Indigenous response to colonialism

601: 841: 739: 1940:. Vintage. Page 439. "American history is often described in terms of Europeans entering a nearly empty wilderness. For centuries, though, most of the newcomers were African, and the land was not empty, but filled with millions of indigenous people. Much of the great encounter between the two separate halves of the world thus was less a meeting of Europe and America than a meeting of Africans and Indians—a relationship forged both in the cage of slavery and in the uprisings against it. Largely conducted out of sight of Europeans, the complex interplay between red and black is a hidden history that researchers are only now beginning to unravel." 4317:. pp 13,77. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. "Our stories generally—traditional stories of Indigenous communities, but also everyday stories that are told—are almost invisible in a lot of con-temporary culture, mass culture. I find it interesting that it’s when those stories are turned into a commodity and placed into this system of literary value that they can be celebrated. Whereas the oral stories are not. I am disturbed by that, in a way. I think there is still a very strong colonial bias toward text. One of the reasons I’m so interested in stories as performed stories is because they are very resistant to commodification." 707: 227: 882: 63: 4994:"The question that remains is whether a museum devoted to colonial history is feasible given the current political climate— a museum that would be irreproachable from a scholarly perspective, include all forms of historiographic sensibilities in France in a genuinely comparative framework, emphasize debate as the primary mode of engagement, shed light on the complexities of the colonial phenomenon without shying away from any awkward questions, the intrinsic violence, ambivalences, or long term consequences." 3010:

Terms like "civil war," "conflict," and even "counterinsurgency" frequently serve as legal cover for genocide, and in its wake, form the repertoire of genocide denial. This includes the world's ongoing demand for a "perfect victim," one that does not resist oppression whether through violence or non-violence though other instances of resistance are valorized. Historians know that in every case of genocide, victims resisted and that resistance was always framed as a criminal provocation for mass killing.

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imposed on Indigenous peoples due to colonization itself, which made Indigenous peoples more vulnerable to any disease, including new diseases. In other words, causes of death such as forced labor combined with hunger that converged during the colonization process made Indigenous peoples weaker and less resistant to disease. For example, scholars maintain that smallpox probably killed a third of the population in colonial Mexico but admit that there is no evidence to quantify the impact with certainty.

2973:. pp203. Yale University Press. "In our view, ethnocide was the principal United States policy toward American Indians in the nineteenth century, but the federal government stood ready to engage in genocide as a means of coercing tribes when they resisted ethnocide or resorted to armed resistance. Ethnocide was at the core of the Indian removals, the reservation system, the Dawes Act, and the schemes for educating native children at boarding schools far from their parents after the Civil War." 541: 291: 496: 616: 476:

the Philippines and temperate Africa. Some examples include small Indigenous groups moving to parts of the Amazon basin, Australia, Central America, the Arctic and Siberia. Others came into conflict with other Indigenous groups as they were forcefully displaced and occupied territory that was inhabited by other Indigenous groups. On occasions, the reaction of Indigenous peoples to attacks resulted in their transformation into warrior

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agricultural labour while being provided with no more than 1400 calories per day in low-nutrient foods, with some missions supplying as little as 715 calories per day. Amongst the survivors, stress, anxiety, trauma, depression, demoralisation and despair led not only to vulnerability to physical and psychological illnesses but also to a plummeting of birth rates.

3954: 813:, in which incentives are offered for Indigenous peoples to renounce Indigenous rights in exchange for benefits such as citizenship rights. Furthermore, Canada removed Indigenous rights if an Indigenous woman married a non-Indigenous person, an Indigenous person graduated from university, or joined the military. 4591:

walls...In fact, the objects were not the subject of much direct commentary by the elders, who had their own agenda for the meeting. They referred to the regalia with appreciation and respect, but they seemed only to use them as aide-mémoires, occasions for the telling of stories and the singing of songs.

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For them, indigenous sovereignty is linked with identity and right to self determination. Self determination should be understood as power of peoples to control their own destiny. Therefore for indigenous peoples, right to self determination is instrumental in the protection of their human rights and

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Three major strategies have been used by modern colonial powers to maintain control of their far-flung empires. The first involves colonization- the settlement of large numbers of Europeans among the subject peoples, as in southern Africa and Algeria. The second consists of co-opting the native elite

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If disease could have done the job, it is not clear why the European colonizers in America found it necessary to carry out unrelenting wars against Indigenous communities in order to gain every inch of land they took from them-nearly three hundred years of colonial warfare, followed by continued wars

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in Canada, whereas they generally did not take place in other places such as Australia and British North America. People of mixed settler-Indigenous ancestry have been discriminated against. The mixing blurred the lines between Indigenous and newcomer populations, and most learned the language of the

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in Florida resisted for decades or even centuries. However, in many parts of the world, Indigenous peoples moved away from fertile, resource-rich territories to inaccessible and inhospitable territories such as swamps, deserts and jungles. They were displaced from fertile places in Argentina, Brazil,

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For a long time, scholars have explained that the large fatality rates of Indigenous peoples upon contact with settlers have been caused by new infectious diseases brought to Indigenous territories from overseas. Recent scholarship has shifted to explore the nature of the difficult conditions of life

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Many scholars, including myself, believe that war, especially its colonial variety with its eliminationist logic against the native that seeks to remove all physical and cultural traces of indigenous peoples from the land, carries with it genocidal capacity that our existing legal frameworks enable.

