Cheyenne - Knowledge

865: 1284: 940: 1292: 964: 948: 551: 851:(″Sacred (Buffalo) Hat Keeper″ or ″Keeper of the Sacred (Buffalo) Hat″) must belong to the Só'taeo'o (Northern or Southern alike). In the 1870s tribal leaders became disenchanted with the keeper of the bundle demanded the keeper Broken Dish give up the bundle; he agreed but his wife did not and desecrated the Sacred Hat and its contents; a ceremonial pipe and a buffalo horn were lost. In 1908 a Cheyenne named Three Fingers gave the horn back to the Hat. The pipe came into possession of a Cheyenne named Burnt All Over who gave it to Hattie Goit of 359: 992:

important role in Cheyenne government. Society leaders were often in charge of organizing hunts and raids as well as ensuring proper discipline and the enforcement of laws within the nation. Each of the six distinct warrior societies of the Cheyenne took turns leadering the nation. The four original military societies of the Cheyenne were the Swift Fox Society, Elk Horn Scrapper or Crooked Lance Society, Shield Society, and the Bowstring Men Society. The fifth society is split between the Crazy Dog Society and the famous

1753: 1919: 1873: 388: 377: 1768: 1676: 3625: 4860: 4024: 956: 2108: 401: 1156:, although the two languages are not mutually intelligible. The Arapaho remained strong allies with the Cheyenne and helped them fight alongside the Lakota and Dakota during Red Cloud's War and the Great Sioux War of 1876, also known commonly as the Black Hills War. On the Southern Plains, the Arapaho and Cheyenne allied with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache to fight invading settlers and US soldiers. 1885: 1970: 1469: 902:, a non-Native trader and ally, a large portion of the tribe moved further south and stayed around the area. The other part of the tribe continued to live along the headwaters of the North Platte and Yellowstone rivers. The groups became the Southern Cheyenne, or Sówoníă (Southerners), and the Northern Cheyenne, or O'mǐ'sǐs (Eaters). The two divisions maintained regular and close contact. 343:. Tribal enrollment figures, as of late 2014, indicate that there are approximately 10,840 members, of which about 4,939 reside on the reservation. Approximately 91% of the population are Native Americans (full or part race), with 72.8% identifying themselves as Cheyenne. Slightly more than one-quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than English. The 1537:: it established a small reservation for the Cheyenne in southeastern Colorado in exchange for the territory agreed to in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Many Cheyenne did not sign the treaty, and they continued to live and hunt on their traditional grounds in the Smoky Hill and Republican basins, between the Arkansas and the South Platte, where there were plentiful buffalo. 1823:. After the soldiers destroyed the lodges and supplies and confiscated the horses, the Northern Cheyenne soon surrendered. They hoped to remain with the Sioux in the north but the US pressured them to locate with the Southern Cheyenne on their reservation in Indian Territory. After a difficult council, the Northern Cheyenne eventually agreed to go South. 500:, there is no consensus and various origins and translation of the word have been proposed. Grinnell's record is typical and states, "They call themselves Tsistsistas , which the books commonly give as meaning "people". It most likely means related to one another, similarly bred, like us, our people, or us. The term for the Cheyenne homeland is 2155:

A Cheyenne woman has a higher status if she is part of an extended family with distinguished ancestors. Also, if she is friendly and compatible with her female relatives and does not have members in her extended family who are alcoholics or otherwise in disrepute. It is expected of all Cheyenne women

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There are conflicting claims as to whether the band was hostile or friendly. Historians believe that Chief Black Kettle, head of the band, was not part of the war party but the peace party within the Cheyenne nation. But, he did not command absolute authority over members of his band and the European

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Anthropologists debate about Cheyenne societal organization. On the plains, it appears that they had a bilateral band kinship system. However, some anthropologists reported that the Cheyenne had a matrilineal band system. Studies into whether, and if so, how much the Cheyenne developed a matrilineal

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trails, beginning in the early 1840s, heightened competition with Native Americans for scarce resources of water and game in arid areas. With resource depletion along the trails, the Cheyenne became increasingly divided into the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne, where they could have adequate

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Perhaps from traders, the cholera epidemic reached the Plains Indians in 1849, resulting in severe loss of life during the summer of that year. Historians estimate about 2,000 Cheyenne died, one-half to two-thirds of their population. There were significant losses among other tribes as well, which

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To the north, the Cheyenne allied with the Lakota, which allowed them to expand their territory into part of their former lands around the Black Hills. By heading into the Rocky Mountains, they managed to escape the 1837–39 smallpox epidemics that swept across the plains from white settlements but

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In the southern portion of their territory, the Cheyenne and Arapaho warred with the allied Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache. Numerous battles were fought including a notable fight along the Washita River in 1836 with the Kiowa which resulted in the death of 48 Cheyenne warriors of the Bowstring

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To reduce intertribal warfare on the Plains, the government officials "assigned" territories to each tribe and had them pledge mutual peace. In addition, the government secured permission to build and maintain roads for European-American travelers and traders through Indian country on the Plains,

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Indian agent Thomas S. Twiss in Indian Affairs 1856 estimated the Cheyenne at 2,000 warriors (therefore around 10,000 people) and 1,000 lodges. Indian Affairs 1875 reported them as 4,228 people. Indian Affairs 1900 counted 3,446 (2,037 Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma and 1,409 Northern Cheyenne in

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when a peaceful encampment of mostly women, children, and the elderly were attacked and massacred by US soldiers. Both major divisions of the Cheyenne, the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne were allies to the Arapaho who like the Cheyenne are split into northern and southern divisions. The

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for the US Army, providing valuable tracking skills and information regarding Cheyenne habits and fighting strategies to US soldiers. Some of their enemies such as the Lakota would later in their history become their strong allies, helping the Cheyenne fight against the United States Army during

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evolved. Each society had selected leaders who would invite those that they saw worthy enough to their society lodge for initiation into the society. Often, societies would have minor rivalries; however, they might work together as a unit when warring with an enemy. Military societies played an

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The treaties acknowledged that the tribes lived within the United States, vowed perpetual friendship between the US and the tribes, and, recognizing the right of the United States to regulate trade, the tribes promised to deal only with licensed traders. The tribes agreed to forswear private

883:(Hetanevo'eo'o), which would remain strong throughout their history and into the present. The alliance helped the Cheyenne expand their territory that stretched from southern Montana, through most of Wyoming, the eastern half of Colorado, far western Nebraska, and far western Kansas. 429:), which translates to "those who are like this". The Suhtai, also called the Só'taeo'o, Só'taétaneo'o, Sutaio (singular: Só'taétane) traveled with the Tsétsêhéstâhese and merged with them after 1832. The Suhtai had slightly different speech and customs from the Tsétsêhéstâhese. 1659:. Custer claimed 103 Cheyenne "warriors" and an unspecified number of women and children killed whereas different Cheyenne informants named between 11 and 18 men (mostly 10 Cheyenne, 2 Arapaho, 1 Mexican trader) and between 17 and 25 women and children killed in the village. 979:

people who developed as skilled and powerful mounted warriors. A warrior in Cheyenne society is not a fighter but also a protector, provider, and leader. Warriors gained rank in Cheyenne society by performing and accumulating various acts of bravery in battle known as

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Black Kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the Powder River country. He left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the Arkansas River, where he intended to seek peace with the US.

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The traditional Cheyenne government system is a politically unified system. The central traditional government system of the Cheyenne is the Arrow Keeper, followed by the Council of Forty-Four. Early in Cheyenne history, three related tribes, known as the

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would prevent the soldiers' guns from firing. They were told that if they dipped their hands in a nearby spring, they had only to raise their hands to repel army bullets. Hands raised, the Cheyenne surrounded the advancing troops as they advanced near the

890:, and on the Arkansas River. The Cheyenne likely hunted and traded in Denver much earlier. They may have migrated to the south for winter. The Hairy Rope band is reputed to have been the first band to move south, capturing wild horses as far south as the 1961:, land which they consider sacred. The Cheyenne also managed to retain their culture, religion and language. Today, the Northern Cheyenne Nation is one of the few American Indian nations to have control over the majority of its land base, currently 98%. 526:(common spelling: Tsisinstsistots). Approximately 800 people speak Cheyenne in Oklahoma. There are only a handful of vocabulary differences between the two locations. The Cheyenne alphabet contains 14 letters. The Cheyenne language is one of the larger 1379:), resulted in the wounding of a Cheyenne warrior. He returned to the Cheyenne on the plains. During the summer of 1856, Indians attacked travelers along the Emigrant Trail near Fort Kearny. In retaliation, the US Cavalry attacked a Cheyenne camp on 1441:, then a young lieutenant, was shot in the breast while attacking a Cheyenne warrior with a sabre. The troops continued on and two days later burned a hastily abandoned Cheyenne camp; they destroyed lodges and the winter supply of buffalo meat. 355:, in western Oklahoma. Their combined population is 12,130, as of 2008. In 2003, approximately 8,000 of these identified themselves as Cheyenne, although with continuing intermarriage it has become increasingly difficult to separate the tribes. 1819:, they formed the core of the Powder River Expedition. It departed in October 1876 to locate the northern Cheyenne villages. On November 25, 1876, his column discovered and defeated a village of Northern Cheyenne in the Dull Knife Fight in 1771:

Cheyenne prisoners in Kansas involved in escape northward. From left to right: Tangle Hair, Wild Hog, Strong Left Hand, George Reynolds (interpreter), Old Crow, Noisy Walker, Porcupine, and Blacksmith. All prisoners were released free from

996:. The sixth society is the Contrary Warrior Society, most notable for riding backward into battle as a sign of bravery. All six societies and their various branches exist among the Southern and Northern Cheyenne nations in present times. 2088:

Each of the ten bands had four seated chief delegates; the remaining four chiefs were the principal advisers of the other delegates. Smaller bands or sub-bands had no right to send delegates to the council. This system also regulated the

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society. In summer 1838, many Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked a camp of Kiowa and Comanche along Wolf Creek in Oklahoma resulting in heavy losses from both sides. Among the losses were White Thunder (keeper of the Medicine Arrows and

4449: 1851:. When they said no, they were then locked in the wooden barracks with no food, water or firewood for heat for four days. Most escaped in an estimated forty degrees below zero on January 9, 1879, but all were recaptured or killed. 855:

who in 1911 gave the pipe to the Oklahoma Historical Society. In 1997 the Oklahoma Historal Society negotiated with the Northern Cheyenne to return the pipe to the tribal keeper of the Sacred Medicine Hat Bundle James Black Wolf.

