575:
3824:
3119:
2101:
3850:
497:, prosperous families turn destitute when the male head of the household dies, as women are not permitted to take over their husband's land. Also, due to cultural tradition, the higher the status of the woman, the less likely she is to have any developed skills that would be useful in finding work. These women are forced to beg for food and shelter once their husbands die because they have not been allowed to gain work experience.
3837:
490:, land ownership defines social status and political power in the household and in the village, shaping relationships and creating family dynamics. Therefore, inheritance of land automatically puts men above women both in the household, and in the community. Without political pull in the village, and with limited bargaining powers within the household, women lack the voice to advocate for their own rights.
540:, as well. Land is passed down through male lineage which reinforces women's exclusion from land ownership. Another detriment to equality, pointed out by Women's Land Link Africa, is that women lack sufficient knowledge about the rights they have under the law to own land. Rural, illiterate women do not even have access to the new constitution which guarantees them land rights.
456:
In many parts of the world, women have access to land in order to farm and cultivate the land; however, there are traditions and cultural norms which bar women from inheriting or purchasing land. This puts women in a place of dependence on their husbands, brothers, or fathers for their livelihood and
531:
enforces equality between men and women, including the acquisition and ownership of land. However, research from Women's Land Link Africa reveals that women remain excluded from land ownership due to customs and deeply ingrained cultural habits. Even when women save up enough money to purchase land,
206:
Land rights are an integral part of Land Laws, as they socially enforce groups of individuals' rights to own land in concurrence with the land laws of a nation. Land Law addresses the legal mandates set forth by a country in regards to land ownership, while land rights refer to the social acceptance
198:
Land rights refer to the inalienable ability of individuals to freely obtain, use, and possess land at their discretion, as long as their activities on the land do not impede on other individuals' rights. This is not to be confused with access to land, which allows individuals the use of land in an
547:
Women's Land Link Africa provides suggestions to alleviate inequality in land ownership. Rural women can be educated about their rights through radio campaigns, community discussions, educational outreach programs, and public forums. The cultural nuances must be addressed in policies and community
543:
Although the 1995 Constitution provides for equality between men and women, there are still gaps in the law which affect women's rights to land. The law protects the rights to land of wives in marriage; however, it does not address the needs of widows or divorcees. Consequentially, these women are
215:
Globally, there has been an increased focus on land rights, as they are so pertinent to various aspects of development. According to
Wickeri and Kalhan, land ownership can be a critical source of capital, financial security, food, water, shelter, and resources. The UN Global Land Tool organisation
211:
takes the stance that although the law may advocate for equal access to land, land rights in certain countries and cultures may hinder a group's right to actually own land. Laws are important, but they must be backed up by cultural tradition and social acceptance. Therefore, laws concerning land
520:. In the new amendment, daughters and sons have equal rights to obtain land from their parents. This act was both a legally and socially important move for women's rights to land. Not only did it legally mandate equality in land succession, it also validated women's roles as equals in society.
500:
Bina
Agarwal argues that land ownership significantly decreases the chance of domestic violence against Indian women. Owning property elevates women to a higher status within the household, allowing more equality and bargaining power. In addition, owning property separately from their husbands
508:
Land rights are critical for women in India due to the heavily patriarchal society in which they live. Cultural perspectives play a key role in the acceptance of equality within land ownership. Women owning land ultimately benefits the household and society as a whole.
544:
left landless and without the protection land offers. Also, women have a difficult time taking cases to court due to corruption and expensive trials. The trials concerning land take so long to process that many women do not even attempt to seek legal assistance.
457:
shelter. Should there be an illness, domestic violence, or death in the family, women would be left landless and unable to either grow crops for food, or rent land for profit. Land ownership for women is a crucial form of security and income, increasing
424:
Several scholars argue that women's lack of sufficient land rights negatively affects their immediate families and the larger community, as well. With land ownership, women can develop an income and allocate this income more fairly within the household.
2609:
481:
practices which dominate the nation. Up until recently, Indian women have been left out of laws regarding the distribution of public land and were forced to rely on the small possibility of obtaining private land from their families.
