 April Chater was appointed Military Governor.

968:

was broken by the Combined Bureau, Middle East (CBME).

5427:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3480:(1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3438:

Operations in East Africa: (June 1940 – November 1941)

3025: 2974: 2804: 2400: 1818:

went back to Addis Ababa and three more SM 79s of 10°

3040: 3013: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2540: 2427: 2415: 2110:. The invasion by the Sikhs was the first successful 888:(Armistice of Villa Incisa), the Italian 5th Army in 3155:

Collins, D. J. E. (1964). Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.).

2913: 2845: 2743: 2567: 2555: 2349: 2236:

was attacked by three Italian fighters and sent its

3826:

Maps and articles on the war in Italian East Africa

3584:

The Italians in East Africa, the fall of the Empire

3580:

Italiani in Africa Orientale: La caduta dell'Impero

3092: 2664: 1812:went back to Shashamanna, two of the SM 79s of 44° 61:

Italian conquest of British Somaliland, August 1940

2337: 2142:List of British military equipment of World War II 1795:at Addis Ababa and three SM 81s from Shashamanna. 896:(eastern Libya), confronted the British in Egypt. 3251:Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence 2874: 856:between Egypt and Britain. The British had based 8058: 4750:Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba 3408: 3126: 172: 4439:Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui) 3793:. No. 37594. London. pp. 2719–2727. 3659: 3186:Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D., eds. (2005) . 2147:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II 1437:Comando Tattico dell Settore Aeronautica Ovest 1375:covering the start of the Somaliland offensive 1070:said that he would obey instructions from the 719:still to be garrisoned, a prospective Italian 287: 8107:Military history of Italy during World War II 4781: 3865: 3409:Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) . 2053: 1890: 1849: 1702: 1692: 1547: 1541: 1512: 1502: 1488: 1482: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1441: 1435: 1421: 1325: 963: 829: 821: 771: 744: 515: 3821:Photos of the Italian conquest of Somaliland 3681:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 3546:]. Saggi (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. 3253:. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus. 2031: 1881:Before sailing for Aden early on 19 August, 1868: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1790: 1784: 1563: 1557: 1246: 1018: 743: 731:, which ended in Wavell being superseded by 8127:Battles of World War II involving Australia 3620:The British Empire and the Second World War 3537: 1830:arrived from Gura in Eritrea after the 10° 4788: 4774: 3872: 3858: 1101: 990:(1900–1920) against Diiriye Guure and his 522: 508: 4156:Concessions & Forts of Italy in China 3845:A minor operation in the Second World War 3518: 3265: 3245: 3082: 2733: 2513: 1111:Geography of Djibouti (French Somaliland) 27:1940 World War II campaign in East Africa 4404:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara 4224: 3586:] (in Italian). Roma-Bari: Laterza. 3577: 3305: 3185: 3110: 2331: 2061: 1934: 1758: 1676: 1635: 1606:SCC rearguards as far as the village of 1578: 1546:. The eastern column, comprising mainly 1524: 1409: 1363: 1314: 1220: 1155: 1105: 1036: 975: 907:training in Palestine. Wavell had about 8117:Battles of World War II involving Italy 3640: 3617: 3600: 3475: 3431: 3286: 3154: 3086: 3058: 3046: 3019: 2995: 2980: 2968: 2892: 2709: 2694: 2682: 2643: 2597: 2549: 2433: 2421: 2394: 2358: 1895:, the only Italian naval ship south of 1434:bomber/transport aircraft. On 1 August 1180: 308: 187: 14: 8059: 6635: 6613:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4689:Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102) 3785: 3766: 3676: 3519:Abdisalam, Mohamed Issa-Salwe (1996). 3452: 3377:from the original on 28 September 2018 2926: 2868: 2856: 2798: 2781: 2752: 2658: 2616: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2486: 1764:Kenyan troops from the 7th Battalion, 1666: 1610:by 17 August. Just before Wavell left 1324:(Lynx) reconnaissance aircraft of the 839: 666:Italian invasion of British Somaliland 37:Italian invasion of British Somaliland 18:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 7484:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 6916:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6562:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6518:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5623:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4769: 4187:Tentative to occupy French Somaliland 3853: 3563:(1st ed.). London: HarperPress. 3389: 3190:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3098: 3034: 2810: 2409: 1754: 1631: 1470:Corrado Ricci, the commander of 410° 1426:arrived at the Scelene airstrip near 971: 533:East African campaign of World War II 503: 395:4,507 British and Commonwealth troops 8067:East African campaign (World War II) 6606:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5638:Rape during the liberation of France 4555:History of Italian colonial railways 3558: 3328: 3204: 3173:from the original on 9 November 2014 2907: 2670: 2343: 2232:participated in shore bombardments. 1279:(Blenheim IVF long-range fighters), 1026: 776:, AOI), formed from the colonies of 3494: 2880: 1996:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1540:being shot down by a CR 32 of 410° 981:Map of Somaliland showing locations 874:General Officer Commanding-in-Chief 668:(3–19 August 1940) was part of the 24: 6832:German invasion of the Netherlands 5112:Weather events during World War II 3512: 3333:. Mogadishu: Somali Publications. 3266:Maravigna, General Pietro (1949). 1949:conquered a territory the size of 1659:in the harbour joined in with its 404:24,000 Italian and colonial troops 25: 8158: 7463:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3806: 3605:(in Italian) (32). Parma: Delta. 3233:from the original on 4 March 2016 3215:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2950:from the original on 28 June 2021 1033:French Somaliland in World War II 956:Government Code and Cypher School 8023: 4795: 4704:Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.) 