390:
polyp and medusa form, due to natural factors they can travel outside their native location. This is usually done by currents or if attached to other vertebrates. Due to the hydroids' broad range of locations, they also have been known to play in many ecosystem factors. They provide shelter and protection and are a known food source for other marine species. Leptothecata has been the main attraction in many great expeditions and studies due to the broad spectrum of thecate hydroids within their order. These developments have led to further discoveries of finding locations where thecate hydroids can be relatively rich in the marine environment. Allowing researchers to study a range of differences based on the colonies, the hydrotheca and even the pairs of thecae themselves.
267:, their reproductive organ. Leptothecata exhibit radial symmetry, and their gonads can be found in the radial canals of the medusa stage. Their habits range from benthic to planktonic. The polyps and colonial forms are benthic, whilst the medusae are planktonic. Leptothecata exhibit extensive, complex variation. Thecata colonies also have extensive specialization due to their polyps' function and variation. Most Leptothecata possess statocysts, which are used for defence and protection. The classes that have lost their statocysts have been changed ancestrally over time rather than a direct loss.
86:
271:
364:
specialities and functions. First being the gastrozooid, which has their speciality of nutrition and digesting the food. Second, the gonozooid which is the reproductive polyp. Third, being the dactylozooid which function works in defense for the colony. The dactylozooid recently had become more highly variable with not being present in some thecata colony forms, and only possessing the gastrozooid and gonozooid polyps.
42:
372:
tend to lack any presence of visible sense organs. Leptothecata have significant synapomorphies that are present in most of all their species. In regards to their gastrozooids, Lephtothecata have the theca layer on their polyps. Which has allowed the synapomorphy for
Leptothecata to form hydrothecae that is also made of theca, that surrounds the gonozooid.
389:
Among
Leptothecata's diversified species, they have great variability within their organization and life cycles. Leptothecata can be found worldwide in all marine environments. The location of where Leptothecata are found ranges from shallow waters to the deep sea, most being marine species. In their
380:
Leptothecata have distinguishing factors in the presence of morphological dimorphism. The dimorphism in the species classes has led to great complexity within their taxonomic identification. Majority of the thecate hydroids use asexual reproduction in response to budding. They have also been known
371:
Medusae tend to be pelagic. But there are specific medusae species while at the medusa stage can still remain benthic. Polyps can also be free floating, which are called pelagic polyps. Similarly, their gastroular and nervous system have great complexity, as well as their shape. While medusae due
367:
Thecata colonies have detectable shapes and arrangements allowing for distinguishing classification between one another. One major shape is when the colonies are erected off a branched colony. Another major shape of thecata is where the colonies can be erected off an unbranched stem. Stolonal
363:
Colony architecture among
Leptothecata comprises extensive diversity found in the hydrozoans. Their life cycles have been found to be connected with changes in colony shapes. Zooid polymorphism within the colonies are usually specialized. Polyps that make up the colonies tend to have three
381:
for their plasticity, allowing them to adapt and grow in their given environment. Thecata's branch has a mutual similarity based on mature gamete localization, where they possess their mature gametes located through their radial canals.
1001:
Ajala-Batista, Larissa; de
Miranda Lins, Daniel; Haddad, Maria Angélica (December 2020). "Diversity of estuarine and marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from subtropical ecosystems of Brazil".
368:
colonies are a final major type where their polyps are connected to the creeping part of the colony. Where most cases of the erected branched shape have been found to be derived over time.
966:
Leclère, Lucas; Schuchert, Peter; Manuel, Michaël (July 2007). "Phylogeny of the
Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organisation and life cycle".
1038:"Some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program"
1067:"Molecular Phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) Reveals Long-Term Maintenance of Life History Traits despite High Frequency of Recent Character Changes"
724:
606:
1429:
1259:
1285:
352:
300:
which are usually permanent and often long enough so the animal can fully retract into it; some have very reduced hydrothecae resembling
348:
1233:
907:
Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Miranda, Thaís P.; Peña
Cantero, Álvaro L.; Barbeitos, Marcos S.; Marques, Antonio C. (29 January 2016).
1442:
1447:
327:
forming on fully developed hydranths are extremely rare; usually the gonophores develop into medusae or into sessile
1468:
1334:
1290:
1225:
263:
In the sessile stage, Leptothecata are surrounded by a chitinous outer layer as their exoskeleton, including the
1272:
17:
1186:
1181:
1168:
85:
1326:
1065:
Leclère, Lucas; Schuchert, Peter; Cruaud, Corinne; Couloux, Arnaud; Manuel, Michael (1 October 2009).