231:
Although land rights are fundamental in achieving higher standards of living, certain groups of individuals are consistently left out of land ownership provisions. The law may provide access to land, however, cultural barriers and
996:
228:
strives to improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers. This includes increased land rights for impoverished people, which will ultimately lead to a higher quality of life.
548:
leaders can be educated about inclusion of minority groups. Also, the law itself can address the rights of widows and divorcees in addition to the rights of married women.
1131:
806:
236:
limit minority groups' ability to own land. In order to reach equality, these groups must obtain adequate land rights that are both socially and legally recognised.
2950:
911:
Deere, C.D., & Doss, C. R. (2006). “Gender and the
Distribution of Wealth in Developing Countries. World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1-27.
203:. When a person only has access to land, they are in constant threat of expulsion depending on the choices of the land owner, which limits financial stability.
493:
Another issue with land rights in India is that they leave women completely dependent on the lives of their husbands. A study by Bina
Agarwal found that in
429:
claims that providing sufficient land rights for women is beneficial because, once women can exercise those rights the following will be promoted:
3808:
2527:
942:
1000:
2787:
1038:
3763:
2137:
505:. Agarwal concluded that the prospect of a safe shelter outside of the main household decreases the longevity of domestic violence.
3269:
3778:
1072:
3168:
810:
3768:
2738:
899:
Agarwal, B. (2005). “Marital
Violence, Human Development, and Women’s Property Status in India” World Development. 823-850.
93:
Land rights are such a basic form of law that they develop even where there is no state to enforce them; for example, the
2718:
2361:
997:"Uganda: Women's land rights – the gap between policy and practice | COHRE - Center on Housing Rights and Evictions"
368:
346:
795:
Centre on
Housing Rights and Evictions (2009), Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons, 3-5.
199:
economic sense (i.e. farming). Instead, land rights address the ownership of land which provides security and increases
3793:
3591:
3274:
2822:
1954:
982:
Women’s Land Link Africa. (2010). “The Impact of
National Land Policy and Land Reform On Women in Uganda”. WLLA. 1-8.
3133:
2692:
2256:
1578:
994:
Centre on
Housing Rights and Evictions. (2010). “Uganda-Women’s Land Rights: The Gap Between Policy and Practice”.
3040:
2420:
1031:
958:
3748:
3728:
3193:
2682:
685:
639:
374:
354:
859:
Agarwal, B. (1988). “Who Sows? Who Reaps? Women and Land Rights in India” Journal of
Peasant Studies. 531-581.
3854:
2713:
2130:
1095:
883:
Agarwal, B. (1994). “A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia”. Cambridge
University Press.
3758:
3702:
3307:
1647:
1482:
719:
225:
3707:
3697:
3264:
2988:
2430:
2303:
1971:
3364:
3254:
2467:
2445:
2104:
1988:
1932:
1024:
624:
605:
517:
513:
414:
486:
laws which cater towards men are one of the key issues behind inequality in land rights. According to
216:
has found that rural landlessness is a strong predictor of poverty and hunger, and negatively impacts
3312:
3209:
3161:
2561:
1519:
929:
Mukund, K. (1999). “Women's Property Rights in South India: A Review”. Economic and Political Weekly.
634:
35:
3224:
2398:
2123:
1504:
659:
629:
561:
289:
166:
3840:
3506:
3395:
3244:
2604:
2571:
2351:
1679:
1568:
769:
Wickeri, Elisabeth; Kalhan, Anil (2010). "Land Rights Issues in International Human Rights Law".
619:
322:
939:
3606:
3566:
3332:
3048:
2931:
2677:
2646:
2462:
2366:
2344:
2082:
1925:
1797:
674:
569:
528:
158:
108:
101:
were institutions that arose organically to enforce the system of rules appurtenant to mining.