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Native nations and communities, while struggling to maintain fundamental values and collectivity, have from the beginning resisted modern colonialism using both defensive and offensive techniques, including the modern forms of armed resistance of national liberation movements and what now is called

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As European colonialism has spread throughout the world, settlers have become dominant through conquest, occupation, or invasion. In this process, there has been and continues to be conflict between settlers and Indigenous peoples. For hundreds of years in recent history, Indigenous groups have been

118:, and empires. These societies had varying degrees of knowledge of the arts, agriculture, engineering, architecture, mathematics, astronomy, writing, physics, medicine, irrigation, geology, mining, weather forecasting, navigation, metallurgy and more. Their population would experience a significant 4092:

However, there is a long, if often hidden and denied, history of resistance by Indigenous peoples to colonization and its enduring impacts. pp 228. More important is that we understand as state crime the ongoing, normative endeavours of the Australian state to dispossess, control and disempower the

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In Africa, the Middle East, South America, and much of the rest of the world, decolonization often meant the expulsion or departure of most colonial settlers. In contrast, in settler colonial states like Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the United States, settlers have not left, even as

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For more than five years, I have continuously gathered supplemental data regarding non-state-oriented indigenous actions, including primary documents (community publications and documents) and written notes from informal participant observation of scores of American Indian and Canadian First Nation

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Of the estimated 2,500 Pequots who survived the war, at least 30 male captives were executed, and 180 other prisoners were given as slaves to the colonists' native allies. Colonial officials sold many other Pequots into slavery in the West Indies, and some women and children became household slaves

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A 2009 United Nations report stated that Indigenous peoples have "...documented histories of resistance, interface or cooperation with states...Indigenous peoples were often recognized as sovereign peoples by states, as witnessed by the hundreds of treaties concluded between Indigenous peoples and

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along with other Indigenous groups. Indigenous groups in North America were assigned to small reservations, typically on remote and economically marginal territories that would not support crops, fishing or hunting. Some of the reservations were then dismantled through an allotment process such as

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allied with the English to resist Spanish colonialism. Indigenous peoples have sought alliances if the alliance has improved their chances of survival or worked to their advantage. Some Indigenous nations attempted to show their allegiance to the colonizing power by becoming a military ally in the

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According to Ken Coates, liberal democracies do not like being called up on internal human rights abuses "when these same governments are often prominent in criticizing other nations for abuses of human and civil rights". Furthermore, post-independence era countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia

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A limited but real process of colonial (racial) homogenization, as in the Southern Cone (Chile, Uruguay, Argentina), by means of a massive genocide of the aboriginal population. An always frustrated attempt at cultural homogenization through the cultural genocide of American Indians, blacks, and

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Variations of the Modoc ordeal occurred elsewhere during the conquest and colonization of Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America. Indigenous civilizations repeatedly resisted invaders seeking to physically annihilate them in whole or in part. Many of these catastrophes are known as

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of 1989. Indigenous scholar Jeff Corntassel said that article 46 of UNDRIP may be detrimental to some Indigenous rights: "...the restoration of their land-based and water-based cultural relationships and practices is often portrayed as a threat to the territorial integrity of the country(ies) in

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The rights to land and resources are key goals of the world's indigenous peoples, and they are enshrined in the only international human rights instrument that is binding on states, the International Labor Organization's Convention No. 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent

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Mulataje or mestizaje, particularly in its culturalist rendition, was central to the politicized assimilationist, monoculturalist rhetoric that surfaced in Latin America during the 1920s and thereafter as a means to neutralize the cultural (and racial) pluralism typical of virtually all Latin

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Some of the worst examples of escalating death by sickness and disease occurred on the Spanish Christian missions in Florida, Texas, California, Arizona, and New Mexico in the period 1690–1845. After the military delivered captive Indians to the missions, they were expected to perform arduous

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comparing the casualties of the conflict. Furthermore, he says that "The Modoc genocide is hardly the only genocide against Indigenous people that has been sanitized as war." According to Frank Chalk, in the 19th century United States, the federal government policy toward Native Americans was

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The first challenges, however, did not come from the museums, but from the previous colonies where Indigenous peoples could claim a right to be included in the national narrative. Indigenous leaders challenged museum authorities, calling into question the veracity of the stories within their

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Indigenous people thus not only confronted the European expansion, but also participated in a complex and contested colonial encounter... Rather than simply bloody rivals from the outset, Indians and Euro-Americans frequently were trade and alliance partners, neighbors, wives, employers, and

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language in New Zealand, where it is an official language and taught in 350 schools. New technologies are making access to educational language programs accessible to the general public. Furthermore, there are examples of Indigenous schools that move away from Eurocentric curriculums while

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Indigenous peoples continue to struggle as they suffer discrimination in most countries where they coexist with non-Indigenous peoples. The majority of the world's Indigenous peoples are among the poorest groups within the states where they live, and they amount to 19% of the world's poor.

