197:
property dispute between a father and son involving ownership of coal veins in
Pennsylvania is cited stating; “One who has the exclusive right to mine coal upon a tract of land has the right of possession even as against the owner of the soil, so far as it is necessary to carry on mining operations.” (Turner v. Reynolds, 1854). A later case in Texas in 1862 set precedent by stating “it is a well-established doctrine from the earliest days of the common law, that the right to the minerals thus reserved carries with it the right to enter, dig and carry them away." (Cowan v. Hardeman, 1862). Some may argue that the U.S. justice system's enabling of this precedent is further exacerbated by industry lobbying that enables the status quo of favoring oil and gas development vs other innovations.
188:
have been severed from the surface rights (or property rights), it is referred to as a "split estate." In a split estate, the owner of the mineral rights has the right to develop those minerals, regardless of who owns the surface rights. This is because in United States law, mineral rights trump surface rights. The U.S. historical precedent for this severance roots from western expansion and The Land
Ordinance Act of 1785 and The Northwest Ordinance Act of 1789 at the cost of dispossessed Natives. Severability was further reinforced by the
209:. Problems include water pollution, fluid storage issues and surface damages. These are especially common in the West Virginia gas wells of the Marcellus Shale. Often, companies will offer a surface rights owner a surface use agreement, which can provide financial compensation to the surface owner, or more commonly, offer some concessions on how the minerals are accessed. For example, some surface use agreements require the company to access the property from specific roads or points on the property.
3209:
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25:
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those minerals are to be extracted. For instance, a mineral rights owner might request that the company minimize any noise and light pollution when extracting the minerals. Leases are usually term-limited, meaning the company has a limited amount of time to develop the resources; if they do not begin development within that time-frame they forfeit their right to extract those minerals.
471:
legal right to extract those minerals regardless. However, companies will often enter into voluntary negotiations with the surface rights owner to ensure that the operations all go smoothly. In such cases, the company will offer a SUA, in which property owners may ask for financial compensation or other concessions regarding how the minerals are extracted. See sample.
330:
mineral revenues are divided up between the oil company, the owners of the mineral rights (royalty owners) and the overriding royalty interest owners. The division order needs a signature, a current address and social security number for individual royalty owners or tax identification number for companies.
367:
Mineral owners may receive a monthly royalty check if oil, gas, or any other substances of value are extracted from below the surface and either sold or used by an oil and gas operating company. Royalty statements include the production and revenue figures for both the individual owner and the entire
312:
To bring oil and gas reserves to market, minerals are conveyed for a specified time to oil companies through a legally binding contract known as a lease. This arrangement between individual mineral owners and oil companies began prior to 1900 and still thrives today. Before exploration can begin, the
316:
Although there are numerous other important details, the basic structure of the lease is straightforward: in exchange for an up-front lease bonus payment, plus a royalty percentage of the value of any production, the mineral owner grants the oil company the right to drill for a period of time, known
187:
Mineral estates can be severed, or separated, from surface estates. There are two main avenues to mineral rights severance: the surface property may be sold and the minerals retained, or the minerals may be sold and the surface property retained, though the former is more common. When mineral rights
470:
A surface use agreement (SUA) is a contract between a property owner and a mineral rights holder that dictates how the mineral rights are to be developed. Meaning, when mineral rights are extracted by a company that does not own the property above where the minerals are located, the company has the
212:
A major issue involving fluid mineral rights is the "rule of capture" whereby minerals capable of migrating beneath the Earth's surface can be extracted, even if the original source was another person's mineral property. Such claims typically are protected by various states' oil and gas regulatory
196:
of 1848 began placing lands that were mineral abundant into private hands and furthered the precedent of mineral rights outweighing surface rights. This was a crucial step in the development of an economic system based largely on private incentives and market transactions. An early case involving a
148:
can refer to oil, gas, coal, metal ores, stones, sands, or salts. An owner of mineral rights may sell, lease, or donate those minerals to any person or company as they see fit. Mineral interests can be owned by private landowners, private companies, or federal, state or local governments. Sorting
461:
It is common for royalty checks to fluctuate between pay periods due to monthly changes in oil or gas prices, or changes in the volumes produced by the associated oil or gas wells. Additionally, royalties may cease altogether if the associated wells quit producing marketable quantities of oil or
267:
those mineral rights to a company for development at any point. Signing a lease signals that both parties agree to the terms laid out in the lease. Lease terms typically include a price to be paid to the mineral rights owner for the minerals to be extracted, and a set of circumstances under which
170:
This type of estate occurs when mineral and surface ownership are separated. This can occur from prior ownership of mineral rights or is commonly performed when land is passed between family generations. Today corporations own a significant portion of mineral rights beneath private individuals.