782:
3881:
3667:
3647:
3621:
3611:
3571:
3439:
3400:
3302:
3259:
3249:
3234:
3214:
3128:
3101:
3081:
3073:
2925:
2697:
2251:
1879:
1874:
1669:
1610:
725:
502:
3828:
3581:
3511:
3374:
3317:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3154:
2964:
2298:
2160:
2073:
2045:
2010:
1937:
1737:
1674:
1492:
1313:
644:
327:
8:
3738:
3561:
3556:
3390:
3295:
3290:
3087:
2775:
2770:
2457:
2371:
2313:
2246:
2068:
1976:
1964:
1854:
1807:
1615:
1538:
1264:
1055:
609:
200:
3788:
3662:
3616:
3596:
3429:
3410:
3352:
3327:
3054:
2378:
2175:
2078:
2063:
1993:
1949:
1839:
1425:
1330:
1085:
830:
Millennium Development Goal Monitor: Tracking the Mellennium Development Goals. (2010)
317:
170:
3876:
3692:
3501:
3484:
3444:
3369:
3359:
3337:
3322:
3123:
2847:
2832:
2452:
2318:
2268:
2263:
2050:
1514:
1420:
1393:
1240:
1190:
1126:
1080:
778:
614:
565:
441:
362:
340:
162:
139:
59:
16:
Form of law that deals with the rights to use, alienate, or exclude others from land
3712:
3687:
3586:
3528:
3489:
3449:
3024:
3016:
2944:
2641:
2581:
2334:
2220:
2210:
2195:
2165:
2000:
1959:
1942:
1829:
1727:
1259:
1163:
1047:
714:
699:
679:
653:
263:
174:
39:
3576:
3523:
3067:
2889:
2879:
2855:
2792:
2658:
2614:
2515:
2215:
2200:
2017:
1983:
1869:
1849:
1759:
1408:
1374:
1308:
1105:
1090:
946:
312:
107:, the occupation of land without ownership, is a globally ubiquitous phenomenon.
446:
Their children will be more likely to get an education and stay in school longer
3803:
3783:
3743:
3682:
3464:
3434:
2972:
2743:
2726:
2663:
2619:
2308:
2241:
2205:
2185:
2058:
2005:
1915:
1834:
1819:
1814:
1766:
1654:
1450:
1398:
1381:
1215:
669:
596:
182:
135:
127:
83:
959:
http://www.ugandaonlinelawlibrary.com/files/constitution/constitution_1995.pdf
516:. This act aimed to remove the gender discrimination which was present in the
224:. In order to home in on this critical problem of inadequate land rights, The
3870:
3601:
3533:
3518:
3347:
3062:
3029:
2827:
2807:
2758:
2435:
2415:
2356:
2273:
2170:
2022:
1859:
1749:
1706:
1487:
1364:
1250:
1200:
1064:
704:
532:
the land is signed in their husband's name, while women sign as the witness.
178:
131:
98:
55:
191:
refers to government policies that take and/or redistribute land, such as a
3773:
3672:
3657:
3631:
3454:
3420:
3034:
3010:
2977:
2958:
2939:
2894:
2867:
2860:
2842:
2780:
2556:
2510:
2505:
2408:
2393:
2236:
1824:
1782:
1558:
1509:
1445:
1301:
1205:
709:
574:
487:
395:
233:
221:
87:
71:
477:
have the legal right to own land, very few actually do as a result of the
3798:
3652:
3474:
3469:
3342:
3177:
3002:
2802:
2687:
2576:
2551:
2539:
2520:
2403:
2383:
2293:
2190:
1920:
1864:
1686:
1664:
1659:
1526:
1403:
1369:
1357:
1245:
1168:
665:
601:
591:
587:
557:
537:
533:
512:
The most recent advance towards equality in land rights in India was the
494:
483:
458:
450:
426:
399:
250:
217:
188:
119:
75:
51:
3753:
3626:
3095:
2982:
2599:
2180:
2027:
1844:
1802:
1744:
1713:
1352:
1284:
1222:
1195:
1158:
478:
192:
147:
143:
123:
94:
831:
2996:
2797:
2748:
2731:
2669:
2651:
2425:
2339:
1910:
1792:
1600:
1595:
1573:
1462:
1455:
1274:
1269:
1176:
1153:
103:
1016:
847:
Hanstad, T. (2010). Secure Land Rights. Rural Development Institute.