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gatherings, conversations, presentations, institutions, and formal meetings. (See page 5 for a table of entries on Native American resistance to colonial domination: Table 2. North American Settler colonialism and contemporary Indigenous Resistance: Nonpolity Domination and Decolonization)

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into colonial societies. On occasion, Indigenous peoples have formed alliances with one or more Indigenous or non-Indigenous nations. Overall, the response of Indigenous peoples to colonialism during this period has been diverse and varied in its effectiveness. Indigenous resistance has a

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are official languages in Peru and Bolivia and are spoken by 8 and 2.5 million people, respectively. Nationalism has promoted the use of local languages in most of Eurasia, but in the rest of the world, European languages remain dominant in mass media, education and the internet.

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Colonists quickly lost control of them. Indians woke up to find free-range cows and horses romping through their fields, trampling the harvest. If they killed the beasts, gun-waving colonists demanded payment. Animal numbers boomed for decades. The worst may have been the

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through assimilation or bribery; there are many examples of this in Africa and the West Indies. The third strategy is "divide and rule" a policy that has played a crucial part in ensuring the stability -indeed, the viability- of nearly every major colonial system.

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of up to 100 million people. The Indigenous response to colonization has been varied and also changed over time as each group chose to flee, fight, submit, support or seek diplomatic solutions. One example of an Indigenous group that fled is the

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that have destroyed entire nations. In spite of this, Indigenous peoples survive and some are thriving. They account for a population of 476 million, residing in 90 countries around the world and speaking over 5000 languages from several

1041:(EZLN) denotes resistance in many areas, including education, territorial, epistemological, political and economic terms. EZLN is viewed as a continuation of the struggle against more than 500 years of oppression of Indigenous peoples. 2958:

wars. Yet by carefully examining the intentions and actions of colonizers and their advocates it is possible to reinterpret some of these cataclysms as both genocides and wars of resistance. The Modoc case is one of them (p120).

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van Huis, Iris (2019), Lähdesmäki, Tuuli; Passerini, Luisa; Kaasik-Krogerus, Sigrid; van Huis, Iris (eds.), "Contesting Cultural Heritage: Decolonizing the Tropenmuseum as an Intervention in the Dutch/European Memory Complex",

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Many smaller European colonial museums have closed after the end of European colonization. According to Pascal Blanchard, the political climate in France has not allowed the emergence of a museum about French colonialism. In

513:. Indigenous peoples have hunted their territory for centuries or millennia, and many times killed the animals belonging to settlers, and this has been the cause of much conflict between settlers and Indigenous peoples. 34:. They have employed armed resistance, diplomacy, and legal procedures. Others have fled to inhospitable, undesirable or remote territories to avoid conflict. Nevertheless, some Indigenous peoples were forced to move to 106:, there were hundreds of nations and tribes throughout the territories that would be colonized, with diverse languages, religions and cultures. The peoples that would come to be known as Indigenous had large cities, 753:

with Indigenous peoples, they learned that these treaties could be broken and would not protect their communities. Faced with the risk that their people would be destroyed, leaders of Indian resistance agreed to

126:. Indigenous peoples have existed in a context of colonialism, as they are not "Indigenous" without experiencing the practice of colonialism, that is, when their sovereignty and self-determination are realized. 2924:

Madley, Benjamin (2014). "California and Oregon's Modoc Indians: How Indigenous Resistance Camouflages Genocide in Colonial Histories". In Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Laban Hinton, Alexander (eds.).

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Native Americans (and other indigenous peoples) have criticized the role that anthropologists, archaeologists, and museums have played in portraying Indians to the societies that surround them.

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Indigenous nations sought diplomacy or military alliances to survive, seeking allies in other nations, including neighbouring Indigenous nations and other colonizing powers, as in the

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ethnocide, but when they resisted, the result sometimes was genocidal. Historically, victims of genocide have resisted, and this resistance has been criminalized to justify massacres.

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from the 16th to the 18th centuries, the focus of the colonizers was to practice agriculture, farming, mining, and infrastructure construction while exploiting Indigenous labor.

4400: 1306: 801:, removing Indigenous children from their families for years while prohibiting the use of their Indigenous language and cultural practices. Australia focused on children with 979:

is the basic form of political organization. He argues that the Indigenous fight for self-determination today is part of a cycle of centuries of resistance to colonialism.

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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere

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Bancel, N., Blanchard, P., & Pernsteiner, A. (2017). Is a colonial history museum politically impossible? In N. Bancel, P. Blanchard, & D. Thomas (Eds.),

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Moreover, the term mestizo is associated with the assimilationist movement in Ecuador, where to be mestizo is to be Ecuadorian, to identify with the nation-state.

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navigation, resulted in the expansion of European empires and the associated settler colonialism that occurred in the Americas, Oceania, South Africa and beyond.

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and freedom and seek to rebuild their nations and cultures to maintain national groups with distinct cultural identities. Indigenous nations continue to pursue

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wrote his United States' history book, he did not include the history of the Indigenous peoples, so he said that she could write what would become such a book:

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in Massachusetts....The terms prohibited the Pequots from returning to their lands, speaking their tribal language, or even referring to themselves as Pequots.

1066: 4569: 1672: 5015: 5245:"Contesting the Curriculum in the Schooling of Indigenous Children in Australia and the United States: From Eurocentrism to Culturally Powerful Pedagogies" 5196: 4854: 1385: 3482: 3106:

American countries -a pluralism considered by many politically counterproductive in the face of Latin America's move toward refurbishing the nation-state.