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of present-day Montana and Wyoming, they introduced the horse culture to Lakota people around 1730. The main group of Cheyenne, the Tsêhéstáno, was once composed of ten bands that spread across the Great Plains from southern

1448:. To punish the Cheyenne, he distributed their annuities to the Arapaho. He intended further punitive actions, but the Army ordered him to Utah because of an outbreak of trouble with the Mormons (this would be known as the 1117:. Many of the enemies the Cheyenne fought were only encountered occasionally, such as on a long-distance raid or hunt. Some of their enemies, particularly the Eastern Plains tribe such as the Pawnee and Osage would act as 4581: 1434:. Sumner ordered a cavalry charge and the troops charged with drawn sabers; the Cheyenne fled. With tired horses after long marches, the cavalry could not engage more than a few Cheyenne, as their horses were fresh. 2156:

to be hardworking, chaste, modest, skilled in traditional crafts, knowledgeable about Cheyenne culture and history and speak Cheyenne fluently. Tribal powwow princesses are expected to have these characteristics.

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The Northern Arapaho were to be assigned a reservation of their own or share one with the Cheyenne; however, the US federal government failed to provide them with either and placed them on the already established

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visited a surviving Cheyenne village in what is now North Dakota. Such European explorers learned many different names for the Cheyenne and did not realize how the different sections were forming a unified tribe.

1418:. Sumner's command went west along the North Platte to Fort Laramie, then down along the Front Range to the South Platte. The combined force of 400 troops went east through the plains searching for Cheyenne. 1842:

and reaching the northern area, they split into two bands. That led by Dull Knife (mostly women, children and elders) surrendered and were taken to Fort Robinson, where subsequent events became known as the

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extended the reservation to the west bank of the Tongue River, making a total of 444,157 acres (1,797 km). Those who had homesteaded east of the Tongue River were relocated to the west of the river.

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power. The Sacred Buffalo Hat and the Sacred Arrows together form the two great covenants of the Cheyenne Nation. Through these two bundles, Ma'heo'o assures continual life and blessings for the people.

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When the Northern Cheyenne arrived at Indian Territory, conditions were very difficult: rations were inadequate, there were no buffalo near the reservation and, according to several sources, there was

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This is reserved for notible figures of the Cheyenne people, this includes Northern and Southern Cheyenne peoples. Please communicate within the talk section to add or remove notible tribal figures.

1556:. General warfare broke out and Indians made many raids on the trail along the South Platte, which Denver depended on for supplies. The Army closed the road from August 15 until September 24, 1864. 1950:

were finally allowed to return to the Tongue River on their own reservation. Along with the Lakota and Apache, the Cheyenne were the last nations to be overpowered and forced on reservations. (The

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was approximately 10,000, making it one of the largest gatherings of Native Americans in North America in pre-reservation times. News of the event traveled across the United States and reached

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or "Making Medicine," Southern Cheyenne (1847–1931), veteran of the Red River War, Fort Marion prisoner of war, ledger artist, deacon of Whirlwind Mission, sun dancer, canonized saint in the

1582:, as it came to be known, resulted in the death of between 150 and 200 Cheyenne, mostly unarmed women and children. The survivors fled northeast and joined the camps of the Cheyenne on the 925:

were greatly affected by the 1849 cholera epidemic. Contact with Euro-Americans was mostly light, with most contact involving mountain men, traders, explorers, treaty makers, and painters.

4724: 864: 3497: 2192: 1877: 237: 1271:. It spread in mining camps and waterways due to poor sanitation. The disease was generally a major cause of death for emigrants, about one-tenth of whom died during their journeys. 4784: 4754: 4703: 4566: 4530: 263:

and by the mid-19th century, the US government forced them onto reservations. At the time of their first European contact in the 16th century, the Cheyenne lived in what is now

1130:. The Comanche, Kiowa and Plains Apache became allies of the Cheyenne towards the end of the Indian wars on the Southern Plains, fighting together during conflicts such as the 917:

in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and northeastern New Mexico to hunt bison and trade. Their expansion in the south and alliance with the Kiowa led to their first raid into

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Americans did not understand this. When younger members of the band took part in raiding parties, European Americans blamed the entire band for the incidents and casualties.

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other tribes. The women tanned and dressed hides for clothing, shelter, and other uses. They also gathered roots, berries, and other useful plants. From the products of

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The Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance around 1811 that helped them expand their territories and strengthen their presence on the plains. Like the Cheyenne, the

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in 1676. A more recent analysis of early records posits that at least some of the Cheyenne remained in the Mille Lac region of Minnesota until about 1765, when the

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and some emigrants stopped before going on to California. For several years there was peace between settlers and Indians. The only conflicts were related to the

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The etymology of the name Tsitsistas (Tsétsėhéstȧhese), which the Cheyenne call themselves, is uncertain. According to the Cheyenne dictionary offered online by

1903:), including Little Wolf, settled near the fort. Many of the Cheyenne worked with the army as scouts. The Cheyenne scouts were pivotal in helping the Army find 4012: 1514:, European-American settlers moved into lands reserved for the Cheyenne and other Plains Indians. Travel greatly increased along the Emigrant Trail along the 913:

Conflict with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache ended in 1840 when the tribes allied with each other. The new alliance allowed the Cheyenne to enter the

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Sweet Medicine is the Cheyenne prophet who predicted the coming of the horse, the cow, the white man, and other new things to the Cheyenne. He was named for

4826: 2139:, the women also made lodges, clothing, and other equipment. Their lives were active and physically demanding. The Cheyenne held territory in and near the 1718:

and much of his 7th Cavalry contingent of soldiers. Historians have estimated that the population of the Cheyenne, Lakota and Arapaho encampment along the

1601:. The Indians made numerous raids along the South Platte, both east and west of Julesburg, and raided the fort again in early February. They captured much 1223:, and several bands of the Lakota and Dakota. At that time, the US had competition on the upper Missouri from British traders, who came south from Canada. 5635: 1227:

retaliation for injuries, and to return stolen horses or other goods or compensate the owner. The commission's efforts to contact the Blackfoot and the

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After being pushed south and westward by the Lakota, the Cheyenne began to establish new territory. Around 1811, the Cheyenne formally allied with the

5249: 4799: 3990: 1651:. Although his band was camped on a defined reservation, complying with the government's orders, some of its members had been linked to raiding into 1050:(Vóhkoohétaneo'o – "rabbit people") to the north and west of Cheyenne territory. By the help of the Medicine Arrows (the Mahuts), the Cheyenne tribe 312:. In the mid-19th century, the bands began to split, with some bands choosing to remain near the Black Hills, while others chose to remain near the 5591: 4841: 4774: 4764: 4479: 2393: 1986: 2479: 701:

The Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas prophet Motsé'eóeve (Sweet Medicine Standing, Sweet Root Standing, commonly called Sweet Medicine) received the

2677:"Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876" 4474: 4469: 1287:

Arapaho and Cheyenne 1851 treaty territory. (Area 426 and 477). Area 477 is the reserve established by treaty of Fort Wise, February 18, 1861.

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were unsuccessful. During their return to Fort Atkinson at the Council Bluff in Nebraska, the commission had successful negotiations with the

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and killed many European Americans. Most of the Indians moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River. (See

3496:. Northern Cheyenne Social Studies Units. Northern Cheyenne Curriculum Committee, Montana Office of Public Instruction. 2006. Archived from 1911:

in northern Montana. Fort Keogh became a staging and gathering point for the Northern Cheyenne. Many families began to migrate south to the

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in 1853. The raid ended in disaster with heavy resistance from Mexican lancers, resulting in all but three of the war party being killed.

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or the "Like Hearted People" who are known today as the "Cheyenne". The unified tribe then divided themselves into ten principal bands:

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among the people. On 9 September 1878, a portion of the Northern Cheyenne, led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife started their trek back to

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weakened their social structures. Perhaps because of severe loss of trade during the 1849 season, Bent's Fort was abandoned and burned.

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bands (Ho'óhomo'eo'o). Conflict with migrating Lakota and Ojibwe people forced the Cheyenne further west, and they, in turn, pushed the

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Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1–55, page 6

3120: 1989:. They migrated west in the 18th century and hunted bison on the Great Plains. By the mid-19th century, the US forced them onto 647:

people (Ónoneo'o), adopting many of their cultural characteristics. They were first of the later Plains tribes to move into the

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to guard them. The tribes were compensated with annuities of cash and supplies for such encroachment on their territories. The

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White Bull (also called Ice) and Grey Beard (also called Dark), the Cheyenne went into battle believing that strong spiritual

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Over the past 400 years, the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles. In the 16th century, they lived in the regions near the

1747: 489:-language bands as "white talkers", and those of other language families, such as the Algonquian Cheyenne, as "red talkers" ( 183: 179: 4856: 2445: 1934:

November 16, 1884. It excluded Cheyenne who had homesteaded further east near the Tongue River. The western boundary is the

5083: 1927: 1867: 1552:, began a series of attacks on Indians camping or hunting on the plains. They killed any Indian on sight and initiated the 340: 5458: 5003: 4876: 4663: 4561: 1847:. Dull Knife's group was first offered food and firewood and then, after a week and a half, they were told to go back to 3621: 5621: 5023: 4028: 3630: 3526: 3481: 3455: 3407: 3385: 3373: 2997: 2387: 1839: 1776:

Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the US Army increased attempts to capture the Cheyenne. In 1879, after the

4020: 1710:, which took place on June 25, 1876. The Cheyenne, together with the Lakota, other Sioux warriors and a small band of 6512: 5761: 4948: 4893: 4888: 4586: 4230: 4063: 3086: 2990: 2897: 170: 6553: 4638: 4607: 2284: 2107: 1118: 5234: 717:, northwest of Rapid City, South Dakota, which they carried when they waged tribal-level war and were kept in the 6491: 6471: 4668: 3729: 2697:

Not to be confused with the Bear Butte, near Fort Meade, South Dakota, which was called Náhkȯhévose ("bear hill")

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In the summer of 1825, the tribe was visited on the Upper Missouri River by a US treaty commission consisting of

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rivers. There warriors smoked the war pipe, passing it from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho.

