History of the Republican Party (United States)

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timing does not fit the Southern strategy model. Nixon carried 49 states in 1972, so he operated a successful national rather than regional strategy, but the Republican Party remained quite weak at the local and state level across the entire South for decades. Matthew Lassiter argues that Nixon's appeal was not to the Wallacites or segregationists, but rather to the rapidly emerging suburban middle-class. Many had Northern antecedents and they wanted rapid economic growth and saw the need to put backlash politics to rest. Lassiter says the Southern strategy was a "failure" for the GOP and that the Southern base of the Republican Party "always depended more on the middle-class corporate economy and on the top-down politics of racial backlash". Furthermore, "realignment in the South quote came primarily from the suburban ethos of New South metropolises such as Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, not to the exportation of the working-class racial politics of the Black Belt".

4269: 1587:. The GOP now had a decisive advantage nationwide and in the industrial states; the Democrats were left with the Solid South and mixed opportunities elsewhere. The large cities had Republican or Democratic machines. With fewer competitive states, turnout fell steadily. Blacks in the South lost the vote in general elections, but still had a voice in the Republican National Convention. New immigrants were pouring in from Eastern and Southern Europe. The Jewish element favored socialism; the others were largely ignored because machines did not need their votes. The women's suffrage movement was increasingly successful in the Western states. A major threat to machines came from the 592:

regarding Catholicism, prohibition, and nativism. Anti-slavery did play a role but it was less important at first. The Know-Nothing party embodied the social forces at work, but its weak leadership was unable to solidify its organization, and the Republicans picked it apart. Nativism was so powerful that the Republicans could not avoid it, but they did minimize it and turn voter wrath against the threat that slave owners would buy up the good farm lands wherever slavery was allowed. The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know-Nothings, the rise of the Republican Party, and the splits in the Democratic Party.

2949: 4151: 1864:, which promoted urban reforms and sought to avoid wasteful strikes. North Carolina journalist William Garrott Brown tried to convince upscale white southerners of the wisdom of a strong early white Republican Party. He warned that a one party solid South system would negate democracy, encourage corruption, because the lack of prestige of the national level. Roosevelt was following his advice. However, in 1912, incumbent president Taft needed black Republican support in the South to defeat Roosevelt at the 1912 Republican national convention. Brown's campaign came to nothing, and he finally supported Woodrow Wilson in 1912. 620: 1800:, a reformer, won two states. Through the primaries, Senator La Follette won a total of 36 delegates; President Taft won 48 delegates; and Roosevelt won 278 delegates. However 36 more conservative states did not hold primaries, but instead selected delegates via state conventions. For years Roosevelt had tried to attract Southern white Democrats to the Republican Party, and he tried to win delegates there in 1912. However Taft had the support of black Republicans in the South, and defeated Roosevelt there. Roosevelt led many (but not most) of his delegates to bolt out of the convention and created a new party (the 2934: 790: 3894: 4621:", the liberal Republicans never formed an organized movement or caucus and lacked a recognized leader. They promoted economic growth and high state and federal spending while accepting high taxes and much liberal legislation, with the provision they could administer it more efficiently. They opposed the Democratic big city machines while welcoming support from labor unions and big business alike. Religion was not high on their agenda, but they were strong believers in civil rights for African Americans and women's rights and most liberals were 2377:

overestimated his personal powers of persuasion and conciliation. Eisenhower's attempt in 1956 to convert the GOP to "Modern Republicanism" was his "grandest flop". It was a vague proposal with weak staffing and little financing or publicity that caused turmoil inside the local parties across the country. The GOP carried both houses of Congress in 1952 on Eisenhower's coattails, but in 1954 lost both and would not regain the Senate until 1980 nor the House until 1994. The problem, says Reinhard, was the "voters liked Ike—but not the GOP".

4206: 2434:. Richard Nixon prevailed as the presidential nominee and as an establishment, stable, and moderate figure to lead the Republican Party. On issues, the party's platform moved towards the center by affirming its support for civil rights as well as advocating government regulation and economic intervention where necessary, use of more diplomacy and negotiation in matters of international relations, and an orderly withdrawal of the United States troops in Vietnam. The platform also placed a focus on the idea of maintaining 2413:

military spending and the further development of a strong nuclear arsenal. The Republican Party Platform of 1964 also moved remarkably to the right in of the 1960 platform by being more expressedly anti-government as opposed to simply fiscally responsible, opposing provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that dealt with public accommodations and employment discrimination, and by supporting decisive action to end the war in Vietnam that included employing economic, psychological, and political tools yet unused. In the

4053: 3750: 2974:" platform to combat the communist threat and massive tax cuts to revitalize the economy, Reagan's strong persona proved too much for Carter. Reagan's election also gave Republicans control of the Senate for the first time since 1952, gaining 12 seats as well as 33 House seats. Voting patterns and poll result indicate that the substantial Republican victory was the consequence of poor economic performance under Carter and the Democrats and did not represent an ideological shift to the right by the electorate. 4361: 868: 4969: 4941: 429: 2321: 4955: 2270:, a less liberal Democrat became president and replaced most of Roosevelt's top appointees. With the end of the war, unrest among organized labor led to many strikes in 1946 and the resulting disruptions helped the GOP. With the blunders of the Truman administration in 1945 and 1946, the slogans "Had Enough?" and "To Err is Truman" became Republican rallying cries and the GOP won control of Congress for the first time since 1928, with 39: 2733:. Modernization brought factories, businesses and larger cities as well as millions of migrants from the North, as far more people graduated from high school and college. Meanwhile, the cotton and tobacco basis of the traditional South faded away as former farmers moved to town or commuted to factory jobs. Segregation, requiring separate dining and lodging arrangements for employees, was a serious obstacle to business development. 3407: 3237: 4396:. The motion to vacate was not the end of the sharp intraparty conflict between the obstructionists and the institutionalists of the Party. Despite typical protocol to support incumbents in primaries, both far-right and moderate members had challengers endorsed by other sitting members of Congress. These mainly revolved around the eight Republicans who voted to vacate the Speakership, such as 4929:. In the early 21st century, the South was generally solidly Republican in state elections and mostly solidly Republican in presidential contests. In 2005, political scientists Nicholas A. Valentino and David O. Sears argued that partisanship at that time was driven by disagreements on the size of government, national security and moral issues, while racial issues played a smaller role. 2368:

group meetings. Citizens for Eisenhower hoped to revitalize the GOP by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting moderate and internationalist policies. It did not endorse candidates other than Eisenhower, but he paid it little attention after he won and it failed to maintain its impressive starting momentum. Instead the conservative Republicans became energized, leading to the

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activists now controlled large swaths of the GOP and they had no intention of retreating. The stage was set for a conservative takeover, based in the South and West, in opposition to the Northeast. Ronald Reagan continued in the same theme. George H. W. Bush was more closely associated with the moderates, but his son George W. Bush was firmly allied with the conservatives.

4914:, is credited with making religion central to the politics of the Republican Party. The national Democratic Party's support for liberal social stances such as abortion drove many white Southerners into a Republican Party that was embracing the conservative views on these issues. Conversely, liberal voters in the northeast began to join the Democratic Party. 3364:, Republicans lost five seats in the House of Representatives—the worst performance in 64 years for a party that did not hold the presidency. Polls showed that Gingrich's attempt to remove President Clinton from the office was widely unpopular among Americans and Gingrich suffered much of the blame for the election loss. Facing another rebellion in the 3281:, which with the exception of the Senate during 2001–2002 was retained through 2006. This capture and subsequent holding of Congress represented a major legislative turnaround, as Democrats controlled both houses of Congress for the forty years preceding 1995, with the exception of the 1981–1987 Congress in which Republicans controlled the Senate. 2050:. The volume of legislation, as well as the inability of the Republicans to block it, soon made the opposition to Roosevelt develop into bitterness and sometimes hatred for "that man in the White House". Former President Hoover became a leading orator crusading against the New Deal, hoping unrealistically to be nominated again for president. 2840:, and focused their attacks on less popular programs. Furthermore, Republicans made an effort to avoid the stigma of negativism and elitism that had dogged them since the days the New Deal, and instead proposed well-crafted alternatives—such as their "Opportunity Crusade". The result was a major gain of 47 House seats for the GOP in the 1546:) comprised over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of the morality business. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decade as national prohibition was finally passed in 1919 (repealed in 1933), serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry GOP. 4364: 4367: 4366: 4363: 3911:, despite outmatching his opponents in both money and organization, struggled to hold on to his lead for the 2012 GOP nomination. As the presidential campaign season headed toward the voting stage in January 2012, one candidate after another surged past Romney, held the lead for a few weeks, then fell back. According to the 984:, which was practically all-white; and the biracial black-and-tan faction. In several Southern states, the "Lily Whites", who sought to recruit white Democrats to the Republican Party, attempted to purge the Black and Tan faction or at least to reduce its influence. Among such "Lily White" leaders in the early 20th century, 3110:

the "debt explosion has resulted not from big spending by the Democrats, but instead the Republican Party's embrace, about three decades ago, of the insidious doctrine that deficits don't matter if they result from tax cuts". He inspired conservatives to greater electoral victories by being reelected in a landslide against

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anti-Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.