4684:Italian Libyan Colonial Division 3881: 3274:] (in Italian). Roma: Tosi. 3211:Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942 3188:Oxford Companion to World War II 3158:The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 1310: 1198:) from Kenya, the 1st Battalion 1173:In 1940, the 631 members of the 940:(an advisor for the region with 762:On 9 May 1936, Italian dictator 325: 310: 289: 272: 257: 242: 228: 216: 203: 189: 174: 157: 55: 4755:Postage stamps of Italian Libya 4617:Bands (Italian Army irregulars) 3603:Eserciti Nella Storia (Anno VI) 2932: 2247: 2192: 2168: 2138:for actions at Observation Hill 2055:Regio Corpo di Truppe Coloniali 1357:medium tanks and a squadron of 1023:, a strong and hot wind, blew. 7710:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5420:Territorial changes of Germany 5328:Indonesian National Revolution 4642:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops 4480:Addis Abeba under Italian rule 4151:Italian concession of Tientsin 2159: 1990:Churchill was said by General 880:, with responsibility for the 75:(2 weeks and 2 days) 13: 1: 7110:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7061:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6825:German invasion of Luxembourg 5206:Mediterranean and Middle East 4679:2nd Libyan Division Pescatori 4669:Italian 2nd Eritrean Division 4664:Italian 1st Eritrean Division 4500:Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway 3147: 2189:) in Eritrea on 1 April 1941. 2165:18 August 1940 – 8 April 1941 2039: 1839: 1584:The Burao countryside in 2006 1259:bombers plus two Free French 882:Mediterranean and Middle East 862:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 766:proclaimed the foundation of 738: 692:and defeated its garrison of 487: 434: 7017:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6706:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6024:Independent State of Croatia 4460:Mogadishu under Italian rule 3960:Independent State of Croatia 3834:WWII in the Italian colonies 3660:Moyse-Bartlett, H. (2002) . 3538:Antonicelli, Franco (1961). 3453:Shores, Christopher (1996). 3127:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992 2265: 1925: 1906:them front-line troops with 1620:5th Indian Infantry Division 1616:4th Indian Infantry Division 1076:Italian Armistice Commission 936:, the South African General 7: 8001:End of World War II in Asia 7841:Western invasion of Germany 7348:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7325:Second Battle of El Alamein 6895:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6867:Battle of the Mediterranean 6720:Italian invasion of Albania 4894:Air warfare of World War II 4674:1st Libyan Division Sibille 4520:Railway stations in Eritrea 4380:Asmara Presidential Palace 4131:Southern Military Territory 3992:Italian Province of Lubiana 3523:. London: Haan Associates. 2132:Eric Charles Twelves Wilson 2125: 1930: 1789:and three CR 32s from 411° 1768:parading in Mogadishu, 1941 986:The British had fought the 10: 8163: 8087:1940 in British Somaliland 8077:Somaliland in World War II 7927:Naval bombardment of Japan 7295:First Battle of El Alamein 7214:Battle of Christmas Island 7159:Japanese invasion of Burma 6923:Italian invasion of Greece 6839:German invasion of Belgium 6811:German invasion of Denmark 6784:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6653:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4917:Comparative military ranks 4207:Ticino, Valais and Grisons 3980:Principality of the Pindus 3746:Rovighi, Alberto (1995) . 3432:Rovighi, Alberto (1988) . 3291:. New York: Random House. 2065: 1899:. The Royal Navy embarked 1670: 1212:Southern Rhodesia Regiment 1188:Northern Rhodesia Regiment 1096: 1030: 790:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 754:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 751: 8142:Wars involving Somaliland 8016: 7848:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7788: 7779:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7516: 7403:Allied invasion of Sicily 7357: 7263:Aleutian Islands campaign 7235:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7182: 7173:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7068:Second Battle of Changsha 6973:German invasion of Greece 6941: 6818:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 6793: 6731: 6626: 6507: 6233: 6143: 5991: 5694: 5685: 5443: 5268: 5160:North and Central Pacific 5121: 4883: 4876: 4803: 4725:Italian East African lira 4712: 4604: 4563: 4525:Rail transport in Somalia 4492: 4447: 4391: 4348: 4341: 4284: 4243: 4236: 4222: 4164: 4141: 4086: 4005: 3997:Governorate of Montenegro 3930: 3901: 3894: 3578:Del Boca, Angelo (1986). 3306:Molinari, Andrea (2007). 3287:Mockler, Anthony (1984). 1641:The Tug Argan Gap in 1954 1405: 828:(Italian Royal Army) and 773:Africa Orientale Italiana 746:Africa Orientale Italiana 578:British Somaliland (1941) 551:British Somaliland (1940) 541: 408: 389: 340: 146: 65: 54: 41: 36: 7440:Allied invasion of Italy 7417:Solomon Islands campaign 7166:Third Battle of Changsha 6763:First Battle of Changsha 6669:Second Sino-Japanese War 5609:German military brothels 5475:United States war crimes 4735:Italian Somaliland rupia 4237:Settlers and Irredentism 4064:Galla-Sidamo Governorate 3618:Jackson, Ashley (2006). 3394:. London: Brassey's UK. 3205:Gill, G. Hermon (1957). 2385:, pp. 128, 167–168. 2373:, pp. 123–125, 128. 2152: 2024:(1941) in Stewart (2016) 1522:crew to divert to Zula. 1415:A Savoia-Marchetti SM 81 998:(KAR) battalion and the 886:Franco-Italian Armistice 858:military forces in Egypt 7862:Second Guangxi campaign 7717:Philippines (1944–1945) 7221:Battle of the Coral Sea 7124:Fall of the Philippines 6770:Battle of South Guangxi 6676:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6082:Italian Social Republic 4730:Italian Somaliland lira 4550:Libyan Railway stations 4515:Asmara-Massawa Cableway 4505:Ethio-Djibouti Railways 3219:Australian War Memorial 2944:Warfare History Network 1957:in Sudan and in Kenya, 1749:British Troops in Egypt 1226:A Blenheim Mk I in 2015 1102:British defence schemes 1081:The 2nd Battalion, the 690:Somaliland Protectorate 8082:World War II invasions 7447:Armistice of Cassibile 7249:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7200:Battle of the Java Sea 7103:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7003:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6996:Battle of South Shanxi 6966:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6749:Battle of the Atlantic 6363:Korean Liberation Army 6076:(until September 1943) 6033:(until September 1944) 6011:(until September 1944) 4612:Italian African Police 4545:Italian Libya Railways 4424:Fiat Tagliero Building 4244:Settlers and colonists 4230: 3767:Sobski, Marek (2020). 