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group. Formerly, the Só'taeo'o (Só'taétaneo'o) or Suhtai (Sutaio) bands of Southern and Northern Cheyenne spoke

6381: 5536: 4551: 3880: 3841: 3648: 3551: 3352: 3323: 1541: 1395: 1315:. His efforts to negotiate with the Northern Cheyenne, the Arapaho and other tribes led to a great council at 939: 686:(better known as Suhtai or Sutaio). The latter merged with the Tsétsêhéstâhese in the mid-19th century. Their 562:

The earliest written record of the Cheyenne was in the mid-17th century, when a group of Cheyenne visited the

6111: 5736: 5599: 5484: 5479: 5158: 4673: 4398: 4393: 3314: 2136: 1947: 1855: 1344: 1177: 812:(new term) ("Sacred Hat Lodge, Sacred Hat Tepee"). Erect Horns gave them the accompanying ceremonies and the 741:) and an additional four ″Old Man″ meetings to deliberate at regular tribal gatherings, centered around the 6496: 6045: 5796: 5791: 5741: 5681: 5553: 4225: 3415: 3273: 2344: 1811:

As part of a US increase in troops following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the Army reassigned Colonel

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Cheyenne population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. The U.S. census of 2020 counted 22,979.

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This was the first battle that the Cheyenne fought against the US Army. Casualties were few on each side;

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in 1851. Treaties were negotiated by a commission consisting of Fitzpatrick and David Dawson Mitchell, US

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Ledger drawing showing a battle between a Cheyenne warrior (right) and an Osage or Pawnee warrior (left).

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with firearms — pushing the Cheyenne, in turn, to the Minnesota River, where they were reported in 1766.

352: 225: 92: 2508: 2413: 6548: 5913: 5843: 5806: 5603: 5548: 5526: 5356: 4973: 4923: 4286: 3402:, ed. Savoie Lottinville, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968. Reprint, trade paperback, 1983. 2476: 2276: 671: 217: 3347:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956. (original copyright 1915, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons). 963: 947: 6070: 6065: 6060: 5984: 5933: 5879: 4943: 4928: 4362: 4311: 3123:: Our Land, Our History, Our Culture", Chief Dull Knife College. Page 30. Accessed September 20, 2009 873: 816:. His vision convinced the tribe to abandon their earlier sedentary agricultural traditions to adopt 24: 5432: 6543: 6355: 6350: 6315: 6265: 6193: 5953: 5801: 5188: 5053: 5043: 5008: 4434: 4296: 4202: 3750: 2325: 2114: 1835: 1831: 1739: 1492: 1320: 1204: 1193: 959:

Ledger drawing of a mounted Cheyenne warrior counting coup with lance on a dismounted Crow warrior.

497: 104: 1042:(Hestóetaneo'o – "beggars for meat", "spongers" or Môhónooneo'o – lit. "scouting all over ones"), 943:

Ledger drawing by Hubble Big Horse showing a battle between Cheyenne warriors and Mexican lancers.

6481: 6290: 6275: 6213: 6183: 6120: 6115: 6030: 5968: 5958: 5938: 5816: 5766: 5505: 5489: 5285: 4983: 4197: 4103: 2230: 2226: 1935: 1715: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1622: 1618: 1549: 1380: 1203:, accompanied by a military escort of 476 men. General Atkinson and his fellow commissioner left 1127: 738: 666:

By 1776, the Lakota had overwhelmed the Cheyenne and taken over much of their territory near the

408: 6583: 6412: 6391: 6340: 6310: 6300: 6173: 6055: 5999: 5989: 5928: 5923: 5351: 4958: 4953: 4759: 4739: 4719: 3934: 3734: 3653: 2861: 2265:, Northern Só'taeo'o chief and Sweet Medicine Chief, was one of the "Old Man" chiefs among the 1922:

Map of Indian Reservations in the state of Montana including the Northern Cheyenne Reservation.

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and the Arkansas. This territory included what is now Colorado, east of the Front Range of the

108: 3585: 216:); the tribes merged in the early 19th century. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two 6476: 6450: 6345: 6335: 6280: 6270: 6178: 6004: 5994: 5963: 5771: 5696: 4576: 4352: 4207: 3979: 2266: 2222: 1844: 1743: 1610: 1023: 726: 1570:

On November 29, 1864, the Colorado Militia attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment under

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country. In the fall, the Northern Cheyenne returned to their country north of the Platte.

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Cheyenne parties attacked at least three emigrant settler parties before returning to the

608:, where they established villages. The most prominent of the ancient Cheyenne villages is 8: 6330: 6040: 6025: 5701: 5569: 5437: 5193: 4729: 3944: 3888: 3854: 3770: 1900: 1812: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1579: 1565: 1534: 1164:

Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho were assigned to the same reservation in Oklahoma

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Hyde, George E.: Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters. Norman, 1987. Pp. 25–26.

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who received divine articles from their god Ma'heo'o, whom the Só'taeo'o called He'emo.

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Montana and South Dakota). The 1910 census counted 3,055. In 1921 they numbered 3,281.

2337:, also known as Ónonevóo'xénéhe (Ree Roman Nose) or Mȧsėhávoo'xénéhe (Crazy Roman Nose) 2174: 1990: 1571: 1515: 1511: 1415: 1352: 1228: 1123: 1043: 1039: 968: 847:("Sacred Buffalo Hat") is kept among the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Só'taeo'o. The 593: 309: 132: 19:

This article is about the Native American people. For the capital city of Wyoming, see

2619: 2536: 886:

By 1820, American traders and explorers reported contact with Cheyenne at present-day

592:

According to tribal history, during the 17th century, the Cheyenne were driven by the

6538: 6160: 6009: 5711: 5168: 5153: 5138: 5118: 5113: 4779: 4744: 4734: 4510: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4083: 3908: 3826: 3760: 3547: 3522: 3477: 3461: 3451: 3403: 3381: 3369: 3348: 3319: 3089: 3082: 2993: 2986: 2900: 2893: 2131:

While they participated in nomadic Plains horse culture, men hunted and occasionally

1931: 1820: 1476: 1403: 1000: 609: 574: 563: 519: 513: 344: 245: 233: 221: 84: 20: 3364:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1923. 2 volumes; trade paperback, reprints: 3262:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 451. 721:(Arrow Lodge or Arrow Tepee). He organized the structure of Cheyenne society, their 358: 6396: 6285: 6223: 6168: 5858: 5746: 5671: 5346: 5264: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5148: 5133: 5128: 5098: 5093: 5073: 4918: 4367: 4321: 4281: 4271: 4261: 3893: 3864: 3821: 3811: 3693: 3424: 1939: 1848: 1777: 1723: 1656: 1587: 1583: 1387: 1165: 1149: 1031: 887: 852: 570: 555: 370: 147: 88: 3579: 6455: 6406: 5853: 5781: 5731: 5474: 5361: 5203: 5183: 5108: 4993: 4938: 4908: 4612: 4403: 4377: 4347: 4256: 4246: 3903: 3765: 3708: 3683: 3516: 3445: 3359: 3338:

Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army. Campaigns and Commanders Series

3207: 2549: 2483: 2449: 2442: 2292:(d. 1847), daughter of White Thunder (keeper of the Medicine Arrows) and wife of 2132: 2093:

that developed for planning warfare, enforcing rules, and conducting ceremonies.

1908: 1752: 1545: 1519: 1484: 1376: 1356: 1181: 1019: 578: 566: 433: 6402: 6234: 6207: 5848: 5756: 5691: 5427: 5223: 5178: 5173: 5103: 5068: 4546: 4266: 4159: 4053: 3869: 3831: 3816: 3801: 2835: 2187:

Please list 20th and 21st-century Cheyenne people under their specific tribes,

1815:

and his Fourth Cavalry to the Department of the Platte. Stationed initially at

1445: 1411: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1172:

after the reservation was opened to American settlement and into modern times.

1143: 1106: 1035: 1004: 914: 895: 880: 833: 757: 687: 617: 613: 276: 260: 2892:, University of California Press (March 15, 1997), trade paperback, 562 pages 1918: 275:. By the early 18th century, they were forced west by other tribes across the 6527: 6430: 6249: 6244: 6228: 6106: 5786: 5721: 5298: 5048: 5018: 5013: 4898: 4591: 4520: 4306: 4098: 3949: 3703: 3079:

In Dull Knife's Wake: The True Story of the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878,

2762: 1816: 1785: 1438: 1431: 1407: 1236: 1208: 1131: 1114: 1098: 1063: 1059: 1055: 981: 976: 869: 821: 789: 706: 691: 656: 625: 387: 325: 288: 272: 63: 3465: 2269:, belonged to the Elk Horn Scrapers (Hémo'eoxeso), one of the four original 1957:

The Northern Cheyenne were given the right to remain in the north, near the

1872: 1767: 589:, which lived in the prairies 70 to 80 miles west of the Cheyenne villages. 376: 324:

to the Southern Plains. In turn, they were pushed west by the more numerous

304:

to the Black Hills in South Dakota. They fought their historic enemies, the

6486: 6418: 6203: 6150: 6130: 5776: 5716: 5648: 5402: 5397: 5273: 5163: 4998: 4988: 4653: 4648: 4372: 4164: 4154: 4088: 4040: 3913: 3849: 3806: 3793: 3755: 3698: 2821:

Dorsey, George A.: "How the Pawnee Captured the Cheyenne Medicine Arrows."

2321: 2293: 2210: 2144: 1904: 1805: 1553: 1530: 1503: 1422: 1391: 1348: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1197: 1102: 1083: 993: 899: 631:

On the Missouri River, the Cheyenne came into contact with the neighboring

605: 313: 284: 280: 112: 3573: 690:

relays that both tribal peoples are characterized, and represented by two

481:

is "a bit like the alien speech" (literally, "red-talker"). According to

6218: 6135: 5644: 5382: 5313: 5269: 4643: 4439: 4291: 4108: 4093: 2980: 2254: 2200: 2098: 1978: 1958: 1781: 1756: 1211:

of friendship and trade with tribes of the upper Missouri, including the

1075: 1015: 797: 667: 648: 640: 597: 305: 292: 255:

Over the past 400 years, the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles from

3514: 1788:, a few Cheyenne chiefs and their people surrendered as well. They were 1675: 1375:

In April 1856, an incident at the Platte River Bridge (near present-day

6386: 5811: 5666: 5574: 5422: 4963: 4633: 4489: 4316: 3713: 2487:

Oklahoma History Center's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.