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Indigenous peoples also adopted newly introduced domestic animals in their diet as Europeans introduced chicken, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep in the

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have begun to close exhibits with Indigenous themes to comply with federal regulations that mandate tribal consent and repatriation of human remains.

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At times, Indigenous peoples used violent resistance, at times successfully or at times involving two or more Indigenous allies. Examples include the

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Erich Steinman has compiled a record of Native American resistance processes and responses that he says are not well studied by American sociology.

600: 5045: 4353: 3467: 2340: 1007:. Michael Grewcock has argued that in Australia, there are Indigenous peoples "who still resist the colonization of country that was never ceded". 1567: 3565: 2614: 762:, and the redefinition of borders in the hope that the settlers would not encroach further on Indigenous territory. One of such examples is the 698:. Academic Benjamin Madley said that throughout the world, groups targeted for annihilation resist, often violently. He details the case of the 4886: 1360: 1310: 1658:

Graeber, David and Wengrow, David "The Dawn of Everything, A New History of Humanity" (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), pp. 346–358

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Some scholars and Indigenous peoples argue that renaming geographical entities should be part of a reclaiming process of Indigenous cultures.

5898: 1380: 1099: 4861: 3712: 3507: 1103: 5545: 1232:, have sought to promote the use of Indigenous languages in educational programs. In recent years, there has been a revival in the use of 1126: 899:

Contemporary Indigenous strategies have included negotiations, mediation, arbitration, political statements, blockades, legal challenges,

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that used European fire guns to resist further invasion of their territories. Even today, the stereotypical Native American depicted in

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as Indigenous nations, cultures or as members of an Indigenous group. Hall argues that Indigenous peoples challenge the idea that the

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due to the effects of colonization. Most Indigenous groups in the world today have been displaced from some or all of their ancestral

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In: Nelson Aboriginal Studies. Cadzow, Allison, eds. Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 114-127. Available online at:

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was one of the main factors that decimated the Indigenous population of North America. Indigenous slavery predated and outlasted the

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Timeline containing historically traumatic events, settler colonial policies, and Native resistance movements, by Dr. Karina Walters

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According to Ken Coates, sexual relations between Indigenous women and non-Indigenous men took place to some extent in New Zealand,

258:, Indigenous peoples resided in a large proportion of the world's territory. For example, in the Americas, there are estimates of a 1616: 1282:, and cultural loss, while some remain separated from the dominant culture or marginalized from any group, including their own. In 1130: 2053: 5943: 1629:

of or relating to the earliest known inhabitants of a place and especially of a place that was colonized by a now-dominant group.

1302: 137:. Before, Indigenous peoples were studied as passive objects of colonial policy and administration, but now the growing areas of 3189: 1166: 1154: 1114:

In Latin America, there are only a few museums whose central theme is that of colonization and history of Indigenous peoples.

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From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations: Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas

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has varied depending on the Indigenous group, historical period, territory, and colonial state(s) they have interacted with.

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in the central valley of Mexico. Other times, they would ally themselves with escaped African slaves, as in the case of the

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Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future

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Indigenous peoples and others have protested against museum´s exhibitions. Notable examples of Indigenous museums are

2655: 3982:"The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing" 840: 2549: 794: 5582:

The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing

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On rare occasions, Indigenous peoples would be successful in battle against European armies. Examples include the

5983: 5938: 5923: 4915:, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 215–248, 4425: 3922:

Wiessner, Siegfried (2011). "The Cultural Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Achievements and Continuing Challenges".

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Indigenous peoples commemorate historical events and processes on an annual or periodic basis. Examples include

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Hill, G. (2021). The 500 years of Indigenous resistance comic book (Revised and expanded.). Arsenal Pulp Press.

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IWGIA is "a global human rights organisation dedicated to promoting and defending Indigenous Peoples' rights".

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of 1638. Colonial powers also sought control of new territories by appropriating the Indigenous elite through

683: 3619: 3182:"Study on treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between States and indigenous populations" 1229: 4093:

original inhabitants of the land, who still resist the colonization of country that was never ceded. pp 246.

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American colonies; Volume 1 of The Penguin history of the United States, History of the United States Series

5968: 5918: 5878: 3821: 1879:"From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in between in North American History" 1286:, Indigenous peoples have adopted Spanish religion, institutions, language, and literature, as well as non- 456: 5575:

From borderlands to borders: Empires, nation-states, and the peoples in between in North American history.

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Hitchcock, Robert K.; Koperski, Thomas E. (2008). "Genocides of Indigenous Peoples". In Stone, Dan (ed.).

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Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoac‡n, Mexico, 1521–1565

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For a comprehensive list of Non-european rebellions, revolts and resistance movements, see pages 62–63.

