499:
338:
482:. Telomerase is expressed by most vertebrates during embryonic stages but is generally absent from adult stages of life. However, unlike vertebrates, lobsters express telomerase as adults through most tissue, which has been suggested to be related to their longevity. Contrary to popular belief, lobsters are not immortal. Lobsters grow by
486:, which requires considerable energy, and the larger the shell the more energy is required. Eventually, the lobster will die from exhaustion during a moult. Older lobsters are also known to stop moulting, which means that the shell will eventually become damaged, infected, or fall apart, causing them to die. The
378:, and, as such, are biologically immortal. In a four-year study, 3 cohorts of hydra did not show an increase in mortality with age. It is possible that these animals live much longer, considering that they reach maturity in 5 to 10 days. However, this does not explain how hydras are subsequently able to maintain
462:
Research suggests that lobsters may not slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age, and that older lobsters may be more fertile than younger lobsters. This does not however make them immortal in the traditional sense, as they are significantly more likely to die at a shell moult the older they get
995:
Current
Biology: Volume 23, Issue 19, 7 October 2013, Pages 1844â1852 "Fission Yeast Does Not Age under Favorable Conditions, but Does So after Stress." Miguel Coelho1, 4, AygĂŒl Dereli1, Anett Haese1, Sebastian KĂŒhn2, Liliana Malinovska1, Morgan E. DeSantis3, James Shorter3, Simon Alberti1, Thilo
522:
For sexually reproducing planaria: "the lifespan of individual planarian can be as long as 3 years, likely due to the ability of neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells". Whereas for asexually reproducing planaria: "individual animals in clonal lines of some planarian species replicating by
1205:
Pascual-Torner, Maria; Carrero, Dido; PĂ©rez-Silva, JosĂ© G.; Ălvarez-Puente, Diana; Roiz-Valle, David; Bretones, Gabriel; RodrĂguez, David; Maeso, Daniel; Mateo-GonzĂĄlez, Elena; Español, Yaiza; Mariño, Guillermo; Acuña, JosĂ© Luis; Quesada, VĂctor; LĂłpez-OtĂn, Carlos (6 September 2022).
320:
can restore the cell to a youthful state. However, if the parent asymmetrically buds off a daughter only the daughter is reset to the youthful stateâthe parent is not restored and will go on to age and die. In a similar manner
518:
suggest these planarians appear to regenerate (i.e. heal) indefinitely, and asexual individuals have an "apparently limitless regenerative capacity fueled by a population of highly proliferative adult stem cells".
1560:
2066:
2086:
2091:
2153:
2128:
52:
age. Various unicellular and multicellular species, including some vertebrates, achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough. A
316:
can be biologically immortal under ideal growing conditions. In these conditions, when a cell splits symmetrically to produce two daughter cells, the process of
2193:
1474:
1492:
1271:
De Vito; et al. (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in
Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the case of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)".
2158:
2018:
2198:
2028:
2023:
1556:
374:
cells (cells that will never divide again) only in the extremities. All hydra cells continually divide. It has been suggested that hydras do not undergo
2203:
2163:
797:
Reitzer, Lawrence J.; Wice, Burton M.; Kennel, David (1978), "Evidence That
Glutamine, Not Sugar, Is the Major Energy Source for Cultured HeLa Cells",
220:
According to the Animal Aging and
Longevity Database, the list of animals with negligible aging (along with estimated longevity in the wild) includes:
934:
Irfan
Maqsood, M.; Matin, M. M.; Bahrami, A. R.; Ghasroldasht, M. M. (2013). "Immortality of cell lines: Challenges and advantages of establishment".
2246:
2236:
2123:
177:, both of which are immortalized cancer cell lines. These cells have been and still are widely used in biological research such as creation of the
2143:
1623:
2138:
1979:
578:
2178:
1649:
1162:
2103:
2045:
2040:
2183:
2168:
2133:
2076:
2071:
2013:
2241:
2231:
2173:
2081:
2221:
2188:
2108:
2096:
2035:
1574:
Thomas C. J. Tan; Ruman Rahman; Farah Jaber-Hijazi; Daniel A. Felix; Chen Chen; Edward J. Louis & Aziz
Aboobaker (February 2012).