2340: 2299: 2244: 1896: 1797: 1727: 1575: 1523: 1256: 1232: 1094: 1071: 714: 3436: 1926:

The US established the Tongue River Indian Reservation, now named the

1792:, Standing Elk and Wild Hog with around 130 Cheyenne. Later that year 955: 828:

and switched their diet from fish and agricultural produce, to mainly

6145: 6140: 6125: 5392: 5387: 5377: 4301: 4078: 3918: 2349: 2330: 2317: 2289: 2204: 2118: 1982: 1793: 1597:

with about 1000 warriors on Camp Rankin, a stage station and fort at

1498: 907: 813: 742: 601: 582: 542:(Cheyenne language), that it is sometimes termed a Cheyenne dialect. 351:

meaning "Roped People", together with the Southern Arapaho, form the

264: 128: 1540:

Efforts to make a wider peace continued, but in the spring of 1864,

6239: 4933: 4868: 4859: 4073: 4058: 4032: 4023: 3688: 3634: 3624: 3428: 3274:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Cheyenne People in the US" 3116: 3114: 2193:

Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation

2165: 1951: 1878:

Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation

1457: 1449: 1360: 1079: 1008: 381: 301: 238:

Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation

229: 212: 71: 3567: 3541: 3490:

Bringing the Story of the Cheyenne People to the Children of Today

2498:

Walker, James R. & DeMallie, Raymond J. "Lakota Society" 1992.

1093:

South of Cheyenne territory they fought with the Kiowa, Comanche,

832:

and wild fruits and vegetables. Their lands ranged from the upper

725:

led by prominent warriors, their system of legal justice, and the

5652: 5308: 5303: 5277: 5058: 4251: 4048: 3678: 2723:. New Series, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1910): 542–575, p. 556. 2512: 2417: 1827: 1711: 1602: 1268: 1212: 837: 695: 644: 636: 400: 317: 268: 241: 124: 67: 31: 3111: 1506:

of the Southern Cheyenne, an advocate of peace among his people.

780:

The Só'taeo'o prophet Tomȯsévėséhe ("Erect Horns") received the

5198: 5028: 3518:

A Cheyenne Voice: The complete John Stands in Timber interviews

3474:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.]

3450:. The peoples of America. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 1969: 1884: 1652: 1383:. They killed ten Cheyenne warriors and wounded eight or more. 1364: 1252: 1248: 1216: 1110: 918: 910:

father), Flat-War-Club (Cheyenne), and Sleeping Wolf (Kiowa).

773: 678:

The Cheyenne tribes today descend from two related tribes, the

632: 621: 486: 436: 2719:

Grinnell, George Bird: "The Great Mysteries of the Cheyenne."

2406: 2225:

and chief of the Wotapio band of Southern Cheyenne, killed by

2172:

is used for dizziness and weakness. They give dried leaves of

1954:

tribe of Florida never made a treaty with the US government.)

462:

related to Cree and Cheyenne. The Cheyenne name for Ojibwe is

5318: 4978: 4903: 4571: 4525: 4128: 4123: 4068: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2169: 1930:, of 371,200 acres (1,502 km) by the executive order of 1801: 1468: 1453: 1220: 1067: 829: 817: 660: 586: 321: 2890:

American Indian treaties: the history of a political anomaly

2825:, New Series. Vol. 5 (Oct. – Dec. 1903), No. 4, pp. 644–658. 1593:

In January 1865, they planned and carried out a retaliatory

1394:

negotiated with the Cheyenne to reduce hostilities, but the

5643: 3378:

The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 2: War, Ceremonies, and Religion

2983:– Caught Between The Worlds Of The Indian And The White Man 1946:

The Northern Cheyenne, who were sharing the Lakota land at

1047: 975:

Like many other Plains Indian nations, the Cheyenne were a

825: 765: 455: 153: 3052: 150: 2306:, Northern Cheyenne, legendary war hero and chief of the 1730:. Public reaction arose in outrage against the Cheyenne. 1207:

on May 16, 1825. Ascending the Missouri, they negotiated

1054:. To the east of Cheyenne Territory they fought with the 159: 6199:

Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)

3393:

Webs of Kinship: Family in Northern Cheyenne Nationhood.

2985:, Da Capo Press (March 15, 2005), hardcover, 458 pages, 2977:

Page 97-98, David Fridtjof Halaas and Andrew E. Masich,

2583:. Cheyenne Language Web Site. 2002-03-03. Archived from 1402:

to carry out a punitive expedition under the command of

3970:

List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado

3032: 3030: 1861: 1578:

and indicated its allegiance to the US government. The

1522:

between the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the plains and the

1363:, south of the North Platte River; and extreme western 3413:

Kroeber, A L (July–September 1900). "Cheyenne Tales".

1854:

Eventually the US forced the Northern Cheyenne onto a

1406:. He went against the Cheyenne in the spring of 1857. 339:

meaning "Eaters", live in southeastern Montana on the

4119:

Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska

3340:, vol. 3. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 9 2634:

Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co., 1999, pp. 15–16

2501: 2178:

to horses for urinary troubles and for a sore mouth.

1981:. They farmed corn, squash, and beans, and harvested 171: 162: 3361:

The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life

3027: 3016: 3014: 2126: 1808:, which both Dull Knife and Little Wolf had signed. 1295:

Cheyenne warrior Alights on the Cloud in his armor.

4582:

Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site

2964: 2962: 2443:

Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.