473:
Kanakalatha Mukund makes the important point that although women in
43:
3733:
3677:
3405:
3188:
2884:
2817:
2753:
2566:
2544:
2440:
2388:
2146:
2037:
1605:
1531:
1472:
1467:
1415:
1325:
1289:
1279:
1210:
1184:
1180:
1172:
920:
Hanstad, T. (2010). Secure Land Rights. Rural Development Institute
434:
273:
79:
63:
47:
31:
239:
2837:
2631:
2624:
2489:
2285:
1905:
1701:
1696:
1642:
1548:
1477:
1320:
1121:
462:
208:
67:
3538:
2812:
2764:
2533:
1754:
1719:
1543:
1499:
1347:
1145:
807:"UN-HABITAT.:. Land & Tenure | Secure Land and Tenure"
747:
Adi, D.N. (2009). Critical Mass Representation in Uganda. 1-38.
27:
3146:
3494:
2901:
2497:
1787:
1627:
1553:
1340:
940:
http://www.hrln.org/admin/issue/subpdf/HSA_Amendment_2005.pdf
474:
335:
255:
212:
ownership and land rights of a country must be in agreement.
3459:
2115:
1732:
1588:
1583:
1563:
1437:
1388:
1232:
649:
579:
407: restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty
259:
169:
countries. In common law jurisdictions, the land rights of
165:, as well as the national legal systems of common law and
2874:
1691:
1335:
23:
2951:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
138:. Nearly all of these jurisdictions have a system of
963:
90:
are closely linked, and often interrelated concepts.
907:
905:
895:
893:
891:
889:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
855:
853:
843:
841:
839:
536:practices are a particular obstacle which reduces
449:Women will be better positioned to get access to
433:Women will be less likely to contract and spread
3868:
902:
886:
764:
762:
756:Hanstad, T. (2010). Secure Land Rights. Landesa.
743:
741:
245:Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
70:, are an important intersection of property and
862:
850:
836:
240:Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
938:Hindu Succession Act 2005. September 5, 2005.
3809:List of housing markets by real estate prices
3162:
2131:
1032:
768:
759:
738:
437:as they do not have to resort to prostitution
82:, may constitute the land rights of another.
990:
988:
501:allowed women an opportunity of escape from
440:Women will be less likely to be victims of
185:is the predominant form of land ownership.
3849:
3169:
3155:
2138:
2124:
1039:
1025:
985:
46:. In many jurisdictions, these kinds of
573:
419:
126:jurisdictions, is often referred to as
114:
3869:
78:on the land rights of one, such as an
3150:
2119:
1046:
1020:
413: international jurisdiction per
333:
3836:
551:
832:http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal7.cfm
804:UN Global Land Tool Network (2010)
111:is also a perennial related issue.
13:
3794:Undergraduate real estate programs
582:, showing Europe, Africa and Asia.
14:
3893:
3592:Investment rating for real estate
771:Malaysian Journal on Human Rights
3848:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3118:
3117:
2636:
2100:
2099:
957:Constitution of Uganda. (1995).
243:
3176:
951:
932:
923:
914:
304:Exclusive Economic Zone surface
3749:Graduate real estate education
3194:Tertiary sector of the economy
2683:Right of way (property access)
824:
798:
789:
750:
686:Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
640:Israeli land and property laws
226:Millennium Development Goal 7D
153:
1:
732:
307:international waters surface
150:process to resolve disputes.
