Berbera - Knowledge

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chunam, some nine miles in length", which had once emptied into a presently dry reservoir adjacent to the ruins of a mosque. He explored part of its course from the reservoir past a number of tombs built of stones taken from the aqueduct to reach a spring, above which lay "the remains of a small fort or tower of chunam and stone ... on the hill-side immediately over the spring." Cruttenden noted that in "style it was different to any houses now found on the Somali coast", and concluded with noting the presence in "the neighbourhood of the fort above mentioned abundance of broken glass and pottery ... from which I infer that it was a place of considerable antiquity; but, though diligent search was made, no traces of inscriptions could be discovered."

1551:). It has long, sweltering summers and short, hot winters, as well as very little rainfall. Average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 °C or 104 °F during nearly four months of summertime (June, July, August and September). Daytime heat on summer nights is high, with average low temperatures of around 30 °C or 86 °F. During the coolest months of the year, average high temperatures remain above 29 °C or 84.2 °F and average low temperatures also surpass 20 °C or 68 °F. Although rainfall is low, the relative humidity is very high throughout the year and the atmosphere is simultaneously moist. The combination of the desert heat and the excessive moisture make 1010:“The only seaports of importance on this coast are Feyla and Berbera; the former is an Arabian colony, dependent of Mocha, but Berbera is independent of any foreign power. It is, without having the name, the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf. From the beginning of November to the end of April, a large fair assembles in Berbera, and caravans of 6,000 camels at a time come from the interior loaded with coffee, (considered superior to Mocha in Bombay), gum, ivory, hides, skins, grain, cattle, and sour milk, the substitute of fermented drinks in these regions; also much cattle is brought there for the Aden market.” 532:"After Avalites there is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, but not much. There are exported from these places myrrh, a little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely." 1080: 1129: 1435: 612: 1514: 1046: 144: 815: 630: 548: 2317: 205: 134: 1384: 1328: 823: 98: 91: 2283: 2196: 1030:. These two sub-clans effectively administered the trade of the town, especially in the dealings of all transactions and brokerage between various parties to issuing protection agreements towards the foreign Arab and Indian traders. In the year 1845, the two sub-clans had a dissension over the control of the trade of Berbera, which lead to a wider altercation where each side sought outside support. With the backing of Haji 1015: 803: 109: 80: 1320: 1249: 1431:(SNM) ousted government troops from the city following aerial bombardments and extrajudicial killings inflicted on the population by the government. With the downfall of General Siad Barre in 1991, the Northern region of the Somali Republic, declared the state of Somaliland, of Somalia. A slow process of infrastructural reconstruction subsequently began in Berbera and other towns in the region. 1303:, and he noted the protectorate be abandoned, since it was "unproductive, inhospitable, and the people are very hostile to occupation." The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market and to exclude the interference of foreign powers." The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in 116: 1470:

Corridor as a trade gateway for the inland country, which is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. There are also plans to construct an additional berth at the Port of Berbera, in line with the Berbera master plan, which DP World has started implementing, while adding new equipment to further improve efficiencies and productivity of the port.

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trade, where most of the goods for export arrived from. During the 1833 trading season, the port town swelled up to 70,000 people, and upwards of 6,000 camels laden with goods arrived from the interior within a single day. Berbera was the main marketplace in the entire Somali seaboard for various goods procured from the interior, such as

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gathered to trade. All of this was kept secret from European merchants. Lieutenant C. J. Cruttenden, who wrote a memoir describing this portion of the Somali coast dated 12 May 1848, provided an account of the Berbera fair and an account of the historic environs of the town: "an aqueduct of stone and

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On 24 June 2021, The CEO of DP World officially announced the second phase of the Berbera port upgrade during the inauguration ceremony for the completion of the first phase. The second phase includes extending the new quay from 400 to 1,000 metres, and adding seven more ship-to-shore gantry cranes,

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through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior. Colonial administration during this period did not extend infrastructure beyond the coast (which left the Somali clans within the protectorate with greater autonomy), and contrasted with the

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In the first place, Berberah is the true key of the Red Sea, the centre of East African traffic, and the only safe place for shipping upon the western Erythraean shore, from Suez to Guardafui. Backed by lands capable of cultivation, and by hills covered with pine and other valuable trees, enjoying a

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Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This long drawn out market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. These goods in the early nineteenth century were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had

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livestock traders. The entire livestock exports accounted to upwards of 90% of the Somali Republic's entire export figures in a given year, and Berbera's exports alone provided over 75% of the nation's recorded foreign currency income at the time. The main consumers were the wealthy gulf states and

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In much of the 19th century, the trade between Berbera and Aden was so important to the later that when disturbances effected the Berbera trading season, Aden too suffered as a result. According to Captain Haines, who was then the colonial administrator of Aden (1839-1854), 80% of Aden's revenue in

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Further on, on the same coast, is a town of the Moors called Barbara; it has a port, at which many ships of Adeni and Cambay touch with their merchandise, and from there those of Cambay carry away much gold, and ivory, and other things, and those of Aden take many provisions, meat, honey, and wax,

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Berbera was the most important port in the Somali Peninsula between the 18th–19th centuries. For centuries, Berbera had extensive trade relations with several historic ports in Arabia and the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, the Somali and Ethiopian interiors were very dependent on Berbera for

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and several other ports in Arabia had constant contact with Berbera in regard to general trade and commerce. In the early years of the nineteenth century, the local Somalis of Berbera (Habr Awal clan) had a navigation act where they excluded Arab vessels and brought the goods and produce of the

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reach extremely high levels. Annual average rainfall is minimal, with only 52 millimetres (2.0 inches) of precipitation. There are between 5 and 8 rainy days on average annually. Bright sunshine likely occur during about 84% of the total daytime hours and average annual cloudiness is very low.