3292:. These measures and others formed the famous Contract with America, which represented the first effort to have a party platform in an off-year election. The Contract promised to bring all points up for a vote for the first time in history. The Republicans passed some of their proposals, but failed on others such as 2089:, Kansas governor Alf Landon and his liberal followers defeated the Herbert Hoover faction. Landon generally supported most New Deal programs, but carried only two states in the Roosevelt landslide. The GOP was left with only 16 senators and 88 representatives to oppose the New Deal, with Massachusetts Senator 3962:, a young advocate of drastic budget cuts, as his running mate. Throughout the summer polls showed a close race and Romney had a good first debate, but otherwise had trouble reaching out to ordinary voters. He lost to Obama 51% to 47% and instead of gaining in the Senate as expected, Republicans lost seats. 171:, the party's core base shifted with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic. White voters increasingly identified with the Republican Party after the 1960s. Following the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in 4873:

The South's transition to a Republican stronghold took decades and happened incrementally, with national politics gradually influencing state and local politics. First the states started voting Republican in presidential elections—the Democrats countered that by nominating Southerners who could carry

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in his Virginia primary race. GOP attacks on Obama's unpopular administration resonated with voters and the party posted major gains around the country. They regained control of the Senate and increased their majorities in the House to the highest total since 1929. They took control of governorships,

3485:, solidifying its hold on the House and regaining control of the Senate in the run-up to the war in Iraq. This marked the first time since 1934 that the party in control of the White House gained seats in a midterm election in both houses of Congress (previous occasions were in 1902 and following the 2426:

concluded after the election that, of the ~27,000,000 votes cast for Goldwater, only about 6,000,000 could be considered votes of firm support. He concluded that the remainder could be considered showings of support for the "regular" Republican Party, not for a conservative, Goldwater-esque ideology.

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in the Republican presidential primaries that year. Goldwater was strongly opposed to the New Deal and the United Nations, but rejected isolationism and containment, calling for an aggressive anti-communist foreign policy that was more hawkish than what was called for in 1960 and called for increased

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The black vote held for Hoover in 1932, but started moving toward Roosevelt. By 1940, the majority of northern blacks were voting Democratic. Southern blacks seldom were allowed to vote, but many became Democrats. Roosevelt made sure blacks had a share in relief programs, the wartime Army and wartime

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behind the slogan "Free soil, free silver, free men, Frémont and victory!" Although Frémont's bid was unsuccessful, the party showed a strong base. It dominated in New England, New York and the northern Midwest and had a strong presence in the rest of the North. It had almost no support in the South,

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on February 22, 1856. This gathering elected a governing National Executive Committee and passed resolutions calling for the repeal of laws enabling slaveholding in free territories and "resistance by Constitutional means of Slavery in any Territory", defense of anti-slavery individuals in Kansas who

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gave a stinging postmortem on the GOP's failures in 2012, calling on the party to reinvent itself and to endorse immigration reform and said: "There's no one reason we lost. Our message was weak; our ground game was insufficient; we weren't inclusive; we were behind in both data and digital; and our

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and building an innovative economy to compete in the world. Bush was re-elected by a larger margin than in 2000, but won the smallest share ever of the popular vote for a reelected incumbent president. However, he was the first Republican candidate since 1988 to win an outright majority. In the same

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and they sometimes did compete for statewide office in the border states. By 1964, the Democratic lock on the South remained strong, but cracks began to appear. Strom Thurmond was the most prominent Democrat to switch to the Republican Party. One long-term cause was that the region was becoming more

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To circumvent the local Republican Party apparatus mostly controlled by Taft supporters, the Eisenhower forces created a nationwide network of grass-roots clubs, "Citizens for Eisenhower". Independents and Democrats were welcome, as the group specialized in canvassing neighborhoods and holding small

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As a minority party, the GOP had two wings: The left-wing supported most of the New Deal while promising to run it more efficiently and the right-wing opposed the New Deal from the beginning and managed to repeal large parts during the 1940s in cooperation with conservative Southern Democrats in the

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of New York, represented the Northeastern wing of the party. Dewey did not reject the New Deal programs, but demanded more efficiency, more support for economic growth and less corruption. He was more willing than Taft to support Britain in 1939–1940. After the war the isolationists wing strenuously

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and Democrats for decades leading up to the Civil War. But the Whig party's increasing internal divisions had made it a party of strange bedfellows by the 1850s. An ascendant anti-slavery wing clashed with a traditionalist and increasingly pro-slavery Southern wing. These divisions came to a head in

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observed the lack of Republican presidential nominees of the 21st century; in contrast to having both Clintons and Obamas speak at the Democratic convention, the 2012 ticket of Romney and Ryan, and the 2000 president and vice president Bush and Cheney were not attending. Maher characterized it as a

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in the 2016 elections. The Republican Party was slated to control 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017 (the most it had held in history) and at least 33 governorships (the most it had held since 1922). The party took total control of the government (legislative chambers and governorships) in

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Detractors of Reagan's policies note that although Reagan promised to simultaneously slash taxes, massively increase defense spending and balance the budget, by the time he left office the nation's budget deficit had tripled in his eight years in office. In 2009, Reagan's budget director noted that

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Once in office, Eisenhower was not an effective party leader and Nixon increasingly took that role. Historian David Reinhard concludes that Eisenhower lacked sustained political commitment, refused to intervene in state politics, failed to understand the political uses of presidential patronage and

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in December 1941 ended the isolationist-internationalist debate, as all factions strongly supported the war effort against Japan and Germany. The Republicans further cut the Democratic majority in the 1942 midterm elections in a very low turnout episode. With wartime production creating prosperity,

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Hoover was by nature an activist and attempted to do what he could to alleviate the widespread suffering caused by the Depression, but his strict adherence to what he believed were Republican principles precluded him from establishing relief directly from the federal government. The Depression cost

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Again and again in my public career I have had to make head against mob spirit, against the tendency of poor, ignorant and turbulent people who feel a rancorous jealousy and hatred of those who are better off. But during the last few years it has been the wealthy corruptionists of enormous fortune,

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The moderate Republicans were top-heavy, with a surplus of high visibility national leaders and a shortage of grass roots workers. Most of all they lacked the numbers, the enthusiasm and excitement the conservatives could mobilize—the moderates decided it must be an un-American level of fanaticism

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in the Senate by a vote of 57 guilty to 43 not guilty, which was not the two-thirds majority required to convict. Seven Republicans joined the guilty vote. These seven faced backlash from major Republicans. After the Capitol attack, thousands of Republicans left the party, including George W. Bush

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It would be no exaggeration to say that the Republican Party has been in a state of panic since the defeat of Mitt Romney, not least because the election highlighted American demographic shifts and, relatedly, the party's failure to appeal to Hispanics, Asians, single women and young voters. Hence

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In a shift over a half-century, the party base has been transplanted from the industrial Northeast and urban centers to become rooted in the South and West, in towns and rural areas. In turn, Republicans are electing more populist, antitax and antigovernment conservatives who are less supportive —

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Some liberal Democratic intellectuals in the 1960s and 1970s who became disenchanted with the leftward movement of their party in domestic and foreign policy became "neoconservatives" ("neocons"). A number held major appointments during the five presidential terms under Reagan and the Bushes. They

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argues that the great realignment of the 1850s began before the Whig party collapse, and was caused not by politicians but by voters at the local level. The central forces were ethno-cultural, involving tensions between pietistic Protestants versus liturgical Catholics, Lutherans and Episcopalians

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Some critics, most notably Dan Carter, have alleged that the rapid growth in Republican strength in the South came from a secretly coded message to Wallacites and segregationists that the GOP was a racist anti-black party seeking their votes. Political scientists and historians point out that the

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After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, most Southerners accepted the integration of most institutions (except public schools). With the old barrier to becoming a Republican removed, Southerners joined the new middle class and the Northern transplants in moving toward the Republican Party.

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remained opposed to same-sex marriage and warned that evangelicals would desert if the GOP dropped the issue. Many leaders from different factions spoke out in 2013 on the need for a new immigration policy in the wake of election results showing a sharp move away from the GOP among Hispanics and

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were used by Republicans to promise higher sales to business, higher wages to industrial workers, and higher demand for their crops to farmers. Progressive insurgents said it promoted monopoly. Democrats said it was a tax on the little man. It had greatest support in the Northeast, and greatest

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crusaded against the Rockefeller Republicans, beating Rockefeller narrowly in the California primary of 1964 giving the Arizona senator, all of the California delegates and a majority at the presidential nominating convention. The election was a disaster for the conservatives, but the Goldwater

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Others suggested that Trump's popularity among the Republican base did not translate into as much GOP candidate loyalty as expected. Still others opined that Republican legislation and policies during the Trump administration continued to reflect the traditional priorities of Republican donors,

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Reagan fundamentally altered several long-standing debates in Washington, namely dealing with the Soviet threat and reviving the economy. His election saw the conservative wing of the party gain control. While reviled by liberal opponents in his day, his proponents contend his programs provided

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in order that he challenge Taft on foreign policy issues. The two men were not far apart on domestic issues. Eisenhower's victory broke a twenty-year Democratic lock on the White House. Eisenhower did not try to roll back the New Deal, but he did expand the Social Security system and built the

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In 1948, with Republicans split left and right, Truman boldly called Congress into a special session and sent it a load of liberal legislation consistent with the Dewey platform and dared them to act on it, knowing that the conservative Republicans would block action. Truman then attacked the

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hen you speak of us Republicans, you do so only to denounce us as reptiles, or, at the best, as no better than outlaws. You will grant a hearing to pirates or murderers, but nothing like it to "Black Republicans." ... But you will not abide the election of a Republican president! In that

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Demographic trends aided the Democrats, as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants were Democrats and outnumbered the British and Scandinavian Republicans. During the 1880s and 1890s, the Republicans struggled against the Democrats' efforts, winning several close elections and losing two to

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Unlike the "moderate," internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anticollectivist,

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White Republicans as well as Democrats solicited black votes but reluctantly rewarded blacks with nominations for office only when necessary, even then reserving the more choice positions for whites. The results were predictable: these half-a-loaf gestures satisfied neither black nor white

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supposed event, you say, you will destroy the Union; and then, you say, the great crime of having destroyed it will be upon us! That is cool. A highwayman holds a pistol to my ear, and mutters through his teeth, "Stand and deliver, or I shall kill you, and then you will be a murderer!"