3677:Newton, R. D. (2019). 3329:Omar, Mohamed (2001). 2054: 2032: 2027: 1988: 1945: 1891: 1869: 1850: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1791: 1785: 1770: 1736: 1703: 1693: 1684: 1643: 1599:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss 1586: 1564: 1558: 1548: 1542: 1532: 1530:General Guglielmo Nasi 1513: 1503: 1489: 1487:; the CR 42 of the CO 1483: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1442: 1436: 1422: 1417: 1377: 1369:The Italian newspaper 1333: 1326: 1247: 1228: 1202:and the 3rd Battalion 1196:3.7-inch mountain guns 1175:Somaliland Camel Corps 1170: 1166:Royal Artillery Museum 1113: 1044: 1019: 983: 964: 876:(GOC-in-C) of the new 830: 822: 772: 745: 401:and Somali irregulars) 341:Commanders and leaders 7611:Second Battle of Guam 7507:Bengal famine of 1943 7477:Second Battle of Kiev 7433:Battle of the Dnieper 7138:Battle of Wake Island 7010:East African campaign 6952:Battle of South Henan 6597:atrocities by Germans 6370:Korean Volunteer Army 5351:Occupation of Germany 5105:Music in World War II 4713:Currencies and Stamps 4314:Istria-Venezia Giulia 4228: 3955:Islands of the Aegean 3641:Mockler, A. (1987) . 3390:Raugh, H. E. (1993). 2116:11th African Division 2062:Subsequent operations 2013: 1978: 1938: 1766:King's African Rifles 1762: 1726: 1687:The Australians from 1680: 1639: 1582: 1528: 1413: 1367: 1318: 1224: 1162:3.7-inch Mountain Gun 1159: 1109: 1040: 996:King's African Rifles 979: 672:(1940–1941) in which 670:East African campaign 409:Casualties and losses 399:King's African Rifles 44:East African campaign 7897:Surrender of Germany 7375:Battle of West Hubei 7332:Guadalcanal campaign 7302:Battle of Stalingrad 7228:Battle of Madagascar 6002:Albania protectorate 5789:(formerly Swaziland) 5498:Wehrmacht war crimes 5314:Expulsion of Germans 5098:Art and World War II 4996:British contribution 4945:Governments in exile 3643:Haile Selassie's War 3476:Stewart, A. (2016). 3221:. pp. 140–246. 3139:Playfair et al. 1959 3123:Playfair et al. 1959 3071:Playfair et al. 1959 3008:Playfair et al. 1959 2840:Playfair et al. 1959 2823:Playfair et al. 1959 2770:Playfair et al. 1959 2738:Playfair et al. 1959 2722:Playfair et al. 1959 2632:Playfair et al. 1959 2602:Playfair et al. 1959 2535:Playfair et al. 1959 2501:, pp. 168, 174. 2499:Playfair et al. 1959 2475:Playfair et al. 1959 2458:Playfair et al. 1959 2446:Playfair et al. 1959 2383:Playfair et al. 1959 2371:Playfair et al. 1959 2334:, pp. 245, 247. 2332:Dear & Foot 2005 2320:Playfair et al. 1959 2305:Playfair et al. 1959 2293:Playfair et al. 1959 2278:Playfair et al. 1959 2068:Operation Appearance 1570:Boys anti-tank rifle 1398:(Lieutenant-General 1353:, half a company of 1349:battalions and five 1204:15th Punjab Regiment 1190:(1st NRR), the 2nd ( 1181:British preparations 911:at his disposal for 494:4 aircraft destroyed 441:7 aircraft destroyed 106:9.56611°N 44.05472°E 8097:Italian East Africa 7987:Potsdam Declaration 7876:Italy (Spring 1945) 7639:Liberation of Paris 7096:Siege of Sevastopol 6114:(until August 1944) 6017:Wang Jingwei regime 5839:from September 1943 5799:from September 1944 5737:from September 1944 5597:Romanian war crimes 5588:Persecution of Jews 5574:Croatian war crimes 5544:Japanese war crimes 5358:Occupation of Japan 5307:First Indochina War 5019:Military production 4931:Declarations of war 4605:Police and military 4399:Mogadishu Cathedral 4042:Somalia Governorate 4037:Eritrea Governorate 4032:Italian East Africa 3912:Southeastern France 3624:Hambledon Continuum 3073:, pp. 178–179. 2998:, pp. 245–249. 2971:, pp. 87, 263. 2940:"Red Sea Naval War" 2910:, pp. 205–206. 2825:, pp. 176–177. 2740:, pp. 175–176. 2634:, pp. 173–175. 2460:, pp. 172–173. 2448:, pp. 167–168. 2307:, pp. 6–7, 69. 2258:, south of Berbera. 2097:and the destroyers 1673:Battle of Tug Argan 1667:Battle of Tug Argan 1628:diverted to Sudan. 1625:Reade Godwin-Austen 1597:donated the ship's 1380:Lieutenant-General 1372:Corriere della Sera 1243:Somali Police Force 1200:2nd Punjab Regiment 988:Somaliland Campaign 878:Middle East Command 840:Middle East Command 788:, conquered in the 768:Italian East Africa 758:Italian East Africa 709:Reade Godwin-Austen 705:Battle of Tug Argan 696:, Commonwealth and 641:East Indies Station 615:Associated articles 443:10 aircraft damaged 355:Reade Godwin-Austen 333:Italian East Africa 137:Italian East Africa 102: / 8147:Invasions by Italy 8137:August 1940 events 8092:1940 in Somaliland 7980:Surrender of Japan 7813:Battle of Iwo Jima 7662:Belgrade offensive 7075:Siege of Leningrad 6959:Battle of Shanggao 6888:British Somaliland 6853:Dunkirk evacuation 6804:Norwegian campaign 6742:Invasion of Poland 6569:Japanese prisoners 5537:Italian war crimes 5468:British war crimes 5383:Soviet occupations 5167:South-West Pacific 5054:Allied cooperation 5012:Military equipment 4564:Political concepts 4535:Via della Vittoria 4409:Benghazi Cathedral 4372:Governor's Palace 4364:Governor's Palace 4356:Governor's Palace 4231: 4054:Amhara Governorate 4047:British Somaliland 4020:Italian Somaliland 3349:Playfair, I. S. O. 3247:Mackenzie, Compton 2600:, pp. 75–77; 2322:, pp. 19, 93. 2120:British Somaliland 2080:battalions of the 1946: 1771: 1755:Retreat to Berbera 1685: 1644: 1632:Tug Argan position 1587: 1533: 1476:, took off in his 1418: 1378: 1334: 1229: 1171: 1114: 1091:Pierre Nouailhetas 1055:railway. When the 1049:Paul Legentilhomme 1047:Brigadier-General 1045: 1015:gross register ton 984: 972:British Somaliland 782:Italian Somaliland 85:British Somaliland 8072:Conflicts in 1940 8054: 8053: 8012: 8011: 7855:Battle of Okinawa 7754:Burma (1944–1945) 7588:Mariana and Palau 7368:Tunisian campaign 7193:Fall of Singapore 7117:Fall of Hong Kong 6860:Battle of Britain 6713:Operation Himmler 6622: 6621: 6286:Dutch East Indies 5929:Southern Rhodesia 5681: 5680: 5581:Genocide of Serbs 5484:German war crimes 5461:Soviet war crimes 5454:Allied war crimes 5300:Division of Korea 5279:Chinese Civil War 5077:Strategic bombing 4989:Manhattan Project 4763: 4762: 4540:Linea dell'Impero 4488: 4487: 4414:Tripoli Cathedral 4337: 4336: 4220: 4219: 4165:Planned expansion 4121:Benghazi Province 4069:Scioa Governorate 4059:Harar Governorate 3778:979-8-57-786912-0 3688:978-0-70-062871-1 3633:978-1-85285-517-8 3593:978-88-420-2810-9 3570:978-0-00-720304-8 3559:Ball, S. (2009). 