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became a major shareholder following an agreement with DP World and the Somaliland Port Authority. DP World holds a 51% stake in the project, Somaliland 30% and Ethiopia the remaining 19%. As part of the agreement, the government of Ethiopia will invest in infrastructure to develop the Berbera

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Before this, and prior to the British settlement at Aden in 1839, the Ayyal Yunis and Ayyal Ahmed lineages of the Habr Awal clan had held Berbera and jointly managed its trade, sharing in the profits on all commercial transactions as 'protectors' (abans) of foreign merchants from Arabia and

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One certainty about Berbera over the following centuries was that it was the site of an annual fair, held between October and April, which Mordechai Abir describes as "among the most important commercial events of the east coast of Africa." The major Somali sub-clans of the

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1848 was derived from duties charged on imported goods from Berbera. Additionally, most of the coffee imported by Mocha (centre of the coffee trade in early modern times) arrived via Somali merchants from Berbera, who procured the coffee beans from the environs of

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comparatively temperate climate, with a regular although thin monsoon, this harbour has been coveted by many a foreign conqueror. Circumstances have thrown it as it were into our arms, and, if we refuse the chance, another and a rival nation will not be so blind.

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enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city. In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this offer the

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To Adel belongs a very good port, called Barbara, whose chief city is Harar, obeys a King, who is an enemy to the Abyssinians. Barbara and Zeila are places of great trade, by reason of the conveniency of their ports, towards the entry into the Red Sea.

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To Adea belongs a very good Port, call’d Barraboa, whoſe chief City is Arat, obeys a King, who is an enemy to the Abiſſines. Barraboa and Zeila are places of great Trade, by reaſon of the conveniency of their Ports, towards the entry into the Red-Sea.

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in 1962, the port's facilities were patronized by the Soviets and was later significantly upgraded in 1969. The Berbera seaport was later expanded for U.S. military use, after the Somali authorities strengthened ties with the American government.

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were given the choice of evacuation or disbandment; the majority chose to remain and were allowed to retain their arms. In March 1941, the British forces recaptured the protectorate during Operation Appearance after a six-month occupation. The

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In antiquity, Berbera was part of a chain of commercial port cities along the Somali seaboard. During the early modern period, Berbera was the most important place of trade in the Somali Peninsula. It later served as the capital of the

1312:. In the early days of the protectorate, some planned to invest in major infrastructure projects such as the abandoned Berbera-Harar Railway initiative; this was vetoed by parliament because it would harm the cordial agreement ( 2274:, 240 kilometres (150 miles) to the north. Additionally, goods from Ethiopia are also exported through the facility. The seaside boasts watersport tourist activity such as scuba diving, snorkeling, surfing and coral reefs. 1347:. During this period, the British rounded up soldiers and governmental officials to evacuate them from the territory through Berbera. In total, 7,000 people, including civilians, were evacuated. The Somalis serving in the 2751:"Memoir on the Western or Edoor Tribes, Inhabiting the Somali Coast of N.-E. Africa, with the Southern Branches of the Family of Darrood, Resident on the Banks of the Webbe Shebeyli, Commonly Called the River Webbe," 2298:. The city has one of Somaliland's major class seaports, the Port of Berbera. It historically served as a naval and missile base for the Somali government. Following an agreement between the Somali Republic and the 3350: 2651:

Note: The use of "Moor" in this context bares no relevance to the Moors of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Rather, this naming is used to describe the local Muslim inhabitants of the settlement.

1500:, the capital of Ethiopia, has remained a point of discussion and may materialize. On January 1, 2024, it was announced that Ethiopia signed an agreement with Somaliland to utilize Berbera's sea port. 999:. In the trading season of 1840, French explorer Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt visited Berbera and estimated the total exports of the season to be around thirteen times greater than that of 3853:

Report of the Special Subcommittee to Inspect Facilities at Berbera, Somalia, to the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, first session, July 15, 1975

3491: 3459: 1034:, the Reer Ahmed Nuh drove out their kinsmen and declared themselves the sole commercial masters of Berbera. The defeated Reer Yunis Nuh moved westwards and established the port of 771:

Not long after their departure from Zeila and Berbera, the Portuguese fleet under Lopo Soares de Albergaria and António de Saldanha sacked both port towns between 1516 and 1518.

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The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century

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and was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the

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towards the construction of modern port facilities and a military base, which was completed in 1969 and was called on by sixteen Soviet Ships in 1971. Coinciding with the

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According to a trade journal published in 1856, Berbera was described as “the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf.”:

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made two visits to this port, and his second visit was marred by an attack on his camp by a group of local Somali warriors, and although Burton was able to escape to

3678: 1112:"a kind of navigation act by which they exclude the Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows." 3409: 3341: 1153:

By 1869, a sub-clan of the Reer Ahmed Nur (Ayyal Ahmed, Habr Awal) were operating a fort in the port town and it was manned by several hired guards armed with

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to arrive with a $ 40 million investment and new health facilities in 1980. By 1985, the city had an estimated population of 70,000, with the outbreak of the

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who often frequented Berbera were prohibited from venturing further inland, lest they access the lucrative trade of Harar directly and bypass the Somalis.

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There are 30 primary schools operating in Berbera city totaling 63,641 students. The broader Berbera district has 49 schools serving 90,310 students.

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The Travels of Ludovico Di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508 (translated)

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requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British. This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr was incapacitated by prior

554:'s world map from 'Alî ibn Hasan al-Hûfî al-Qâsimî's 1456 copy. Berbera 'بربرة' can be clearly seen in this later edition of the Tabula Rogeriana 3276: 1053:

Berbera commanded most of the trade traffic with the Somali and Ethiopian interiors. The two main caravan trade routes from Berbera extended to

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attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Habr Awal. In response the

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The 'Iise Muuse clan for whom Berbera and its environs are their traditional area of settlement saw it differently. Retrieved on 2011-12-15.

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One of the earliest precolonial accounts comes from Ibrahim Punkar, who wrote a memoir in 1801 and letter in 1809 to the Governor of Bombay

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and fiercely loyal to them. A British officer visiting the city from Aden noted the guards would not betray the Reer Ahmed Nur save death.

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was called the Gulf of Berbera, which shows how important Berbera was in both regional and international trade during the medieval period.

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Berbera is located in coastal region of northern Somalia. An old port city, it has the only sheltered harbour on the southern side of the

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between The Somali Republic and Ethiopia in 1977, the Soviets left Berbera and the nation as a whole due to a disagreement, leaving the

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After signing successive treaties with the various clans of the northern Somali coast between 1884 and 1886, the British established a

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Special Subcommittee to Inspect Facilities at Berbera, Somalia. (1975).

