527:, to minimize its plutonium production and avoid production of weapons-grade plutonium. Iran also agreed to remove the reactor core or calandria and fill it with concrete to render it unusable, and to export all spent fuel within one year of its removal from the reactor. On 14 January 2016, Iran stated that the core of the reactor had been removed and that it would be filled up with concrete. However, in a Channel 4 TV (Iran) interview on January 22, 2019, Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, claimed that Iran had purchased spares to replace the core, and the pictures of the pouring of concrete into the reactor’s pit were photoshopped.
87:
25:
1450:
466:
59:
1294:
1266:
1280:
504:. In August 2006, mixed reports came out about when the reactor would go into operation, one stating that the plant would start up in 2009, while another reported that operation would be postponed until 2011. Reportedly, the Russian firm Nikiet assisted with portions of the design but stopped in the late 1990s following U.S. pressure.
564:
There are some proliferation concerns about the reactor's ability to produce enough plutonium for several nuclear weapons each year. However the IAEA has reported that it found no indication of ongoing reprocessing activities, required to extract plutonium from the spent fuel. In full operation, it
584:
annually from fuel irradiated in IR-40. This, according to the IAEA, is sufficient weapons-grade material to produce 1 to 2 nuclear weapons annually. In August 2009 the IAEA was granted access to IR-40 and was able to carry out Design
Information Verification, where the IAEA confirmed that the
592:, proposed a reactor redesign to a reactor using slightly enriched uranium fuel rather than natural uranium. Use of enriched uranium fuel combined with extended operations would reduce the reactor's ability to produce weapons-grade plutonium.
250:
611:
were removed. However some proliferation experts have expressed concern that once sufficient fuel has been irradiated Iran may modify this facility or build a separate reprocessing facility to recover weapons-grade plutonium.
995:
1794:
961:, August 28, 2009, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and the Relevant Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
909:, September 15, 2008, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
651:
Implementation of the NPT Safeguards
Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
607:
site was planned, described as capable of handling irradiated fuel and targets (such as targets for production of medical radioisotopes) from the IR-40, but in 2004 plans for hot cells at
1845:
227:
541:
Iran states that the reactor will only be used for research and development, medical and industrial isotope production. On June 16, 2010 Iran announced plans to fabricate fuel for the
857:
860:
364:
222:
1094:
1590:
1071:
1519:
999:
883:
217:
212:
1742:
380:
187:
511:
visited the reactor in June 2013, on the occasion of the reactor vessel installation which is the final precursor prior to commencement of operation.
255:
858:
https://www.memri.org/tv/iranian-atomic-energy-chief-ali-akbar-salehi-secret-purchase-nuclear-tubes-jcpoa-destroy-yellowcake-propulsion-arak-reactor
702:
1552:
421:
356:
390:
1570:
628:
370:
341:
1177:
1158:
1120:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and Relevant Provisions of Security Council Resolutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran"
1747:
1491:
135:
262:
1327:
588:
As a result of concerns that this plutonium would support weapons development, former IAEA Deputy
Director-General for Safeguards,
245:
1670:
94:
595:
Iran has indicated they do not intend to reprocess IR-40 spent fuel to recover weapons-grade plutonium, nor operate under a low
457:
for the construction began in
October 2004. It was initially planned that the reactor would begin nuclear operations in 2014.
1148:
1101:
781:
585:
facility "at its current stage of construction conforms to the design information provided by Iran as of
January 24, 2007."
1509:
1232:
395:
385:
351:
1759:
971:
414:
278:
933:"Feasibility and benefits of converting the Iranian heavy water reactor IR-40 to a more proliferation-resistant reactor"
1840:
1633:
1404:
1394:
1075:
520:
207:
166:
156:
130:
1043:
1798:
1774:
744:
679:
845:
825:
580:
usable for construction of nuclear weapons. Analysis suggests that Iran could extract 8–10 kilograms of high purity
493:, after 35 years operation, was reaching its design safety limits, and had been enveloped by the suburbs of Tehran.