5046:"A famed NYC museum is closing two Native American halls. Harvard and others have taken similar steps" 3244:"Heritage of Strife: The Effects of Colonialist "Divide and Rule" Strategy upon the Colonized Peoples" 2695: 366:

Indigenous women and children were forced to do domestic work. Even after slavery was outlawed by the

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Indigenous Societies in the Post-colonial World, Responses and Resilience Through Global Perspectives

5516:"Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination" 5376:"Aculturación, transculturación, mestizaje: metáforas y espejos en la historiografía latinoamericana" 4375:"Victoria launches truth commission into ongoing effect of violent colonisation on Aboriginal people" 4328: 3390:""Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal" 2984: 1150: 810: 779: 687: 3595:"Unthanksgiving Day: A celebration of Indigenous resistance to colonialism, held yearly at Alcatraz" 971:

Indigenous nations and peoples have managed to survive despite sustained long-term attacks to their

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Re-Envisioning Resurgence: Indigenous Pathways to Decolonization and Sustainable Self-Determination

5515: 2643: 1743: 1330: 1205: 911:. A few have worked on the removal from public spaces of symbols of Indigenous oppression, such as 561:, the fact that Indigenous peoples survive today against genocidal attacks is proof of resistance: 525: 5709:

Treaty Relations between Indigenous Peoples: Advancing Global Understandings of Self-Determination

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by non-Indigenous families. Canada and the United States have assimilated Indigenous peoples via

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Violence, Resistance and Survival in the Americas : Native Americans and the Legacy of Conquest

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United Nations, e Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.

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Grappling with the beast : indigenous southern african responses to colonialism 1840-1930

4401:""This isn't just about Native people, this is about America," say truth commission advocates" 3927: 3847:"¿Día de la Raza o Día de la Resistencia indígena? Preguntas para conmemorar el 12 de octubre" 3645: 2736:

The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 30th Anniversary Edition

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until the 20th century. The Spanish crown allowed slavery of Indigenous peoples captured in "

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Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian Black and White Roots of Mexican Americans

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Manipulating Cartographies: Plurinationalism, Autonomy, and Indigenous Resurgence in Bolivia

4426:"Sweden looks to Canada as it launches truth commission into treatment of Indigenous people" 4087: 2207: 1956: 938:. Activists have also protested what they consider controversial colonial holidays, such as 5958: 5948: 4718: 3872: 1579: 1499: 1416:(Gale Virtual Reference Library ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 57–65 1057: 1026: 916: 695: 590: 558: 481: 401: 343: 5815: 5803:. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 2(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649215615889 2114: 8: 5978: 1829:

Veracini, Lorenzo (2007). "Historylessness: Australia as a settler colonial collective".

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Lighting the Eighth Fire: The Liberation Resurgence and Protection of Indigenous Nations

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Native but Foreign: Indigenous Immigrants and Refugees in the North American Borderlands

3533:"Norway activists press on with their protest against wind farm on land used by herders" 1925:

Grappling with the beast: indigenous southern african responses to colonialism 1840-1930

1608: 1142: 1071: 5681: 5663: 5592: 5458: 5356: 5280: 5272: 5161: 5153: 5010: 4848: 4537:"'They're not property': the people who want their ancestors back from British museums" 4514: 4354:"'The Land is the Body of the Native People': Talking with Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz – NCOE" 4202: 4130: 4083: 4011: 3900: 3796: 3677: 3650: 3441:

Jiménez, Juan Esteban Lewin, Sonia Corona, Federico Rivas Molina, Miguel (2022-09-25).

3419: 3263: 3147: 3096: 3088: 3061:"Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959" 2948: 2828: 2820: 2453: 2321: 2270: 2096: 2045: 2001: 1906: 1856: 1527: 1480: 1472: 1443:"Indigenous Peoples, Memory and Envisioning the Future: A Brief Multidimensional Study" 1318: 1250: 1237:

considering the graduates' future prospects within a non-Indigenous majority state. In

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that have investigated and reported on Indigenous atrocities. Some of them include the

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Ware, Helen. 2023. "Lessons in Truth and Reconciliation for Australia from Overseas."

3703:"Melbourne statues of Queen Victoria and Captain Cook vandalised on Australia Day eve" 735:

mixing, has been used to promote assimitionalism and monoculturalism in Latin America.

5837: 5747: 5527: 5448: 5422: 5397: 5360: 5284: 5264: 5188: 5165: 5145: 5079: 4926: 4748: 4743: 4697: 4670: 4581: 4544: 4506: 4469: 4284: 4206: 4194: 4120: 4075: 4015: 4003: 3960: 3923: 3904: 3892: 3873:"Decolonization Not Inclusion: Indigenous Resistance to American Settler Colonialism" 3788: 3743: 3461: 3423: 3411: 3368: 3304: 3255: 3218: 3139: 3100: 3080: 3000: 2938: 2904: 2877: 2832: 2812: 2808: 2767: 2740: 2651: 2569: 2529: 2504: 2494: 2472: 2445: 2382: 2313: 2262: 2217: 2176: 2088: 2005: 1898: 1860: 1805: 1755: 1718: 1688: 1678: 1583: 1531: 1519: 1484: 1464: 1246: 1197: 1079: 1053: 927:. Much resistance has also been used to bring Indigenous issues to public attention. 920: 867: 727:

colony, which was a European language. Some scholars have argued that the concept of

226: 5392: 5104: 4800:"Belgian colonial museum re-opens amid protests and demands for return of artifacts" 3736:"'Abolish Australia Day': Invasion Day marches draw tens of thousands of protesters" 3362: 3181: 1321:

theories that justified the seizure of Indigenous land and supported a legal basis.