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wrote brief accounts of the port town of Berbera in the early sixteenth century, mainly detailing her historic trading links with

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wrote of Berbera and a few other notable landmarks and ports of the northern Somali coast and referred to what is now the

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Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia edited by Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley Page 93

1069:). Moreover, the inland caravan trade routes were also concurrently used as pilgrim routes during the trading season by 3930: 3384: 3764: 3535: 3895:"Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure"" 3774: 3410:"Somaliland and DP World celebrate 30-year concession for $ 442 million Port of Berbera (Somaliland) – Asoko Insight" 3060: 3020: 2425: 1049:

Map showing Berbera and her trade routes, with the 'Ayal Achmet' (Reer Ahmed Nuh) located in Berbera and its environs

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Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769-1855)

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A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa

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trade of Bobali, which is thought to be Berbera. The great city was also later mentioned by the Islamic traveller

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Geography Rectified: or, a Description of the World in all its Kingdoms, Provinces, Countries, …, 1688, p. 528

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Despite Berbera's strategic location, being the only port with a sheltered harbor on the southern side of the

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in the international market, and the beans were considered superior to the locally grown varieties in Yemen.

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Berbera was an important and well built settlement that served as a major harbor port for several successive

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bringing the total to ten and enabling the expanded port to handle up to two million TEU containers a year.

906:, but were often internally divided except for when united against common enemies. All foreigners including 1493:'s attempts to obstruct and block the deal were frustrated and failed to stop the project from commencing. 1391:

In the post-independence period, Berbera was administered as the part of the North-Western province of the

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Identifiants et Référentiels Sudoc Pour L'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche - Abū al-Fidā (1273-1331)

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The city remains a competitive regional port and in 2016 a US$ 442 million agreement was reached between

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with armed guards, he would go to describe the trade and general outlook of the city. Further noting the

440: 1364: 1079: 407: 1042:'s actions were a political ruse to control Berbera for himself, which he achieved for several years. 3078:"The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries" 1439: 1395:. It served as the main livestock port of the republic and in the 1970s and 1980s, nearly all of the 1199: 2203:

Historically, Berbera was inhabited by the Reer Ahmed Nuh and Yunis Nuh lineages of the Sa'ad Musa,

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Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)

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sub-clan of the Habr Awal have come to make up the majority of the town's inhabitants, while the

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and is the main sea port of the country, located approximately 160 km from the national capital,

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Precis of Papers Regarding Aden, 1838-1872, India. Foreign and Political Department, pg. 165-165

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The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information

2890: 2175: 1434: 1348: 1181: 1166: 1144:, one of his companions was killed. Burton, recognizing the importance of the port city wrote: 1137: 1128: 818:

Somalis kept the interior free of foreigners and restricted their access to only Berbera itself

505: 3229: 2777: 2632:

The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained (translated)

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in the region referred to as British Somaliland. The British garrisoned the protectorate from

4012: 3869: 1273: 1121:. Although the coffee beans were grown in Harar (present-day Ethiopia), the coffee was named 217: 3922:

The Rise and Fall of Détente: American Foreign Policy and the Transformation of the Cold War

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The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa during the Cold War: Between Ideology and Pragmatism

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Survey of the East Coast of Africa British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers

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Reer Ahmed Nur (Ayyal Ahmed) and Reer Yunis Nuh (Ayyal Yunis) sub-clans of the Sa'ad Musa,

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being the source of dates and tin. Punkar stated that the Somalis of the area were skilled

740: 3261: 1525:. The landscape around town, along with Somaliland's coastal lowlands, is semi-arid land. 1188:

was to be paid by the Habr Awal leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life.

133: 8: 1360: 1344: 1039: 1031: 611: 403: 1454:. The deal involves enhancing and operating the regional trade and logistics hub at the 3706: 3089: 2672: 2508: 1528:

Popular local beaches, such as Bathela and Batalale, have earned the city the nickname

1459: 1257: 1253: 1243: 714:, and they provided vital political and commercial links with the wider Islamic World: 566: 551: 392: 372: 1387:

U.S. Marine Corp in Berbera during the Exercise Eastern Wind joint naval drill in 1983

645: 615: 3971: 3926: 3770: 3543: 3380: 3323: 3207: 3056: 3016: 2883: 2771: 2573: 2442: 2421: 2394: 2366: 2322: 2128: 2080: 1296: 1088: 1045: 462: 360: 222: 2818: 2816: 2174:

Source 1: Arab Meteorology Book (average temperatures, humidity and precipitation),

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The British Somaliland protectorate gained its independence on 26 June 1960 as the

1313: 931: 794:" present at Berbera, on the Somali coast, was described by Selman as "limitless". 322: 252: 247: 234: 2418:

The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations

1295:), the British later came to regret their nominal control of the region. In fact, 3946: 3920: 3567: 2813: 2773:

Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: Ethnography of the African races

2444:

Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: Ethnography of the African races

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Berbera preserves the ancient name of the coast along the southern shore of the

3304: 1304: 1277: 1203: 1062: 875: 847: 744: 711: 700: 696: 665: 513: 466: 380: 376: 1513: 1458:. The project, which will be phased in, will also involve the setting up of a 4001: 3975: 3547: 2463: 2370: 2219: 1424: 911: 814: 748: 589: 558: 454: 182: 169: 629: 2263: 2251: 1522: 1412: 1405: 1288: 1265: 1227: 1215: 1211: 1095: 1038:

which later, for a brief period, became a trading rival to nearby Berbera.