3613:, the Republicans lost control of both the House of Representatives and Senate to the Democrats in what was widely interpreted as a repudiation of the administration's war policies. Exit polling suggested that corruption was a key issue for many voters. Soon after the elections, 2084:

Minority parties tend to factionalize and after 1936 the GOP split into a conservative faction (dominant in the West and Midwest) and a liberal faction (dominant in the Northeast)—combined with a residual base of inherited progressive Republicanism active throughout the century.

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and vaccines in slowing the spread of the disease. Trump continued to hold rallies despite social distancing measures commonly implemented during the pandemic. A Stanford University study found that Trump's rallies directly caused 30,000 COVID cases, including 700 deaths. After

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As the Northern post-war economy boomed with industry, railroads, mines and fast-growing cities as well as prosperous agriculture, the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to keep the fast growth going. The Democratic Party was largely controlled by pro-business

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and equal civil and voting rights for the freedmen. Most of all he was the hero of the war veterans, who marched to his tune. The party had become so large that factionalism was inevitable; it was hastened by Grant's tolerance of high levels of corruption typified by the

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The new Republican Party envisioned modernizing the United States, emphasizing expanded banking, more railroads and factories, and giving free western land to farmers ("free soil") as opposed to letting slave owners buy up the best properties. It vigorously argued that

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reported a dramatic shift in the power base of the party as it moved away from the Northeast and the West Coast and toward small-town America in the South and West. During the 2016 presidential election, the Republicans also gained significant support in the Midwest.

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The federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a 'cordon of freedom' around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon

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According to Trump and others, his policies differed from those of his Republican predecessors (such as Reagan) in being more oriented towards the working class, more skeptical of free trade agreements, and more isolationist and confrontational with foreign allies.

308:, had been burned by Taylor and were unwilling to support another Whig. Taylor, who despite being a slaveowner, had proved notably anti-slave after campaigning neutrally on the issue. With the loss of Southern Whig support, and the loss of votes in the North to the 4182:, when 48 Senators voted him guilty of crimes and 52 voted him not guilty. Only one Republican Senator voted to convict Trump, Mitt Romney. He was the first Senator in history to vote for conviction of a president of their own party during an impeachment trial. 3145:, Reagan's successor, tried to temper feelings of triumphalism lest there be a backlash in the Soviet Union, but the palpable sense of victory in the Cold War was a triumph that Republicans felt validated the aggressive foreign policies Reagan had espoused. As 4128:" Republican elected officials retired or were defeated in primaries, that conservative media strongly supported him, and that his approval rating among self-identified Republican voters was extraordinarily high, while approval among national voters was low. 2057:

for president. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70% of the circulation. Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters in those cities by ignoring the press and using the radio to reach voters directly.

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came to power in Moscow, many conservative Republicans were dubious of the growing friendship between him and Reagan. Gorbachev tried to save communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America, then in 1989 by shedding the

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It was a representative gathering of 208 delegates who had been selected for the purpose of forming an anti-slavery party. The name "Republican" was adopted at this convention together with a platform that formed the basis of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.

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Eisenhower was an exception to most Presidents in that he usually let Vice President Richard Nixon handle party affairs (controlling the national committee and taking the roles of chief spokesman and chief fundraiser). Nixon was narrowly defeated in the

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From 1860 to 1912, the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion". Rum stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers, in contrast to the GOP, which had a strong dry element. "Romanism" meant

972:, as elsewhere in the South, was its inability to create a biracial political party. And while in power even briefly, they failed to protect their members from Democratic terror. Alabama Republicans were forever on the defensive, verbally and physically. 4753:

that drove their opponents. Doug Bailey, a senior Rockefeller aide recalled, "there was a mentality in campaign staff that, 'Look, we have got all this money. We should be able to buy the people necessary to get this done. And you buy from the top down

4071:, representing a dramatic policy shift from traditional conservatism to an aggressively populist ideology with overtones of cultural identity politics. Numerous high-profile Republicans, including past presidential nominees like Mitt Romney, announced 3837:

in the Senate, falling short of retaking control in that chamber, and posted additional gains in state governor and legislative races. Boehner became Speaker of the House while McConnell remained as the Senate Minority Leader. In an interview with

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legislation sailed through Congress at lightning speed. In the 1934 midterm elections, ten Republican senators went down to defeat, leaving them with only 25 against 71 Democrats. The House of Representatives was also split in a similar ratio. The

1948:. Although the party did very well in large cities and among ethnic Catholics in the presidential elections of 1920 and 1924, it was unable to hold those gains in 1928. By 1932, the cities—for the first time ever—had become Democratic strongholds. 3814:. However, establishment Republicans began to see themselves at odds with Tea Party activists, who sought to run conservative candidates in primary elections to defeat the more moderate establishment-based candidates. Incumbent senators such as 339:. This change was viewed by anti-slavery Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. Opponents of the Act were intensely motivated and began forming a new party. The Party began as a coalition of anti-slavery 4335: 1520:, especially the Catholics, Episcopalians and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially prohibition. Both parties cut across the class structure, with the Democrats more bottom-heavy. 2421:

in a landslide that brought down many senior Republican congressmen across the country. Goldwater won five states in the deep South, which was the strongest showing by a Republican presidential candidate in the South since 1872. Pollster

2120:, the Democrats were in disarray. Meanwhile, the GOP was united as they had shed their weakest members in a series of defeats since 1930. Re-energized Republicans focused attention on strong fresh candidates in major states, especially 1761:

wanted high tariffs on manufactured goods (especially woolens), while Midwesterners called for low tariffs. Aldrich outmaneuvered them by lowering the tariff on farm products, which outraged the farmers. The great battle over the high

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in most of the South. Meanwhile, the newly enfranchised black voters supported Democratic candidates at the 85–90% level, a shift which further convinced many white segregationists that the Republicans were no longer the black party.

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at the last minute won over the party, the delegates and was nominated. He crusaded against the inefficiencies of the New Deal and Roosevelt's break with the strong tradition against a third term, but was ambiguous on foreign policy.

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was dominated by the Republican Party (it lost the presidency only in 1884 and 1892). Lincoln proved brilliantly successful in uniting the factions of his party to fight for the Union in the Civil War. However, he usually fought the

13142: 13137: 3180:, while not identifying themselves as neoconservatives, listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel, the promotion of democracy in the Middle East and the buildup of the 319:, passed by Democrats in 1854. It was also the spark that began the Republican Party, which would take in both Whigs and Free Soilers and create an anti-slavery party that the Whigs had always resisted becoming. The Act opened 4895:. Republicans aided the process with redistricting that protected the African-American and Hispanic vote (as required by the Civil Rights laws), but split up the remaining white Democrats so that Republicans mostly would win. 10760:

Jenkins, Jeffery A. and Boris Heersink. "Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880" (2016 paper at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association);

3036:, a Democratic pollster, concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw Democrats as champions of their middle class aspirations, but instead saw it as being a party working primarily for the benefit of others, especially 4886:

in 2000. The states began electing Republican senators to fill open seats caused by retirements and finally governors and state legislatures changed sides. Georgia was the last state to shift to the GOP, with Republican

1796:. Roosevelt overwhelmingly won the primaries—winning 9 out of 12 states (8 by landslide margins). Taft won only the state of Massachusetts (by a small margin); he even lost his home state of Ohio to Roosevelt. Senator 6384: 4362: 2363:

containment of communism around the world. A garrison state to fight communism, they believed, would mean regimentation and government controls at home. Eisenhower defeated Taft in 1952 on foreign policy issues.

3149:, one of his harshest critics admitted, "his greatest service was in restoring the respect of Americans for themselves and their own government after the traumas of Vietnam and Watergate, the frustration of the 2372:

nomination of 1964. Long-time Republican activists viewed the newcomers with suspicion and hostility. More significantly, activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party cause.