2148:
1914:
568:
2226:
2118:
2113:
2050:
877:"Expression of the Large T Protein of Polyoma Virus Promotes the Establishment in Culture of "Normal" Rodent Fibroblast Cell Lines"
979:
538:
1510:
755:
738:
618:
2281:
2008:
728:
1530:
1783:
1667:
2354:
2276:
413:. This cycle can repeat indefinitely, potentially rendering it biologically immortal. This organism originated in the
1737:
1723:
1706:
300:
Many unicellular organisms age: as time passes, they divide more slowly and ultimately die. Asymmetrically dividing
2415:
1926:
1516:
96:
1180:
589:
17:
1466:
783:
Bulzomi, Pamela. "The Pro-apoptotic Effect of
Quercetin in Cancer Cell Lines Requires ERÎČ-Dependant Signals."
99:. The rate of mortality may cease to increase in old age, but in most cases that rate is typically very high.
91:, because the increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age may be negligible at extremely
2359:
2286:
1747:
850:
1575:
1063:
Buzgariu, Wanda; Wenger, Yvan; Tcaciuc, Nina; Catunda-Lemos, Ana-Paula; Galliot, Brigitte (2018-01-15).
1867:
1576:"Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms"
1502:
1414:
Wolfram
Klapper; Karen KĂŒhne; Kumud K. Singh; Klaus Heidorn; Reza Parwaresch & Guido Krupp (1998).
756:"The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science"
553:
1936:
1909:
1823:
1637:
1133:
1113:
1776:
1663:
824:
169:âi.e. cell death caused by intracellular mechanisms. Among the most commonly used cell lines are
2410:
2328:
2311:
1850:
1208:"Comparative genomics of mortal and immortal cnidarians unveils novel keys behind rejuvenation"
1128:
514:
119:
31:
2379:
1833:
1573:
563:
397:
358:
phylum. All cnidarians can regenerate, allowing them to recover from injury and to reproduce
197:
1673:"What Bodies Think About: Bioelectric Computation Outside the Nervous System - NeurIPS 2018"
2436:
1879:
1828:
1587:
1496:
1488:
1319:
1219:
888:
759:
573:
430:
406:
359:
224:
205:
8:
2441:
2400:
2318:
1944:
1921:
1891:
1730:
Forever For All: Moral
Philosophy, Cryonics, and the Scientific Prospects for Immortality
410:
391:
182:
77:
1672:
1591:
1323:
1223:
892:
1949:
1769:
1610:
1447:
1342:
1307:
1288:
1248:
1207:
1154:
1040:
1007:
976:
959:
706:
663:
244:
1434:
1415:
1391:
1366:
1142:
911:
876:
1974:
1886:
1733:
1719:
1702:
1694:
1615:
1506:
1439:
1413:
1396:
1347:
1253:
1235:
1146:
1094:
1086:
1045:
1027:
951:
916:
806:
734:
698:
655:
614:
558:
438:
264:
148:
1451:
1292:
963:
874:
681:
Shay, J. W. & Wright, W. E. (2000). "Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing".
667:
633:
584:
2369:
2349:
2266:
1862:
1605:
1595:
1429:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1337:
1327:
1280:
1243:
1227:
1158:
1138:
1076:
1035:
1019:
943:
906:
896:
710:
690:
647:
543:
487:
140:
763:
102:
The term is also used by biologists to describe cells that are not subject to the
1993:
1874:
1813:
1711:
1332:
1023:
983:
444:
422:
367:
284:
1742:
Martinez, D.E. (1998) "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra."