329:
A division order is not a contract. It is a stipulation, derived from the lease agreement and other agreements, as to what the operator of a well or an oil and/or gas purchaser will disburse in terms of revenue to the mineral owner and others. The purpose of the division order is to show how the
317:
as the primary term. If the term of the oil or gas lease extends beyond the primary term, and a well was not drilled, then the Lessee is required to pay the lessor a delay rental. This delay rental could be $ 1 or more per acre. In some cases, no drilling occurs and the lease simply expires.
462:
gas, if the operating company has changed hands and the new operator has not yet established a new payment account for the owner, or if the operating company or product purchaser is missing appropriate paperwork or proper documentation of changes in ownership or contact information.
254:
It is possible for a mineral right owner to sever and sell an oil and gas royalty interest, while keeping the other mineral rights. In such case, if the oil lease expires, the royalty interest is extinguished, its purchaser has nothing, and the mineral owner still owns the minerals.
200:
This severability can create tension between mineral rights owners and surface rights owners if the surface rights owners do not want to allow the mineral rights owners to use their property to access their minerals. This is becoming ever more present in the light of recent
132:). Mineral rights can refer to sedentary minerals that do not move below the Earth's surface or fluid minerals such as oil or natural gas. There are three major types of mineral property: unified estate, severed or split estate, and fractional ownership of minerals.
2699:
358:
Many other line items can be negotiated by the time the contract is complete. The rights of all parties are defined in agreements; and, when mineral production begins, the division order states how much revenue goes to each party involved.
368:
well. The royalty paid is a function of the net value of the proceeds from the sale of the oil, gas, or other substance, multiplied by the owner's revenue interest decimal, less any amounts deducted for taxes or other deductions.
320:
The duration of the lease may be extended when drilling or production starts. This enters into the period of time known as the secondary term, which applies for as long as oil and gas is produced in paying quantities.
313:
mineral owner (lessor) and the oil company (lessee) must agree to certain terms regarding the rights, privileges and obligations of the respective parties during the exploration and possible production stages.
251:, which does not permit a person to sell them, but merely that they own the minerals so long as they live. After this, the rights revert to a predesignated entity, such as a specific organization or person.
668:
Ryder, Stacia S.; Hall, Peter M. (2017). "This land is your land, maybe: A historical institutionalist analysis for contextualizing split estate conflicts in U.S. unconventional oil and gas development".
457:
351:
If there is a delay rental agreement—any delay in production by the lessee for a negotiated period, the lessee can pay the lessor a negotiated amount of money per year to keep the contract active
179:
Here a percentage of the mineral property is owned by two or more entities. This can occur when owners leave fractions of the rights to multiple children or grandchildren.
1221:
3040:
750:
Collins, A. R.; Nkansah, K. (2015-10-07). "Divided Rights, Expanded
Conflict: Split Estate Impacts on Surface Owner Perceptions of Shale Gas Drilling".
342:
The term of the lease. Usually there is a primary term and a secondary term. Each term has conditions set up either by the lessor or lessee to fulfill.
144:(often referred to as a "mineral interest" or a "mineral estate") gives the owner the right to exploit, mine, or produce any or all minerals they own.
599:
603:
149:
these rights are a large part of mineral exploration. A brief outline of rights and responsibilities of parties involved can be found here.
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If there is a "shut-in royalty" agreement—royalties are paid at a negotiated rate per acre, only while the well is not producing oil or gas
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1043:
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Unified estates, sometimes referred to as "fee simple" or "unified tenure" mean that the surface and mineral rights are not severed.
1061:
202:
345:
The royalty rate. This is how the rates are divided and how it is calculated from the revenues produced from the mineral rights.
1162:
247:
The owner of a mineral interest may separately convey any or all of the above-listed interests. Minerals may be possessed as a
89:
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61:
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The revenue decimal used to calculate the amount of an owner's royalty check is calculated with the following equation:
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68:
2912:
2044:
108:
338:
An oil and gas lease is a contract because it contains consideration, consent, legal tangible items and competency.
3223:
2782:
2346:
1668:
956:
704:
Libecap, Gary D. (1978). "Economic
Variables and the Development of the Law: The Case of Western Mineral Rights".