3001:, creating a record 525 electoral vote total (out of 538 possible votes). Even in Minnesota, Mondale won by a mere 3,761 votes, meaning Reagan came within less than 3,800 votes of winning in all fifty states. 4018:, expressing dissatisfaction with congressional leadership. John Boehner's surprise announcement in September 2015 that he would step down as Speaker sent shockwaves through the House. After Majority Leader 1691:, whom he outmaneuvered to gain control of the convention in 1904 that renominated him and he won after promising to continue McKinley's policies. More difficult to handle was conservative House Speaker 13515: 4072: 1753:

opposition in the South and West. The Midwest was the battle ground. The tariff issue was pulling the GOP apart. Roosevelt tried to postpone the issue, but Taft had to meet it head on in 1909 with the

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election that year, the Republicans gained seats in both houses of Congress and Bush told reporters: "I earned capital in the campaign, political capital, and now I intend to spend it. It is my style".

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against communist guerrilla movements. He took a hard line against the Soviet Union, alarming Democrats who wanted a nuclear freeze, but he succeeded in increasing the military budget and launching the

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of 1947 was designed to balance the rights of management and labor. It was the central issue of many elections in industrial states in the 1940s to 1950s, but the unions were never able to repeal it.

3311:, which conservatives hailed and liberals bemoaned. The Republican-controlled House of Representatives failed to muster the two-thirds majority required to pass a Constitutional amendment to impose 837:—which banned slavery in the United States—passed the Senate in 1864 and the House in 1865; it was ratified in December 1865. In 1865, the Confederacy surrendered, ending the Civil War. Lincoln was 3043:

Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue: "The Republican party, nationally, moved from right-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s".

128:

to victory in the Civil War, and the Party's role in the abolition of slavery, the Republican Party largely dominated the national political scene until 1932. In 1912, former Republican president

395:

On September 20, 1854 a "People's Convention" was held in Aurora, IL at the First Congregational Church to discuss slavery. L.D. Brady was elected chairman of that first Republican convention.

4090:

would result in the GOP losing the presidential election and lead to significant GOP losses in other races. In one of the biggest upsets in American political history, Trump went on to defeat

2252:

conservative coalition. Liberals, led by Dewey, dominated the Northeast while conservatives, led by Taft, dominated the Midwest. The West was split and the South was still solidly Democratic.

925:

for president, who also gained the Democratic nomination, but the ticket was defeated in a landslide. The depression of 1873 energized the Democrats. They won control of the House and formed "

1812:

of California. Roosevelt had the support of many notable women reformers, including Jane Addams. The Roosevelt-caused split in the Republican vote resulted in a decisive victory for Democrat

519:

During the presidential campaign in 1860, at a time of escalating tension between the North and South, Abraham Lincoln addressed the harsh treatment of Republicans in the South in his famous

1860:

as a Republican in 1897, but was reelected as an independent when his party refused to renominate him. Many Republican civic leaders, following the example of Mark Hanna, were active in the

654:, Congress took the lead in economic policy, bringing in high tariffs, a new income tax, a national banking system, paper money ("Greenbacks") and enough taxes and loans to pay for the war. 9407: 3847:

After 2009, the voter base of the GOP changed in directions opposite from national trends. It became older and less Hispanic or Asian than the general population. In 2013, Jackie Calmes of

1523:

Cultural issues, especially prohibition and foreign language schools became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50% of the voters were

8407: 4653:

of Illinois bolted the party in 1980 and ran as an independent against Reagan, the liberal GOP element faded away. Their old strongholds in the Northeast are now mostly held by Democrats.

4703:, respectively. After Rockefeller left the national stage in 1976, this faction of the party was more often called "moderate Republicans", in contrast to the conservatives who rallied to 4649:. President Richard Nixon adopted many of their positions, especially regarding health care, welfare spending, environmentalism and support for the arts and humanities. After Congressman 9848: 4006:

The Tea Party fielded a number of anti-establishment candidates in the 2014 Republican primaries, but scored very few notable wins. However, they managed to unseat House Majority Leader

2788:

Integration thus liberated Southern politics from the old racial issues. In 1963, the federal courts declared unconstitutional the practice of excluding African-American voters from the

4796:

of Montana became the first woman in Congress—and indeed the first woman in any high level government position. In 1928, New Mexico elected the first Hispanic U.S. Senator, Republican

3695:

of Alaska as his running-mate, making her the first woman on a Republican presidential ticket. McCain surged ahead of Obama in the national polls following the nomination but amid the

8735: 8163: 976:

Social pressure eventually forced most Scalawags to join the conservative/Democratic Redeemer coalition. A minority persisted and, starting in the 1870s, formed the "tan" half of the

4334:. Two years after the attack, the number of Republicans who believed the election stolen was still at 70%. Motivated by claims of widespread election fraud, Republicans initiated an 992:

was the party's gubernatorial nominee in 1916 and 1920 and its veteran national GOP committeeman. The factionalism flared up in 1928 and 1952. The final victory of its opponent the

208:

became the party's nominee for president, won the presidency, and shifted the party further to the right. Since Trump's nomination in 2016, the party is seen to be split between the

8683: 4547:, but were isolationist in foreign policy. This element died out by the 1940s. Outside Congress, of the leaders who supported Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, most opposed the New Deal. 4246: 3471: 2740:

caused enormous controversy in the white South with many attacking it as a violation of states' rights. When segregation was outlawed by court order and by the Civil Rights acts of

1968:

from 1953 to 1961. The Democrats made major gains in the 1930 midterm elections, giving them congressional parity (though not control) for the first time since Wilson's presidency.

1488:, especially Irish Americans, who ran the Democratic Party in every big city and whom the Republicans denounced for political corruption. "Rebellion" stood for the Democrats of the 1144:

immigrants were mostly Democrats and outnumbered the British and Scandinavian Republicans. During the 1880s, elections were remarkably close. The Democrats usually lost, but won in

4780:

by Senate Democrats, the GOP had a reputation for supporting blacks and minorities. In 1869, the Republican-controlled legislature in Wyoming Territory and its Republican governor

3844:

magazine about congressional Republican priorities, McConnell explained that "the single most important thing we want to achieve is for (Barack) Obama to be a one-term president".

11229: 4614:

of New York. They generally advocated a free-market, but with some level of regulation. Rockefeller required employable welfare recipients to take available jobs or job training.

144:. After 1912, many Roosevelt supporters left the Republican Party, and the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right. The GOP lost its congressional majorities during the 2989:

was possible because of Democratic losses in most socioeconomic groups. In 1984, Reagan won nearly 60% of the popular vote and carried every state except his Democratic opponent

2438:

as a response to the civil unrest that was widespread in the country at that time. This shift back to the center was explicitly supported by several interest groups, such as the

7388:

They add: "The Democratic party, nationally, moved from left-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved further toward the right-center in the 1970s and 1980s".

4484: 4295:

in 2022, it was shown that Trump was told he lost the election and preceded to publicly claim he won anyways. Trump acknowledged this in 2023. Later in January 2021, Trump was

12526: 4637:. The Goldwater conservatives fought this establishment from 1960, defeated it in 1964 and eventually retired most of its members, although some became Democrats like Senator 4440: 3447:, the Republican Party gained control of the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since 1952. However, it lost control of the Senate when Vermont Senator 2077:

was firmly in place. Since 1928, the GOP had lost 178 House seats, 40 Senate seats and 19 governorships, though it retained a mere 89 seats in the House and 16 in the Senate.

2007:. Hoff says that "moderate Republicans and leftover Republican Progressives like Hoover composed the bulk of the Old Right by 1940, with a sprinkling of former members of the 4824:

Indian reservation, became the first person of significant non-European ancestry to be elected to national office, as Vice President of the United States for Herbert Hoover.

4140:

suggested that Trump's ascendancy was the "natural evolutionary product of Republican platforms and strategies that stretch back to the very origins of modern conservatism";

2955:, the first sitting vice president to become president by vote rather than by the death or resignation of the sitting president since 1836, ended the Cold War during his term 13166: 2875: 17: 13803: 4292: 7945: 12519: 11381: 11176:(Vanderbilt University Press; 2013), 248 pages; scholarly studies of how the party expanded its base, appealed to new constituencies and challenged Democratic dominance. 9313: 4749:. Geographically their base was the Northeast, from Maine to Pennsylvania, where they had the support of major corporations and banks and worked well with labor unions. 3788: 3862:

Big business, many Republicans believe, is often complicit with big government on taxes, spending and even regulations, to protect industry tax breaks and subsidies — "

11322: 1770:

revolted against the conservatives led by Speaker Cannon. The Democrats won control of the House in 1910 as the GOP rift between insurgents and conservatives widened.

8242: 2874:, succeeded him and gave him a full pardon, giving Democrats a powerful issue they used to sweep the 1974 off-year elections. Ford never fully recovered. In 1976, he 8708: 5407: 4189:, Republicans were "far less likely than Democrats to view COVID-19 as a major threat to public health"; against scientific consensus, Trump doubted the efficacy of 9958: 13783: 13152: 13147: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 3319: 3687:

quickly emerged as the Republican Party's presidential nominee, receiving President Bush's endorsement on March 6, six months before official ratification at the

7753: 5289: 4492: 3942:, Romney racked up a number of wins in later contests, emerging as the eventual frontrunner after taking the lion's share of states and delegates in the crucial 3767:

Following the 2008 elections, the Republican Party, reeling from the loss of the presidency, Congress and key state governorships, was fractured and leaderless.