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published an essay about her life with personal experiences directly related to the

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Decolonization Not Inclusion: Indigenous Resistance to American Settler Colonialism

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Jones, "Warfare Reorganization and Readaptation at the Margins of Spanish Rule" in

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There are a number of Indigenous broadcasting organizations from countries serving

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say that colonialism is present in contemporary settler colonial states, including

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Bartolomé de las Casas in History: Toward an Understanding of the Man and his Work

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For decades, Indigenous peoples had demanded that the Catholic Church rescind the

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or right after Indigenous groups suffered massacres, such as in the case of the

742: 464: 250:

Before Europeans set out to discover what had been populated by others in their

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centuries-long history that is complex and carries on into contemporary times.

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United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect

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In New Zealand and Ecuador, Indigenous peoples have formed political parties,

581:

Dunbar-Ortiz sets examples of resistance in North America in the cases of the

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Indigenous responses for survival and resistance during the age of colonialism

5912: 5531: 5401: 5268: 5192: 5149: 5126:"Native Social Capital: The Case of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii" 5083: 4752: 4635:"A plan to create a museum of colonial history sparks tensions in Copenhagen" 4585: 4548: 4510: 4315:

Literatures, communities, and learning: Conversations with Indigenous writers

4288: 4263:"Postcolonial and Anti-Systemic Resistance by Indigenous Movements in Mexico" 4198: 4079: 4007: 3896: 3888: 3792: 3747: 3483:"Statue of Pre-Hispanic Woman Will Replace Columbus Sculpture in Mexico City" 3415: 3406: 3389: 3259: 3143: 3084: 3004: 2816: 2508: 2476: 2449: 2426:"Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in Mexico" 2357: 2317: 2266: 2172: 2092: 1902: 1759: 1523: 1515: 1500:"Revitalization and Indigenous Resistance to Globalization and Neoliberalism" 1468: 1271: 1019: 1011: 1004: 939: 755: 750: 594: 582: 529: 477: 379: 375: 351: 347: 284: 171: 155: 115: 75: 43: 5903: 5341: 5324: 5105:"Stan Grant: Aboriginal TV host's exit renews criticism of Australian media" 4991: 4134: 4106: 4054:"Settler-Colonial Violence, Primitive Accumulation and Australia's Genocide" 2952: 1692: 671: 628: 405: 312: 5462: 5442: 4946:"American Indian Museum Still Facing Criticism for Historical Inaccuracies" 4866: 4831: 4666:

Spirited Encounters: American Indians Protest Museum Policies and Practices

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argues that the colonial project is ongoing, as the case of the Mohawks of

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Indigenous peoples were not always conquered militarily, as in the case of

485: 391: 231: 179: 99: 4719:"Art of the Americas Revisited: What Does it Mean to Decolonise a Museum?" 4295: 3367:. Internet Archive. New York : Praeger Publishers, Inc. p. 278. 1213: 5888: 5628:

More Will Sing Their Way to Freedom: Indigenous Resistance and Resurgence

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Modern colonialism that started in the 15th century, along with European

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signed three successive treaties with the United States government, 1867.

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made between Great Britain and France with Indigenous peoples. The 1840

397: 5780:

Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States

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Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States

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The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

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have been dismissive of Indigenous rights as much as colonial empires.

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Pablo G. Casanova has said that in Mexico there has been a practice of

853:

the governments of the United States, Canada, New Zealand and others".

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The history and sociology of genocide : analyses and case studies

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Historical Indigenous resistance leaders throughout the world include

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terrorism. In every instance they have fought for survival as peoples.

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are the earliest known inhabitants of a territory that was or remains

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As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance

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Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition

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is important to Indigenous culture, but it has been underepresented.

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A Global History of Indigenous Peoples : Struggle and Survival

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and removed children to be placed in residential schools or to be

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in North America, but some Indigenous peoples refused to sign.

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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

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which they reside, and thus, a threat to state sovereignty".

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the target of a number of atrocity crimes including multiple

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through a revolutionary process. In Mexico, the case of the

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AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples

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attacks of other Indigenous nations, as in the case of the

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are two examples of treaties that remain important today.

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respectively. Bolivia has had an Indigenous president,

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http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/resources/pdfs/229.pdf