1081:
1064:
2405:
1964:
1931:
1901:
1845:
1534:
724:
635:
254:
128:
103:
1284:
1204:
2430:
2364:
2323:
2271:
1470:
1239:
1090:
1031:
414:
347:
317:
178:
144:
49:
1600:
1231:
901:
27:
State in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing
1969:
1959:
1954:
1619:
1420:
1400:
1351:
1257:
1098:
1049:
955:
702:
659:
548:
475:
457:
418:
274:
174:
115:
1443:
1150:
1006:
Bellantuono, Anthony J.; Bridge, Diane; MartĂnez, Daniel E. (2015-01-30).
920:
2298:
1857:
1840:
1065:"Impact of cycling cells and cell cycle regulation on Hydra regeneration"
810:
634:
Michael R. Rose; Casandra L. Rauser; Laurence D. Mueller (NovâDec 2005).
533:
490:
has an average life span of 31 years for males and 54 years for females.
127:
chose the word "immortal" to designate cells that are not subject to the
84:
1753:
Rose, Michael; Rauser, Casandra L.; Mueller, Laurence D. (Spring 2011).
1818:
947:
467:
426:
417:, but has now spread around the world. Key molecular mechanisms of its
375:
363:
162:
132:
45:
60:
being can still die from means other than senescence, such as through
2395:
2374:
1792:
1416:"Longevity of lobsters is linked to ubiquitous telomerase expression"
933:
694:
512:
have both sexually and asexually reproducing types. Studies on genus
509:
479:
402:
322:
193:
186:
166:
124:
73:
651:
498:
483:
379:
355:
309:
301:
192:
Immortal cell lines of cancer cells can be created by induction of
136:
1808:
1677:
875:
Michael R. Rose; Casandra L. Rauser; Laurence D. Mueller (1983).
371:
92:
69:
53:
1800:
471:
326:
159:
155:
65:
61:
1008:"Hydra as a tractable, long-lived model system for senescence"
2344:
1557:"Don't Listen to the Buzz: Lobsters Aren't Actually Immortal"
351:
337:
313:
305:
201:
1761:
1181:"This Jellyfish Can Live Forever. Its Genes May Tell Us How"
1308:"Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)"
209:
170:
57:
1005:
234:
1114:"Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra"
680:
401:, is a small (5 millimeters (0.20 in)) species of
131:, the point at which cells can no longer divide due to
1062:
822:
181:, sex hormone steroid research, and cell metabolism.
1487:
1752:
986:. AnAge: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
796:
613:(Sixth ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
523:fission have been maintained for over 15 years".
48:is stable or decreasing, thus decoupling it from
44:) is a state in which the rate of mortality from
2428:
154:The term "immortalization" was first applied to
1464:
1212:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
579:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
158:cells that expressed the telomere-lengthening
1777:
76:, lack of available resources, or changes to
717:
1012:Invertebrate Reproduction & Development
478:at the ends of chromosomes, referred to as
200:. One way to induce immortality is through
1784:
1770:
1371:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
636:"Late life: a new frontier for physiology"
308:also age. However, symmetrically dividing
295:
1609:
1599:
1467:"Is there a 400 pound lobster out there?"
1433:
1390:
1341:
1331:
1247:
1179:Greenwood, Veronique (6 September 2022).
1178:
1132:
1080:
1039:
910:
900:
747:
609:Masoro, E.J. (2006). Austad, S.N. (ed.).
602:
569:Reliability theory of aging and longevity
474:that repairs long repetitive sections of
1481:
1111:
497:
429:, and stem cell renewal, according to a
336:
1364:
1270:
539:American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
14:
2429:
851:"Germ cells: the route to immortality"
848:
823:University of Cologne (7 March 2018).
723:
608:
493:
189:have also been described as immortal.
1765:
1498:Consider the Lobster and Other Essays
1367:"Human Telomerase and Its Regulation"
753:
683:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
640:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
730:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
996:Gross2, 5, Iva M. ToliÄ-NĂžrrelykke1
799:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
106:on how many times they can divide.
24:
1305:
977:Species with Negligible Senescence
825:"On the immortality of stem cells"
25:
2453:
1554:
1927:Biodemography of human longevity
1652:from the original on 2010-12-30.
1626:from the original on 2012-03-06.
1563:from the original on 2015-02-12.