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1473:
1300:
1339:
760:
1381:
1146:
1108:
883:
788:
784:
770:
1501:
461:
Leptomedusa. Currently, the following families are classified within the order
Leptothecata:
1460:
1434:
1313:
1264:
1390:
1207:
1155:
774:
8:
233:, which are similar enough to have always been considered closely related, and the very
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983:
943:
908:
636:
276:
158:
80:
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1308:
1194:
1160:
1088:
1022:
979:
948:
930:
692:
528:
409:
260:, with or without the ending emended to "-ae", are also often used for Leptothecata.
241:
230:
72:
57:
1173:
987:
1199:
1078:
1045:
1010:
975:
938:
920:
698:
516:
438:
344:
324:
240:, which were placed outside the "Hydroida". Given that there are no firm rules for
730:
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594:
504:
434:
305:
289:
222:
1277:
1220:
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1014:
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624:
510:
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492:
417:
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1366:
934:
736:
710:
704:
576:
564:
522:
301:
237:
49:
1083:
1066:
909:"Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)"
1092:
952:
642:
618:
612:
588:
582:
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336:
137:
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are borne on much reduced hydranths and usually protected in a peridermal
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234:
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127:
117:
68:
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1395:
1212:
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of
Leptothecata are characterized by a number of features: Their
285:
423:
107:
1321:
1064:
332:
41:
245:
884:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Leptothecata"
406:), sold dried as novelty "plants" and aquarium ornaments
965:
1036:
Galea, Horia R.; Schuchert, Peter (4 October 2019).
393:
449:The thecate hydroids were formerly placed in the
1488:
375:
1035:
347:tissue and more than four tentacles and. The
331:. The medusae have a shallow bell, bear the
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40:
1082:
1049:
942:
924:
229:. Their closest living relatives are the
269:
292:are always living in colonies with the
14:
1489:
775:Hydrozoan Phylogeny and Classification
1107:
1106:
1327:9E4CE23A-FFD5-F159-FF03-6504FDC32BCF
1301:be99d611-27cb-408b-a368-d89653e0af44
27:Order of cnidarians with hydrothecae
24:
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25:
1513:
980:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00283.x
789:Order Leptomedusae Haeckel, 1879
84:
1058:
1029:
994:
959:
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876:
870:
864:
394:Notable species of Leptothecata
384:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
807:
13:
1:
750:
1042:European Journal of Taxonomy
376:Reproduction and development
225:of hydrozoans in the phylum
7:
343:which are formed only from
280:, Gulen Dive Resort, Norway
10:
1518:
1015:10.1007/s12526-020-01133-0
1350:
1115:
248:, alternative names like
164:
157:
81:Scientific classification
79:
48:
39:
34:
791:. Retrieved 2008-JUL-08.
777:. Retrieved 2008-JUL-08.
763:. Retrieved 2008-JUL-08.
445:Taxonomy and systematics
284:The approximately 1,900
785:The Hydrozoa Directory
771:The Hydrozoa Directory
281:
1084:10.1093/sysbio/syp044
273:
1051:10.5852/ejt.2019.562
433:), a common coastal
304:. There is a single
1003:Marine Biodiversity
404:Sertularia argentea
339:, and usually have
1071:Systematic Biology
913:Scientific Reports
637:Symplectoscyphidae
282:
277:Halecium muricatum
1484:
1483:
1456:Open Tree of Life
1309:Open Tree of Life
1109:Taxon identifiers
968:Zoologica Scripta
926:10.1038/srep18075
888:marinespecies.org
813:Schuchert (2005a)
757:MarineSpecies.org
693:Kirchenpaueriidae
529:Dipleurosomatidae
414:Aequorea victoria
231:athecate hydroids
212:
211:
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
153:
73:Hyperia medusarum
54:Aequorea victoria
35:Thecate hydroids
16:(Redirected from
1509:
1497:Cnidarian orders
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1278:NHMSYS0021053846
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781:Schuchert, Peter
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767:Schuchert, Peter
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699:Phylactothecidae
517:Cirrholoveniidae
244:for high-ranked
219:thecate hydroids
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731:Sertularellidae
717:Schizotrichidae
601:Orchistomatidae
595:Octocannoididae
505:Campanulariidae
447:
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359:Characteristics
181:Cornelius, 1992
152:Cornelius, 1992
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28:
23:
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1119:
1113:
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1077:(5): 509–526.