3703:Real estate investment trust
3308:Extraterrestrial real estate
2145:
1065:Pollution / quality
720:International Land Coalition
514:Hindu Succession Act of 2005
7:
3708:Real property administrator
3698:Real estate investment club
2989:Two Treatises of Government
693:
278:territorial waters airspace
10:
3898:
3365:Private equity real estate
625:South African property law
606:Common heritage of mankind
555:
529:Uganda's 1995 Constitution
518:Hindu Succession Act, 1956
415:common heritage of mankind
369:extended continental shelf
347:extended continental shelf
298:territorial waters surface
3817:
3721:
3640:
3547:
3419:
3383:
3313:International real estate
3283:
3202:
3184:
3113:
2910:
2712:
2592:
2485:
2478:
2327:
2284:
2229:
2153:
2095:
2036:
1901:
1894:
1775:
1636:Types / location
1635:
1626:
1436:
1231:
1144:
1114:
1063:
1054:
635:Land acquisition in India
523:
385:
381:
361:
351:
339:
326:
321:
311:
306:
283:
271:
249:
3041:The Great Transformation
2399:Labor theory of property
630:Land ownership in Canada
562:Public international law
468:
281:contiguous zone airspace
3507:Real estate transaction
3396:Real estate development
2610:Forest-dwelling (India)
2572:restraint on alienation
2352:Common good (economics)
620:Australian property law
323:Exclusive Economic Zone
301:contiguous zone surface
295:internal waters surface
284:international airspace
220:and the realisation of
3607:Real estate derivative
3567:Effective gross income
3333:Healthcare real estate
3049:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2823:Primitive accumulation
2678:Right of way (transit)
2463:Tragedy of the commons
2345:fictitious commodities
675:Indigenous land rights
583:
570:Indigenous land rights
159:Indigenous land rights
109:Indigenous land rights
66:agreements, including
3764:Industry trade groups
3668:Exclusive buyer agent
3622:Real estate valuation
3612:Real estate economics
3572:Gross rent multiplier
3401:Real estate investing
3303:Corporate Real Estate
3102:The Wealth of Nations
3082:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3074:The Ethics of Liberty
726:Struggle for the Land
577:
503:abusive relationships
420:Land rights and women
3582:Highest and best use
3548:Economics, financing
3512:Real estate contract
3406:Real estate flipping
3375:Residential property
3318:Lease administration
3270:United Arab Emirates
2965:Progress and Poverty
2299:Common-pool resource
2011:remnant natural area
1648:storage and recovery
1314:habitat conservation
1132:Deforestation (REDD)
645:Chinese property law
394: full national
375:international seabed
355:international seabed
328:international waters
115:National sovereignty
26:that deals with the
3562:Capitalization rate
3557:Asset-based lending
3391:Property management
3296:Commercial building
3291:Commercial property
3088:The Social Contract
2776:population transfer
2693:prior-appropriation
2372:homestead principle
1965:Earth Overshoot Day
1539:Marine conservation
1520:non-timber products
610:territorial dispute
266:, and their orbits)
246:
207:of land ownership.
173:are referred to as
58:, as distinct from
50:are referred to as
3789:Real estate trends
3693:Real estate broker
3663:Chartered Surveyor
3617:Real estate bubble
3597:Mortgage insurance
3430:Adverse possession
3353:Luxury real estate
3328:Garden real estate
3068:Murray N. Rothbard
2379:Free-rider problem
1950:Ecosystem services
1073:Ambient standards
945:2015-03-19 at the
584:
318:territorial waters
244:
201:human capabilities
171:indigenous peoples
161:are recognized by
3864:
3863:
3502:Property abstract
3485:Land registration
3445:Concurrent estate
3370:Real estate owned
3360:Off-plan property
3338:Vacation property
3323:Niche real estate
3144:
3143:
3055:What Is Property?