1477:from the original on 2011-07-27.
1168:from the original on 2016-04-26.
733:. New York: Crown/Random House.
611:Handbook of the Biology of Aging
436:Similar cases include hydrozoan
89:Handbook of the Biology of Aging
1688:
1656:
1630:
1567:
1548:
1523:
1458:
1407:
1358:
1299:
1264:
1198:
1172:
1105:
1056:
999:
989:
970:
927:
868:
590:Timeline of senescence research
329:can be regarded as "immortal".
259:Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
1732:, Universal Publishers, 2001.
1718:, Ria University Press, 2005.
1465:Jacob Silverman (2007-07-05).
1383:10.1128/MMBR.66.3.407-425.2002
1306:He; et al. (2015-12-21).
842:
816:
790:
777:
674:
627:
466:Their longevity may be due to
208:, commonly introduced through
13:
1:
1791:
1435:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01357-X
1143:10.1016/S0531-5565(97)00113-7
849:Surani, Azim (1 April 2009).
596:
147:hypothesized that all normal
109:
95:, an idea referred to as the
1333:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314
1112:MartĂnez, Daniel E. (1998).
1024:10.1080/07924259.2014.938196
385:
215:
7:
1716:The Prospect of Immortality
1503:Little, Brown & Company
1082:10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.11.003
526:
451:
204:-mediated induction of the
97:late-life mortality plateau
87:has been challenged in the
10:
2458:
1868:research into centenarians
1757:. Oxford University Press.
936:Cell Biology International
554:DNA damage theory of aging
455:
113:
40:(sometimes referred to as
29:
2388:
2337:
2297:
2259:
2214:
2059:
2001:
1990:
1937:Longevity escape velocity
1900:
1824:aging-associated diseases
1799:
1285:10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3
754:Smith, Van (2002-04-17).
585:Telomerase in cancer cell
409:to replenish cells after
2416:Longest-living organisms
1746:1998 May;33(3):217â225.
1744:Experimental Gerontology
1121:Experimental Gerontology
505:, a freshwater planarian
458:Lobster § Longevity
332:
42:bio-indefinite mortality
30:Not to be confused with
1601:10.1073/pnas.1118885109
1232:10.1073/pnas.2118763119
902:10.1073/pnas.80.14.4354
855:University of Cambridge
805:(April 25): 26X9â2676,
296:Bacteria and some yeast
289:Somniosus microcephalus
2411:Transhumanist politics
2329:Immortality in fiction
2307:Biological immortality
1851:cognitive epidemiology
1728:Dr. R. Michael Perry.
1493:"Consider the Lobster"
787:(2012): 1891-898. Web.
515:Schmidtea mediterranea
506:
344:
198:tumor suppressor genes
165:, and thereby avoided
120:Immortalised cell line
38:Biological immortality
32:immortalised cell line
2215:regions by continents
1834:negligible senescence
1829:degenerative diseases
1069:Developmental Biology
564:Methuselah Foundation
501:
463:(as detailed below).
456:Further information:
398:Turritopsis nutricula
362:. Hydras are simple,
340:
151:cells were immortal.
2060:regions of countries
1880:LGBT life expectancy
1519:on October 12, 2010.
1489:David Foster Wallace
760:Baltimore City Paper
574:Rejuvenation (aging)
431:comparative genomics
407:transdifferentiation
291:) - 250 to 500 years
229:Emydoidea blandingii
183:Embryonic stem cells
2401:Longevity insurance
2319:Digital immortality
1945:calorie restriction
1932:Indefinite lifespan
1922:Anti-aging movement
1892:Biomarkers of aging
1592:2012PNAS..109.4209T
1324:2015PLoSO..1045314H
1224:2022PNAS..11918763P
1218:(36): e2118763119.