960: 883: 692: 649: 634: 605: 578: 562: 495: 482: 395: 1022:

Historically, the port of Berbera was controlled indigenously between the

547: 402:. In 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the 3167:

Unhappy masses and the challenge of political Islam in the Horn of Africa

1497: 1353: 1195: 1066: 988: 775: 677: 661: 619: 582: 570: 3093: 3077: 2552:

Arabic External Sources for the History of Africa to the South of Sahara

524:, which was written by a Greek merchant in the first century AD. In the 3053:

The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797-1820

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Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, 1849, Volume 8, p. 185

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Intercontinental Press Combined with Inprecor, Volume 20, Issues 25-37

2520: 1327: 485:. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the 2243: 2204: 1396: 1343:

after a large invasion force defeated British colonial troops at the

1027: 952: 939: 935: 574: 458: 419: 313: 2479: 2477: 1065:

in the south (although some caravans traveled to/from as far as the

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protectorate before Hargeisa. It also served as a major port of the

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Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world

3510:"Dubai's DP World Agrees to Manage Port in Somaliland for 30 Years" 2291: 1466: 1447: 1276:

colony until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the

976: 681: 478: 474: 399: 368: 2282: 2195: 1230:

to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of Berbera and

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The state and rural transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884–1986

2474: 2218:, primarily belonging to the Musa Abdallah branch as well as the 1490: 1477:

The agreement comes as part of a larger government-to-government

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Along with other ports and settlements in East Africa, explorers

688: 470: 423: 301: 17: 3536:"DP World Should Rethink Port Deals in Somalia-Foreign Minister" 2535: 1014: 108: 2792:

The Colonial Magazine and Commercial-maritime Journal, Volume 2

2259: 1319: 1103: 1035: 956: 943: 887: 879: 867: 827: 779: 669: 657: 623: 318: 79: 3277:"Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule" 2359:"Ethiopia's gambit for a port is unsettling a volatile region" 1248: 1214:

and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the

778:, an ambitious Ottoman Red Sea admiral, Berbera was rich with 371:. Berbera is a coastal city and was the former capital of the 3730: 2295: 2271: 2255: 1400: 1231: 1118: 1073: 1058: 1054: 996: 964: 927: 919: 907: 871: 863: 859: 791: 707: 673: 653: 517: 500: 487: 444: 2434: 115: 2570:

Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia

2299: 2267: 1141: 1099: 992: 984: 787: 783: 752: 3962:

Schmitz, Sebastain (2007). "By Ilyushin 18 to Mogadishu".

2706: 3737:, Hargeisa: Center for Creative Solutions, archived from 2509:

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Schoff's 1912 translation

980: 782:, and the amount of merchandise and trade consisting of " 3492:"DP World, Somaliland open new terminal at Berbera Port" 2825:

The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review, Volume 34

2310:. It has an extensive 4,140-metre (13,580-foot) runway. 710:, were the two most important ports situated inside the 426:, which serves as the region's main commercial harbour. 3866:"Ethiopia, Somaliland envisage exploiting Barbara port" 3708:

The Modern History of Somaliland: from Nation to State

3593:"Ethiopia signs pact to use Somaliland's Red Sea port" 3460:"Ethiopia acquires 19% stake in DP World Berbera Port" 3186:

The state and rural transformation in Northern Somalia

3013:

Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience

2840:

The Modern History of Somaliland: from Nation to State

3679:"Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia" 3138:, Madison: 1989, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 31 2499:

pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver

1363:, before uniting as planned five days later with the 565:

scholar, described in his written work of AD 863 the

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that engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting

336: 3125:, Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383. 2596:, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 21 2312: 767:

because, as they say, it is a very abundant country.

3681:. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from 2753:

Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

3855:. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 3821:"2011/2 Primary School Census Statistics Yearbook" 3705: 3109:رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي 3038:رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي 2306:For air transportation, the city is served by the 1107:interior in their own ships to the Arabian ports: 3006: 3004: 1399:exports went out through the port of Berbera via 1331:Bebrera native town as seen from the customs pier 3999: 3568:"Can Ethiopia's railway bring peace to Somalia?" 3343:Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People 2885:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s 2903: 810:detailing Berbera's 5-6 towers and armed guards 3766:I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa 3731:Center for Creative Solutions (May 31, 2004), 3434:"Somalia project opens up Africa for DP World" 3297: 3001: 2238:A number of products are exported through the 1226:, leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the 1184:broke out. After the Habr Awal defeat, 15,000 2809:. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. p. 51. 2521:"The Somali Conquest of the Horn of Africa", 2178:(precipitation days, 1908–1950 and extremes) 1442:Container Terminal Expansion as of June 2020. 1222:. They had numerous commercial ties with the 3955: 3951:. Intercontinental Press. 1982. p. 674. 2962:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 53. 2614: 1489:to further strengthen their strategic ties. 1308:more interventionist colonial experience of 387:sultanates from the 13th to 19th centuries. 47: 33: 3271: 3269: 3245: 3055:. University of Exeter Press. p. 167. 2383: 806:Selection from a letter to the Governor of 762:Duarte Barbosa's brief account of Berbera: 691:Kingdoms in the Middle Ages like the early 498:. It is believed to be the ancient port of 398:from 1884 to 1941, when it was replaced by 3426: 3254: 2908:. Macmillan Publishers. pp. 133, 137. 2807:Journal of Ethiopian Studies Vol. 3, No. 1 2776:. Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper. pp. 2677:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2662: 2447:. Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper. pp. 2345:Population of Berbera, city and urban area 2199:Habr Awal woman from Berbera, 19th century 3918: 3872:, 29 July 2009 (accessed 1 November 2009) 3734:Ruin and Renewal: The Story of Somaliland 3349:. Human Rights Watch. 1990. p. 213. 3305:"How Britain said farewell to its Empire" 3197: 3106: 3075: 3035: 2804: 2696:. Istanbul: Isis Press. pp. 108–109. 2490: 1301:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 1299:once visited Berbera in 1907 when he was 652:as the Gulf of Berbera. He also included 520:, described in the eighth chapter of the 3374: 3324:"CLASS AND POWER IN A STATELESS SOMALIA" 3266: 2769: 2487:, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835 2440: 2281: 2194: 1512: 1433: 1382: 1326: 1318: 1247: 1127: 1078: 1044: 1013: 821: 813: 801: 628: 610: 546: 3961: 3610: 3107:Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). 3036:Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). 2721: 2691: 2644: 2549: 2502: 1508: 1234:and were very familiar with the Isaaq. 826:Berbera's inhabitants proficiency with 4000: 3912: 3230:"Berbera-Harrar Railway Survey Vol. 1" 3198:McConnell, Tristan (15 January 2009). 3050: 3010: 2290:Berbera is the terminus of roads from 4008:Populated places in Sahil, Somaliland 3939: 3887: 3762: 3703: 3356:from the original on 17 February 2017 2957: 2866: 2837: 2455: 2258:. Its seaborne trade is chiefly with 1237: 3882:Somalia attractions, Berbera Seaside 3789: 2822: 2711:. National Archives. pp. 40–50. 2353: 2351: 874:. Cloth, rice and tobacco came from 716: 406:and united five days later with the 3659:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst 3642: 3321: 2707:British East India Company (1811). 2649:. The Hakluyt Society. p. 17. 2645:Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866). 2629: 601: 356: 48: 13: 4033:British Somaliland in World War II 3650:"Klimatafel von Berbera / Somalia" 2960:Aden Under British Rule, 1839-1967 2619:. Hakluyt Society. pp. 88–90. 2461: 2415: 1076:who resided in the deep interior. 449:Berbera was part of the classical 14: 4044: 3986: 3618:"Appendix I: Meteorological Data" 3242:The Navy Everywhere, 1919. p. 244 2409: 2348: 2277: 1356:were taken hostage here in 1940. 1339:, British Somaliland was briefly 1280:until 1905 and afterwards by the 797: 158:Interactive map outlining Berbera 3763:Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). 2906:Cholera Epidemics in East Africa 2315: 1198:and Haji Ali penned a letter to 1171:When a British vessel named the 203: 142: 132: 114: 107: 96: 89: 78: 3875: 3859: 3844: 3813: 3802:from the original on 2022-01-02 3783: 3756: 3724: 3697: 3585: 3560: 3528: 3502: 3484: 3452: 3402: 3393: 3368: 3334: 3315: 3236: 3222: 3191: 3178: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3100: 3069: 3044: 3029: 2992: 2979: 2966: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2912: 2904:Christie (M.D.), James (1876). 2897: 2875: 2860: 2846: 2831: 2798: 2784: 2763: 2743: 2730: 2726:. London: Longmans. p. 16. 2715: 2700: 2685: 2663:Trimingham, J. Spencer (1976). 2656: 2638: 2623: 2615:di Vartherma, Ludicovo (1863). 2608: 2599: 2586: 2558: 2543: 2529: 2513: 2485:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 2190: 1272:and administered it from their 1087:of Berbera drawn by Lieutenant 418:. Located strategically on the 3796:Politics and Art from the Edge 3375:Yordanov, Radoslav A. (2016). 2987:First Footsteps in East Africa 2594:A Modern History of the Somali 2336: 1316:) between France and Britain. 846:. Noting that Berbera had 5-6 542: 522:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1: 3015:. 9780226467917. p. 70. 2634:. Cambridge University Press. 2329: 1962:Average rainfall mm (inches) 1415:agreed to assist the nascent 1208:Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 1018:Illustration of Berbera, 1884 4028:Cities of the Adal Sultanate 3919:Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (2013). 3792:"KYD3 - Politics in Berbera" 3082:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2946:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2933:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2869:The History of Aden, 1839-72 2225: 1503: 1378: 1323:Part of Berbera town in 1912 862:significant trade came from 854:inhabitants adhering to the 434: 7: 3076:Pankhurst, Richard (1965). 