1915:watershed area, where they established homesteads. 1647:and his troops attacked Black Kettle's band at the 1347:affirmed the Cheyenne and Arapaho territory on the 485:, the Lakota had referred to themselves and fellow 331:The Northern Cheyenne, known in Cheyenne either as 156: 3139: 1973:Cheyenne courting scenes, by Big Back, before 1882 1533:and other Cheyenne favoring peace resulted in the 1168:and remained together as the federally recognized 1159:The Arapaho were present with the Cheyenne at the 971:horned headdress, symbol of the Crazy Dog Society. 756:), one of the sacred plant medicines used by many 16:Native American Indian tribe from the Great Plains 3515:John Stands In Timber and Margot Liberty (2013). 3366:The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 1: History and Society 3011: 2660:Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co., 1999, p. 18 1370: 1299:during an attack on a Pawnee hunting camp in 1852 1247:Increased traffic of emigrants along the related 1090:during an attack on a hunting camp around 1830. 824:. They replaced their earth lodges with portable 6525: 5592:History of Native Americans in the United States 2959: 2866:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 2607:Native American Place Names of the United States 2562: 2560: 2394:The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways 1987:indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 1242: 1137: 1088:The Pawnee captured the Cheyenne's Sacred Arrows 1834:. After fighting battles with the U.S. army at 1666: 1026:(Mo'ôhtávêhahtátaneo'o, same literal meaning), 868:Chief Wolf-on-the-Hill (Cheyenne), portrait by 581:. Their economy was based on the collection of 518:The Cheyenne of Montana and Oklahoma speak the 3318:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. 3306:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. 2948: 2946: 2944: 2618:Chief Dull Knife College, Cheyenne Dictionary 2609:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 95 2181: 1452:). The Cheyenne moved below the Arkansas into 1278: 928: 729:peace chiefs. The latter was formed from four 573:. The Cheyenne at this time lived between the 5629: 5250: 4842: 4557:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital 4006: 3607: 3400:Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters 2708:Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters 2557: 2207:, warrior, interpreter and Cheyenne historian 1804:in accordance to an April 29, 1868 treaty of 1359:and north of the Arkansas River; Wyoming and 1030:(Kȧhkoestséataneo'o – "flat-headed-people"), 6189:Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876–1887) 3521:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 2934: 2932: 2930: 2581:"What is the origin of the word "Cheyenne"?" 2531: 2529: 999:Warriors used a combination of weapons from 3542:Wooden Leg & Thomas B. Marquis (1931). 2941: 2670: 2668: 2666: 1733: 894:Valley. In response to the construction of 655:. About 1730, they introduced the horse to 6382:Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922–1957) 6121:Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876) 5636: 5622: 5511:Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion 5257: 5243: 4849: 4835: 4013: 3999: 3614: 3600: 3259:Primitive society and its vital statistics 2815: 2356: 1632: 1548:, commander of the Colorado Volunteers, a 967:Ledger drawing of a Cheyenne warrior with 859: 6194:Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876–1887) 5490:Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876) 3395:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 3299:. Lame Deer, MT: Chief Dull Knife College 3289:Ambler, Marjane; Little Bear, Richard E; 3255: 2927: 2526: 2168:of the pulverized leaves and blossoms of 1726:, just as the nation was celebrating its 1180:in Wyoming with their former enemies the 1034:(Otaesétaneo'o – "pierced nose people"), 1014:The enemies of the Cheyenne included the 733:(chiefs or leaders) of the ten principal 335:, meaning "Northern Eaters" or simply as 5752:Minuteman Missile National Historic Site 5543:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians 3331:Mackenzie's Last Fight with the Cheyenne 3073: 3071: 2979:Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story Of 2797: 2788: 2663: 2333:, Northern Cheyenne Chief, in Cheyenne: 2310:(Hémo'eoxeso), one of the four original 1968: 1917: 1883: 1871: 1766: 1751: 1643:Four years later, on November 27, 1868, 1497: 1467: 1463: 1290: 1282: 962: 954: 946: 938: 863: 802:Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e (Sacred Buffalo Hat) 549: 399: 386: 375: 357: 4816:Native American place names in Nebraska 3544:Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer 3476:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 3412: 2779: 2612: 2343:, Northern Cheyenne, warrior fought at 840:, Montana, Colorado, and South Dakota. 800:in the present state of Minnesota. The 639:(Tsé-heše'émâheónese, "people who have 407:, former director and cofounder of the 391:Cheyenne model tipi, buffalo hide, 1860 6526: 2352:, chief, Southern Cheyenne, peacemaker 2251:, Head chief of the Northern Cheyenne) 1559: 1544:, governor of Colorado Territory, and 772:(Sacred Buffalo Hat) is the symbol of 477:Another of the common etymologies for 412:National Museum of the American Indian 211: 5617: 5238: 4830: 3994: 3975:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado 3595: 3443: 3188:, Vol. 1, pp. 63–71, 127–129, 247–311 3068: 2542: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2437: 2435: 2364: 1748:Murder trial of seven Cheyenne (1879) 1018:(Óoetaneo'o – "crow (bird) people"), 1007:, and bows and arrows, and lances to 432:The name "Cheyenne" derives from the 180:Indigenous people of the Great Plains 1928:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation 1868:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation 1862:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation 1706:The Northern Cheyenne fought in the 1670: 1011:acquired through raiding and trade. 612:, in eastern North Dakota along the 466:, a word that sounds similar to the 341:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation 58:Regions with significant populations 53:(Northern: 10,840; Southern: 12,130) 4780:Fontenelle Forest Historic District 4664:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site 2674: 2539:2007-09-05. Retrieved June 10, 2013 2247:, a translation of his Lakota name 2147:from Dakota to the Arkansas River. 796:(″Stone Hammer Mountain″) near the 713:(″medicine(sacred)-hill″, name for 13: 6579:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 6574:Native American tribes in Nebraska 6559:Native American tribes in Colorado 5164:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 3588:, Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 3283: 2859: 2455: 2432: 2388:Native American tribes in Nebraska 1410:led part of the expedition up the 14: 6595: 6569:Native American tribes in Montana 6513:Mount Rushmore in popular culture 5762:Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument 4587:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 4231:Nebraska Indian Community College 4064:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska 3561: 3333:. New York: Argonaut Press, 1966. 3121:"WE, THE NORTHERN CHEYENNE PEOPLE 3081:Horse Creek Publications (2003), 2509:"Northern Cheyenne Tribe website" 2414:"Northern Cheyenne Tribe website" 2127:Horse culture on the Great Plains 2009:, unified themselves to form the 1763:, chiefs of the Northern Cheyenne 1491:), Chief of Northern Cheyenne at 1187: 6564:Native American tribes in Kansas 4858: 4022: 3623: 3546:. University of Nebraska Press. 3296:We, The Northern Cheyenne People 2106: 1674: 1414:, and via Fountain Creek to the 1321:Superintendent of Indian Affairs 267:. They were close allies of the 146: 4785:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites 4669:Frank Parker Archeological Site 3730:Southern Ute Indian Reservation 3266: 3249: 3224: 3215: 3200: 3191: 3178: 3165: 3152: 3126: 3098: 3039: 3002: 2971: 2918: 2909: 2879: 2853: 2828: 2806: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2733:Reading Eagle November 26, 1997 2726: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2679:. Friends of the Little Bighorn 2650: 2637: 2624: 2599: 764:(Sacred Arrows) are symbols of 458:or another people who spoke an 417:The Cheyenne called themselves 5537:The Journey Museum and Gardens 4755:Farwell Archeological District 4552:Genoa Indian Industrial School 3649:Outline of Colorado prehistory 2710:. Norman, 1987. Pp. 24 and 49. 2573: 2492: 2277:St. David Pendleton Oakerhater 2257:(ca. 1820–1904) (in Cheyenne: 2159: 2150: 2038:, the Notameohmésêhese proper) 1655:by bands operating out of the 1371:Punitive US expedition of 1857 1325:Indians of the northern plains 1215:, the Cheyenne, the Crow, the 316:of central Colorado. With the 1: 6174:Black Hills Expedition (1874) 6112:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 5859:Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway 5485:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 5480:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) 4760:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site 4704:Table Rock Archeological Site 4674:Sweetwater Archeological Site 4567:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House 4531:Cunningham Archeological Site 4399:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 4394:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation 4327:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse 3444:Moore, John H. Moore (1996). 3391:Hill, Christina Gish (2016). 3315:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee 2213:(c. 1803–1868) (in Cheyenne: 1948:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 1895:The Cheyenne who traveled to 1790:Morning Star (aka Dull Knife) 1473:Morning Star (aka Dull Knife) 1243:Effects of the Emigrant Trail 1178:Wind River Indian Reservation 1138:Relationship with the Arapaho 1052:massacred a Crow camp in 1820 554:Cheyenne woman photograph by 363: 271:and loosely aligned with the 6179:Black Hills gold rush (1874) 6169:Dakota Territory (1861–1889) 5875:Black Hills Centennial Trail 5797:Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns 5742:Jewel Cave National Monument 5682:Black Hills Central Railroad 5554:Republic of Lakotah proposal 4460:Fullerton Archeological Site 4226:Little Priest Tribal College 3416:Journal of American Folklore 2261:, more correctly translated 1708:Battle of the Little Bighorn 1667:Battle of the Little Bighorn 1028:Interior Salish and Kuntenai 680:Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas 380:Cheyenne beaded hide shirt, 218:federally recognized nations 182:. The Cheyenne comprise two 7: 5687:Black Hills National Forest 5286:Historic and present tribes 4699:Humphrey Archeological Site 4694:Schrader Archeological Site 4455:Schrader Archeological Site 4114:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska 4041:Historic and present tribes 3574:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 2383:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 2376: 2312:Cheyenne military societies 2271:Cheyenne military societies 2221:, since 1854 member of the 2189:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 2182:Historical Cheyenne Figures 2091:Cheyenne military societies 1932:President Chester A. Arthur 1757:Little Coyote (Little Wolf) 1421:Under the influence of the 1400:1st Cavalry Regiment (1855) 1345:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 1311:for the upper Arkansas and 1279:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 1170:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 935:Cheyenne military societies 929:Enemies and warrior culture 790:Sacred (Buffalo) Hat Bundle 585:and hunting, especially of 507: 353:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 226:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes 105:Traditional tribal religion 10: 6600: 6184:Newton–Jenney Party (1875) 5590:For more information, see 5549:Lakota Nation Invitational 5527:Seizure of the Black Hills 5475:History of the Black Hills 4795:Wiseman Archeological Site 4790:Schulte Archeological Site 4684:Ashland Archeological Site 4679:Burkett Archeological Site 4445:Horse Creek Pawnee Village 4287:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy 3582:, Chief Dull Knife College 3336:Greene, Jerome A. (2004). 