893:1983PNAS...80.4354R
785:Cellular Physiology
510:Planarian flatworms
494:Planarian flatworms
411:sexual reproduction
392:Turritopsis dohrnii
366:animals possessing
269:Sebastes aleutianus
83:This definition of
2051:World macroregions
1950:Diet and longevity
1699:The First Immortal
1646:www.geochembio.com
1642:, model planarian"
1185:The New York Times
982:2015-04-17 at the
948:10.1002/cbin.10137
507:
421:appear to involve
345:
249:Terrapene carolina
245:Eastern box turtle
2424:
2423:
2255:
2254:
1975:stem-cell therapy
1887:Maximum life span
1701:, Del Rey, 1998.
1695:James L. Halperin
1512:978-0-316-15611-0
887:(14): 4354â4358.
740:978-1-4000-5217-2
620:978-0-12-088387-5
559:Maximum life span
439:Laodicea undulata
370:and contain post-
279:Arctica islandica
275:Ocean quahog clam
265:Rougheye rockfish
225:Blanding's turtle
16:(Redirected from
2449:
2267:Longevity claims
1999:
1998:
1863:supercentenarian
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:Does Aging Stop?
1683:
1682:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1613:
1603:
1586:(9): 4209â4214.
1571:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1533:. Archived from
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:. Archived from
1485:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1428:(1â2): 143â146.
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1365:Cong YS (2002).
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1318:(12): e0145314.
1303:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1136:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1003:
997:
993:
987:
974:
968:
967:
931:
925:
924:
914:
904:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
814:
813:
794:
788:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
762:. Archived from
751:
745:
744:
721:
715:
714:
695:10.1038/35036093
678:
672:
671:
631:
625:
624:
606:
544:Calico (company)
503:Polycelis felina
488:European lobster
239:Proteus anguinus
141:Leonard Hayflick
21:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2384:
2338:Longevity genes
2333:
2293:
2251:
2210:
2055:
1994:life expectancy
1992:
1986:
1896:
1875:Life expectancy
1814:Longevity myths
1795:
1790:
1712:Robert Ettinger
1691:
1686:
1671:
1668:Wayback Machine
1661:
1657:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1572:
1568:
1555:Koren, Marina.
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1486:
1482:
1463:
1459:
1412:
1408:
1363:
1359:
1304:
1300:
1269:
1265:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1134:10.1.1.500.9508
1116:
1110:
1106:
1061:
1057:
1018:(sup1): 39â44.
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
984:Wayback Machine
975:
971:
942:(10): 1038â45.
932:
928:
873:
869:
859:
857:
847:
843:
833:
831:
821:
817:
795:
791:
782:
778:
769:
767:
752:
748:
741:
725:Skloot, Rebecca
722:
718:
679:
675:
632:
628:
621:
607:
603:
599:
594:
529:
496:
460:
454:
442:and scyphozoan
423:DNA replication
388:
368:radial symmetry
335:
298:
285:Greenland shark
218:
210:simian virus 40
206:large T-antigen
122:
114:Main articles:
112:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Immortalization
15:
12:
11:
5:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Longevity risk
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:organ printing
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1902:Life extension
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:biogerontology
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1740:
1726:
1709:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1655:
1629:
1566:
1547:
1522:
1511:
1480:
1457:
1406:
1377:(3): 407â425.
1357:
1298:
1279:(2): 339â346.
1273:Marine Biology
1263:
1197:
1171:
1127:(3): 217â225.
1104:
1075:(2): 240â253.
1055:
998:
988:
969:
926:
867:
841:
815:
789:
776:
746:
739:
716:
673:
652:10.1086/498179
646:(6): 869â878.