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2510:
1121:
491:
42:
75:
2772:
46:
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2220:
1185:
999:
797:
623:
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Y = Additional ownership factor assigned to the owner's mineral rights by any other arrangement or agreement
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1572:
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P = Participation factor assigned to the tracts owned by the mineral owner as described in a unit agreement
57:
578:
3078:
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agencies whose broader mandate is to promote conservation and minimize conflicts between mineral owners.
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2194:
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2022:
1114:
938:
501:
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1609:
3256:
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2213:
1594:
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R = The royalty assigned to the mineral rights owner by the oil and gas lease covering the minerals
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854:
35:
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2434:
2172:
2015:
1887:
577:
Environmental
Quality Council, The brochure reflects Montana law as ofOctober 1, 2013. (2013).
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3191:
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3163:
3015:
2787:
2341:
1969:
1964:
1759:
1700:
836:
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82:
3054:
2388:
2250:
2163:
2135:
2100:
2027:
1827:
1764:
1582:
1403:
206:
974:
8:
3177:
2865:
2860:
2547:
2461:
2403:
2336:
2158:
2066:
2054:
1944:
1897:
1705:
1628:
1354:
1145:
872:
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The right to use as much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to access the minerals
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1817:
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1137:
1096:
1087:
759:
713:
678:
1044:"Surface Use Agreements: What They Are and How To Get One - Texas Agriculture Law"
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of 1862 (OHA) and the 1862 Railroad Act. Agricultural patents and the
California
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2005:
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2505:
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1949:
1839:
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771:
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690:
235:
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1914:
1872:
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1391:
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129:
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2010:
1954:
1776:
1754:
1749:
1616:
1493:
1459:
1447:
1335:
1258:
1062:"Texas Sample Oil & Gas Lease and Surface Use Agreement - Earthworks"
506:
248:
763:
128:
it harbors. Mineral rights can be separate from property ownership (see
3185:
3072:
2689:
2270:
2117:
1934:
1892:
1834:
1803:
1442:
1374:
1312:
1285:
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480:
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development (UOGD) made feasible by technological advancement such as
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2000:
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1690:
1685:
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1364:
1359:
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1243:
485:
293:
There are three distinct but related aspects of ownership. They are:
241:
193:
1106:
647:. Real Estate Center, Texas A&M University, Technical Report 840
378:
U = Number of mineral acres in the oil and gas drilling unit or pool
24:
2974:
2907:
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2236:
2127:
1695:
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1415:
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1300:
1274:
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145:
125:
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2714:
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1995:
1791:
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2587:
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576:
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957:"Division Order – Understanding Oil and Gas Division Orders"
2205:
1822:
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1673:
1653:
1527:
1478:
1322:
2964:
1781:
1425:
3041:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
452:{\displaystyle =(A\div U)\times R\times (P\times Y-D)}
579:"A Guide to Split Estates in Oil and Gas Development"
400:
271:The four components of mineral rights leasing are:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Property rights to exploit an area for the minerals
451:
3238:
855:"delay rental - Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
124:are property rights to exploit an area for the
749:
2221:
1122:
645:Minerals, surface rights and royalty payments
975:"How to Read Oil and Gas Royalty Statements"
598:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1090:War Brewing' over Mining Rights in Rural BC
2228:
2214:
1129:
1115:
795:
621:
602:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
554:
221:The five elements of a mineral right are:
152:
873:"Mineral Rights 101 | Infinity Resources"
819:"Mineral Rights 101 - Infinity Resources"
667:
263:An owner of mineral rights may choose to
182:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
939:"Lease & Division Orders - San Saba"
913:"Introduction to Mineral Rights Leasing"
895:
465:
231:The right to receive bonus consideration
1000:"Understanding Operator Royalty Checks"
703:
174:
165:
3239:
2209:
1136:
1110:
1083:How to File a US Federal Mining Claim
791:
789:
617:
615:
613:
796:Fitzgerald, Timothy (January 2017).
745:
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663:
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659:
657:
655:
653:
622:Fitzgerald, Timothy (January 2017).
555:Fitzgerald, Timothy (January 2017).
550:
548:
517:Oil and gas law in the United States
333:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
910:
786:
610:
228:The right to further convey rights
14:
3268:
1097:Surface Rights vs. Mineral Rights
1076:
740:
650:
545:
324:
216:
157:
135:
3208:
3207:
2190:
2189:
1102:What Is A Mining Claim, Legally?