3530:978-1-87420-991-1 3487:978-0-300-20855-9 3468:978-1-898697-37-4 3424:978-1-55750-105-9 3401:978-0-08-040983-2 3340:978-1-874209-63-8 3321:978-88-7851-514-7 3298:978-0-394-54222-5 3197:978-0-19-280670-3 3061:, pp. 93–94. 3037:, pp. 82–83. 2895:, pp. 39–40. 2871:, pp. 53–54. 2813:, pp. 76–82. 2801:, pp. 51–52. 2784:, pp. 49–51. 2661:, pp. 46–47. 2646:, pp. 76–77. 2619:, pp. 43–45. 2588:, pp. 41–43. 2489:, pp. 42–54. 2412:, pp. 75–76. 2397:, pp. 63–64. 2295:, pp. 38–40. 2212:and the cruisers 2008:Battle of Britain 2000:Claude Auchinleck 1851:Regia Aeronautica 1458:fighters of 410° 1328:Regia Aeronautica 1303:participated and 1293:Vickers Wellesley 1285:Gloster Gladiator 1027:French Somaliland 965:Regia Aeronautica 958:(GC & CS) at 942:Winston Churchill 832:Regia Aeronautica 806:French Somaliland 733:Claude Auchinleck 729:Winston Churchill 659: 658: 646:East Africa Force 563:French Somaliland 498: 497: 447:2 vessels damaged 432:(British service) 265:Southern Rhodesia 250:Northern Rhodesia 142: 141: 111:9.56611; 44.05472 16:(Redirected from 8154: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8030:World portal 8028: 8027: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7890:Prague offensive 7885: 7883:Battle of Berlin 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7827:Vienna offensive 7822: 7815: 7808: 7806:Battle of Manila 7801: 7781: 7772: 7763: 7756: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7590: 7583: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7549: 7547:Korsun–Cherkassy 7542: 7531: 7509: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7389:Bombing of Gorky 7384: 7377: 7370: 7350: 7343: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7256:Battle of Midway 7251: 7244: 7242:Battle of Gazala 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7152:Battle of Borneo 7147: 7145:Malayan campaign 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7089:Bombing of Gorky 7084: 7082:Battle of Moscow 7077: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6934: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6846:Battle of France 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6699:Munich Agreement 6694: 6687: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6655: 6648: 6633: 6632: 6615: 6608: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6584:Soviet prisoners 6578: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6524:German prisoners 6520: 6500: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6060:French Indochina 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5984: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5907:from August 1944 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5790: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5692: 5691: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5633: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5551:Nanjing Massacre 5546: 5539: 5530: 5528:Nuremberg trials 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5261: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5132:Asia and Pacific 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5061:Mulberry harbour 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4896: 4881: 4880: 4869: 4862: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4720:Eritrean tallero 4659:Ascari del Cielo 4581:New Roman Empire 4510:Eritrean Railway 4465:Italian Benghazi 4383: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4241: 4240: 4116:Misrata Province 4111:Tripoli Province 4075:Italian Ethiopia 3899: 3898: 3886: 3885: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3838: 3830: 3817: 3802: 3782: 3763: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3692: 3673: 3656: 3637: 3614: 3597: 3574: 3555: 3534: 3507: 3491: 3472: 3449: 3428: 3405: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3353:Butler, J. R. M. 3344: 3325: 3302: 3283: 3262: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3201: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3125:, pp. 417; 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2741: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2605: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2259: 2251: 2245: 2196: 2190: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2057: 2035: 2025: 1986: 1974:board of inquiry 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1894: 1892:Stella d' Italia 1872: 1853: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1794: 1788: 1734: 1706: 1696: 1567: 1561: 1551: 1545: 1516: 1506: 1492: 1486: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1445: 1439: 1425: 1393:) would move to 1331: 1261:Martin Marylands 1257:Bristol Blenheim 1250: 1069: 1061:Hubert Deschamps 1022: 967: 910: 906: 902: 870:Archibald Wavell 846:Kingdom of Egypt 835: 827: 775: 764:Benito Mussolini 748: 725:Archibald Wavell 636:Desert Air Force 631:Red Sea Flotilla 536: 534: 524: 517: 510: 501: 500: 492: 489: 467: 439: 436: 331: 329: 328: 320: 316: 314: 313: 301: 299: 295: 293: 292: 283: 278: 276: 275: 267: 263: 261: 260: 252: 248: 246: 245: 234: 232: 231: 221: 220: 209: 207: 206: 199: 195: 193: 192: 184: 180: 178: 177: 167: 163: 161: 160: 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 99: 98: 95: 73:3–19 August 1940 67: 66: 59: 49:Second World War 34: 33: 21: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8022: 8020: 8008: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7946: 7941:Atomic bombings 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7784: 7777: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7699: 7690: 7683: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7644: 7637: 7632:Eastern Romania 7630: 7625:Warsaw Uprising 7623: 7618:Tannenberg Line 7616: 7609: 7604:Western Ukraine 7602: 7593: 7586: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7534: 7525: 7512: 7505: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7396:Battle