3504:

Bush announced his agenda in January 2005, but his popularity in the polls waned and his troubles mounted. Continuing troubles in Iraq as well as the disastrous

2720:

the white South identified with the Democratic Party. Few blacks voted after 1900. The Democratic Party's dominance was so strong that the region was called the

8381: 4741:, low tuition and large research budgets. They favored infrastructure improvements, such as highway projects. In foreign policy they were internationalists and 4832: 4550:

Starting in the 1930s, a number of Northeastern Republicans took liberal positions regarding labor unions, spending and New Deal policies. They included Mayor

2259:, a clearly frail Roosevelt defeated Dewey for his fourth consecutive term, but Dewey made a good showing that would lead to his selection as the candidate in 906: 834: 8761: 2870:

brought disgrace and a forced resignation in 1974 and any long-term movement toward the GOP was interrupted by the scandal. Nixon's unelected vice president,

4238: 4110: 3830: 3826: 3811: 3757: 3369: 3244: 2841: 2275: 10801: 10762: 8507: 8355: 4745:. They felt the best way to counter communism was sponsoring economic growth (through foreign aid), maintaining a strong military and keeping close ties to 10388: 8813: 8433: 4757:". Bailey discovered that the Rockefeller team never understood that effective political organizations are empowered from the bottom up, not the top down. 4124:

Sources differ over the extent Trump dominated and "remade" the Republican Party. Some have called his control "complete", noting that the few dissenting "

4014:

Great divisions in the House GOP conference were apparent after the 2014 midterm elections, with conservative members, many of them from the right-leaning

3775:, but was a poor fundraiser and was replaced after numerous gaffes and missteps. Republicans suffered an additional loss in the Senate in April 2009, when 384:, on July 6, 1854. At that convention, the party opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates. The 1632:

McKinley relied heavily on finance, railroads, industry and the middle classes for his support and cemented the Republicans as the party of business. His

13747: 3979:

primary and debate process needed improvement". Priebus proposed 219 reforms, including a $ 10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities and

2828:". Large-scale civic unrest in the inner-city was escalating ( reaching a climax in 1968) and urban white ethnics who had been an important part of the 2151:

The GOP gained 75 House seats in 1938, but were still a minority. Conservative Democrats, mostly from the South, joined with Republicans led by Senator

1117:, which Republicans favored and Democrats opposed). Much more salient were cultural issues. The GOP supported the pietistic Protestants (especially the 4625:. They were also strong environmentalists and supporters of higher education. In foreign policy they were internationalists, throwing their support to 4388:. McCarthy's removal marked the first time in American history that a speaker of the House was removed through a motion to vacate. He was succeeded by 3029: 8553: 380:

schoolhouse on March 20, 1854. The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the Republican name was held near

7678: 6011:

Jamie L. Carson, et al., "The impact of national tides and district-level effects on electoral outcomes: The US congressional elections of 1862–63".

4385: 4377: 3512:

system and make major revisions in the tax code were postponed. He succeeded in selecting conservatives to head four of the most important agencies,

358: 9091: 8844: 3559:. Bush and McCain secured additional tax cuts and blocked moves to raise taxes. Through 2006, they strongly defended his policy in Iraq, saying the 13534: 13527: 10010: 9578: 9116: 7770: 3587: 3308: 29:

For information about the current Republican Party, including its current composition and ideology, as well as a concise history of the party, see

7598: 3783:

several months later effectively handed the Democrats a filibuster-proof majority, but it was short-lived as the GOP took back its 41st vote when

637:

The election of Lincoln as president in 1860 opened a new era of Republican dominance based in the industrial North and agricultural Midwest. The

73:, former black slaves. The party had very little support from white Southerners at the time, who predominantly backed the Democratic Party in the 13793: 13737: 13617: 11397: 10524:

For each election includes short history and selection of primary document. Essays on the most important elections are reprinted in Schlesinger,

9467: 5014: 5009: 4836: 4284: 4273: 4262: 882:

in 1868, the Radicals had control of Congress and the party attempted to build a solid Republican base in the South using the votes of Freedmen,

685: 69:. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and, after the 13808: 13486: 11315: 7814: 6618: 4075:; some even did so after he received the GOP nomination. Much of the Republican opposition to Trump stemmed from concerns that his disdain for 4000: 3795: 3357:-approved balanced budget plan. Democratic leaders vigorously attacked Gingrich for the budget standoff and his public image suffered heavily. 2784:

governors appealed to a less-educated, blue-collar electorate that on economic grounds favored the Democratic Party and supported segregation.

10636: 8115: 7917: 5965: 669:

as a war goal, the Peace Democrats were energized and carried numerous state races, especially in Connecticut, Indiana and Illinois. Democrat

13042: 10958: 7032: 4250: 4068: 3887: 513: 8041: 3372:, but would leave the House as well, even declining to take his seat for an 11th term after he was handily re-elected in his home district. 12166: 12146: 12126: 12106: 12086: 12066: 12046: 12026: 12006: 11986: 11966: 11946: 11926: 11906: 11886: 11866: 11846: 11826: 11806: 11786: 11766: 11746: 11726: 11706: 11686: 11666: 11646: 11626: 11606: 10360: 9553: 7342: 5653: 4982: 3901: 2832:

felt abandoned by the Democratic Party's concentration on racial minorities. Republican candidates ignored more popular programs, such as

614: 282: 9925: 8959: 8605: 5634: 5579: 488:

The Republican Party absorbed many of the previous traditions of its members, who had come from an array of political factions, including

13574: 13462: 7652: 7184: 6173: 4997: 3879: 852:. Johnson broke with the Radical Republicans and formed a loose alliance with moderate Republicans and Democrats. A showdown came in the 10372:

Nicholas A. Valentino and David O. Sears. "Old times there are not forgotten: Race and partisan realignment in the contemporary South".

7891: 5288:

was the first African American elected to the Senate, elected by the Mississippi state legislature to a full term in 1874. Prior to the

13664: 8216: 4480: 4114: 2311: 2290:

with a plurality of just over twenty-four million popular votes (out of nearly 49 million cast), but a decisive 303–189 victory in the

7728: 1730:

and of enormous influence through their agents of the press, pulpit, colleges and public life, with whom I've had to wage bitter war."

13798: 12322: 11308: 9639: 9612: 9057: 3870:

In February 2011, several freshmen Republican governors began proposing legislation that would diminish the power of public employee

3350: 3342: 3198:. The influence of the neocons on the White House faded during the Obama years, but it remains a staple in Republican Party arsenal. 666: 9900: 9822: 7695: 1792:

turned a personal feud into an ideological split in the GOP. Politically liberal states for the first time were holding Republican

13757: 13589: 13584: 13326: 10738: 9234: 8481: 5215: 5207: 4785: 4432: 4326: 4234: 4210: 4147:, the Republican Party lost the House of Representatives for the first time since 2011 but increased their majority in the Senate. 4095: 3704: 3505: 3490: 3440: 3323: 3255: 3115: 3021: 3013: 2982: 2978: 2963: 2897: 2860: 2856: 2431: 2414: 2382: 2336: 2287: 2260: 2256: 2196: 2145: 1953: 1779: 1678: 1580: 1149: 1145: 933: 918: 729: 509: 481: 293: 137: 90: 7185:"A Second Mandate to Republicans: A Ripon Society Report and Analysis of the 1965 Elections | Alexander Street, part of Clarivate" 5650:

Under the Oaks: Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Republican Party, at Jackson, Michigan, July 6, 1854

4268: 677:

and immediately became a likely presidential candidate. Most of the state Republican parties accepted the antislavery goal except

13579: 12788: 12633: 12185: 11433: 5444: 5317: 4992: 4470: 4462: 4428: 4190: 4179: 4155: 3939: 2717: 2286:

Republican "Do-Nothing Congress" as a whipping boy for all of the nation's problems. Truman stunned Dewey and the Republicans in

2117: 1801: 845: 743:

and won enough War Democrats to maintain their majority in 1862. In 1864, they formed a coalition with many War Democrats as the

133: 9005: 8092: 7636: 13717: 13697: 13472: 13221: 9666: 4918: 4277: 4258: 3779:

switched to the Democratic Party, depriving the GOP of a critical 41st vote to block legislation in the Senate. The seating of

3744: 3548: 3401: 2837: 1528: 798: 6081: 4257:

supporting a Texas lawsuit to overturn Biden's wins in Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin." This culminated in the

3590:

to enact laws the Democrats blocked in the state legislature. Scandals prompted the resignations of Congressional Republicans

3333:

The incoming Republican majority's promise to slow the rate of government spending conflicted with the president's agenda for

13742: 13639: 13452: 10724: 10658: 9873: 9745: 9527: 5038: 4925:

that support from Southern whites and growth in the South, among other factors, was driving an enduring Republican electoral

3624:

In the Republican leadership elections that followed the general election, Speaker Hastert did not run and Republicans chose

3556: 2101: 1931: 11296:(various multivolume editions, latest is 2011). For each election includes brief history and selection of primary documents. 9373: 7863: 7001: 4349:, the Democratic Party lost the House for the first time since 2018, but increased their majority in the Senate. During the 3999:

Asians, but the Republicans in Congress could not agree on a program and nothing was done. Republicans in Congress forced a

2144:

was made possible by carrying 50% of the vote outside the South, giving GOP leaders confidence it had a strong base for the

1687:, who became president in 1901, had the most dynamic personality of the era. Roosevelt had to contend with men like Senator 767:

in the House set the agenda by demanding more aggressive action against slavery and more vengeance toward the Confederates.