1022:"Oil and Gas Royalty Calculator"
683:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.006
362:
23:
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1036:
1014:
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967:
949:
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904:
889:
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847:
829:
706:The Journal of Economic History
492:Environmental impact assessment
34:needs additional citations for
2773:Right of way (property access)
811:
798:"Understanding Mineral Rights"
697:
637:
624:"Understanding Mineral Rights"
570:
557:"Understanding Mineral Rights"
446:
428:
416:
404:
348:If the lessor receives a bonus
1:
859:www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com
538:
2235:
1155:Pollution / quality
307:
288:
7:
3079:Two Treatises of Government
1092:, TheTyee.ca, June 14, 2006
823:www.infinityresourcesco.com
527:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
474:
375:A = Net mineral acres owned
10:
3273:
841:marcellusmineralowners.com
502:General Mining Act of 1872
258:
203:unconventional oil and gas
3252:Mining law and governance
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3000:
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2575:
2568:
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2319:
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2126:
1991:
1984:
1865:
1726:Types / location
1725:
1716:
1526:
1321:
1234:
1204:
1153:
1144:
900:. Roar Press. p. 31.
837:"Oil and Gas Lease Bonus"
718:10.1017/s0022050700105121
488:- mining rights in Europe
394:Revenue interest decimal
3131:The Great Transformation
2489:Labor theory of property
2700:Forest-dwelling (India)
2662:restraint on alienation
2442:Common good (economics)
877:infinityresourcesco.com
153:Types of mineral estate
3139:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2913:Primitive accumulation
2768:Right of way (transit)
2553:Tragedy of the commons
2435:fictitious commodities
896:Stafford, Jim (1981).
453:
3192:The Wealth of Nations
3172:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3164:The Ethics of Liberty
898:Look Before You Lease
643:Fambrough, J., 2009.
466:Surface use agreement
454:
240:The right to receive
234:The right to receive
3055:Progress and Poverty
2389:Common-pool resource
2101:remnant natural area
1738:storage and recovery
1404:habitat conservation
1222:Deforestation (REDD)
1066:earthworksaction.org
1024:. PA Gas Lease Forum
917:Mineral Rights Coach
398:
207:hydraulic fracturing
183:Severed/split estate
175:Fractional ownership
166:Severed/split estate
43:improve this article
3178:The Social Contract
2866:population transfer
2783:prior-appropriation
2462:homestead principle
2055:Earth Overshoot Day
1629:Marine conservation
1610:non-timber products
764:10.3368/le.91.4.688
3158:Murray N. Rothbard
2469:Free-rider problem
2040:Ecosystem services
1163:Ambient standards
1050:. 20 January 2015.
979:Blue Mesa Minerals
961:www.mineralweb.com
943:sansabaroyalty.com
449:
281:The division order
3247:Real property law
3234:
3233:
3145:What Is Property?
2938:human trafficking
2923:Regulatory taking
2798:
2797:
2543:Right to property
2203:
2202:
2181:
2180:
1980:
1979:
1659:genetic resources
1595:genetic resources
1230:
1229:
1138:Natural resources
334:Oil and gas lease
300:Net mineral acres
297:Legal description
284:The royalty check
119:
118:
111:
93:
3264:
3211:
3210:
3115:John Stuart Mill
3035:Friedrich Engels
3016:Frédéric Bastiat
3009:
2861:Forced migration
2829:Collectivization
2573:
2572:
2452:First possession
2425:Bundle of rights
2230:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2144:
2091:Natural heritage
2050:overexploitation
1989:
1988:
1723:
1722:
1669:herbal medicines
1649:FAO Plant Treaty
1189:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1131:
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1002:. Caddo Minerals
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805:msuextension.org
802:
793:
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783:
747:
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665:
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641:
635:
634:
631:msuextension.org
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564:msuextension.org
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58:"Mineral rights"
51:
27:
19:
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3262:
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3257:Oil and gas law
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3199:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2946:husband-selling
2883:Illegal logging
2878:Illegal fishing
2807:
2794:
2705:Freedom to roam
2678:
2591:(agrarian land)
2564:
2521:Property rights
2413:
2370:
2332:Estate (landed)
2315:
2239:
2234:
2204:
2199:
2177:
2142:
2122:
2108:Systems ecology
2074:Natural capital
1976:
1861:
1850:reclaimed water
1712:
1674:UPOV Convention
1522:
1317:
1226:
1200:
1196:Ozone depletion
1187:
1164:
1140:
1135:
1079:
1074:
1073:
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1059:
1055:
1042:
1041:
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843:. 17 July 2014.