of Kursk 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7353: 7346: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7207:St Nazaire Raid 7205: 7198: 7191: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7031: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6989:Anglo-Iraqi War 6987: 6980:Battle of Crete 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6937: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6909:Eastern Romania 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6644: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6544: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6503: 6496: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6470:Western Ukraine 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6414:Northeast China 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6120:Slovak Republic 6118: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6091:Empire of Japan 6089: 6080: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5987: 5980: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5793: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5677: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5636: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5603:Sexual violence 5602: 5595: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5326: 5321:Greek Civil War 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5264: 5257: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5146:South-East Asia 5144: 5137: 5130: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5005:Military awards 5003: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4899: 4892: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4794: 4764: 4759: 4708: 4699:Legione Redenta 4647:Eritrean Ascari 4600: 4559: 4484: 4475:Italian Massaua 4455:Italian Tripoli 4443: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4357: 4333: 4280: 4232: 4216: 4160: 4137: 4082: 4015:Italian Eritrea 4001: 3926: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3836: 3828: 3815: 3809: 3779: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3720: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3689: 3653: 3634: 3594: 3571: 3531: 3515: 3513:Further reading 3510: 3488: 3469: 3425: 3402: 3380: 3378: 3341: 3322: 3299: 3236: 3234: 3198: 3176: 3174: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085:, p. 453; 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2946:. 5 July 2016. 2938: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2846: 2838: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2759: 2751: 2744: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2608: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2252: 2248: 2197: 2193: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2128: 2070: 2064: 2042: 2026: 2022:War for Britain 2019: 1987: 1984: 1944: 1941:Impero italiano 1933: 1928: 1911: 1908:1,266 civilians 1907: 1903: 1900: 1842: 1769: 1757: 1747:, the GOC-in-C 1735: 1732: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1642: 1634: 1585: 1531: 1420:On 31 July 18° 1416: 1408: 1391:Arturo Bertello 1382:Carlo de Simone 1376: 1332: 1313: 1275:(Blenheim) and 1227: 1183: 1169: 1112: 1104: 1099: 1063: 1043: 1035: 1029: 1000:Royal Air Force 982: 974: 908: 904: 900: 842: 778:Italian Eritrea 760: 750: 741: 698:colonial forces 662: 661: 660: 655: 651:Order of battle 612: 537: 532: 530: 528: 493: 490: 486: 456: 455: 446: 444: 442: 440: 437: 433: 428: 426: 424: 422: 420:British Empire: 418: 396: 385: 381:Carlo De Simone 364: 350:Maitland Wilson 326: 324: 311: 309: 304: 290: 288: 286: 273: 271: 270: 258: 256: 255: 243: 241: 240: 229: 227: 215: 204: 202: 190: 188: 175: 173: 169: 168: 158: 156: 155: 131: 125:Italian victory 110: 108: 104: 101: 96: 93: 91: 89: 88: 87: 74: 60: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8160: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7960: 7957:South Sakhalin 7953: 7952: 7951: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7757: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7697: 7688: 7681: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7591: 7584: 7575: 7566: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7532: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7382:Battle of Attu 7378: 7371: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7273: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7131:Battle of Guam 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7054:Battle of Kiev 7050: 7043: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6641: 6639: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6565: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553:United Kingdom 6549: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6521: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6366: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957:British Empire 5950:United Kingdom 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5791: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5766:Czechoslovakia 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5663:Rape of Manila 5659: 5652: 5645: 5634: 5619: 5612: 5600: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5540: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5501: 5494: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5434:United Nations 5430: 5423: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5293:Decolonization 5289: 5282: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5239: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4966:United Kingdom 4962: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4812: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4493:Infrastructure 4490: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470:Italian Asmara 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4434:Asmara Theatre 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4126:Derna Province 4123: 4118: 4113: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4007:Horn of Africa 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3985:Ionian Islands 3982: 3977: 3975:Hellenic State 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3888:Italian Empire 3877: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3818: 3808: 3807:External links 3805: 3804: 3803: 3791:London Gazette 3783: 3777: 3764: 3743: 3718: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3615: 3598: 3592: 3575: 3569: 3556: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3492: 3486: 3473: 3467: 3450: 3429: 3423: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3303: 3297: 3284: 3263: 3243: 3202: 3196: 3183: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3141:, p. 418. 