3051:Davies, Charles E. (1997). 2722:w. Abir, Mordechai (1968). 2554:. Curzon Press. p. 33. 1822:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1682:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1479:memorandum of understanding 1335:In August 1940, during the 633:Ibn Majid referring to the 585:in the thirteenth century. 441:Maritime history of Somalia 422:route, the city has a deep 10: 4049: 3884:retrieved 29 November 2013 3623:. Springer. Archived from 2523:Journal of African History 2497:Journal of African History 2233: 2210:In more recent times, the 2182: 2173: 1562: 1535: 1481:between Government of the 1365:Trust Territory of Somalia 1241: 1164: 866:in the interior alongside 509: 491:to transport their cargo. 438: 429: 408:Trust Territory of Somalia 15: 3204:Virginia Quarterly Review 3011:Laitin, David D. (1977). 2889:. Unesco. 1989. pp. 2550:Lewicki, Tadeusz (1974). 2483:Encyclopædia Britannica, 2126: 2078: 2031: 1961: 1891: 1821: 1751: 1681: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563:Climate data for Berbera 1354:first WW2 Australian POWs 1200:Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi 1160: 594:A Sketch of the Countries 312: 300: 289: 279: 271: 266: 258: 245: 240: 228: 216: 198: 163: 156: 128: 71: 64: 28: 23:City in Sahil, Somaliland 3111:(in Arabic). p. ١٢. 3040:(in Arabic). p. ١٧. 2770:Prichard, J. C. (1837). 2441:Prichard, J. C. (1837). 2286:Berbera Airport Terminal 1429:Somali National Movement 1061:in the west, and to the 830:, possession of a large 644:Legendary Arab explorer 359:) is the capital of the 16:Not to be confused with 3900:. Government of Somalia 3542:. Reuters. 2018-04-20. 3286:. 1960-06-26. p. 6 3251:Playfair (1954), p. 178 3200:"The Invisible Country" 2692:Özbaran, Salih (1994). 2630:Leo, Africanus (2010). 2416:Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen. 898:and possessed powerful 516:beyond the city of the 3925:. Potomac Books, Inc. 2842:. Praeger. p. 35. 2823:Hunt, Freeman (1856). 2805:Pankhurst, R. (1965). 2468:www.worldstatesmen.org 2287: 2200: 2176:Deutscher Wetterdienst 1518: 1485:and the Government of 1450:and the government of 1443: 1411:As early as 1962, The 1388: 1349:Somaliland Camel Corps 1332: 1324: 1261: 1182:Battle of Berbera 1827 1167:Battle of Berbera 1827 1151: 1133: 1114: 1091: 1050: 1019: 1012: 930:and the interior, and 839: 819: 811: 769: 728: 720: 641: 626: 555: 540: 348: 34: 4018:Port cities in Africa 3993:Berbera - Coordinates 3870:Ethiopian News Agency 3134:Samatar, Abdi Ismail 3121:Hugh Chisholm (ed.), 2958:R. J., Gavin (1975). 2667:. London. p. 77. 2285: 2198: 1553:apparent temperatures 1517:The Berbera landscape 1516: 1437: 1386: 1337:East African Campaign 1330: 1322: 1251: 1146: 1136:The British explorer 1132:Berbera harbour, 1896 1131: 1109: 1082: 1048: 1017: 1008: 825: 817: 805: 764: 656:and its archipelago, 632: 618:'s notes on Berbera, 614: 550: 530: 262:3 m (10 ft) 183:10.43556°N 45.01639°E 4023:Cities in Somaliland 3712:. Praeger. pp. 3704:Lewis, I.M. (1965). 2867:Z. H., Kour (1981). 2838:Lewis, I.M. (1965). 2222:also being present. 1612:Record high °C (°F) 1509:Location and habitat 1483:United Arab Emirates 1291:(the gateway to the 741:Ludovico di Varthema 706:Berbera, along with 528:it is described as: 3514:Wall Street Journal 2871:. Cass. p. 72. 2794:. 1840. p. 22. 2572:. Routledge. 2005. 2032:Average rainy days 1892:Record low °C (°F) 1752:Daily mean °C (°F) 1540:Berbera features a 1361:State of Somaliland 1345:Battle of Tug Argan 1260:, including Berbera 1040:Sharmarke Ali Saleh 1032:Sharmarke Ali Saleh 604:), the present-day 512:) described as 800 404:State of Somaliland 179: / 3790:Kluijver, Robert. 3540:The New York Times 3284:The New York Times 3175:retrieved 10-03-27 2760:(1849), pp. 54, 56 2749:C. J. Cruttenden, 2738:Era of the Princes 2526:, 1 (1960), p. 217 2288: 2201: 1519: 1444: 1389: 1333: 1325: 1262: 1258:British Somaliland 1254:Italian Somaliland 1244:British Somaliland 1238:British Somaliland 1191:In the 1830s, the 1134: 1092: 1051: 1020: 840: 820: 812: 642: 627: 556: 451:Somali city-states 393:British Somaliland 373:British Somaliland 188:10.43556; 45.01639 2920:Cholera Epidemics 2918:Christie (M.D.), 2665:Islam in Ethiopia 2579:978-1-135-45932-1 2323:Somaliland portal 2187: 2186: 2129:possible sunshine 2081:relative humidity 1465:On 1 March 2018, 1341:occupied by Italy 1297:Winston Churchill 1252:1911 map showing 1089:John Septimus Roe 902:and knowledge of 737: 736: 329: 328: 280: • Rank 272: • City 4040: 3980: 3979: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3826:. Archived from 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3741:on April 8, 2011 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3494:. Archived from 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3465:. Archived from 3464: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3281: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3206:. Archived from 3195: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3008: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2985:Richard Burton, 2983: 2977: 2974:A Modern History 2970: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2767: 2761: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2481: 2472: 2471: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2397:on 21 March 2016 2393:. Archived from 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2035: 1560: 1559: 1542:hot arid climate 1440:DP World Berbera 1314:entente cordiale 932:Banyan merchants 926:, caravans from 858:school of Sunni 717: 603: 538: 511: 358: 340: 253:Abdishakur Iddin 235:Berbera District 209: 207: 206: 194: 193: 191: 190: 189: 184: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 146: 136: 118: 111: 100: 93: 82: 59: 51: 50: 45: 37: 26: 25: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4037: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3960: 3956: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3864: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3744: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3630:on 4 March 2016 3627: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379:. p. 103. 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3322:de Waal, Alex. 3320: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3210:on 13 June 2010 3196: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3105: 3101: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3049: 3045: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2898: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2814: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2768: 2764: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2686: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2643: 2639: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2475: 2460: 2456: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2420:. p. 113. 