3256:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 2239:(1810–1883) (in Cheyenne: 1964: 1940:President William McKinley 1865: 1737: 1636: 1563: 1510:Starting in 1859 with the 1260:territory for sustenance. 1141: 932: 545: 511: 320:, the Cheyenne pushed the 250:Algonquian language family 236:, who are enrolled in the 224:, who are enrolled in the 194:(more commonly spelled as 29: 18: 6505: 6464: 6443: 6374: 6258: 6159: 6092: 6083: 6018: 5977: 5901: 5892: 5880:George S. Mickelson Trail 5867: 5836: 5829: 5659: 5588: 5562: 5519: 5498: 5467: 5451: 5415: 5370: 5334: 5327: 5284: 5082: 4875: 4808: 4712: 4626: 4600: 4539: 4503: 4422: 4386: 4363:Battle of Warbonnet Creek 4335: 4312:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles 4239: 4219:colleges and universities 4216: 4173: 4137: 4039: 3962: 3927: 3878: 3840: 3792: 3783: 3743: 3722: 3671: 3662: 3641: 2535:Chief Dull Knife College 2441:Oklahoma Indian Affairs. 1761:Morning Star (Dull Knife) 874:Fort Pierre, South Dakota 723:military or war societies 684:Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o 616:. They first reached the 538:, a language so close to 287:, where they adopted the 123: 118: 103: 98: 83: 78: 62: 57: 50: 45: 25:Cheyenne (disambiguation) 6392:Black Hills flood (1972) 5802:Sturgis Motorcycle Rally 5727:Flintstones Bedrock City 5520:Modern events and places 4435:Pike-Pawnee Village Site 4297:Susan La Flesche Picotte 3751:Battle of Beecher Island 2605:Bright, William (2004). 2400: 2326:Battle of Summit Springs 2320:, chief of the Cheyenne 2059:, Northern and Southern) 2049:, Northern and Southern) 1740:Northern Cheyenne Exodus 1734:Northern Cheyenne Exodus 1493:Battle of Little Bighorn 1381:Grand Island in Nebraska 498:Chief Dull Knife College 308:and later (1856–79) the 295:of South Dakota and the 213:[t͡sɪt͡shɪstʰɑs] 30:Not to be confused with 6554:Great Sioux War of 1876 6214:George Armstrong Custer 6116:Great Sioux Reservation 5817:Wind Cave National Park 5767:Mystic Miner Ski Resort 5506:Great Sioux Reservation 5129:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 4770:Kurz Omaha Village Site 4713:Other precontact places 4465:Oto Indian Village Site 4104:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska 3568:Northern Cheyenne Tribe 3358:Grinnell, George Bird. 3343:Grinnell, George Bird. 2888:, Francis Paul Prucha, 2823:American Anthropologist 2721:American Anthropologist 2357:Living Cheyenne Figures 2296:; mother of George Bent 2231:Battle of Washita River 2227:George Armstrong Custer 1936:Crow Indian Reservation 1858:, in southern Montana. 1716:George Armstrong Custer 1649:Battle of Washita River 1645:George Armstrong Custer 1639:Battle of Washita River 1633:Battle of Washita River 1623:Battle of Platte Bridge 1619:Powder River Expedition 1404:Colonel Edwin V. Sumner 1267:, emigrants brought in 1128:Great Sioux War of 1876 860:Expansion on the Plains 450:is not known, but many 446:". The identity of the 395: 347:, known in Cheyenne as 6387:Stratobowl (1934–1959) 5452:Traditional narratives 4865:Native American tribes 4750:Nehawka Flint Quarries 4740:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill 4627:Precontact communities 4504:Historic sacred places 3935:Cynthia Irwin-Williams 3735:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe 3654:Prehistory of Colorado 2938:Berthrong, pp. 133– 40 2924:Berthrong, pp. 106–123 2915:Berthrong, pp. 113–114 2763:"Battle of Wolf Creek" 2489:Retrieved 3 July 2013. 2133:fought with and raided 1974: 1923: 1892: 1881: 1773: 1764: 1507: 1495: 1390:. The Indian agent at 1300: 1288: 1194:General Henry Atkinson 972: 960: 952: 944: 876: 707:(Sacred) Arrows Bundle 682:(Cheyenne proper) and 600:region to present-day 596:(Hóheeheo'o) from the 559: 421:(more commonly as the 414: 392: 384: 373: 109:Native American Church 23:. For other uses, see 6451:Rapid City Rapid Ride 5697:Black Hills Playhouse 4577:Moses Merrill Mission 4540:Other historic places 4387:Historic reservations 4353:Battle of Mud Springs 3980:Trail of the Ancients 3380:, Bison Books, 1972. 3368:, Bison Books, 1972. 3345:The Fighting Cheyenne 3304:The Southern Cheyenne 3302:Berthrong, Donald J. 3162:, Vol. 1, pp. 247–311 3136:, Vol. 1, pp. 258–311 3106:The Fighting Cheyenne 3077:Maddux Albert Glenn, 3047:The Fighting Cheyenne 3022:The Fighting Cheyenne 2954:The Fighting Cheyenne 2675:Liberty, Dr. Margot. 2645:The Fighting Cheyenne 2568:The Fighting Cheyenne 2537:"Cheyenne Dictionary" 2477:"Cheyenne, Southern." 2267:Council of Forty-four 2223:Council of Forty-four 2137:hunting and gathering 1972: 1938:. On March 19, 1900, 1921: 1887: 1875: 1845:Fort Robinson tragedy 1840:Punished Woman's Fork 1770: 1755: 1744:Fort Robinson tragedy 1637:Further information: 1611:Battle of Mud Springs 1574:, although it flew a 1564:Further information: 1529:US negotiations with 1501: 1471: 1464:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 1294: 1286: 1235:, the Pawnee and the 1142:Further information: 966: 958: 950: 942: 867: 727:Council of Forty-four 553: 454:assume that it means 403: 390: 379: 362:Cheyenne hide dress, 361: 291:. Having settled the 257:Great Lakes woodlands 119:Related ethnic groups 6425:Charles Badger Clark 5844:Norbeck Scenic Byway 5707:Crazy Horse Memorial 5677:Black Elk Wilderness 5580:Charmaine White Face 5532:Crazy Horse Memorial 5159:Mescalero-Chiricahua 4914:Cheyenne and Arapaho 4440:Skidi Pawnee Village 4423:Historic communities 4358:Battle of Rush Creek 4343:Battle of Ash Hollow 4175:Present reservations 4150:Omaha-Ponca language 3928:Noted archaeologists 3899:Dismal River culture 3860:Mount Albion complex 3663:Contemporary peoples 3209:The Cheyenne Indians 3186:The Cheyenne Indians 3173:The Cheyenne Indians 3160:The Cheyenne Indians 3147:The Cheyenne Indians 3134:The Cheyenne Indians 3036:Hyde, pp. 168 to 195 2840:Texas Beyond History 2752:Berthrong, pp. 24–26 2743:Berthrong, pp. 13–21 2551:The Cheyenne Indians 2203:(1843–1918), son of 2143:, but later all the 1720:Little Bighorn River 1615:Battle of Rush Creek 1444:Sumner continued to 1265:California Gold Rush 653:Powder River Country 610:Biesterfeldt Village 483:George Bird Grinnell 297:Powder River Country 131:, Suhtai, and other 6497:Mule Creek Junction 5812:Terry Peak ski area 5702:Chapel in the Hills 5570:Charlotte Black Elk 5438:Inyan Kara Mountain 4730:Walker Gilmore site 4485:Theodore Davis Site 3945:Waldo Rudolph Wedel 3889:Ancestral Puebloans 3855:Basketmaker culture 3784:Precontact cultures 3771:Sand Creek massacre 3580:Cheyenne Dictionary 3472:Pritzker, Barry M. 2862:"Arapaho, Southern" 2420:on February 2, 2011 2335:Éše'he Ȯhnéšesėstse 2121:gathering, c. 1909. 1901:Miles City, Montana 1813:Ranald S. Mackenzie 1607:Battle of Julesburg 1580:Sand Creek massacre 1566:Sand Creek Massacre 1560:Sand Creek Massacre 1535:Treaty of Fort Wise 1408:Major John Sedgwick 1161:Sand Creek Massacre 1154:Algonquian language 845:Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e 770:Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e 760:in ceremonies. The 569:, near present-day 540:Tsêhésenêstsestôtse 528:Algonquian-language 524:Tsêhésenêstsestôtse 460:Algonquian language 452:Great Plains tribes 405:W. Richard West Jr. 42: 6534:Algonquian peoples 5849:Iron Mountain Road 4929:Citizen Potawatomi 4601:Precontact peoples 4277:Francis La Flesche 3940:Paul Sidney Martin 3665:native to Colorado 3631:Indigenous peoples 3197:Moore, pp. 154–156 3065:Brown, pp. 332–349 2803:Hyde 1968, p. 336. 2794:Greene 2004, p. 9. 2620:"Tsé-tsėhéstȧhese" 2482:2009-02-28 at the 2448:2009-02-11 at the 2365:Population history 2243:, better known as 2175:Sagittaria cuneata 1975: 1924: 1893: 1882: 1774: 1765: 1686:. You can help by 1572:Chief Black Kettle 1526:of the mountains. 1516:South Platte River 1512:Colorado Gold Rush 1508: 1496: 1416:South Platte River 1353:North Platte River 1339:, and to maintain 1305:Thomas Fitzpatrick 1301: 1289: 973: 961: 953: 945: 877: 560: 536:Só'taenęstsestôtse 415: 393: 385: 374: 310:United States Army 133:Algonquian peoples 40: 6549:Comanche campaign 6521: 6520: 6492:Maverick Junction 6472:Cheyenne Crossing 6439: 6438: 6079: 6078: 5888: 5887: 5712:Custer State Park 5611: 5610: 5411: 5410: 5232: 5231: 5154:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 4894:Alabama-Quassarte 4824: 4823: 4745:Woodcliff Burials 4282:Joseph La Flesche 4138:Present languages 4084:Northern Cheyenne 3988: 3987: 3958: 3957: 3909:Panhandle culture 3827:Plainview complex 3779: 3778: 3761:Comanche Campaign 3232:Tah-me-la-pash-me 3206:Grinnell (1972), 3175:, Vol. 1, 209–246 3094:978-0-9722217-1-9 2905:978-0-520-20895-7 2860:Fowler, Loretta. 2785:Hyde 1968, p. 80. 2706:Hyde, George E.: 2308:Elk Horn Scrapers 2259:Ó'kôhómôxháahketa 1821:Wyoming Territory 1714:, killed General 1704: 1703: 1307:was appointed US 1201:Benjamin O'Fallon 989:warrior societies 977:horse and warrior 836:into what is now 575:Mississippi River 520:Cheyenne language 514:Cheyenne language 345:Southern Cheyenne 246:Cheyenne language 234:Northern Cheyenne 222:Southern Cheyenne 138: 137: 21:Cheyenne, Wyoming 6591: 6397:2000 Jasper Fire 6224:Wild Bill Hickok 6114:established the 6090: 6089: 5899: 5898: 5834: 5833: 5747:The Mammoth Site 5672:Bear Country USA 5638: 5631: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5594:. Nearby modern 5443:Six Grandfathers 5416:Spiritual places 5347:Sherman Coolidge 5332: 5331: 5328:Historic figures 5266:Native Americans 5259: 5252: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5084:Tribal languages 5064:United Keetoowah 4994:Muscogee (Creek) 4954:Fort Sill Apache 4889:Absentee Shawnee 4863: 4862: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4450:Cottonwood Creek 4430:Ton'wontongathon 4368:Grattan massacre 4322:James Young Deer 4272:Logan Fontenelle 4262:Joba Chamberlain 4240:Historic figures 4029:Native Americans 4027: 4026: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3963:Related articles 3894:Apishapa culture 3865:Oshara tradition 3822:Hell Gap complex 3812:Folsom tradition 3790: 3789: 3694:Jicarilla Apache 3669: 3668: 3628: 3627: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3557: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3469: 3440: 3398:Hyde, George E. 3329:Bourke, John G. 3278: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3247: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3075: 3066: 3063: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3025: 3024:, pp. 124 to 158 3018: 3009: 3008:Hyde, pp. 99–105 3006: 3000: 2975: 2969: 2968:Hyde, pp. 99–105 2966: 2957: 2950: 2939: 2936: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2767:Oklahoma History 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2672: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2511:. Archived from 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2474: 2453: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2416:. Archived from 2410: 2285:Episcopal Church 2110: 2101:are continuing. 