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800:
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702:
698:
671:Land Use Policy
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3229:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3065:
3063:Garrett Hardin
3060:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3012:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
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2948:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Eminent domain
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2817:Bioprospecting
2813:
2811:
2809:redistribution
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2620:
2615:
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2608:
2603:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2565:
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2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2511:Natural rights
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
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2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
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2411:
2406:
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2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
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2369:
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2329:
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2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
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2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2143:(perpetuation)
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2096:Nature reserve
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
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1900:
1890:
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1800:
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1614:
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1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:climate change
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:Bioprospecting
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
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1521:
1520:
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1503:
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1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:Clean Air Act
1178:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1077:External links
1075:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1035:
1013:
991:
966:
948:
930:
911:Wagner, Bret.
903:
888:
864:
846:
828:
810:
785:
758:(4): 688–703.
752:Land Economics
739:
712:(2): 338–362.
696:
649:
636:
609:
569:
543:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
530:
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433:
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418:
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412:
409:
406:
403:
392:
391:
390:D = Deductions
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
364:
361:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
335:
332:
326:
325:Division order
323:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:Ownership type
301:
298:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
260:
257:
245:
244:
238:
232:
229:
226:
218:
217:Major elements
215:
184:
181:
176:
173:
167:
164:
159:
158:Unified estate
156:
154:
151:
142:mineral rights
137:
136:Mineral estate
134:
122:Mineral rights
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:Categories:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:David Ricardo
3151:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Elinor Ostrom
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Privatization
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Legal plunder
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:Expropriation
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:(watercourse)
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:primogeniture
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Legal plunder
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:appropriation
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Excludability
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
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2365:
2362:
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2352:
2348:
2345:
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2340:
2338:
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2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
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2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2174:
2173:Non-renewable
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Urban ecology
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
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2072:
2068:
2065:
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2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Privatization
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
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1891:
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1886:
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1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Surface water
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
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1409:
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1400:
1397:
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1390:
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1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:peak farmland
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
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1203:
1197:
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1190:
1184:
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1177:
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1169:
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1161:
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1158:
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1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
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1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
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1080:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1023:
1017:
1001:
995:
980:
976:
970:
962:
958:
952:
944:
940:
934:
919:. Bret Wagner
918:
914:
907:
899:
892:
878:
874:
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860:
856:
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842:
838:
832:
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422:
419:
413:
410:
407:
401:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
363:Royalty check
360:
353:
350:
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341:
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331:
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318:
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302:
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296:
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283:
280:
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272:
269:
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256:
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250:
243:
239:
237:
236:delay rentals
233:
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210:
208:
204:
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195:
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190:Homestead Act
180:
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150:
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133:
131:
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32:This article
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3219:Property law
3190:
3176:
3162:
3143:
3129:
3125:Karl Polanyi
3105:
3101:Marcel Mauss
3091:
3077:
3068:David Harvey
3053:
3049:Henry George
3039:
3030:Ronald Coase
3020:
3005:
2951:wife selling
2933:bride buying
2871:repatriation
2853:
2804:Disposession
2758:
2753:
2647:Property law
2622:
2618:Forest types
2588:
2580:
2569:Applications
2499:rent-seeking
2484:Gift economy
2342:Intellectual
2171: /
2045:Exploitation
1930:Conservation
1873:Desalination
1808:
1701:conservation
1536:Biodiversity
1484:conservation
1471:
1331:Agricultural
1259:Fossil fuels
1089:
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1048:agrilife.org
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3093:Das Kapital
2980:progressive
2970:inheritance
2893:Land reform
2667:real estate
2642:Land tenure
2630:Inheritance
2558:anticommons
2494:Law of rent
2474:Game theory
2404:Information
2384:Common land
2281:Cooperative
2164:Nationalism
2136:Common-pool
1777:Hydrosphere
1770:remediation
1755:Groundwater
1350:Degradation
923:30 December
677:: 149–159.