2848:human trafficking
2833:Regulatory taking
2708:
2707:
2453:Right to property
2113:
2112:
2091:
2090:
1890:
1889:
1569:genetic resources
1505:genetic resources
1140:
1139:
1048:Natural resources
615:Right to property
566:Environmental law
552:International law
538:women empowerment
442:Domestic violence
389:
388:
363:Continental Shelf
341:Continental Shelf
267:
254:(including Earth
163:international law
146:interests, and a
140:land registration
60:personal property
3889:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3769:Investment firms
3688:Property manager
3587:Home equity loan
3490:Leasehold estate
3450:Conditional sale
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3121:
3120:
3025:John Stuart Mill
2945:Friedrich Engels
2926:Frédéric Bastiat
2919:
2771:Forced migration
2739:Collectivization
2483:
2482:
2362:First possession
2335:Bundle of rights
2140:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2054:
2001:Natural heritage
1960:overexploitation
1899:
1898:
1633:
1632:
1579:herbal medicines
1559:FAO Plant Treaty
1099:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
999:. Archived from
992:
983:
980:
961:
955:
949:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
900:
897:
884:
881:
860:
857:
848:
845:
834:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
809:. Archived from
802:
796:
793:
787:
786:
766:
757:
754:
748:
745:
715:The Land is Ours
700:English land law
680:Aboriginal title
654:right to housing
412:
406:
393:
264:celestial bodies
253:
247:
175:aboriginal title
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3813:
3717:
3636:
3577:Hard money loan
3549:
3543:
3524:Rent regulation
3415:
3379:
3279:
3198:
3180:
3175:
3145:
3140:
3109:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2856:husband-selling
2793:Illegal logging
2788:Illegal fishing
2717:
2704:
2615:Freedom to roam
2588:
2501:(agrarian land)
2474:
2431:Property rights
2323:
2280:
2242:Estate (landed)
2225:
2149:
2144:
2114:
2109:
2087:
2052:
2032:
2018:Systems ecology
1984:Natural capital
1886:
1771:
1760:reclaimed water
1622:
1584:UPOV Convention
1432:
1227:
1136:
1110:
1106:Ozone depletion
1097:
1074:
1050:
1045:
1015:
1006:
1004:
995:
993:
986:
981:
964:
956:
952:
947:Wayback Machine
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
903:
898:
887:
882:
863:
858:
851:
846:
837:
829:
825:
816:
814:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
767:
760:
755:
751:
746:
739:
735:
696:
572:
556:Main articles:
554:
526:
471:
461:and decreasing
422:
417:
410:
408:
404:
402:
391:
334:land territory
313:internal waters
242:
181:jurisdictions,
156:
117:
22:is the form of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3855:List of topics
3845:
3832:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:Urban planning
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Property cycle
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Gentrification
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Moving company
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Eminent domain
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Chain of title
3432:
3426:
3424:
3423:and regulation
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3275:United Kingdom
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2975:
2973:Garrett Hardin
2970:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Eminent domain
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2727:Bioprospecting
2723:
2721:
2719:redistribution
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2421:Natural rights
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2053:(perpetuation)
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2006:Nature reserve
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:climate change
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1451:Bioprospecting
1448:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:Clean Air Act
1088:
1083:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1013:
984:
962:
950:
931:
922:
913:
901:
885:
861:
849:
835:
823:
797:
788:
758:
749:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
695:
692:
691:
690:
682:
677:
672:
670:mineral rights
663:
656:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
599:
597:British Empire
594:
553:
550:
525:
522:
470:
467:
454:
453:
447:
444:
438:
421:
418:
409:
403:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
372:
366:
359:
358:
352:
350:
344:
338:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:land territory
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
269:
268:
241:
238:
183:customary land
155:
152:
136:allodial title
128:absolute title
116:
113:
84:Mineral rights
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Mortgage loan
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:and valuation
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Torrens title
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Real property
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Golf property
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:Categories:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:David Ricardo
3061:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Elinor Ostrom
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Privatization
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Legal plunder
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:Expropriation
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:(watercourse)
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:primogeniture
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Legal plunder
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:appropriation
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Excludability
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2084:
2083:Non-renewable
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
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2023:Urban ecology
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1750:Surface water
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1251:peak farmland
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1003:on 2011-01-24
1002:
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813:on 2012-01-11
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705:Land grabbing
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578:A photo from
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234:poverty traps
229:
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179:customary law
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133:
132:radical title
129:
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106:
105:
100:
99:American West
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:real property
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3882:Human rights
3853:
3841:
3827:
3774:Land banking
3673:Land banking
3658:Buyer broker
3632:Rental value
3479:
3455:Conveyancing
3265:Saudi Arabia
3129:Property law
3100:
3086:
3072:
3053:
3039:
3035:Karl Polanyi
3015:
3011:Marcel Mauss
3001:
2987:
2978:David Harvey
2963:
2959:Henry George
2949:
2940:Ronald Coase
2930:
2915:
2861:wife selling
2843:bride buying
2781:repatriation
2763:
2714:Disposession
2668:
2557:Property law
2532:
2528:Forest types
2498:
2490:
2479:Applications
2409:rent-seeking
2394:Gift economy
2252:Intellectual
2081: /
1955:Exploitation
1840:Conservation
1783:Desalination
1718:
1611:conservation
1446:Biodiversity
1394:conservation
1296:
1241:Agricultural
1169:Fossil fuels
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
953:
934:
925:
916:
826:
815:. Retrieved
811:the original
800:
791:
777:(1): 16–25.