185:, who held office from 1981 to 1989, was a transformative party leader. His conservative policies called for reduced social 11349: 8925: 6525:. "To use the terminology of Continental politics, I am trying to keep the left center together." Elting E. Morrison, ed., 4892: 3050:" was the successful campaign slogan. Income taxes were slashed 25% and the upper tax rates abolished. The frustrations of 2109: 1922:

threatened to hurt the party, but Harding died and Coolidge blamed everything on him as the opposition splintered in 1924.

1535: 937: 744: 546: 65:

In 1854, the Republican Party emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into western territories after the passing of the

55: 1766:

in 1910 ripped the Republicans apart and set up the realignment in favor of the Democrats. Insurgent Midwesterners led by

1110:

of 1890 hurt the party and the Democrats swept to a landslide in the off-year elections, even defeating McKinley himself.

13788: 13341: 12174: 12153: 12133: 12113: 12093: 12073: 12053: 12033: 12013: 11993: 11973: 11953: 11933: 11913: 11893: 11873: 11853: 11833: 11813: 11793: 11773: 11753: 11733: 11713: 11693: 11673: 11653: 11633: 11613: 11589: 11576: 11563: 11550: 11537: 11524: 11511: 11498: 11485: 11472: 11459: 11446: 11420: 11407: 10359:

Ben Finley. (8 June 2023). "Christian media mogul, ‘700 Club’ host and presidential candidate Pat Robertson dies at 93".

9287: 8631: 6379:

Edward Kohn, "Crossing the Rubicon: Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the 1884 Republican National Convention".

4499: 4242: 4106: 3834: 3688: 3231: 3119: 1789: 1063: 861: 469: 452: 444: 178: 10543: 10291:

Matthew D. Lassiter, "Suburban Strategies: The Volatile Center in Postwar American Politics" in Meg Jacobs et al. eds.,

9131: 3069:

In foreign affairs, bipartisanship was not in evidence. Most Democrats doggedly opposed Reagan's efforts to support the

2343:, an internationalist allied with the Dewey wing, was drafted as a GOP candidate by a small group of Republicans led by 856:, in which the Radicals won a sweeping victory and took full control of Reconstruction, passing key laws over the veto. 13682: 13447: 13032: 13003: 12275: 11142:

Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party

9554:"CNN Poll: Percentage of Republicans who think Biden's 2020 win was illegitimate ticks back up near 70% | CNN Politics" 7522: 6796: 6364: 5910: 5883: 5856: 5804: 5702: 5391: 4296: 3947: 3878:, claiming that these changes were needed to cut state spending and balance the states' budgets. These actions sparked 3533: 3463: 2966:

by a landslide electoral vote, though he only carried 50.7 percent of the popular vote to Carter's 41% and Independent

2809: 2303: 1640:, developed a detailed plan for getting contributions from the business world and McKinley outspent his rival Democrat 1512:). Religious lines were sharply drawn. Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other 1153: 721: 408: 241:, as well as some traditional conservatives. Since the 1990s, the Party's support has chiefly come from the South, the 10280:

The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics

9985: 8656: 8268: 7018: 4412:. McCarthy, after his retirement, leveraged his campaigning network to boost primary challengers against Gaetz, Good, 4291:

would take over the White House on January 20. Trump did not concede that he lost the election fairly, but during the

3284:

In 1994, Republican Congressional candidates ran on a platform of major reforms of government with measures such as a

13624: 13416: 12898: 12251: 12215: 11145: 11075: 10205: 9726: 9183: 8295: 7787: 7582: 7441: 7381: 6902: 6862: 6688: 6337: 6310: 6236: 6209: 6117: 5829: 5479: 4342: 4163: 3951: 3578:

won a landslide re-election, the fourth straight Republican victory in what is otherwise a Democratic stronghold. In

2291: 2062: 489: 231: 4345:"advanced their most conservative agenda in years" and were more aggressive in doing so than previous years. In the 1725:

By 1907, Roosevelt identified himself with the left-center of the Republican Party. He explained his balancing act:

13594: 12609: 12245: 11331: 11166: 11055: 11044: 4424: 3652:, who assumed their roles in January 2007. In the October and November gubernatorial elections of 2007, Republican 3579: 3299:

Democratic President Bill Clinton opposed some of the social agenda initiatives, but he co-opted the proposals for

3062:, as no longer did soaring inflation and recession pull the country down. Working again in bipartisan fashion, the 2086: 1907: 1903: 1890:, support for high tariffs, and promotion of business interests. Voters gave the GOP credit for the prosperity and 1805: 1719: 1665: 1653: 1543: 1509: 1505: 838: 627: 573: 250: 59: 47: 30: 9796: 9339: 8899: 7714: 3970:

the Republican leadership's new willingness to pursue immigration reform, even if it angers the conservative base.

2430:

After losing yet another election, the Republican Party decided to move back towards the political center for the

13467: 13381: 13346: 12299: 12257: 12233: 12227: 10540:

Congress at War: How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America

9771: 5987:

Congress at War: How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America

5271:

The unicameral Nebraska legislature, in fact controlled by a majority of Republicans, is technically nonpartisan.

4738: 3810:. With an expected economic recovery being criticized as sluggish, the GOP was expected to make big gains in the 3541: 3063: 2944:" with his election to the presidency in 1980, providing conservative influence that continues to the present day 2919: 2888:

was notable for her liberal positions on social issues and for her work on breast cancer awareness following her

2217: 1964:

controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, an exception being the presidency of Republican

1911: 1877: 1749: 1740: 1009: 9700: 9433: 8138: 6705: 6277: 4357:

was voted to be House Speaker after the House had performed 15 votes, the first 14 having no successful result.

505: 13687: 13421: 13336: 13286: 12993: 12239: 12209: 11388: 10943: 10222:

Conservatives betrayed: How George W. Bush and other big government republicans hijacked the conservative cause

9209: 8191:"'The Party Is Much Bigger Now.' Read Donald Trump's Interview With Time on His Effect on the Republican Party" 4987: 3935: 3696: 3525: 3338: 2892:

in 1974. The taint of Watergate and the nation's economic difficulties contributed to the election of Democrat

1600: 1103: 952:, giving overwhelming majorities of its electoral votes and Congressional seats to the Democrats through 1964. 784: 630: 464:

were coming under physical attack, and a call to "resist and overthrow the present National Administration" of

448: 77:, and from Irish and German Catholics, who made up a major Democratic voting block. While both parties adopted 5554: 13752: 13426: 13386: 13376: 13371: 13351: 13296: 13271: 12728: 12263: 12197: 8579: 4710:

Historically, Rockefeller Republicans were moderate or liberal on domestic and social policies. They favored

4475: 3955: 3915:

2012 polling index, five candidates at one time or another were the top choice of GOP voters: Texas Governor

3806:, formed in early 2009, provided a groundswell of conservative grassroots activism to oppose policies of the 3772: 3278: 3025: 2396:

In the wake of this loss, the conservative wing of the party made a comeback in 1964 under the leadership of

2070: 1881: 1489: 857: 751:

as his running mate and was easily re-elected. During the war, upper-middle-class men in major cities formed

606: 392:

and a few areas adjacent to free states, there were no efforts to organize the Party in the southern states.

98: 10631:

Gienapp, William E. "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War".

7836: 7471:

Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right

6147: 5998:

Bruce S. Allardice, "'Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!' The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election".

5529: 13522: 13411: 13301: 13266: 13216: 13201: 12330: 12305: 12269: 12203: 10511: 9156: 8787: 7973: 7209: 7118: 6639:

Clayton, Bruce L. "An Intellectual on Politics: William Garrott Brown and the Ideal of a Two-Party South".

5439: 5373: 5337:

Zingher, Joshua N. (2018). "Polarization, Demographic Change, and White Flight from the Democratic Party".

4346: 4316: 4312: 4230: 4144: 4047: 4043: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3610: 3571: 3508:

led to declining popular support for Bush's policies. His campaign to add personal savings accounts to the

3482: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3361: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3135: 3103: 3095: 2821: 2141: 2113: 1935: 1763: 1754: 1626: 1070:

and Massachusetts. After failing to block Blaine, many bolted to the Democrats, who had nominated reformer

853: 678: 82: 11245:

The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt: Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States

11205:

Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39

11034:

Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush

9593: 4730:

and relatively high tax levels to keep the budget balanced. They sought long-term economic growth through

4121:

In 2017, Donald Trump promised to use protective tariffs as a weapon to restore greatness to the economy.

13634: 13549: 13503: 13331: 13226: 13206: 12533: 12293: 12281: 12189: 10797: 7922: 7143: 5960:

William Gienapp, "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War."

5504: 4543:

in Idaho. They were generally progressive in domestic policy, supported unions and supported much of the

3475: 3433: 3365: 3354: 2915: 2307: 1703: 10025: 929:" coalitions which recaptured control of each southern state, in some cases using threats and violence. 181:. The Republican Party won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988. Two-term President 13554: 13391: 12311: 10917:

Peskin, Allan. "Who were the Stalwarts? Who were their rivals? Republican factions in the Gilded Age".