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705:Plumaleciidae
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410:Crystal jelly
408:
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342:
338:
337:radial canals
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302:Anthoathecata
299:
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238:Siphonophorae
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205:Fleming, 1828
202:
199:Fleming, 1828
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175:Haeckel, 1879
173:Leptomedusae
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169:Haeckel, 1879
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50:Crystal Jelly
47:
43:
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33:
30:
19:
1502:Leptothecata
1382:Leptomedusae
1352:Leptomedusae
1351:
1174:Leptothecata
1161:Leptothecata
1147:Leptothecata
1117:Leptothecata
1116:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1041:
1031:
1006:
1002:
996:
971:
967:
961:
919:(1): 18075.
916:
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902:
891:. Retrieved
887:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
809:
761:Leptomedusae
723:Superfamily
673:Superfamily
643:Syntheciidae
619:Phialuciidae
613:Phialellidae
589:Mitrocomidae
583:Melicertidae
571:Lovenellidae
471:Leptothecata
466:
451:paraphyletic
448:
430:
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413:
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388:
385:Distribution
379:
370:
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314:
283:
275:
274:The hydroid
262:
257:
253:
249:
218:
215:Leptothecata
214:
213:
193:Hincks, 1868
191:Thecaphorae
187:Hincks, 1868
167:Leptomedusa
148:Leptothecata
147:
138:Hydroidolina
71:
53:
29:
18:Leptomedusae
1417:iNaturalist
1376:Wikispecies
1247:iNaturalist
1141:Wikispecies
661:Tiaropsidae
655:Tiarannidae
559:Laodiceidae
481:Aequoreidae
250:Leptomedusa
185:Thecaphora
64:) with the
62:Aequoreidae
1491:Categories
893:2018-03-16
751:References
649:Teclaiidae
631:Sugiuridae
547:Hebellidae
541:Haleciidae
487:Barcinidae
465:Basal and
353:stenoteles
351:never has
341:statocysts
317:gonophores
298:hydrotheca
265:gonophores
254:Thecaphora
235:apomorphic
134:Subclass:
1023:228869273
1009:(6): 97.
935:2045-2322
783:(2005b):
769:(2005a):
553:Lafoeidae
535:Eirenidae
457:" as the
420:hydrozoan
345:epidermal
335:on their
329:sporosacs
321:gonotheca
310:tentacles
294:hydranths
221:, are an
203:Thecatae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
66:parasitic
1396:62671690
1361:Wikidata
1213:46551718
1132:Q5122184
1126:Wikidata
1093:20525605
988:85012431
953:26821567
759:(2008):
605:Family †
459:suborder
455:Hydroida
400:Air fern
242:synonymy
227:Cnidaria
197:Thecata
159:Synonyms
128:Hydrozoa
118:Cnidaria
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
69:amphipod
1367:Q138147
1044:(562).
944:4731775
741:Family
735:Family
729:Family
715:Family
709:Family
703:Family
697:Family
691:Family
685:Family
679:Family
665:Family
659:Family
653:Family
647:Family
641:Family
635:Family
629:Family
623:Family
617:Family
611:Family
599:Family
593:Family
587:Family
581:Family
575:Family
569:Family
563:Family
557:Family
551:Family
545:Family
539:Family
533:Family
527:Family
521:Family
515:Family
509:Family
503:Family
497:Family
491:Family
485:Family
479:Family
476:Family
424:Sea fur
349:cnidome
325:Medusae
296:set in
286:species
258:Thecata
144:Order:
124:Class:
1474:151689
1461:981800
1422:347982
1409:1LEMEO
1314:981800
1298:NZOR:
1291:500008
1187:264641
1091:
1021:
986:
951:
941:
933:
439:medusa
428:Obelia
333:gonads
290:polyps
58:Conica
1469:WoRMS
1448:49469
1435:12529
1430:IRMNG
1340:13552
1335:WoRMS
1322:Plazi
1265:10756
1260:IRMNG
1252:48925
1226:16783
1200:8ZXH6
1019:S2CID
984:S2CID
435:polyp
416:), a
306:whorl
223:order
217:, or
1443:ITIS
1404:EPPO
1286:NCBI
1234:GBIF
1182:BOLD
1089:PMID
949:PMID
931:ISSN
437:and
431:spp.
315:The
246:taxa
1391:EoL
1273:NBN
1239:712
1208:EoL
1195:CoL
1169:AFD
1156:ADW
1079:doi
1046:doi
1011:doi
976:doi
939:PMC
921:doi
308:of
256:or
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