774:
770:
752:
724:
710:Split estate
684:
658:
546:
542:
527:
511:
507:
499:
492:
488:Bina Agarwal
472:
455:
423:
396:jurisdiction
377:underground
230:
222:Human rights
214:
205:
197:
187:
157:
142:, to record
118:
102:
92:
88:water rights
72:contract law
42:others from
19:
18:
3799:Urban decay
3653:Buyer agent
3475:Foreclosure
3470:Encumbrance
3343:Arable land
3255:Puerto Rico
3203:By location
3178:Real estate
3003:Das Kapital
2890:progressive
2880:inheritance
2803:Land reform
2577:real estate
2552:Land tenure
2540:Inheritance
2468:anticommons
2404:Law of rent
2384:Game theory
2314:Information
2294:Common land
2191:Cooperative
2074:Nationalism
2046:Common-pool
1687:Hydrosphere
1680:remediation
1665:Groundwater
1260:Degradation
666:Water right
602:Sovereignty
592:imperialism
588:Colonialism
558:Land reform
534:Inheritance
495:West Bengal
484:Inheritance
479:patriarchal
459:Empowerment
451:Microcredit
427:Tim Hanstad
400:sovereignty
371:underground
365:underground
336:underground
251:Outer space
218:Empowerment
189:Land reform
154:Land rights
120:Sovereignty
95:claim clubs
76:Encumbrance
52:real estate
3871:Categories
3754:Green belt
3627:Remortgage
3411:Relocation
3210:Bangladesh
3134:by country
3096:Adam Smith
2983:John Locke
2647:indigenous
2642:aboriginal
2562:alienation
2257:indigenous
2247:Intangible
2161:Collective
2069:Extraction
2028:Wilderness
1989:accounting
1972:Management
1938:ecological
1926:tragedy of
1845:Peak water
1830:Efficiency
1803:Sanitation
1745:Stormwater
1738:harvesting
1714:Irrigation
1616:management
1574:gene banks
1515:management
1493:management
1409:resilience
1375:phosphorus
1331:industrial
1309:Management
1285:soundscape
1191:Geothermal
1007:2010-12-06
817:2010-12-06
733:References
262:and other
193:land grant
148:land claim
144:fee simple
124:common law
3739:Filtering
3729:Companies
3648:Appraiser
3529:Severance
3225:Indonesia
2997:Karl Marx
2798:Land Back
2749:Enclosure
2732:biopiracy
2670:Bergregal
2652:squatting
2426:Ownership
2340:Commodity
2319:Knowledge
2230:By nature
2186:Customary
2176:Community
2079:Renewable
2064:Depletion
2051:Conflict
1933:Economics
1911:enclosure
1870:Resources
1850:Pollution
1767:Watershed
1670:pollution
1601:Seed bank
1596:Rangeland
1478:Fisheries
1463:Biosphere
1456:biopiracy
1399:fertility
1275:cityscape
1270:Landscape
1177:peak coal
1164:Resources
1115:Emissions
660:Mabo case
272:national
167:civil law
104:Squatting
3877:Land law
3829:Category
3734:Eviction
3678:Landlord
3480:Land law
3245:Pakistan
3189:Property
3124:Property
3017:The Gift
2916:key work
2911:Scholars
2895:property
2852:spousal
2818:Poaching
2754:Eviction
2698:riparian
2659:Littoral
2567:easement
2545:executor
2516:literary
2441:usufruct
2389:Georgism