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2308:Berbera Airport 2280: 2240:Port of Berbera 2236: 2228: 2193: 2188: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1538: 1511: 1506: 1496:A rail link to 1456:Port of Berbera 1417:Somali Republic 1408:in particular. 1393:Somali Republic 1381: 1373:Somali Republic 1369:Italian Somalia 1310:Italian Somalia 1282:Colonial Office 1246: 1240: 1186:Spanish dollars 1169: 1163: 1085:Admiralty Chart 878:in Gujarat and 800: 733: 725: 646:Ahmad ibn Mājid 639:Gulf of Berbera 545: 539: 536: 471:Parthian Persia 457:merchants with 447: 439:Main articles: 437: 432: 416:Somali Republic 412:Italian Somalia 338: 307: 204: 202: 187: 185: 181: 178: 173: 170: 168: 166: 165: 159: 152: 151: 150: 149: 140: 139: 124: 123: 122: 121: 120: 119: 112: 103: 102: 101: 94: 85: 84: 83: 67: 60: 53: 46: 39: 31: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4046: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3987:External links 3985: 3982: 3981: 3954: 3938: 3932:978-1612345864 3931: 3911: 3886: 3874: 3858: 3843: 3812: 3782: 3775: 3755: 3723: 3696: 3670: 3641: 3609: 3584: 3559: 3527: 3501: 3498:on 2021-06-24. 3483: 3472:on 22 May 2018 3451: 3438:thenational.ae 3425: 3401: 3392: 3386:978-1498529105 3385: 3367: 3333: 3314: 3296: 3280:(fee required) 3265: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3221: 3190: 3177: 3171:Somalia Online 3158: 3156:Samatar, p. 32 3149: 3140: 3127: 3114: 3099: 3068: 3061: 3043: 3028: 3021: 3000: 2991: 2978: 2965: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2896: 2874: 2859: 2845: 2830: 2827:. p. 694. 2812: 2797: 2783: 2762: 2742: 2729: 2714: 2699: 2684: 2655: 2637: 2622: 2607: 2598: 2585: 2578: 2557: 2542: 2528: 2512: 2501: 2489: 2473: 2454: 2433: 2426: 2408: 2382: 2365:. 2024-01-02. 2347: 2343:PopulationStat 2334: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2279: 2278:Transportation 2276: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1537: 1534: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1380: 1377: 1371:) to form the 1278:Foreign Office 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1204:Ras Al Khaimah 1165:Main article: 1162: 1159: 1138:Richard Burton 1123:Berbera Coffee 1063:Shebelle basin 799: 798:Precolonialism 796: 745:Duarte Barbosa 735: 734: 726: 712:Adal Sultanate 701:Adal Sultanate 697:Ifat Sultanate 544: 541: 534: 467:Ancient Greece 463:Ptolemic Egypt 436: 433: 431: 428: 414:) to form the 327: 326: 316: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 294: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 264: 263: 260: 256: 255: 250: 243: 242: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 200: 196: 195: 161: 160: 157: 154: 153: 147: 141: 137: 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 113: 106: 105: 104: 95: 88: 87: 86: 77: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 32: 29: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4045: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3915: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3854: 3847: 3833:on 2023-03-03 3829: 3822: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3776:9781315308173 3772: 3769:. Routledge. 3768: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3745:September 21, 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3700: 3685:on 2016-10-05 3684: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3516:. 30 May 2016 3515: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3440:. 30 May 2016 3439: 3435: 3429: 3415: 3414:Asoko Insight 3411: 3405: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3352: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3311:. 2010-07-23. 3310: 3306: 3300: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3231: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3147:Samatar p. 31 3144: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3062:9780859895095 3058: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3022:9780226467917 3018: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2808: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2532: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2462:Cahoon, Ben. 2458: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2429: 2427:9780755635191 2423: 2419: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:The Economist 2360: 2354: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1515: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1425:United States 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:British India 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094:In addition, 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1074:Hajj pilgrims 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 948: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 833: 829: 824: 816: 809: 804: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 774:According to 772: 768: 763: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749:Leo Africanus 746: 742: 732: 727: 724: 719: 718: 715: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 640: 636: 631: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 602:تقويم البلدان 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Duan Chengshi 553: 549: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 507: 506:Ancient Greek 503: 502: 497: 492: 490: 489: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 442: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 394: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341: 333: 324: 320: 317: 315: 311: 305: 303: 299: 295: 293: 290: • 288: 285: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 261: 257: 254: 251: 249: 246: • 244: 239: 236: 233: 231: 227: 224: 221: 219: 215: 212: 201: 197: 192: 164:Coordinates: 162: 155: 145: 135: 127: 117: 110: 99: 92: 81: 70: 63: 57: 43: 36: 27: 19: 4013:Gulf of Aden 3970:(7): 12–17. 3967: 3963: 3957: 3947: 3941: 3921: 3914: 3902:. 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Retrieved 3208:the original 3203: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3088:(1): 36–81. 