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(2016). 3820:Brito, Christopher (2020). 3388:Shrinkhal, Rashwet (2021). 3065:Latin American Perspectives 2985:"A World Without Civilians" 2903:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 3–74. 2345:Journal of American History 2292:Brooks, Francis J. (1993). 1775:Who are indigenous peoples? 1324: 1223: 1029:. According to sociologist 811:Indian termination policies 684:Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II 545:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 524:of the Maori, and the 1868 404:, Indigenous leader in the 190:in the circumpolar region; 10: 6005: 5721:Menchaca, Martha. (2021). 5666:(accessed 1 January 2024). 5323:Kamusella, Tomasz (2020). 4052:Grewcock, Michael (2018). 4033:Veracini, Lorenzo (2007). 3077:10.1177/0094582X9802500302 3024:, p. 108-9, 111, 118. 2733:Crosby, Alfred W. (2003). 1798:Hixson, Walter L. (2013). 1261: 1157:(Washington, D.C., USA). 1153:(New York City, USA), and 1137:(Amsterdam, Netherlands), 1121:(Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), 1109: 194:in northwest Eurasia; and 5883:Resistance reference list 5868:Inuit Circumpolar Council 5827:. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. 5760:10.1007/978-981-19-8722-9 5633:Corntassel, Jeff. (2012) 5514:Corntassel, Jeff (2012). 5504:. Pages 131-2. Zed Books; 4744:10067/2026640151162165141 4111:. Duke University Press. 3999:10.1177/00323217211018127 3242:Morrock, Richard (1973). 3136:10.1017/S002387910001832X 2897:Marley, David F. (2008). 2797:Government and Opposition 2760:Mann, Charles C. (2011). 2522:Reséndez, Andrés (2016). 1998:10.1080/15283480701326034 1936:Mann, Charles C. (2011). 1843:10.1080/13688790701488155 1643:Picq, Manuela L. (2017). 1151:George Gustav Heye Center 688:Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712 328:colonization of New Spain 230:Aztec warriors led by an 5843:American Indian Movement 5778:Simpson, Audra. (2014). 5728:Rausch, Jane M. (1984). 5676:Gustafson, Bret (2009). 4220:Quijano, Anibal (2000). 3889:10.1177/2332649215615889 3407:10.1177/1177180121994681 1566:Ostler, Jeffrey (2015), 1516:10.1177/0002764208318938 1408:Hidalgo, Dennis (2007). 1331:American Indian Movement 1206:First Nations Experience 905:political demonstrations 526:Treaty of Bosque Redondo 254:and before the European 5823:Wilmer, Franke. (1993) 5764:Silver, Peter. (2008). 5380:Cuadernos de Literatura 5342:10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0008 5298:Bastin, Olivia (2022). 5142:10.1023/A:1004870517612 4992:10.2307/j.ctt20060bg.38 4105:Simpson, Audra (2014). 3481:McGreevy, Nora (2021). 2739:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2214:Oxford University Press 1980:Moshman, David (2007). 1609:"Indigenous definition" 1186:Cleveland Museum of Art 1180:, Harvard University’s 1176:in New York, Chicago’s 1078:and went on to win the 1049:Indigenous storytelling 824:. It is now located in 797:and Canada established 557:According to historian 196:Torres Strait Islanders 5984:Independence movements 5939:History of colonialism 5924:Indigenous nationalism 5889:Survival International 5810:. New York: Zed Books. 5304:Foreign Affairs Review 5218:Anapol, Avery (2018). 5035:Aldridge, 2003, pp 33. 4735:10.26485/AI/2022/24/11 4313:Hanson, A. J. (2020). 4280:10.5195/jwsr.2022.1113 3671:Brooke, James (1989). 2613:Newman, Lucia (2021). 2594:Zinn Education Project 2424:McCaa, Robert (1995). 2358:10.1093/jahist/jaaa008 936:Indigenous Peoples Day 896: 849: 793:In North America, the 746: 715: 620: 612: 578: 568: 547: 506: 427:. In Central America, 416: 323: 301: 247: 87: 56:culturally assimilated 5989:Responses to genocide 5482:canadiangeographic.ca 4690:Lee, Shimrit (2023). 3767:Warren, Dave (1992). 3248:Science & Society 2165:Taylor, Alan (2002). 2119:Ethnologue (Free All) 1961:Amnesty International 1319:Doctrine of Discovery 1135:Museum of the Tropics 1125:(Brussels, Belgium), 884: 857:Contemporary response 843: 741: 709: 618: 603: 573: 563: 543: 498: 421:French and Indian War 400: 311: 293: 244:Bernardino de Sahagún 229: 65: 30:in their response to 5658:Foley, Gary. (2010) 5618:Coates, Ken (2004). 4973:(pp. 25). Routledge. 4891:Smithsonian Magazine 4615:on December 15, 2019 4117:10.2307/j.ctv1198w8z 3853:(in Mexican Spanish) 3773:The Public Historian 3568:on December 10, 2015 3487:Smithsonian Magazine 3350:on 15 February 2010. 2935:10.2307/j.ctv11sn770 2548:Floyd T. S. (1967). 2471:Comas, Juan (1971). 2046:"Indigenous Peoples" 1831:Postcolonial Studies 1127:Musée du Quai Branly 1058:Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz 1027:internal colonialism 917:Christopher Columbus 696:North-West Rebellion 680:Caste War of Yucatán 559:Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz 467:in New Zealand, the 402:Francisco Tenamaztle 344:religious conversion 222:Contact and conquest 186:in Central America; 5969:Settler colonialism 5919:Indigenous politics 5669:Goodall, H. (2008) 4669:. Rowman Altamira. 