1903:
1888:
1595:
1585:
893:
70:
1202:
932:
1862:
1449:
730:
192:
1547:
1347:
407:
706:
1893:
1732:
1653:
1580:
1466:
549:
120:
871:
1789:
1769:
1658:
1600:
1481:
1476:
1399:
1389:
1320:
125:
1648:
1542:
1362:
565:
is expected that the reactor will produce from 10 kilograms (22 lb) to 12 kilograms (26 lb) of
202:
115:
1638:
1615:
1419:
1352:
1119:
906:
652:
101:
34:
1784:
1435:
1285:
1223:
1867:
1706:
545:
by
September 2011 and to build a new 20 MW reactor for radioisotope production within five years.
1665:
1313:
600:
577:
548:
Aspects of IR-40's design will also serve as a prototype and testbed for the larger 336 megawatt
542:
536:
490:
489:
and coolant, in the mid-1980s. The reactor design was 90% complete in 2002. By then the existing
78:
1835:
1727:
1610:
375:
1162:
811:
1803:
1514:
1181:
734:
669:
310:
1207:
1409:
298:
197:
8:
1898:
1857:
1458:
1159:"ISIS NuclearIran > Nuclear Sites > Facilities > Arak IR-40 Heavy Water Reactor"
508:
446:
86:
1140:
The New
Iranian Leadership Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambition, and the Middle East
41:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1688:
1575:
1562:
570:
478:
320:
1823:
1808:
1764:
1367:
1144:
1069:
740:
675:
486:
454:
315:
1021:
1852:
1605:
1070:
Boureston, Jack; Charles
Mahaffey; Yana Feldman; Charles Ferguson (November 2003).
576:
Natural-uranium fueled heavy-water reactors were originally designed for producing
325:
305:
1357:
1138:
474:
1737:
1336:
283:
1219:
1882:
1625:
1529:
1299:
1247:
1234:
729:
589:
1779:
1501:
959:
500:, but in 2002 it was decided to build instead at the current location near
346:
293:
288:
1828:
1722:
1486:
1271:
888:
872:
http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/iran-plans-more-powerful-549480.html
665:
482:
1818:
1680:
608:
604:
501:
450:
523:, Iran agreed to redesign the IR-40 reactor, with assistance from the
1377:
566:
496:
The reactor was originally going to be constructed at a location in
465:
58:
1537:
1471:
1049:. Institute for Science and International Security. August 25, 2009
442:
848:, Institute for Science and International Security, July 21, 2015.
1698:
1305:
1293:
497:
161:
846:
The
Plutonium Pathway: Arak Heavy Water Reactor and Reprocessing
453:, adjacent to the 1990s era Arak Heavy Water Production Plant.
596:
581:
1813:
1752:
553:
524:
171:
140:
1414:
1136:
1520:
National
Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company
671:
Iran's Strategic Weapons Programmes: A Net Assessment
1261:
996:"Arak reactor cannot make plutonium for bomb: Iran"
884:"AFP: Iran to build 'powerful' new nuclear reactor"
736:
Iran's Nuclear Programme: A Collection of Documents
1178:"NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Nuclear Facilities"
826:"Ahmadinejad visits Iran heavy water reactor site"
812:"Institute for Science and International Security"
703:"Iran installs reactor vessel at heavy water site"
930:
530:
37:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
1880:
1072:"IRAN'S IR-40 REACTOR: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT"
784:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 1998-10-01
990:
988:
918:Weapons-grade plutonium is at least 93% Pu-239.
1738:DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company
1092:
507:Press reports indicate that Iranian President
391:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive
1321:
1203:President inaugurates Arak heavy water plant
942:. Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)
731:Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office
415:
985:
481:to produce fuel) nuclear power plant, using
1143:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 344.
972:"Can the Nuclear Talks With Iran Be Saved?"
1492:South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field
1328:
1314:
1137:Alexander, Yonah; Milton M Hoenig (2008).
422:
408:
136:Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center
926:
924:
559:
473:Iran's leadership decided to construct a
603:. Originally a hot cell facility at the
464:
57:
1100:. Oxford Research Group. Archived from
998:. AFP. 27 December 2013. Archived from
828:. Yahoo. Associated Press. June 9, 2013
767:
765:
763:
695:
371:Iran–United States relations after 1979
1881:
931:Willig, Thomas Mo (14 December 2011).