2269:Tangible
2264:Personal
2171:Communal
2154:By owner
2147:Property
2105:Category
2038:Resource
1977:adaptive
1875:improved
1835:Conflict
1820:Security
1815:Scarcity
1808:improved
1798:Leaching
1675:recharge
1655:Drinking
1606:Wildlife
1473:Bushmeat
1468:Bushfood
1421:planning
1326:gemstone
1321:Minerals
1302:property
1290:viewshed
1280:seascape
1211:sunlight
1185:peak oil
1181:peak gas
943:Archived
694:See also
435:HIV/AIDS
357:surface
274:airspace
80:easement
64:Land use
48:property
36:alienate
20:Land law
3842:Commons
3759:Indices
3641:Parties
3440:Closing
3384:Sectors
2932:The Law
2838:Slavery
2664:Mineral
2632:Hunting
2625:pannage
2620:Grazing
2605:Fishing
2491:Acequia
2458:Rivalry
2446:women's
2304:Digital
2286:Commons
2221:Unowned
2196:Private
1906:Commons
1895:Related
1860:Quality
1776:Aspects
1702:glacial
1643:Aquifer
1549:Pasture
1500:Forests
1426:reserve
1201:Nuclear
1171: (
1127:Trading
1122:Airshed
783:1921447
463:Poverty
349:surface
343:surface
292:surface
209:Landesa
97:of the
68:renting
40:exclude
3847:
3834:
3821:
3779:People
3713:Tenant
3539:Zoning
3260:Russia
3250:Panama
3235:Turkey
3215:Canada
2813:Piracy
2765:Farhud
2593:Rights
2534:Huerta
2506:Estate
2328:Theory
2309:Global
2211:Social
2201:Public
2166:Common
1916:global
1880:policy
1825:Supply
1788:Floods
1755:Sewage
1728:Marine
1720:huerta
1554:Plants
1544:Meadow
1404:health
1382:rights
1370:copper
1348:mining
1246:arable
1146:Energy
1086:Indoor
781:
689:(1997)
568:, and
524:Uganda
411:
405:
392:
258:; the
256:orbits
28:rights
3722:Other
3495:Lease
3284:Types
3240:Kenya
3230:Italy
3220:China
2902:Theft
2688:Water
2582:title
2511:legal
2499:Ejido
2237:Croft
2216:State
2181:Crown
2059:Curse
1865:Right
1707:polar
1697:bergs
1660:Fresh
1628:Water
1341:metal
1265:Field
1216:shade
1206:Solar
1196:Hydro
1081:Index
475:India
469:India
177:. In
134:, or
122:, in
38:, or
3460:Deed
2885:poll
2868:wage
2637:Land
2521:real
2274:real
2206:Self
1994:good
1943:land
1921:land
1733:Rain
1589:wood
1564:food
1527:Game
1438:Life
1389:Soil
1365:peak
1358:sand
1233:Land
1223:Wind
1098:(US)
1075:(US)
779:SSRN
668:and
652:and
650:Slum
604:and
590:and
580:NASA
398:and
260:Moon
86:and
44:land
3421:Law
2875:Tax
2600:Air
1793:Law
1692:Ice
1532:law
1510:law
1488:law
1416:Use
1353:law
1336:ore
1297:Law
1173:gas
1159:Law
1154:Bio
1091:Law
1056:Air
54:or
32:use
30:to
24:law
3873::
1183:,
1179:,
1175:,
987:^
965:^
904:^
888:^
864:^
852:^
838:^
773:.
761:^
740:^
608:,
564:,
560:,
465:.
195:.
130:,
74:.
62:.
34:,
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3163:t
3156:v
2918:)
2914:(
2716:/
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1040:e
1033:t
1026:v
1010:.
820:.
785:.
775:4
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