3131: 3115: 3113:, p. 117. 3103: 3091: 3089:, p. 188. 3083:Maravigna 1949 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3024: 3012: 3010:, p. 179. 3000: 2985: 2983:, p. 138. 2973: 2961: 2931: 2912: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2844: 2842:, p. 177. 2827: 2815: 2803: 2786: 2774: 2772:, p. 176. 2757: 2742: 2736:, p. 22; 2734:Mackenzie 1951 2726: 2724:, p. 175. 2714: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2673:, p. 206. 2663: 2648: 2636: 2621: 2606: 2604:, p. 174. 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2539: 2537:, p. 174. 2518: 2514:Mackenzie 1951 2503: 2491: 2479: 2477:, p. 173. 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2348: 2346:, p. 402. 2336: 2324: 2309: 2297: 2282: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2246: 2198:the destroyer 2191: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2136:Victoria Cross 2134:, awarded the 2127: 2124: 2066:Main article: 2063: 2060: 2041: 2038: 2017: 2002:in July 1941. 1982: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1920:Italian Empire 1841: 1838: 1776:Kamaran Island 1763: 1756: 1753: 1730: 1681: 1671:Main article: 1668: 1665: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1583: 1529: 1507:which reached 1414: 1407: 1404: 1400:Sisto Bertoldi 1368: 1343:Guglielmo Nasi 1319: 1312: 1309: 1297:Bristol Bombay 1225: 1208:Colony of Aden 1182: 1179: 1160: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1087:Gaëtan Germain 1041: 1031:Main article: 1028: 1025: 980: 973: 970: 960:Bletchley Park 934:Haile Selassie 901:36,000 troops, 872:was appointed 841: 838: 824:Regio Esercito 749: 742: 740: 737: 735:in July 1941. 657: 656: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 559: 558: 548: 542: 539: 538: 527: 526: 519: 512: 504: 496: 495: 479: 478: 475: 472: 448: 411: 410: 406: 405: 402: 392: 391: 387: 386: 384: 383: 378: 376:Guglielmo Nasi 373: 367: 365: 363: 362: 357: 352: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 336: 335: 305: 303: 302: 284: 268: 253: 238: 225: 213: 200: 185: 182:United Kingdom 165:British Empire 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 133: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8159: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964:Kuril Islands 7961: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731:Syrmian Front 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677:Market Garden 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7536:Monte Cassino 7533: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902:Baltic states 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546:United States 6543: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482:Quốc dân Đảng 6479: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6182:Liechtenstein 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966:United States 5963: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656:Comfort women 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5640: / 5639: 5635: 5632: 5629: / 5628: 5625: / 5624: 5620: 5617: 5616:Camp brothels 5613: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505:The Holocaust 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491:forced labour 5488: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344:Marshall Plan 5341: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5197:Eastern Front 5194: 5191: 5190:Western Front 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5084:Puppet states 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026:Naval history 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4973:United States 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4694:Maletti Group 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4652:Somali Ascari 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Spazio vitale 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Greater Italy 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419:Cinema Impero 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4106:Italian Libya 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3904:Mediterranean 3900: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3652:0-586-07204-7 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3140: 3135: 3129:, p. 54. 3128: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3111:Molinari 2007 3107: 3101:, p. 82. 3100: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3049:, p. 93. 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3022:, p. 87. 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2929:, p. 54. 2928: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2883:, p. 19. 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2859:, p. 53. 2858: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2755:, p. 48. 2754: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2712:, p. 81. 2711: 2706: 2704: 2697:, p. 79. 2696: 2691: 2685:, p. 77. 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2576:, p. 41. 2575: 2570: 2564:, p. 45. 2563: 2558: 2552:, p. 75. 2551: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2516:, p. 23. 2515: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 67. 2435: 2430: 2424:, p. 65. 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2361:, p. 62. 