3085: 3081: 3071: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3031: 3012: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2919: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2884: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2786: 2772: 2765: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2625: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2592:I.M. Lewis, 2588: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2531: 2522: 2519:I.M. Lewis, 2515: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2467: 2457: 2443: 2436: 2417: 2411: 2399:. Retrieved 2395:the original 2385: 2374:. Retrieved 2362: 2338: 2305: 2289: 2264:Saudi Arabia 2252:frankincense 2242:, including 2237: 2229: 2209: 2202: 2191:Demographics 1548: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523:Gulf of Aden 1520: 1495: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1445: 1413:Soviet Union 1410: 1406:Saudi Arabia 1390: 1367:(the former 1358: 1334: 1289:Gulf of Aden 1286: 1266:protectorate 1263: 1228:Persian Gulf 1212:Gulf of Aden 1193:Isaaq Sultan 1190: 1172: 1170: 1152: 1147: 1135: 1122: 1115: 1110: 1093: 1052: 1021: 1009: 1005: 961:frankincense 949: 916: 841: 838:skills noted 773: 770: 765: 761: 738: 729: 721: 705: 693:Adal Kingdom 686: 650:Gulf of Aden 643: 638: 635:Gulf of Aden 606:Gulf of Aden 593: 587: 563:Tang dynasty 561:, a Chinese 557: 531: 525: 499: 496:Gulf of Aden 493: 486: 483:Roman Empire 448: 410:(the former 396:protectorate 389: 331: 330: 3577:23 November 3360:25 November 2944:Pankhurst, 2931:Pankhurst, 2566:"Ibn Majid" 2539:(in French) 2391:"Issue 270" 1498:Addis Ababa 1196:Farah Guled 1067:Jubba River 989:hide (skin) 844:John Duncan 776:Selman Reis 583:Ibn Battuta 581:as well as 571:ivory trade 567:slave trade 543:Middle Ages 186: / 174:045°00′59″E 4002:Categories 3837:2018-02-13 3806:2022-01-02 3689:4 November 3663:22 October 3634:22 October 3603:2024-01-01 3553:2018-04-22 3419:2017-06-19 3290:2008-06-20 2376:2024-01-03 2330:References 2248:gum arabic 2220:Habr Je'lo 2216:Habr Yunis 2212:Issa Musse 2034:(≥ 1.0 mm) 1530:Beach City 1487:Somaliland 1452:Somaliland 1421:Ogaden War 1293:Suez Canal 1177:Royal Navy 1024:mercantile 969:acacia gum 924:Somaliland 896:musketeers 892:Al Mukalla 759:(Cambay). 590:Abu'l-Fida 365:Somaliland 363:region of 337:burr-burr- 306:Barbaraawi 302:Demonym(s) 267:Population 241:Government 211:Somaliland 171:10°26′08″N 3976:1074-4320 3904:31 August 3548:0362-4331 3184:Samatar, 3165:Samatar, 2989:, Preface 2673:cite book 2464:"Somalia" 2371:0013-0613 2244:livestock 2226:Education 2205:Habr Awal 1504:Geography 1460:free zone 1397:livestock 1379:Modernity 1173:Mary Anne 1028:Habr Awal 953:livestock 940:Mangalore 936:Porbandar 678:El-Sheikh 620:El-Sheikh 616:Ibn Majid 579:Ibn Sa'id 575:ambergris 552:Al-Idrisi 459:Phoenicia 435:Antiquity 314:Time zone 259:Elevation 3800:Archived 3351:Archived 3309:BBC News 3260:Wavell, 3214:27 March 3094:41965718 2922:, p. 145 2401:28 March 2292:Hargeisa 2127:Percent 2079:Average 1727:(103.5) 1722:(107.4) 1717:(109.2) 1712:(109.0) 1677:(120.4) 1662:(107.1) 1657:(114.8) 1652:(116.1) 1647:(117.9) 1642:(120.4) 1637:(117.1) 1632:(108.0) 1467:Ethiopia 1448:DP World 977:feathers 682:El-Darad 535:— 526:Periplus 518:Avalites 481:and the 479:Nabataea 400:Hargeisa 369:Hargeisa 230:District 3964:Airways 3597:Reuters 3262:p. 2724 3188:, p. 42 2976:, p. 36 2972:Lewis, 2935:, p. 44 2740:, p. 17 2234:Economy 1957:(57.9) 1952:(59.0) 1947:(61.0) 1942:(62.1) 1937:(64.0) 1932:(68.0) 1927:(69.1) 1922:(72.0) 1917:(69.1) 1912:(66.0) 1907:(62.1) 1902:(60.1) 1897:(57.9) 1887:(78.4) 1882:(70.9) 1877:(72.0) 1872:(75.2) 1867:(84.7) 1862:(88.0) 1857:(89.2) 1852:(87.8) 1847:(81.9) 1842:(77.4) 1837:(73.9) 1832:(70.9) 1827:(70.3) 1817:(86.0) 1812:(80.1) 1807:(80.1) 1802:(83.8) 1797:(91.9) 1792:(96.1) 1787:(97.0) 1782:(92.3) 1777:(88.0) 1772:(82.9) 1767:(79.0) 1762:(77.0) 1757:(77.0) 1747:(94.1) 1742:(83.5) 1737:(86.0) 1732:(91.6) 1707:(96.3) 1702:(87.8) 1697:(87.3) 1692:(84.6) 1687:(82.2) 1672:(97.0) 1667:(98.1) 1627:(95.0) 1622:(95.0) 1617:(95.5) 1536:Climate 1491:Somalia 1224:Somalis 1220:Red Sea 1218:on the 1155:muskets 1001:Massawa 973:saffron 912:Indians 904:archery 900:cavalry 856:Shafi'i 836:archery 832:cavalry 828:muskets 757:Khambat 637:as the 537:Chap.8. 430:History 424:seaport 349:Barbara 332:Berbera 308:بربراوي 296:478,000 275:242,344 199:Country 35:Barbara 30:Berbera 18:Berbara 3974: 3929: 3773: 3719:India. 3546: 3520:30 May 3476:21 May 3444:30 May 3383: 3092: 3059: 3019: 2948:, p.45 2736:Abir, 2576: 2424: 2369: 2266:, and 2260:Jeddah 2254:, and 2027:(2.0) 2022:(0.2) 2017:(0.2) 2012:(0.1) 2007:(0.0) 2002:(0.1) 1997:(0.0) 1992:(0.0) 1987:(0.3) 1982:(0.5) 1977:(0.2) 1972:(0.1) 1967:(0.3) 1568:Month 1546:Köppen 1161:Battle 1104:Jeddah 1071:Somali 1036:Bulhar 957:coffee 944:Mumbai 888:Jeddah 880:Muscat 868:Gondar 852:Somali 848:towers 808:Bombay 780:pearls 689:Somali 670:Ruguda 658:Siyara 624:Siyara 598:Arabic 573:, and 514:stadia 455:Somali 353:Arabic 345:Somali 218:Region 208: 56:Arabic 52: 42:Somali 38: 3898:(PDF) 3831:(PDF) 3824:(PDF) 3653:(PDF) 3628:(PDF) 3621:(PDF) 3470:(PDF) 3463:(PDF) 3354:(PDF) 3347:(PDF) 3090:JSTOR 2296:Burco 2272:Yemen 2256:myrrh 1607:Year 1401:Isaaq 1232:Zeila 1216:Mocha 1119:Harar 1096:Mocha 1059:Shewa 1055:Harar 997:ivory 965:myrrh 934:from 928:Harar 920:Isaaq 908:Arabs 884:Mocha 882:with 876:Kutch 872:Shewa 864:Harar 860:Islam 792:ivory 708:Zeila 674:Maydh 666:Alula 654:Zeila 510:Μαλαὼ 501:Malao 488:beden 445:Malao 385:Isaaq 361:Sahil 357:بربرة 319:UTC+3 292:Urban 248:Mayor 223:Sahil 49:بربرة 3972:ISSN 3927:ISBN 3906:2013 3771:ISBN 3747:2010 3691:2011 3665:2016 3636:2016 3579:2015 3544:ISSN 3522:2016 3478:2018 3446:2016 3381:ISBN 3362:2020 3216:2010 3057:ISBN 3017:ISBN 2679:link 2574:ISBN 2422:ISBN 2403:2016 2367:ISSN 2300:USSR 2294:and 2268:Aden 2083:(%) 2074:5.2 2071:0.4 2068:0.3 2065:0.2 2062:0.4 2059:0.5 2056:0.3 2053:0.1 2050:0.8 2047:0.7 2044:0.5 2041:0.6 2038:0.6 1955:14.4 1950:15.0 1945:16.1 1940:16.7 1935:17.8 1930:20.0 1925:20.6 1920:22.2 1915:20.6 1910:18.9 1905:16.7 1900:15.6 1895:14.4 1885:25.8 1880:21.6 1875:22.2 1870:24.0 1865:29.3 1860:31.1 1855:31.8 1850:31.0 1845:27.7 1840:25.2 1835:23.3 1830:21.6 1825:21.3 1815:30.0 1810:26.7 1805:26.7 1800:28.8 1795:33.3 1790:35.6 1785:36.1 1780:33.5 1775:31.1 1770:28.3 1765:26.1 1760:25.0 1755:25.0 1745:34.5 1740:28.6 1735:30.0 1730:33.1 1725:39.7 1720:41.9 1715:42.9 1710:42.8 1705:35.7 1700:31.0 1695:30.7 1690:29.2 1685:27.9 1675:49.1 1670:36.1 1665:36.7 1660:41.7 1655:46.0 1650:46.7 1645:47.7 1640:49.1 1635:47.3 1630:42.2 1625:35.0 1620:35.0 1615:35.3 1604:Dec 1601:Nov 1598:Oct 1595:Sep 1592:Aug 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