2064:Hesé'omeétaneo'o 2011:Tsé-tsêhéstâhese 1907:and his band of 1849:Indian territory 1778:Dull Knife Fight 1724:Washington, D.C. 1699: 1696: 1678: 1671: 1657:Indian Territory 1550:citizens militia 1396:Secretary of War 1388:Republican River 1166:Indian Territory 1150:Arapaho language 888:Denver, Colorado 853:Poteau, Oklahoma 571:Peoria, Illinois 556:Edward S. Curtis 442:meaning "little 427:Tsétsêhéstaestse 371:Gilcrease Museum 368: 365: 333:Notameohmésêhese 215: 175: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 93:Plains Sign Talk 46:Total population 43: 39: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6544:Cheyenne people 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6501: 6460: 6456:Jefferson Lines 6435: 6407:Lincoln Borglum 6370: 6254: 6155: 6094:Native American 6085: 6075: 6014: 5973: 5894: 5884: 5863: 5854:Needles Highway 5825: 5782:Reptile Gardens 5732:Gordon Stockade 5655: 5642: 5612: 5607: 5584: 5558: 5515: 5499:Historic places 5494: 5468:Historic events 5463: 5447: 5407: 5366: 5362:Margaret Poisal 5323: 5280: 5263: 5233: 5228: 5086: 5078: 4949:Eastern Shawnee 4939:Delaware Nation 4880: 4878: 4871: 4857: 4855: 4825: 4820: 4804: 4800:Durflinger Site 4708: 4622: 4596: 4562:Indian agencies 4535: 4499: 4418: 4382: 4378:Indian Congress 4348:Massacre Canyon 4336:Historic events 4331: 4257:Chief Blackbird 4247:Antonine Barada 4235: 4218: 4212: 4169: 4133: 4035: 4021: 4019: 3989: 3984: 3954: 3923: 3904:Fremont culture 3874: 3836: 3785: 3775: 3766:Meeker Massacre 3739: 3718: 3664: 3658: 3637: 3622: 3620: 3564: 3554: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3458: 3423:(50): 161–190. 3286: 3284:Further reading 3281: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3254: 3250: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2937: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2836:"Red River War" 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2673: 2664: 2656:Moore, John H. 2655: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2630:Moore, John H. 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2558: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2484:Wayback Machine 2475: 2456: 2450:Wayback Machine 2440: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2379: 2367: 2359: 2184: 2162: 2153: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2019:Iviststsinihpah 2017:Heviksnipahis ( 1967: 1870: 1864: 1796:surrendered at 1784:surrendered at 1750: 1738:Main articles: 1736: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1684:needs expansion 1669: 1641: 1635: 1568: 1562: 1546:John Chivington 1520:endemic warfare 1466: 1377:Casper, Wyoming 1373: 1281: 1245: 1190: 1146: 1140: 1124:Red Cloud's War 1022:(Sósone'eo'o), 937: 931: 862: 804:is kept in the 692:cultural heroes 672:Lewis and Clark 579:Mille Lacs Lake 567:Fort Crevecoeur 548: 532:Só'taéka'ęškóne 516: 510: 419:Tsétsêhéstâhese 398: 366: 261:Northern Plains 248:belongs to the 204:Tsétsêhéstâhese 184:Native American 173: 149: 145: 52: 38: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6465:Road junctions 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403:Gutzon Borglum 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6235:Doane Robinson 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208:Martha Bullock 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Johnson Siding 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6019:Unincorporated 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5757:Mount Rushmore 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737:Homestake Mine 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5692:Black Elk Peak 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5428:Black Elk Peak 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5087:(still spoken) 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5004:Otoe-Missouria 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4944:Delaware Tribe 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4873: 4872: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4775:Patterson Site 4772: 4767: 4765:Barneston Site 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4608:Central Plains 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547:Blackbird Hill 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4480:Woodcliff Site 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4267:Larry EchoHawk 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4217:Present tribal 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4160:Sioux language 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3870:Picosa culture 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3832:Plano cultures 3829: 3824: 3819: 3817:Goshen complex 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Clovis culture 3798: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3562:External links 3560: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3539: 3528:978-0806143798 3527: 3512: 3485: 3482:978-0195138771 3470: 3457:978-1557864840 3456: 3441: 3429:10.2307/533882 3410: 3408:978-0806115771 3396: 3389: 3386:978-0803257726 3374:978-0803257719 3356: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3307: 3300: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3265: 3248: 3242:(big knife) + 3223: 3214: 3199: 3190: 3177: 3164: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3110: 3097: 3067: 3051: 3038: 3026: 3010: 3001: 2998:978-0306814105 2970: 2958: 2940: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2878: 2852: 2827: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2725: 2712: 2699: 2690: 2662: 2649: 2636: 2623: 2611: 2598: 2572: 2556: 2541: 2525: 2500: 2491: 2454: 2431: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2345:Little Bighorn 2338: 2328: 2315: 2302:(in Cheyenne: 2297: 2287: 2274: 2252: 2234: 2219:Mo'ôhtavetoo'o 2208: 2183: 2180: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2128: 2125: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2062:Hisíometanio ( 2060: 2053: 2050: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2026:Heévâhetaneo'o 2022: 1966: 1963: 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1836:Turkey Springs 1735: 1732: 1702: 1701: 1681: 1679: 1668: 1665: 1634: 1631: 1561: 1558: 1465: 1462: 1412:Arkansas River 1372: 1369: 1337:Santa Fe Trail 1333:Emigrant Trail 1280: 1277: 1244: 1241: 1189: 1188:Treaty of 1825 1186: 1144:Arapaho people 1139: 1136: 982:counting coups 930: 927: 915:Llano Estacado 892:Cimarron River 881:Arapaho people 861: 858: 849:Tséá'enōvȧhtse 834:Missouri River 808:(old term) or 758:Plains peoples 663:to the south. 618:Missouri River 614:Sheyenne River 547: 544: 512:Main article: 509: 506: 397: 394: 349:Heévâhetaneo'o 277:Missouri River 206:(also spelled 136: 135: 121: 120: 116: 115: 101: 100: 96: 95: 81: 80: 76: 75: 60: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6596: 6585: 6584:Plains tribes 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6431:Watson Parker 6428: 6426: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6414: 6413:Joseph Bottum 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6250:Charlie Utter 6248: 6246: 6245:Al Swearengen 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6229:Calamity Jane 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107:Lakota people 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6082: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5909:Belle Fourche 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830:Scenic routes 5828: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:Sheridan Lake 5790: 5788: 5787:Rushmore Cave 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Dinosaur Park 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563:Modern people 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Seneca-Cayuga 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Site JF00-072 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4592:Ionia Volcano 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Lalawakohtito 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Standing Bear 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3950:Joe Ben Wheat 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3503:on 2011-09-22 3499: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3275: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3108:, pp. 398–427 3107: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087:0-9722217-1-9 3084: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3042: 3033: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2991:0-306-81410-2 2988: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898:0-520-20895-1 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2659: 2658:The Cheyenne. 2653: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2632:The Cheyenne. 2627: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2591:September 21, 2587:on 2009-08-07 2586: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2515:on 2011-02-02 2514: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2362: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Little Coyote 2260: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:Moke-tav-a-to 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2036:Ôhmésêheseo'o 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024:Hévhaitanio ( 2023: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Heviqsnipahis 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899:(present-day 1898: 1890: 1889:White Buffalo 1886: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817:Camp Robinson 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Fort Robinson 1783: 1779: 1769: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1682:This section 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:flag of truce 1573: 1567: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1439:J.E.B. Stuart 1435: 1433: 1432:Solomon River 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1297:He was killed 1293: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:Fort Atkinson 1202: 1199: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1132:Red River War 1129: 1125: 1120: 1119:Indian Scouts 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:Plains Apache 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 985: 983: 978: 970: 965: 957: 949: 941: 936: 926: 922: 920: 916: 911: 909: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 875: 871: 870:George Catlin 866: 857: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:horse culture 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750:motsé'eonȯtse 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 624:defeated the 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 557: 552: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 515: 505: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 413: 410: 409:Smithsonian's 406: 402: 389: 383: 378: 372: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314:Platte Rivers 311: 307: 303: 298: 294: 290: 289:horse culture 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 192:Só'taétaneo'o 189: 185: 181: 177: 176: 167: 143: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:United States 61: 56: 49: 44: 33: 26: 22: 6487:Keystone Wye 6477:Four Corners 6419:Francis Case 6204:Seth Bullock 