921:
664:
469:Heavy Water Production Plant near Arak
1309:
1208:Iran Nuclear Research Reactor (IR-40)
1036:
725:
723:
1044:"Update on the Arak Reactor in Iran"
760:
18:
1180:. NTI. January 2006. Archived from
795:
342:Assassination of nuclear scientists
13:
1841:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
1405:Iranian Central Oil Fields Company
1395:National Iranian South Oil Company
1335:
1161:. ISIS NuclearIran. Archived from
964:
720:
521:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
251:Iranian act implementing the JCPOA
167:International Atomic Energy Agency
157:Atomic Energy Organization of Iran
14:
1915:
1553:Special industrial economic zones
1196:
739:. London: The Stationery Office.
658:
514:
16:Heavy water reactor in Arak, Iran
1448:
1292:
1278:
1264:
1093:Barnaby, Frank (February 2006).
782:"Research Reactor Details - TRR"
85:
23:
1863:National Iranian Tanker Company
1014:
953:
912:
900:
876:
865:
861:Middle Media Research Institute
851:
839:
818:
396:Views on Iran's nuclear program
203:2015 prelim agreement, Lausanne
1548:National Petrochemical Company
1022:"Nuclear Sites - Arak Complex"
974:. Foreign Policy. 24 June 2011
804:
774:
645:
621:
531:Role in Iran's nuclear program
198:2013 interim agreement, Geneva
1:
1467:Gas Exporting Countries Forum
1063:
705:. 9 June 2013. Archived from
633:The Nuclear Threat Initiative
550:Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant
1571:Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran
1538:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
1510:2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan
1477:National Iranian Gas Company
1400:Iranian Offshore Oil Company
1390:National Iranian Oil Company
1363:Energy subsidies reform plan
1074:. Iran Watch. Archived from
208:2015 final agreement, Vienna
7:
1095:"Iran's Nuclear Activities"
674:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
279:Iranian nuclear negotiators
10:
1920:
1634:Atomic Energy Organization
599:regime that could produce
534:
460:
62:IR-40 (Arak) Reactor, 2012
1799:National Development Fund
1775:Foreign direct investment
1715:
1697:
1679:
1624:
1561:
1528:
1500:
1457:
1446:
1436:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
1428:
1385:
1376:
1343:
1286:Nuclear technology portal
1224:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1868:Jey Oil Refining Company
1707:Jey Oil Refining Company
615:
552:under construction near
246:Nuclear Achievements Act
228:United States withdrawal
188:Non-Proliferation Treaty
180:International agreements
141:Karun atomic energy site
1904:Companies based in Arak
1889:Nuclear program of Iran
601:weapons-grade plutonium
578:weapons-grade plutonium
543:Tehran Research Reactor
537:Nuclear program of Iran
491:Tehran Research Reactor
359:against nuclear weapons
79:Nuclear program of Iran
1795:Oil Stabilization Fund
1728:Climate change in Iran
629:"Arak Nuclear Complex"
560:Proliferation concerns
470:
376:Sanctions against Iran
63:
1790:Ministry of Petroleum
1733:Construction industry
1248:34.37341°N 49.24078°E
468:
61:
1894:Heavy water reactors
1770:Environmental issues
1482:Natural gas reserves
1220:Arak Nuclear Complex
477:(i.e. not requiring
439:Arak Nuclear Complex
357:Ali Khamenei's fatwa
1858:Naftiran Intertrade
1760:Dams and reservoirs
1244: /
655:, 19 November 2008.
509:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
447:heavy water reactor
365:Manufactured Crisis
193:Additional Protocol
1785:Ministry of Energy
1420:Petroleum industry
1353:Petroleum industry
1253:34.37341; 49.24078
1125:. IAEA. 2007-05-23
571:spent nuclear fuel
569:a year within its
471:
263:US Congress review
64:
1876:
1875:
1824:Machine Sazi Arak
1765:Energy superpower
1444:
1443:
1150:978-0-275-99640-6
441:is an Iranian 40
432:
431:
256:Majlis commission
56:
55:
1911:
1853:Strait of Hormuz
1452:
1383:
1382:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1002:on March 5, 2014
992:
983:
982:
980:
979:
968:
962:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
937:
928:
919:
916:
910:
904:
898:
897:
892:. Archived from
880:
874:
869:
863:
855:
849:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
822:
816:
815:
808:
802:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
778:
772:
769:
758:
757:
755:
753:
727:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:on June 19, 2013
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
662:
656:
649:
643:
642:
640:
639:
625:
424:
417:
410:
89:
66:
65:
51:
48:
42:
35:factual accuracy
27:
26:
19:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1846:U.S. withdrawal
1748:Khatam al-Anbia
1711:
1693:
1675:
1666:Nuclear program
1620:
1601:Korpeje–Kordkuy
1586:Iran–Iraq–Syria
1557:
1524:
1496:
1453:
1440:
1424:
1372:
1339:
1334:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
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1199:
1187:
1185:
1176:
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1166:
1157:
1151:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
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1104:
1097:
1084:
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1078:
1066:
1061:
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1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
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1020:
1019:
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1005:
1003:
994:
993:
986:
977:
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965:
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945:
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935:
929:
922:
917:
913:
905:
901:
882:
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877:
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866:
856:
852:
844:
840:
831:
829:
824:
823:
819:
810:
809:
805:
801:Alexander (146)
800:
796:
787:
785:
780:
779:
775:
771:Alexander (147)
770:
761:
751:
749:
747:
728:
721:
712:
710:
701:
700:
696:
686:
684:
682:
663:
659:
650:
646:
637:
635:
627:
626:
622:
618:
562:
539:
533:
517:
475:natural uranium
463:
428:
358:
52:
46:
43:
40:
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1917:
1907:
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1555:
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1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:Petrochemicals
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:Fuel smuggling
1512:
1506:
1504:
1498:
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1495:
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1386:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Power stations
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:Energy in Iran
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1289:
1275:
1228:
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1216:
1215:
1211:
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1198:
1197:External links
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920:
911:
899:
896:on 2010-06-19.
875:
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794:
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745:
719:
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644:
619:
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535:Main article:
532:
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515:Current status
513:
462:
459:
437:also known as
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381:UN resolutions
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1804:Privatization
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1616:Tabriz–Ankara
1614:
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1596:Iran–Pakistan
1594:
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1576:Gas Trunkline
1574:
1572:
1569:
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1581:Iran–Armenia
1410:Oil reserves
1229:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
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223:Negotiations
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1829:MAPNA Group
1723:Caspian Sea
1487:Persian LNG
1459:Natural gas
1272:Iran portal
1251: /
1028:23 December
1006:27 December
907:GOV/2008/38
889:Google News
653:GOV/2008/59
483:heavy water
455:Civil works
321:Fakhrizadeh
271:Individuals
47:August 2015
1899:Arak, Iran
1883:Categories
1689:Wind power
1639:Facilities
1239:49°14′27″E
1236:34°22′24″N
1188:2008-12-30
1169:2008-12-30
1129:2008-12-30
1111:2008-12-30
1085:2008-12-30
1079:(Web page)
1064:References
1053:2013-06-09
978:2013-06-09
946:2013-06-09
832:2013-06-09
788:2009-08-19
713:2013-06-09
638:2022-09-10
519:Under the
479:enrichment
445:(thermal)
102:Facilities
1836:Sanctions
1654:Darkhovin
1611:Neka–Jask
1591:Iran–Oman
1563:Pipelines
1378:Petroleum
1368:Transport
567:plutonium
487:moderator
316:ElBaradei
311:Aghazadeh
218:Aftermath
213:Reactions
121:Darkhovin
1671:Timeline
1502:Gasoline
1472:Iran LNG
733:(2005).
668:(2005).
443:megawatt
289:Larijani
95:Timeline
71:a series
69:Part of
1716:Related
1699:Bitumen
1649:Bushehr
1626:Nuclear
1606:Nabucco
1429:Defunct
1358:Economy
498:Esfahan
461:History
334:Related
284:Rouhani
162:Oghab 2
116:Bushehr
1809:AzarAb
1743:ISOICO
1659:Fordow
1226:(2014)
1214:Videos
1147:
1024:. ISIS
752:22 May
743:
687:22 May
678:
597:burnup
582:Pu-239
326:Salehi
306:Abbasi
294:Jalili
131:Natanz
126:Fordow
73:on the
1814:HEPCO
1753:SADRA
1543:Marun
1123:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
1098:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
936:(PDF)
616:Notes
554:Ahvaz
449:near
435:IR-40
299:Zarif
1819:IDRO
1797:and
1681:Wind
1644:Arak
1415:OPEC
1145:ISBN
1030:2013
1008:2013
754:2018
741:ISBN
689:2018
676:ISBN
609:Arak
605:Arak
525:P5+1
502:Arak
451:Arak
172:P5+1
111:Arak
485:as
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