2360: 2355: 2353: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2059: 2056: 2052:units of the 2051: 2047: 2037: 2034: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1937: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1901:7,140 people, 1898: 1897:Bab El Mandeb 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1767: 1761: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1679: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1638: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311:Italian plans 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1178: 1176: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119:Arthur Chater 1108: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1039: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 992:Dervish state 989: 978: 969: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909:86,000 troops 903:with another 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 837: 834: 833: 826: 825: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 769: 765: 759: 755: 747: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 716: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Fascist Italy 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 617: 616: 609: 608:Guerrilla war 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 557: 554: 553: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 540: 535: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 505: 502: 485: 484: 476: 474:1,530 wounded 473: 470: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 453: 449: 431: 421: 416: 413: 412: 407: 403: 400: 397:(75 per cent 394: 393: 388: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Duke of Aosta 369: 368: 366: 361: 360:Arthur Chater 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 345: 344: 339: 334: 323: 322: 321: 319: 306: 298: 285: 281: 269: 266: 254: 251: 239: 237: 226: 224: 219: 214: 212: 201: 198: 186: 183: 171: 170: 166: 151: 150: 145: 138: 134: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 115: 86: 82: 79: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 8038:Bibliography 8021: 7834:Project Hula 7799:Vistula–Oder 7768: 7701: 7692: 7676: 7646: 7595: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7527: 7424: 7339: 7315: 7285: 7036: 6929: 6887: 6874:North Africa 6576:Soviet Union 6530:Soviet Union 6456:Soviet Union 6224:Vatican City 6134:Vichy France 6039:German Reich 5936:Soviet Union 5922:South Africa 5915:Sierra Leone 5868:Newfoundland 5687:Participants 5670:Marocchinate 5374: 5365: 5335: 5213:North Africa 5174:Indian Ocean 5033:Nazi plunder 4924:Cryptography 4797:World War II 4591:Fourth Shore 4576:Mare Nostrum 4358:(Mogadishu) 4349:Governmental 4342:Architecture 4096:Tripolitania 4073: 4046: 3948:World War II 3895:Subdivisions 3842: 3837:(in Italian) 3829:(in Italian) 3816:(in Italian) 3790: 3768: 3751: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3697: 3678: 3661: 3642: 3619: 3602: 3583: 3579: 3560: 3543: 3539: 3520: 3495: 3477: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3414: 3410: 3391: 3379:. Retrieved 3357: 3330: 3311: 3307: 3288: 3271: 3267: 3250: 3235:. Retrieved 3210: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3157: 3134: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3087:Rovighi 1988 3078: 3066: 3059:Stewart 2016 3054: 3047:Stewart 2016 3042: 3020:Stewart 2016 3015: 3003: 2996:Mockler 1984 2981:Rovighi 1988 2976: 2969:Stewart 2016 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2943: 2934: 2893:Collins 1964 2888: 2876: 2864: 2818: 2806: 2777: 2729: 2717: 2710:Stewart 2016 2695:Stewart 2016 2690: 2683:Stewart 2016 2678: 2666: 2644:Stewart 2016 2639: 2598:Stewart 2016 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2550:Stewart 2016 2494: 2482: 2453: 2441: 2434:Stewart 2016 2429: 2422:Stewart 2016 2417: 2395:Stewart 2016 2390: 2378: 2366: 2359:Stewart 2016 2339: 2327: 2300: 2280:, p. 2. 2273: 2249: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2215: 2208: 2205:, the sloop 2201: 2194: 2182:Hugh Sweeney 2170: 2161: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2071: 2046:Ian Playfair 2043: 2033:coup de main 2028: 2021: 2014: 2004: 1989: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1947: 1940: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1843: 1802: 1797: 1781: 1772: 1745:Henry Wilson 1741: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1710: 1699: 1688: 1686: 1661:machine-guns 1656: 1653: 1645: 1604: 1593: 1588: 1574:hill station 1534: 1495: 1453: 1419: 1387: 1379: 1370: 1350: 1335: 1321: 1301:216 Squadron 1289:223 Squadron 1277:203 Squadron 1239: 1230: 1184: 1172: 1130: 1115: 1080: 1072:Vichy regime 1046: 1004: 985: 945: 930:Anthony Eden 898: 890:Tripolitania 884:. Until the 866:Commonwealth 843: 761: 721:coup de main 717: 702: 688:entered the 665: 663: 621:Gideon Force 614: 613: 550: 491: 1,000 480: 461: 457: 451: 450: 438: 2,000 429: 419: 414: 307: 297:South Africa 147:Belligerents 42:Part of the 29: 7769:Bodenplatte 7655:Gothic Line 6881:West Africa 6428:Philippines 6407:Netherlands 6272:Czech lands 6210:Switzerland 6154:Afghanistan 6105:Philippines 5973:Puerto Rico 5889:Philippines 5875:New Zealand 5861:Netherlands 5814:Free France 5565:Prosecution 5366:Osoaviakhim 5236:West Africa 5220:East Africa 4867:Conferences 4429:Marble Arch 4324:Switzerland 4286:Irredentism 4025:Oltre Giuba 3943:World War I 3737:6 September 3712:6 September 3459:Grub Street 3381:3 September 3237:20 February 2927:Shores 1996 2869:Shores 1996 2857:Shores 1996 2799:Shores 1996 2782:Shores 1996 2753:Shores 1996 2659:Shores 1996 2617:Shores 1996 2586:Shores 1996 2574:Shores 1996 2562:Shores 1996 2487:Shores 1996 2082:Indian Army 1870:Squadriglia 1833:Squadriglia 1821:Squadriglia 1792:Squadriglia 1704:Squadriglia 1694:Squadriglia 1649:Observation 1543:Squadriglia 1504:Squadriglia 1484:Squadriglia 1473:Squadriglie 1461:Squadriglie 1423:Squadriglie 1320:IMAM Ro.37 1305:84 Squadron 1287:fighters), 1273:45 Squadron 1131:During the 1083:Black Watch 1064: [ 1053:Addis Ababa 854:condominium 568:Convoy BN 7 427:120 missing 425:105 wounded 300:(air force) 135:Annexed to 130:Territorial 109: / 8061:Categories 7869:West Hunan 7702:Pointblank 7038:Silver Fox 7024:Summer War 6777:Winter War 6756:Phoney War 6537:Azerbaijan 6498:Yugoslavia 6393:Luxembourg 6235:Resistance 5982:Yugoslavia 5847:Luxembourg 5649:Sook Ching 5445:War crimes 5047:Technology 5040:Opposition 4982:Lend-Lease 4959:Australian 4952:Home front 4910:Blitzkrieg 4860:Casualties 4851:Commanders 4823:Operations 4596:Third Rome 4530:Via Balbia 4366:(Tripoli) 4256:Dodecanese 3787:Wavell, A. 3622:. London: 3457:. London: 3148:References 3099:Raugh 1993 3035:Raugh 1993 2811:Raugh 1993 2410:Raugh 1993 2227:HMAS 2177:H. Jones, 2076:; the two 2040:Casualties 1846:Royal Navy 1840:Evacuation 1719:Shashamane 1592:HMAS 1347:Blackshirt 1253:8 Squadron 1133:Phoney War 905:27,500 men 814:Tanganyika 798:Suez Canal 752:See also: 739:Background 684:forces of 598:Culqualber 593:Amba Alagi 477:34 missing 471:465 killed 460:: 161 and 445:1 tug lost 211:Somaliland 97:44°03′17″E 94:09°33′58″N 7934:Manchuria 7820:Indochina 7596:Bagration 7047:Lithuania 6692:Anschluss 6489:Viet Minh 6386:Lithuania 6328:Hong Kong 6098:Manchukuo 6053:Azad Hind 5712:Australia 5512:Aftermath 5375:Paperclip 5270:Aftermath 5070:Total war 4938:Diplomacy 4901:In Europe 4382:(Asmara) 4374:(Asmara) 4101:Cyrenaica 3843:Semaphore 3799:265544298 3760:956084252 3732:915556896 3707:903224942 3670:604161828 3611:1591-3031 3552:828603112 3446:848471066 3371:494123451 3280:643646990 3167:154168563 2908:Gill 1957 2671:Gill 1957 2344:Omar 2001 2266:Citations 2214:HMS 2207:HMS 2202:Kimberley 2200:HMS 2187:Mendefera 2099:HMS 2086:HMS 2044:In 1954, 1992:John Dill 1926:Aftermath 1878:Berbera. 