6151:Spotted Tail 6131:Sitting Bull 6101: 5914:Central City 5777:Pactola Lake 5717:Devils Tower 5649:South Dakota 5596:reservations 5541: 5433:Devils Tower 5403:Spotted Tail 5398:Sitting Bull 5293: 5274:South Dakota 5054:Thlopthlocco 4809:Other topics 4654:Signal Butte 4649:Schultz site 4618:Dismal River 4475:McClean Site 4470:Leshara Site 4373:Cheyenne War 4203:Santee Sioux 4165:Sac language 4155:Fox language 4129:Skidi Pawnee 3914:Sopris phase 3850:Apex complex 3807:Cody complex 3794:Paleo-Indian 3756:Colorado War 3744:Major events 3723:Reservations 3543: 3532:. Retrieved 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3498:the original 3489: 3473: 3447:The Cheyenne 3446: 3420: 3414: 3399: 3392: 3377: 3365: 3360: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3313: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3268: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230:recorded as 3226: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3159: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3105: 3100: 3078: 3046: 3041: 3021: 3004: 2978: 2973: 2956:, pp. 111–21 2953: 2920: 2911: 2889: 2881: 2869:. Retrieved 2865: 2855: 2843:. Retrieved 2839: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2770:. Retrieved 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2707: 2702: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2657: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2614: 2606: 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2585:the original 2575: 2567: 2550: 2544: 2517:. Retrieved 2513:the original 2503: 2494: 2486: 2424:November 11, 2422:. Retrieved 2418:the original 2408: 2392: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2334: 2324:, killed at 2322:Dog Soldiers 2307: 2303: 2294:William Bent 2280: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2240: 2237:Morning Star 2218: 2214: 2211:Black Kettle 2186: 2185: 2173: 2163: 2154: 2145:Great Plains 2130: 2095: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2068:Issiometaniu 2067: 2063: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991:reservations 1976: 1956: 1945: 1925: 1913:Tongue River 1905:Chief Joseph 1894: 1876:Flag of the 1853: 1825: 1810: 1806:Fort Laramie 1775: 1705: 1692: 1688:adding to it 1683: 1661: 1642: 1627: 1592: 1569: 1554:Colorado War 1539: 1531:Black Kettle 1528: 1509: 1504:Black Kettle 1488: 1480: 1443: 1436: 1423:medicine man 1420: 1398:ordered the 1392:Fort Laramie 1385: 1374: 1351:between the 1349:Great Plains 1331:such as the 1329: 1317:Fort Laramie 1313:Platte River 1309:Indian agent 1302: 1273: 1262: 1246: 1225: 1198:Indian agent 1191: 1174: 1158: 1147: 1113:tribes, and 1092: 1086:(Onéhao'o). 1013: 998: 994:Dog Soldiers 986: 974: 923: 912: 904: 900:Charles Bent 885: 878: 848: 844: 842: 810:hóhkėha'éome 809: 805: 801: 793: 785: 781: 779: 769: 761: 749: 747: 734: 730: 718: 710: 702: 700: 688:oral history 683: 679: 677: 665: 630: 606:North Dakota 591: 561: 539: 535: 531: 523: 517: 501: 495: 490: 478: 476: 471: 467: 463: 447: 443: 439: 434:Lakota Sioux 431: 426: 425:; singular: 422: 418: 416: 348: 336: 332: 330: 285:South Dakota 254: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:tribes, the 141: 139: 113:Christianity 37:Ethnic group 6417:Politician 6259:Ghost towns 6219:Dora DuFran 6136:Crazy Horse 6071:Three Forks 6066:Silver City 6061:Rockerville 5985:Buffalo Gap 5934:Hot Springs 5807:Sylvan Lake 5660:Attractions 5645:Black Hills 5383:Crazy Horse 5270:Black Hills 5034:Sac and Fox 4725:Indian Hill 4720:Indian Cave 4659:Site 25SM20 4516:Ahkawitakol 4495:Wright Site 4292:Petalesharo 4198:Sac and Fox 3786:in Colorado 3149:, pp. 1–57 2981:George Bent 2255:Little Wolf 2249:Tamílapéšni 2201:George Bent 2160:Ethnobotany 2151:Role models 2141:Black Hills 2117:A Cheyenne 2099:clan system 2073:Ohktounna ( 2041:Só'taeo'o ( 1985:like other 1979:Great Lakes 1959:Black Hills 1856:reservation 1782:Crazy Horse 1489:Tamílapéšni 1446:Bent's Fort 1323:, with the 1263:During the 1229:Assiniboine 1048:Plains Cree 1044:Assiniboine 1040:Gros Ventre 908:Owl Woman's 896:Bent's Fort 872:, 1832, in 798:Great Lakes 794:Toh'nihvoos 768:power. The 670:. In 1804, 668:Black Hills 649:Black Hills 641:soil houses 598:Great Lakes 594:Assiniboine 522:, known as 502:Tsiihistano 367: 1920 293:Black Hills 6528:Categories 6429:Historian 6401:Sculptors 6356:Tigerville 6351:Terraville 6316:Myers City 6266:Addie Camp 6233:Historian 6086:and people 5954:Rapid City 5821:bison herd 5667:Bear Butte 5600:Pine Ridge 5575:JoAnn Tall 5459:Great Race 5423:Bear Butte 5357:Little Owl 5342:Black Bear 5194:Potawatomi 4879:recognized 4689:Yutan Site 4639:Ash Hollow 4634:Leary Site 4490:Kelso Site 4317:Jim Thorpe 3576:, Oklahoma 3553:1539063747 3534:2013-07-13 3507:2012-05-12 3353:0879280751 3324:0805017305 3310:Brown, Dee 3184:Grinnell, 3171:Grinnell, 3158:Grinnell, 3145:Grinnell, 3132:Grinnell, 3104:Grinnell, 3045:Grinnell, 3020:Grinnell, 2952:Grinnell, 2772:2013-02-09 2683:13 January 2647:, pp. 1–8. 2643:Grinnell, 2566:Grinnell, 2548:Grinnell, 2519:2009-02-22 2341:Wooden Leg 2304:Woo-ka-nay 2300:Roman Nose 2245:Dull Knife 2082:Háovôhnóva 2055:Oivimána ( 1897:Fort Keogh 1880:in Montana 1798:Fort Keogh 1728:Centennial 1588:Republican 1584:Smoky Hill 1542:John Evans 1257:California 1109:, various 1016:Apsáalooke 933:See also: 754:sweetgrass 715:Bear Butte 464:Sáhea'eo'o 423:Tsitsistas 337:Ohmésêhese 232:, and the 208:Tsitsistas 202:) and the 6482:Four Mile 6306:Greenwood 6291:Carbonate 6276:Blacktail 6146:Red Cloud 6141:Lone Horn 6126:Black Elk 6031:Four Mile 5969:Whitewood 5959:Spearfish 5949:Newcastle 5939:Hill City 5893:Populated 5393:Red Cloud 5388:Lone Horn 5378:Black Elk 5124:Chickasaw 5074:Wyandotte 4919:Chickasaw 4877:Federally 4302:Red Cloud 4208:Winnebago 4079:Missouria 3919:Tipi ring 3586:Cheyennes 3570:, Montana 2350:Wolf Robe 2331:Two Moons 2318:Tall Bull 2290:Owl Woman 2281:Okuhhatuh 2241:Vóóhéhéve 2205:Owl Woman 2119:sun dance 2003:Só'taeo'o 1983:wild rice 1909:Nez Percé 1832:the north 1794:Two Moons 1599:Julesburg 1481:Vóóhéhéve 1303:In 1846, 1032:Nez Perce 1024:Blackfeet 1005:tomahawks 1001:war clubs 987:Specific 969:pronghorn 814:Sun Dance 806:vonȧhéome 743:Sun Dance 602:Minnesota 583:wild rice 279:and into 265:Minnesota 188:Só'taeo'o 178:) are an 129:Blackfoot 79:Languages 6539:Cheyenne 6341:Sheridan 6311:Maitland 6301:Flatiron 6240:Sol Star 6212:General 6161:Old West 6102:Cheyenne 6056:Rochford 6010:Sundance 6000:Keystone 5990:Fairburn 5929:Edgemont 5924:Deadwood 5294:Cheyenne 5169:Muscogee 5144:Delaware 5139:Comanche 5119:Cheyenne 5114:Cherokee 5039:Seminole 4974:Kickapoo 4969:Kialegee 4934:Comanche 4909:Cherokee 4869:Oklahoma 4613:Woodland 4414:Niobrara 4074:Meskwaki 4059:Comanche 4033:Nebraska 3709:Shoshone 3689:Comanche 3684:Cheyenne 3642:Overview 3635:Colorado 3466:34412067 3238:(his) + 3212:, p. 190 3049:, p. 188 2886:Page 143 2480:Archived 2446:Archived 2377:See also 2166:infusion 2080:Hónowa ( 2075:Oqtóguna 2057:Oévemana 2034:Omísis ( 2031:Masikota 2007:Masikota 2005:and the 1952:Seminole 1772:charges. 1695:May 2014 1477:Cheyenne 1458:Comanche 1450:Utah War 1427:medicine 1361:Nebraska 1335:and the 1209:treaties 1182:Shoshone 1126:and the 1080:Ho-Chunk 1020:Shoshone 1009:firearms 786:Is'siwun 762:Maahótse 719:maahéome 703:Maahótse 696:prophets 643:"), and 508:Language 491:Šahíyena 479:Cheyenne 440:Šahíyena 382:Woolaroc 302:Colorado 230:Oklahoma 142:Cheyenne 99:Religion 85:Cheyenne 72:Oklahoma 41:Cheyenne 6506:Related 6444:Transit 6411:Author 6346:Spokane 6336:Pactola 6286:Cambria 6281:Burdock 6271:Bismuth 6084:History 6005:Pringle 5995:Hermosa 5964:Sturgis 5772:Needles 5653:Wyoming 5604:Rosebud 5335:Arapaho 5309:Arikara 5304:Arapaho 5278:Wyoming 5268:in the 5219:Wyandot 5214:Wichita 5209:Shawnee 5149:Koasati 5134:Choctaw 5099:Arapaho 5094:Alabama 5069:Wichita 5059:Tonkawa 5049:Shawnee 4924:Choctaw 4252:Big Elk 4054:Arikara 4049:Arapaho 3881:Archaic 3842:Archaic 3679:Arapaho 3629: 3293:(2008) 3234:; from 2570:, p. 2. 2554:, p. 10 2052:Wotápio 1965:Culture 1828:malaria 1780:, when 1712:Arapaho 1357:Rockies 1269:cholera 1213:Arikara 1107:Wichita 1036:Arikara 838:Wyoming 820:Plains 818:nomadic 782:Ésevone 731:véhoo'o 711:Nóávóse 645:Arikara 637:Hidatsa 546:History 318:Arapaho 269:Arapaho 242:Montana 125:Arapaho 89:English 68:Montana 32:Cayenne 6375:Modern 6366:Trojan 6361:Tinton 6326:Nahant 6321:Mystic 6036:Galena 5919:Custer 5902:Cities 5895:places 5868:Trails 5371:Lakota 5352:Friday 5299:Lakota 5204:Seneca 5199:Quapaw 5184:Pawnee 5179:Ottawa 5109:Cayuga 5029:Quapaw 5019:Peoria 5014:Pawnee 5009:Ottawa 4899:Apache 4881:tribes 4644:Coufal 4409:Pawnee 4099:Pawnee 3704:Pawnee 3672:People 3550: 3525: 3480: 3464: 3454: 3437:533882 3435: 3406: 3384: 3372: 3351: 3322: 3291:et al. 3246:(dull) 3092: 3085: 2996: 2989: 2903: 2896: 2871:23 May 2845:23 May 2452:2008:7 2047:Sutaio 2043:Suhtai 2001:, the 1746:, and 1653:Kansas 1595:attack 1502:Chief 1485:Lakota 1365:Kansas 1253:Mormon 1249:Oregon 1219:, the 1217:Mandan 1152:is an 1115:Navajo 1111:Apache 1082:, and 1064:Pawnee 1060:Dakota 1056:Lakota 1046:, and 919:Mexico 792:") at 774:female 735:manaho 657:Lakota 633:Mandan 626:Dakota 622:Ojibwe 564:French 558:, 1930 487:Siouan 472:Šahíya 468:Lakota 448:Šahíya 444:Šahíya 437:exonym 326:Lakota 273:Lakota 244:. The 220:: the 200:Sutaio 196:Suhtai 111:, and 51:22,970 6423:Poet 6331:Novak 6041:Hanna 6026:Dewey 5978:Towns 5837:Roads 5819:with 5319:Kiowa 5224:Yuchi 5189:Ponca 5174:Osage 5104:Caddo 5024:Ponca 4999:Osage 4989:Modoc 4984:Miami 4979:Kiowa 4904:Caddo 4572:Nanza 4526:Pahuk 4511:Pahur 4193:Ponca 4188:Omaha 4183:Ioway 4145:Hocak 4124:Sioux 4089:Omaha 4069:Kiowa 3879:Post- 3699:Kiowa 3501:(PDF) 3494:(PDF) 3433:JSTOR 3244:péšni 2401:Notes 2170:tansy 1802:Sioux 1454:Kiowa 1341:forts 1237:Omaha 1221:Ponca 1103:Osage 1084:Omaha 1068:Ponca 830:bison 826:tipis 784:(aka 739:bands 709:) at 661:Kiowa 587:bison 470:word 322:Kiowa 281:North 6405:and 6296:Etta 6206:and 6051:Nemo 5944:Lead 5651:and 5602:and 5598:are 5314:Crow 5276:and 4959:Iowa 4094:Otoe 3548:ISBN 3523:ISBN 3478:ISBN 3462:OCLC 3452:ISBN 3404:ISBN 3382:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3349:ISBN 3320:ISBN 3240:míla 3090:ISBN 3083:ISBN 2994:ISBN 2987:ISBN 2901:ISBN 2894:ISBN 2873:2024 2847:2024 2685:2008 2593:2007 2426:2013 2191:and 1838:and 1759:and 1603:loot 1586:and 1524:Utes 1456:and 1255:and 1233:Otoe 1196:and 1076:Iowa 843:The 766:male 651:and 604:and 577:and 456:Cree 396:Name 306:Crow 283:and 172:shy- 140:The 5647:of 5272:of 4964:Kaw 4867:in 4404:Oto 4109:Sac 4031:in 3714:Ute 3633:of 3425:doi 2229:at 2217:or 2164:An 2066:or 2045:or 1690:. 1483:or 1095:Ute 1072:Kaw 898:by 788:– " 694:or 534:or 493:). 259:to 240:in 228:in 198:or 190:or 6530:: 3460:. 3431:. 3421:13 3419:. 3376:; 3312:. 3236:ta 3113:^ 3070:^ 3054:^ 3029:^ 3013:^ 2961:^ 2943:^ 2929:^ 2864:. 2838:. 2765:. 2665:^ 2559:^ 2528:^ 2457:^ 2434:^ 2279:, 1993:. 1742:, 1625:) 1621:, 1617:, 1613:, 1609:, 1487:: 1479:: 1367:. 1327:. 1251:, 1239:. 1184:. 1134:. 1105:, 1101:, 1097:, 1078:, 1074:, 1070:, 1066:, 1062:, 1058:, 1038:, 1003:, 745:. 635:, 504:. 474:. 369:, 364:c. 328:. 252:. 210:, 174:AN 154:aɪ 127:, 107:, 91:, 87:, 70:, 5637:e 5630:t 5623:v 5606:. 5258:e 5251:t 5244:v 4850:e 4843:t 4836:v 4014:e 4007:t 4000:v 3615:e 3608:t 3601:v 3556:. 3537:. 3510:. 3484:. 3468:. 3439:. 3427:: 3388:. 3355:. 3326:. 3276:. 2875:. 2849:. 2775:. 2687:. 2595:. 2522:. 2428:. 2314:) 2273:) 2233:) 2195:. 2084:) 2077:) 2070:) 2028:) 2021:) 1697:) 1693:( 1475:( 752:( 737:( 705:( 166:/ 163:n 160:æ 157:ˈ 151:ʃ 148:/ 144:( 74:) 66:( 34:. 27:.

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