626:
619:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:
587:
582:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
528:
525:
495:
492:
453:
450:
387:
384:
334:
331:
297:
294:
293:
292:
282:
272:
262:
255:Red sea urchin
252:
242:
232:
217:
214:
129:Hayflick limit
111:
108:
104:Hayflick limit
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2454:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Eternal youth
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:Oldest people
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2247:South America
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:North America
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:South America
2027:
2025:
2024:North America
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:Topic outline
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:1-58112-724-3
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:0-9743472-3-X
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:0-345-42092-6
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1537:on 2015-02-11
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1471:howstuffworks
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
992:
985:
981:
978:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
922:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
856:
852:
845:
830:
826:
819:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
786:
780:
766:on 2004-08-14
765:
761:
757:
750:
742:
736:
732:
731:
726:
720:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
622:
616:
612:
605:
601:
591:
588:
586:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
524:
520:
517:
516:
511:
504:
500:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:DNA sequences
473:
469:
464:
459:
449:
447:
446:
441:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Caribbean Sea
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:
339:
330:
328:
324:
319:
318:cell division
315:
311:
307:
303:
290:
286:
283:
281:) â 507 years
280:
276:
273:
271:) â 205 years
270:
266:
263:
261:) â 200 years
260:
256:
253:
251:) â 138 years
250:
246:
243:
241:) â 102 years
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:polio vaccine
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
145:Alexis Carrel
142:
138:
135:or shortened
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
107:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:chronological
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2312:Regeneration
2306:
2164:South Africa
1970:rejuvenation
1960:nanomedicine
1955:gene therapy
1754:
1743:
1729:
1715:
1698:
1689:Bibliography
1676:
1664:Ghostarchive
1662:Archived at
1658:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1525:
1517:the original
1497:
1483:
1460:
1425:
1421:FEBS Letters
1419:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1190:22 September
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1174:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1015:
1011:
1001:
991:
972:
939:
935:
929:
884:
880:
870:
860:17 September
858:. Retrieved
854:
844:
834:17 September
832:. Retrieved
829:ScienceDaily
828:
818:
802:
798:
792:
784:
779:
768:. Retrieved
764:the original
749:
729:
719:
689:(1): 72â76.
686:
682:
676:
643:
639:
629:
610:
604:
549:Cryptobiosis
521:
513:
508:
502:
465:
461:
443:
437:
435:
419:rejuvenation
396:
390:
389:
346:
341:
299:
288:
278:
268:
258:
248:
238:
231:) â 77 years
228:
219:
191:
153:
123:
116:Cell culture
101:
88:
82:
54:biologically
41:
37:
36:
2437:Immortality
2299:Immortality
1858:Centenarian
1841:Gerontology
534:Aging brain
196:or loss of
143:'s theory,
139:. Prior to
85:immortality
78:environment
2442:Senescence
2431:Categories
2282:by country
2179:Tajikistan
2144:Kazakhstan
2002:by country
1819:Senescence
1748:Full text.
1640:Schmidtea
1541:2015-02-10
770:2010-03-02
597:References
468:telomerase
405:that uses
376:senescence
364:freshwater
323:stem cells
187:germ cells
163:telomerase
133:DNA damage
125:Biologists
110:Cell lines
46:senescence
2396:Blue zone
2154:Palestine
2072:Australia
2067:Argentina
1793:Longevity
1531:"Biotemp"
1240:0027-8424
1129:CiteSeerX
1091:0012-1606
1032:0792-4259
480:telomeres
403:jellyfish
386:Jellyfish
382:lengths.
360:asexually
216:Organisms
212:(SV-40).
194:oncogenes
167:apoptosis
137:telomeres
74:predation
56:immortal
2277:verified
2199:shortest
2019:Americas
1991:Lists of
1941:Methods
1666:and the
1650:Archived
1624:Archived
1620:22371573
1561:Archived
1491:(2005).
1475:Archived
1452:33161779
1401:12208997
1352:26690755
1312:PLOS ONE
1293:84325535
1258:36037356
1163:Archived
1099:29291976
1050:26136619
980:Archived
964:14777249
956:23723166
727:(2010).
703:11413492
668:31627493
660:16228927
527:See also
484:moulting
452:Lobsters
380:telomere
356:Cnidaria
310:bacteria
302:bacteria
93:old ages
2389:Related
2260:Records
2242:Oceania
2204:longest
2114:Germany
2109:Finland
2077:Belgium
2046:Oceania
1809:Old age
1678:YouTube
1611:3306686
1588:Bibcode
1444:9849895
1343:4687044
1320:Bibcode
1249:9459311
1220:Bibcode
1159:2009972
1151:9615920
1041:4464093
921:6308618
889:Bibcode
711:6821048
445:Aurelia
433:study.