9184:"Trump acknowledges he was told 2020 election lies were false in wide-ranging interview | CNN Politics" 8408:"Republicans remain far less likely than Democrats to view COVID-19 as a major threat to public health" 7606: 4800:. In 1898, the first Jewish U.S. Senator elected from outside of the former Confederacy was Republican 4715: 4520: 4039: 3807: 3509: 3181: 2105: 2016: 1095: 516:

who joined were rewarded with governorships, or seats in the U.S. Senate, or House of Representatives.

288: 125: 110: 9901:"Analysis: The Supreme Court just gave presidents a superpower. Here's its explanation | CNN Politics" 9823:"Trump has become the last Republican standing in the 2024 primary. Here's how he bulldozed the field" 9157:"New evidence shows Trump was told many times there was no voter fraud — but he kept saying it anyway" 8321: 8164:"'How we know the drop in Trump's approval rating in January reflected a real shift in public opinion" 8066: 6508:

MichaelJ. Korzi, "William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency".

4660:" was used 1960–1980 to designate a faction of the party holding "moderate" views similar to those of 3004:

Political commentators, trying to explain how Reagan had won by such a large margin, coined the term "

948:

to withdraw federal troops from control of the last three southern states. The region then became the

13692: 13396: 13361: 13316: 13306: 13291: 13281: 13246: 13211: 12287: 10258:

Louis Bolce, Gerald De Maio, and Douglas Muzzio. "The 1992 Republican 'tent': no blacks walked in".

6495:

Scott William Rager, "Uncle Joe Cannon: The Brakeman of the House of Representatives, 1903-1911". in

5236: 4801: 4322: 4175: 3883: 3285: 3195: 2745: 2349: 2315: 2271: 2028: 1977: 1941: 1886:

The party controlled the presidency throughout the 1920s, running on a platform of opposition to the

1861: 1617:

and that the GOP would guarantee a sort of pluralism in which all groups would benefit. He denounced

1047: 440: 164: 10870: 10585:

Angels in the Machinery: Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era

9030: 8736:"Majority Of Republicans Believe The QAnon Conspiracy Theory Is Partly Or Mostly True, Survey Finds" 4483:

after their presidency over "official acts" taken during their presidency, helping Trump before his

3478:. Bush had near-unanimous Republican support in Congress plus support from many Democratic leaders. 2948: 376:

local meeting where "Republican" was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a

13457: 13431: 13406: 13311: 13256: 13251: 13231: 13196: 13186: 4773: 3815: 3784: 3560: 3334: 2833: 2741: 2435: 969: 619: 580:) largely rejected the moralism of the Republican Party; most of their adherents voted Democratic. 460: 385: 362: 160: 11093:

The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party

8812:

Voce, Antonio; Kommenda, Niko; Leach, Anna; Hulley-Jones, Frank; Clarke, Seán (November 9, 2020).

7324:

Douglas A. Hibbs Jr, "President Reagan's Mandate from the 1980 Elections: A Shift to the Right?".

6989:

The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party

6960:

The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party

6588:

Adam Burns, "Courting white southerners: Theodore Roosevelt's quest for the heart of the South".

4249:

to overturn the election. A week after the election, 70% of Republicans believed the election was

4030:

announced he would run, with the Freedom Caucus' support. Ryan was elected Speaker on October 29.

3907:

After leading a pack of minor candidates for much of 2010 and 2011, former Massachusetts Governor

568:

were a small, tight-knit group that was heavily Republican. By contrast, the liturgical churches (

13366: 13321: 13261: 13236: 13191: 12958: 12853: 11259:

Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States

11156:

Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s

11040: 9849:"Jury finds former President Trump guilty of all 34 felony counts of falsifying business records" 8190: 4676:, governor of New York (1942–1954) and GOP presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 was the leader. 4461:

In June 2024, Trump became the first president convicted of a crime, when he was found guilty of

4288: 4171: 4150: 3983:; a shorter, more controlled primary season; and better data collection and research facilities. 3424:, son of George H. W. Bush, won the 2000 Republican presidential nomination over Arizona Senator 3330:, who was unable to transfer his success in Senate leadership to a viable presidential campaign. 3277:

of 1994. It was the first time since 1952 that the Republicans secured control of both houses of

2192: 2081:

defense industry, but did not challenge segregation or the denial of voting rights in the South.

2061:

Roosevelt carried 46 of the 48 states thanks to traditional Democrats along with newly energized

733: 416: 316: 266: 66: 8872: 8684:"Trump Falsely Claims He Won 'By A Lot' After Telling Biden Not To 'Wrongfully' Declare Victory" 6725:

The Crusade Years, 1933–1955: Herbert Hoover's Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath

4011:

state legislatures and Senate seats in nearly all Southern states, except Florida and Virginia.

1940:

The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity—until the

1082:, leading reformers, refused to bolt—an action that preserved their leadership role in the GOP. 980:, a minority in every Southern state after 1877. This divided the party into two factions: the 332: 312:, Whigs seemed doomed. So they were, as they would never again contest a presidential election. 13544: 13276: 13241: 12833: 12803: 11601: 10842: 10320: 9261: 8960:"Mike Johnson helped lead efforts to overturn the 2020 election. What that could mean for 2024" 8873:"January 6 U.S. Capitol Attack| Background, Events, Criminal Charges, & Facts | Britannica" 7484: 6813:

A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade

6201:

Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction

5584: 5381: 5103: 4657: 4618: 4118:

25 states following the 2016 elections; this was the most states it had controlled since 1952.

3637: 3353:. The shutdown became the longest-ever in U.S. history, ending when Clinton agreed to submit a 3090: 3082: 2971: 2793: 2213: 2208: 2156: 2008: 1699: 1641: 1618: 1099: 1039: 1017: 956: 373: 106: 102: 10755:

Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction

9493: 8990: 8538: 7371: 6786: 6327: 6265: 6226: 6199: 5900: 5873: 5794: 4808:. In 1924, the first Jewish woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives was Republican 848:, there were major disagreements on the treatment of ex-Confederates and of former slaves, or 13629: 13401: 13356: 11841: 10195: 8926:"70% of Republicans say election wasn't 'free and fair' despite no evidence of fraud – study" 7572: 7549: 7431: 6892: 6852: 6354: 6300: 5846: 5692: 5051: 4903: 4898:

In addition to its white middle class base, Republicans attracted strong majorities from the

4681: 4611: 4575: 4404:, who have recruited or endorsed more conservative challengers to swing-state moderates like 4254: 4199: 4076: 3875: 3629: 3591: 3583: 3467: 3274: 3270: 3227: 3223: 3190: 3169: 2933: 2813: 2737: 2725: 2409: 2344: 2097: 2090: 2004: 1957: 1915: 1797: 1785: 1613:(1913–1921). McKinley promised that high tariffs would end the severe hardship caused by the 1493: 1485: 1122: 1098:

and generous pensions for Union veterans. However, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the

977: 740: 658: 549: 258: 254: 149: 10699: 6107: 3451:

left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001 and caucused with the Democrats.

2844:

that put the conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats back in business.

1788:, and tried for a third term, but he was outmaneuvered by Taft and lost the nomination. The 1710:. Roosevelt moved to the left in his last two years in office, but was unable to pass major 789: 665:

who had a deep belief in American nationalism and supported the war. When Lincoln added the

415:", the Republican Party in the mid-1850s proposed a system of containing slavery. Historian 13659: 13649: 12918: 12913: 12903: 12753: 12748: 12657: 12639: 12627: 12615: 12603: 12597: 11817: 11797: 11621: 11617: 11571: 10642: 10549: 10344:(2000). A particularly critical event was the 1973 United States Supreme Court decision in 9006:"READ: Brief from 126 Republicans supporting Texas lawsuit in Supreme Court | CNN Politics" 7996: 7700: 6260:"Black and Tan Republicans" in Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin and Albert Bushnell Hart, eds. 5938:

Kleppner (1979) has extensive detail on the voting behavior of ethnic and religious groups.

5082: 4974: 4852: 4844: 4772:

From its inception in 1854 to 1964, when Senate Republicans pushed hard for passage of the

4665: 4626: 4202:, and the excess death rate of Republicans spiked, potentially as a direct result of this. 3987: 3645: 3455: 3415: 3008:" to describe a Democratic voter who had voted for Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (as well as for 2761: 2340: 2324: 2279: 1837: 1692: 1621:, the Democratic nominee, as a dangerous radical whose plans for "Free Silver" at 16–1 (or 1114: 1027: 1013: 794: 674: 647: 485:

where it was roundly denounced in 1856–1860 as a divisive force that threatened civil war.

224: 10592:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

10151:

Whitaker, John C. (1996). "Nixon's domestic policy: Both liberal and bold in retrospect".