507:Land rights
249:life estate
3241:Categories
3224:by country
3186:Adam Smith
3073:John Locke
2737:indigenous
2732:aboriginal
2652:alienation
2347:indigenous
2337:Intangible
2251:Collective
2159:Extraction
2118:Wilderness
2079:accounting
2062:Management
2028:ecological
2016:tragedy of
1935:Peak water
1920:Efficiency
1893:Sanitation
1835:Stormwater
1828:harvesting
1804:Irrigation
1706:management
1664:gene banks
1605:management
1583:management
1499:resilience
1465:phosphorus
1421:industrial
1399:Management
1375:soundscape
1281:Geothermal
882:2023-07-28
586:leg.mt.gov
539:References
512:Mining law
481:Air rights
69:newspapers
3087:Karl Marx
2888:Land Back
2839:Enclosure
2822:biopiracy
2760:Bergregal
2742:squatting
2516:Ownership
2430:Commodity
2409:Knowledge
2320:By nature
2276:Customary
2266:Community
2169:Renewable
2154:Depletion
2141:Conflict
2023:Economics
2001:enclosure
1960:Resources
1940:Pollution
1857:Watershed
1760:pollution
1691:Seed bank
1686:Rangeland
1568:Fisheries
1553:Biosphere
1546:biopiracy
1489:fertility
1365:cityscape
1360:Landscape
1267:peak coal
1254:Resources
1205:Emissions
780:154383113
772:0023-7639
734:154319708
726:0022-0507
691:0264-8377
486:Bergregal
441:−
435:×
426:×
420:×
411:÷
289:Ownership
275:Ownership
242:royalties
194:gold rush
3214:Property
3107:The Gift
3006:key work
3001:Scholars
2985:property
2942:spousal
2908:Poaching
2844:Eviction
2788:riparian
2749:Littoral
2657:easement
2635:executor
2606:literary
2531:usufruct
2479:Georgism
2359:Tangible
2354:Personal
2261:Communal
2244:By owner
2237:Property
2195:Category
2128:Resource
2067:adaptive
1965:improved
1925:Conflict
1910:Security
1905:Scarcity
1898:improved
1888:Leaching
1765:recharge
1745:Drinking
1696:Wildlife
1563:Bushmeat
1558:Bushfood
1511:planning
1416:gemstone
1411:Minerals
1392:property
1380:viewshed
1370:seascape
1301:sunlight
1275:peak oil
1271:peak gas
984:5 August
594:cite web
497:Easement
475:See also
146:Minerals
126:minerals
99:May 2012
3022:The Law
2928:Slavery
2754:Mineral
2722:Hunting
2715:pannage
2710:Grazing
2695:Fishing
2581:Acequia
2548:Rivalry
2536:women's
2394:Digital
2376:Commons
2311:Unowned
2286:Private
1996:Commons
1985:Related
1950:Quality
1866:Aspects
1792:glacial
1733:Aquifer
1639:Pasture
1590:Forests
1516:reserve
1291:Nuclear
1261: (
1217:Trading
1212:Airshed
529:of 1916
308:Leasing
278:Leasing
259:Leasing
140:Owning
83:scholar
2903:Piracy
2855:Farhud
2683:Rights
2624:Huerta
2596:Estate
2418:Theory
2399:Global
2301:Social
2291:Public
2256:Common
2006:global
1970:policy
1915:Supply
1878:Floods
1845:Sewage
1818:Marine
1810:huerta
1644:Plants
1634:Meadow
1494:health
1472:rights
1460:copper
1438:mining
1336:arable
1236:Energy
1176:Indoor
1028:19 Jul
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2992:Theft
2778:Water
2672:title
2601:legal
2589:Ejido
2327:Croft
2306:State
2271:Crown
2149:Curse
1955:Right
1797:polar
1787:bergs
1750:Fresh
1718:Water
1431:metal
1355:Field
1306:shade
1296:Solar
1286:Hydro
1171:Index
1006:6 May
801:(PDF)
776:S2CID
730:S2CID
627:(PDF)
582:(PDF)
560:(PDF)
265:lease
90:JSTOR
76:books
2975:poll
2958:wage
2727:Land
2611:real
2364:real
2296:Self
2084:good
2033:land
2011:land
1823:Rain
1679:wood
1654:food
1617:Game
1528:Life
1479:Soil
1455:peak
1448:sand
1323:Land
1313:Wind
1188:(US)
1165:(US)
1030:2019
1008:2016
986:2019
925:2012
768:ISSN
722:ISSN
687:ISSN
604:link
600:link
62:news
2965:Tax
2690:Air
1883:Law
1782:Ice
1622:law
1600:law
1578:law
1506:Use
1443:law
1426:ore
1387:Law
1263:gas
1249:Law
1244:Bio
1181:Law
1146:Air
760:doi
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