372:mitotic
354:of the
327:gametes
149:somatic
70:disease
2370:Klotho
2287:living
2232:Europe
2222:Africa
2184:Turkey
2174:Sweden
2159:Russia
2149:Mexico
2129:Israel
2119:Greece
2104:France
2097:Cities
2087:Canada
2082:Brazil
2041:Europe
2014:Africa
1801:Ageing
1736:
1722:
1705:
1618:
1608:
1509:
1450:
1442:
1399:
1392:120798
1389:
1350:
1340:
1291:
1256:
1246:
1238:
1157:
1149:
1131:
1097:
1089:
1048:
1038:
1030:
962:
954:
919:
912:384036
909:
811:429309
809:
737:
709:
701:
666:
658:
617:
581:(SENS)
472:enzyme
448:sp.1.
427:repair
350:are a
348:Hydras
175:Jurkat
160:enzyme
156:cancer
66:poison
62:injury
58:living
2375:SIRT1
2345:FOXO3
2169:Spain
2139:Japan
2134:Italy
2124:India
2092:China
2009:World
1915:index
1448:S2CID
1289:S2CID
1166:(PDF)
1155:S2CID
1117:(PDF)
960:S2CID
707:S2CID
664:S2CID
470:, an
395:, or
352:genus
342:Hydra
333:Hydra
314:yeast
306:yeast
202:viral
2355:CETP
2350:APOE
2227:Asia
2036:Asia
1980:SENS
1734:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1616:PMID
1580:PNAS
1507:ISBN
1440:PMID
1397:PMID
1348:PMID
1254:PMID
1236:ISSN
1192:2022
1147:PMID
1095:PMID
1087:ISSN
1046:PMID
1028:ISSN
952:PMID
917:PMID
881:PNAS
862:2020
836:2020
807:PMID
735:ISBN
699:PMID
656:PMID
615:ISBN
425:and
325:and
312:and
304:and
185:and
173:and
171:HeLa
118:and
2380:TNF
2365:IL6
2360:ACE
2194:USA
1714:.
1606:PMC
1596:doi
1584:109
1430:doi
1426:439
1387:PMC
1379:doi
1338:PMC
1328:doi
1281:doi
1277:149
1244:PMC
1228:doi
1216:119
1139:doi
1077:doi
1073:433
1036:PMC
1020:doi
944:doi
907:PMC
897:doi
803:254
691:doi
648:doi
235:Olm
2433::
2189:UK
1697:.
1675:.
1670::
1648:.
1644:.
1622:.
1614:.
1604:.
1594:.
1582:.
1578:.
1559:.
1505:.
1501:.
1495:.
1473:.
1469:.
1446:.
1438:.
1424:.
1418:.
1395:.
1385:.
1375:66
1373:.
1369:.
1346:.
1336:.
1326:.
1316:10
1314:.
1310:.
1287:.
1275:.
1252:.
1242:.
1234:.
1226:.
1214:.
1210:.
1183:.
1161:.
1153:.
1145:.
1137:.
1125:33
1123:.
1119:.
1093:.
1085:.
1071:.
1067:.
1044:.
1034:.
1026:.
1016:59
1014:.
1010:.
958:.
950:.
940:37
938:.
915:.
905:.
895:.
885:80
883:.
879:.
853:.
827:.
801:,
758:.
705:.
697:.
685:.
662:.
654:.
644:78
642:.
638:.
80:.
72:,
68:,
64:,
1785:e
1778:t
1771:v
1681:.
1638:"
1598::
1590::
1544:.
1454:.
1432::
1403:.
1381::
1354:.
1330::
1322::
1295:.
1283::
1260:.
1230::
1222::
1194:.
1141::
1101:.
1079::
1052:.
1022::
966:.
946::
923:.
899::
891::
864:.
838:.
773:.
743:.
713:.
693::
687:1
670:.
650::
623:.
287:(
277:(
267:(
257:(
247:(
237:(
227:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.