4450:Social Alternatives 4148:Al Jazeera (2021). 4058:State Crime Journal 3715:on January 24, 2024 3512:Honolulu Civil Beat 3326:, p. 184, 189. 2475:. In Friede, Juan; 1102:of Canada, and the 1076:Guatemalan genocide 1060:has said that when 887:Diego de Mazariegos 799:residential schools 471:in Mexico, and the 410:Nochistlán de Mejía 336:African slave trade 5929:Domestic responses 5704:. South End Press. 5637:. Decolonization, 5185:The New York Times 5011:The New York Times 4693:Decolonize Museums 4474:unesdoc.unesco.org 4430:The Globe and Mail 4191:10.1007/BF02800542 3678:The New York Times 3651:The New York Times 2255:Aboriginal History 1460:10.29333/ejecs/963 1200:themes, including 1172:In North America, 932:Unthanksgiving Day 909:civil disobedience 897: 872:self-determination 850: 780:Treaty of Hartford 747: 716: 712:Jamestown massacre 676:Zapatista uprising 621: 613: 579: 548: 522:Treaty of Waitangi 511:Columbian exchange 507: 457:Battle of Big Horn 445:Battle of Curalaba 417: 324: 302: 248: 178:in North America; 170:in South America; 96:Indigenous peoples 88: 24:Indigenous peoples 5934:Indigenous rights 5752:978-981-19-8721-2 5454:978-1-921666-08-7 5428:978-1-62349-656-2 4932:978-3-030-11464-0 4703:978-1-77113-632-7 4676:978-0-7591-1089-2 4405:Eye on the Arctic 4126:978-0-8223-5643-1 3986:Political Studies 3966:978-1-317-25761-5 3374:978-0-03-000917-4 3310:978-0-393-05149-0 3224:978-1-4185-6064-5 2944:978-0-8223-5763-6 2910:978-1-59884-101-5 2883:978-0-8070-0041-0 2773:978-0-307-59672-7 2746:978-0-275-98073-3 2650:. Penguin Books. 2575:978-0-271-03940-4 2535:978-0-544-60267-0 2528:. HarperCollins. 2500:978-0-87580-025-7 2388:978-0-8070-0041-0 2223:978-0-19-508557-0 2204:David E. Stannard 1811:978-1-137-37426-4 1724:978-1-4039-9219-2 1684:978-1-4000-4006-3 1589:978-0-19-932917-5 1510:(12): 1867–1901. 1410:"Anticolonialism" 1297:International law 1247:official language 1145:(Madrid, Spain), 1129:(Paris, France), 1092:Truth Commissions 1086:Truth commissions 1080:Nobel Peace Prize 1054:Oral storytelling 1035:decolonialization 921:John A. Macdonald 868:Indigenous rights 731:, the process of 591:King Philip's War 234:, each holding a 214:language family. 152:language families 5996: 5974:Ethnic cleansing 5881:has compiled a “ 5746:. 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Brill. 5686:20638677 5597:44483133 5224:The Hill 5197:Archived 5016:Archived 4872:Archived 4333:HuffPost 4247:mestizos 3683:Archived 3462:cite web 3268:40401707 3190:Archived 3040:NBC News 2825:44483133 2646:(2003). 2623:Archived 2479:(eds.). 2275:45135468 2261:: 1–15. 2206:(1993). 2101:44779906 2060:11 April 2054:Archived 1986:Identity 1782:Archived 1693:56632601 1671:(2005). 1617:Archived 1615:. 2021. 1477:48710288 1325:See also 1268:cultural 1239:Paraguay 1224:Language 1214:NRK Sami 973:survival 946:and its 901:activism 826:Oklahoma 776:coercion 760:cessions 756:treaties 751:treaties 694:and the 661:Tecumseh 637:Geronimo 633:Dundalli 605:Geronimo 518:treaties 504:Guacolda 455:and the 423:and the 320:Tlatoani 295:Malinche 120:collapse 80:Cheyenne 72:Comanche 5550:AP News 5158:4532510 5050:AP News 4519:1409589 3928:2253420 3801:3377861 3537:AP News 3447:El País 3196:14 July 3152:2692059 3093:2634165 2991:: 1–6. 2779:pigs... 2700:HISTORY 2491:487–539 2173:Penguin 1911:2650990 1420:May 22, 1288:endemic 1262:Culture 1251:Quechua 1245:is the 1243:Guaraní 1163:Bristol 1110:Museums 895:. 1992. 807:adopted 784:bribery 770:leader 645:Lempira 641:Lautaro 575:Charrua 528:of the 500:Lautaro 490:Mapuche 461:Mapuche 380:slavery 372:Mexican 332:Slavery 281:Uruguay 273:Charrúa 265:Beothuk 204:Oceania 168:Mapuche 164:Quechua 160:Guaraní 84:Arapaho 5750: 5684: 5595: 5530: 5461: 5451: 5425: 5400: 5359: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5191: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5082: 4929: 4751: 4700: 4673: 4584: 4547: 4517: 4509: 4287: 4205: 4197: 4133: 4123: 4086: 4078: 4014: 4006: 3963: 3926: 3903: 3895: 3799: 3791: 3746: 3422: 3414: 3371: 3307: 3266: 3258: 3221: 3150: 3142: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3003: 2951: 2941: 2907: 2880: 2831: 2823: 2815: 2770: 2743: 2654: 2572: 2532: 2507: 2497: 2458:205693 2456: 2448: 2385: 2326:205099 2324: 2316: 2273: 2265: 2220: 2179: 2099: 2091: 2004: 1909: 1901: 1859: 1808: 1758: 1721: 1691: 1681: 1586: 1530: 1522: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1255:Aymara 1098:, the 993:Canada 942:, and 923:, and 722:, the 686:, the 678:, the 674:, the 663:, and 625:Cajemé 611:leader 609:Apache 585:, the 530:Navajo 469:Yaquis 459:. 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