1801:HMS 1733:Mussolini 1714:howitzers 1430:with six 1428:Dire Dawa 1206:from the 1192:Nyasaland 947:Arbegnoch 938:Jan Smuts 894:Cyrenaica 848:included 626:Arbegnoch 556:Tug Argan 423:50 killed 280:Australia 236:Nyasaland 8045:Category 7994:document 7904:document 7761:Ardennes 7745:Budapest 7693:Crossbow 7571:Overlord 7410:Smolensk 6628:Timeline 6463:Slovakia 6449:Thailand 6300:Ethiopia 6265:Bulgaria 6189:Portugal 6127:Thailand 6009:Bulgaria 5787:Eswatini 5780:Ethiopia 5733:Bulgaria 5558:Unit 731 5519:Response 5336:Keelhaul 5286:Cold War 5259:Americas 5250:timeline 5243:Atlantic 5123:Theaters 4448:Urbanism 4392:Civilian 4309:Dalmatia 4266:Ethiopia 4143:Far East 3965:Dalmatia 3939:Albania 3902:Western 3375:Archived 3259:59637091 3249:(1951). 3231:Archived 3171:Archived 2948:Archived 2881:TAC 1942 2216:Carlisle 2126:See also 2107:Kingston 2101:Kandahar 2018:— 1983:— 1931:Analysis 1912:184 sick 1904:5,690 of 1860:Chakdina 1731:— 1537:Ro 37bis 1490:Capitano 1481:of 413° 1467:Captaino 1443:Generale 1138:Hargeisa 1126:Djibouti 1057:governor 1011:entrepôt 800:and the 786:Ethiopia 678:Eritrean 390:Strength 80:Location 7971:Shumshu 7738:Hungary 7685:Estonia 7669:Lapland 7647:Dragoon 7580:Neptune 7562:Ichi-Go 7528:Tempest 7470:Changde 7425:Cottage 7317:Jubilee 7033:Finland 6931:Compass 6637:Prelude 6590:Finland 6476:Vietnam 6442:Romania 6314:Germany 6293:Estonia 6279:Denmark 6258:Belgium 6251:Austria 6244:Albania 6175:Ireland 6161:Andorra 6145:Neutral 6112:Romania 6046:Hungary 6031:Finland 5903:Romania 5795:Finland 5773:Denmark 5719:Belgium 5705:Algeria 5411:Romania 5397:Hungary 5153:Pacific 4877:General 4831:Leaders 4816:Battles 4809:Outline 4294:Corsica 4276:Somalia 4261:Eritrea 4251:Albania 4212:Tunisia 4182:Majorca 3932:Balkans 3922:Corsica 3355:(ed.). 2954:29 June 2242:strafed 2209:Aukland 2094:Caledon 2088:Glasgow 1955:Kassala 1951:England 1916:Vatican 1519:Laferug 1499:Odweina 1395:Odweina 1097:Prelude 1007:Berbera 952:Amharic 802:Red Sea 713:Berbera 703:At the 694:British 674:Italian 573:Agordat 481:Somali 466:: 1,868 458:Italian 454:: 3,029 282:(naval) 132:changes 47:of the 7948:Debate 7920:Taipei 7913:Borneo 7491:Tarawa 6685:Europe 6646:Africa 6435:Poland 6421:Norway 6400:Malaya 6379:Latvia 6321:Greece 6307:France 6203:Sweden 6168:Bhutan 5896:Poland 5882:Norway 5854:Mexico 5821:Greece 5807:France 5745:Canada 5726:Brazil 5696:Allies 5642:Serbia 5631:Poland 5404:Poland 5390:Baltic 5183:Europe 4885:Topics 4837:Allied 4740:Somalo 4637:Spahis 4632:Savari 4622:Zaptié 4172:Adalia 3970:Greece 3917:Monaco 3797: 3775: 3758: 3730: 3705: 3685: 3668: 3649: 3630: 3609: 3590: 3567: 3550: 3527: 3504:894319 3502: 3484: 3465: 3444: 3421: 3398: 3369: 3337: 3318: 3295: 3278: 3257: 3227:848228 3225: 3194: 3177:7 July 3165: 2256:Sheikh 2238:Walrus 2234:Hobart 2229:Hobart 2112:Allied 2050:Ascari 2020:Cowie 1994:, the 1985:Wavell 1959:Moyale 1883:Hobart 1856:Hobart 1827:Gruppo 1815:Gruppo 1809:Gruppo 1786:Gruppo 1689:Hobart 1657:Hobart 1608:Bulhar 1594:Hobart 1565:Illalo 1554:Adadle 1514:Gruppo 1509:Jijiga 1432:Ca 133 1406:Battle 1355:M11/39 1248:Illalo 1216:3-inch 1168:London 1147:Jirreh 1020:Kharif 818:Uganda 794:France 784:, and 682:Somali 603:Gondar 463:Ascari 430:Somali 415:Total: 330: 315: 294: 277: 262: 247: 233: 208: 194: 179: 162: 122:Result 7724:Leyte 7554:Narva 7540:Anzio 7498:Makin 7456:Burma 7340:Torch 7309:Rzhev 7270:Kiska 6356:Korea 6342:Japan 6335:Italy 6217:Tibet 6196:Spain 6074:Italy 5835:Italy 5828:India 5752:China 5627:Japan 5227:Italy 5139:China 5091:Women 4627:Dubat 4329:Corfu 4319:Malta 4304:Savoy 4271:Libya 4202:Malta 4197:Sudan 4192:Kenya 4177:Egypt 4088:Libya 3750:[ 3582:[ 3542:[ 3436:[ 3413:[ 3310:[ 3270:[ 2222:Ceres 2153:Notes 1887:Queen 1864:Ceres 1803:Ceres 1612:Cairo 1549:Bande 1478:CR 32 1456:CR 42 1448:SM 81 1359:L3/35 1351:Bande 1338:Aosta 1322:Lince 1295:). A 1234:Zeila 1142:Burao 1068:] 921:Syria 913:Libya 850:Sudan 810:Kenya 583:Keren 546:Sudan 483:Banda 452:Total 417:2,275 318:Italy 223:Kenya 197:India 7790:1945 7518:1944 7359:1943 7287:Blue 7277:Attu 7184:1942 6943:1941 6795:1940 6733:1939 6662:Asia 6509:POWs 6349:Jews 6067:Iraq 5993:Axis 5943:Tuva 5759:Cuba 4844:Axis 4299:Nice 3795:OCLC 3773:ISBN 3756:OCLC 3739:2017 3728:OCLC 3714:2017 3703:OCLC 3683:ISBN 3666:OCLC 3647:ISBN 3628:ISBN 3607:ISSN 3588:ISBN 3565:ISBN 3548:OCLC 3525:ISBN 3500:OCLC 3482:ISBN 3463:ISBN 3442:OCLC 3419:ISBN 3396:ISBN 3383:2015 3367:OCLC 3363:HMSO 3335:ISBN 3316:ISBN 3293:ISBN 3276:OCLC 3255:OCLC 3239:2016 3223:OCLC 3192:ISBN 3179:2014 3163:OCLC 2956:2021 2225:and 2104:and 2091:and 2078:Sikh 2074:Aden 1963:Buna 1961:and 1910:and 1875:S 75 1844:The 1824:28° 1151:Dobo 1149:and 1140:and 925:Iran 917:Iraq 852:, a 844:The 816:and 756:and 680:and 664:The 588:Saïo 70:Date 1559:tug 1299:of 1263:), 8063:: 7538:/ 3626:. 3461:. 3373:. 3365:. 3229:. 3213:. 3209:. 3169:. 3027:^ 2988:^ 2942:. 2915:^ 2900:^ 2847:^ 2830:^ 2789:^ 2760:^ 2745:^ 2702:^ 2651:^ 2624:^ 2609:^ 2542:^ 2521:^ 2506:^ 2465:^ 2402:^ 2351:^ 2312:^ 2285:^ 2219:, 2179:AB 2175:PO 1922:. 1281:94 1271:, 1269:39 1267:, 1265:11 1164:, 1122:RM 1066:fr 1059:, 923:, 919:, 915:, 812:, 780:, 715:. 676:, 488:c. 435:c. 7041:) 7035:( 5909:) 5905:( 5841:) 5837:( 5801:) 5797:( 5739:) 5735:( 4789:e 4782:t 4775:v 3873:e 3866:t 3859:v 3801:. 3781:. 3762:. 3741:. 3716:. 3691:. 3672:. 3655:. 3636:. 3613:. 3596:. 3573:. 3554:. 3533:. 3506:. 3490:. 3471:. 3448:. 3427:. 3404:. 3385:. 3343:. 3324:. 3301:. 3282:. 3261:. 3241:. 3200:. 3181:. 2958:. 1291:( 1283:( 1255:( 1245:( 950:( 770:( 523:e 516:t 509:v 20:)

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Italian invasion of British Somaliland

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