8580:"Our new poll shows just how much GOP voters have diverged from everyone else on vaccines" 7997:""I Am a Tariff Man": The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric under President Trump" 7329: 6109:

Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front

5623:

Free soil, free labor, free men: the ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

4283:

Hours after the attack ended, 139 of 221 House Republicans and 8 of 51 Senate Republicans

2736:

The highly visible immediate cause of the political transition involved civil rights. The

97:. The party opposed the expansion of slavery before 1861 and led the fight to destroy the 8: 13612: 12823: 12561: 11593: 11580: 11476: 11359: 10431: 10233:

See "Milestones for Women in American Politics" (Center for American Women and Politics)

7950: 7169:

Five states for Goldwater: Continuity and change in southern presidential voting patterns

6522: 5281: 4946: 4926: 4797: 4781: 4591: 4551: 4466: 4229:" cabal of rich, sex-trafficking, pedophile elites – was "mostly or partly true". In the 4125: 3943: 3799: 3458:

on the United States in 2001, Bush gained widespread political support as he pursued the

3263: 3150: 3070: 2232: 1919: 1853: 1715: 1606: 1584: 1555: 993: 981: 941: 802: 780: 756: 643: 520: 336: 220: 186: 177:, the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among 4523:

and his sons in Wisconsin (from about 1900 to 1946) and western leaders such as Senator

3893: 3046:

Reagan reoriented American politics and claimed credit in 1984 for an economic renewal—"

898:

that effectively mobilized the voters, discussed issues, and when necessary, fought off

468:, "as it is identified with the progress of the Slave power to national supremacy". Its 13644: 13509: 12938: 12878: 12768: 12663: 12645: 12621: 12543: 12388: 12370: 11567: 11558: 11480: 11369: 11364: 11354: 11216: 11151: 11064: 10880: 10709: 10672: 10177: 10160: 8016: 7504: 7233: 7055: 7019:

A Harry and Arthur: Truman, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World

5362: 5228: 5203: 5191: 5183: 5116: 4840: 4809: 4661: 4532: 4516: 4080: 3882:

across the country. In Wisconsin, the veritable epicenter of the controversy, Governor

3849: 3803: 3740: 3517: 3486: 3429: 3047: 3017: 2829: 2801: 2730: 2401: 2390: 2074: 2012: 1981: 1961: 1684: 1674: 1645: 1527:

Protestants (Methodists, Scandinavian Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and

1156:, the GOP scored the biggest landslide in its history as Democrats were blamed for the 1075: 945: 891: 810: 806: 776: 638: 610: 344: 324: 278: 153: 129: 70: 11411: 10859: 10505:

Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000

10234: 10026:"Maher: RNC lineup illustrated 'clean cut with what Republicanism was up until Trump'" 8606:"Inside the growing alliance between anti-vaccine activists and pro-Trump Republicans" 8434:"Republicans And Democrats See COVID-19 Very Differently. Is That Making People Sick?" 7313: 6751:

Lumeng Yu "The Great Communicator: How FDR's radio speeches shaped American history".

5421: 4515:

The Republican Party had a progressive element, typified in the early 20th century by

4338:

following some temporary easing of voting laws or their enforcement in that election.

2167:

From 1939 through 1941, there was a sharp debate within the GOP about support for the

1531:) who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins, such as drinking. 477: 13654: 12988: 12963: 12943: 12893: 12868: 12848: 12838: 12798: 12773: 12675: 12573: 12436: 12424: 12412: 12394: 12358: 12221: 11997: 11977: 11961: 11941: 11861: 11741: 11637: 11528: 11515: 11493: 11489: 11415: 11100:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America

11071: 10939: 10720: 10719:. Concise Lincoln Library. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. 10654: 10647: 10595: 10201: 10182:

The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans

10113:

Public Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Fifty-third Governor of the State of New York

10004: 9933: 9674: 9572: 9501: 9441: 9381: 9347: 9110: 9065: 8978: 8933: 8632:"Republicans' excess death rate spiked after COVID-19 vaccines arrived, a study says" 8526: 8508:"Super-spreading Trump rallies led to more than 700 COVID-19 deaths, study estimates" 8458: 8356:"'Not Guilty': Trump Acquitted On 2 Articles Of Impeachment As Historic Trial Closes" 8329: 8020: 7578: 7508: 7458:

The neoconservative revolution: Jewish intellectuals and the shaping of public policy

7437: 7377: 6898: 6858: 6792: 6684: 6360: 6333: 6306: 6232: 6205: 6113: 6024:

Roger L. Ransom, "Fact and Counterfact: The 'Second American Revolution' Revisited".

5906: 5879: 5852: 5825: 5800: 5763:

Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions of 1856, 1860 and 1864

5698: 5485: 5475: 5387: 5366: 5354: 5256: 5145: 4864: 4696: 4677: 4633:

in 1952. They were often called the "Eastern Establishment" by conservatives such as

4186: 3912: 3863: 3575: 3497: 3142: 3126: 3037: 3009: 2952: 2941: 2867: 2852: 2188: 2066: 1965: 1891: 1887: 1758: 1079: 841:; following his death, Andrew Johnson took office as President of the United States. 826: 818: 717: 693: 432: 381: 168: 141: 81:

policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the

51: 7059: 6973:

From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952

4205: 3890:, becoming the first state governor in U.S. history to defeat a recall against him. 1648:, the presidential successor after McKinley's assassination in 1901, who engaged in 770: 13017: 13012: 12923: 12843: 12818: 12808: 12681: 12591: 12454: 12430: 12382: 12346: 11661: 11597: 11584: 11554: 11541: 11463: 11450: 10965:

The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

10929: 8273: 8008: 7981: 7496: 7047: 6552: 6039:

The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

5346: 5284:, was appointed by the Mississippi state legislature to an unexpired term in 1870. 5124: 5034: 4828: 4793: 4789: 4731: 4650: 4607: 4603: 4571: 4536: 4528: 4519:

in the 1907–1912 period (Roosevelt was more conservative at other points), Senator

4195: 4087: 3986:

The party's official opposition to same-sex marriage came under attack. Meanwhile,

3840: 3521: 3513: 3459: 3005: 2998: 2986: 2967: 2923: 2405: 1945: 1873: 1829: 1793: 1767: 1633: 1576: 1539: 1501: 1087: 1071: 1067: 1059: 989: 879: 871: 764: 651: 577: 545:, were the strongest supporters of the new party. This was especially true for the 538: 411:; this was the "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men" ideology. Without using the term " 407:

labor was superior to slavery and was the very foundation of civic virtue and true

377: 366: 340: 320: 269:. There have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one political party. 201:

foreign policy. Reagan's influence upon the party persisted into the next century.

145: 10669:

Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics

10612:

The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877–1933

7413: 4435:. During the 2024 Republican presidential primaries, Trump faced competition from 3496:

It expressed Bush's optimism towards winning the War on Terrorism, ushering in an

3439:, and others. With his highly controversial and exceedingly narrow victory in the 13096: 13027: 12948: 12888: 12783: 12778: 12763: 12758: 12743: 12585: 12567: 12555: 12549: 12508: 12460: 12406: 11857: 11777: 11761: 11757: 11737: 11657: 11641: 11502: 11454: 11437: 11428: 11424: 10933: 10773: 10743: 10605: 10403:(1999) 20 volumes; contains short biographies of all politicians no longer alive. 7977: 7363: 7085: 6678: 5875:

The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement

5322: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5166: 5141: 5137: 5095: 5078: 4960: 4760: 4727: 4673: 4638: 4634: 4587: 4555: 4091: 4052: 3749: 3700: 3649: 3633: 3614: 3598: 3304: 3177: 3162: 3055: 2848: 2789: 2397: 2386: 2369: 2320: 2267: 2245: 2236: 2200: 2137: 2039: 1918:

in 1924 failed to stop a landslide for Coolidge and his movement fell apart. The

1895: 1825: 1698:

Roosevelt achieved modest legislative gains in terms of railroad legislation and

1588: 1559: 1141: 1134: 1126: 1107: 1055: 1043: 1031: 814: 670: 623: 588: 569: 553: 497: 465: 352: 348: 309: 301: 246: 121: 114: 13067: 10247:

Lincoln's Lost Legacy: Republican Party and the African American Vote, 1928–1952

6356:

In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution

3201: 1492:, who tried to break the Union in 1861; and the Democrats in the North, called " 1106:

in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers. The high

13707: 13702: 13539: 13091: 13086: 13081: 12933: 12883: 12711: 12693: 12651: 12448: 12442: 12400: 12057: 12037: 11701: 11697: 11681: 11677: 11519: 11441: 11211: 10981: 10898:

The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution

10570: 10324: 8554:"18 Trump rallies have led to 30,000 COVID-19 cases: Stanford University study" 7397: 7367: 7101: 5240: 5162: 4899: 4817: 4742: 4700: 4630: 4563: 4455: 4373: 4354: 4167: 4019: 4015: 3975: 3819: 3768: 3661: 3448: 3436: 3421: 3411: 3300: 3289: 3146: 3131: 3111: 3033: 2990: 2825: 2773: 2418: 2356: 2241: 2224: 2184: 2168: 2152: 2121: 2043: 1987: 1899: 1813: 1610: 1609:") was dominated by Republican Presidents, with the sole exception of Democrat 1163: 922: 760: 748: 725: 697: 305: 297: 9528:"Colin Powell says he no longer considers himself a Republican | CNN Politics" 7946:"These 3 maps show just how dominant Republicans are in America after Tuesday" 7500: 7051: 3493:

and titled his political platform "A Safer World and a More Hopeful America".

3489:). Bush was renominated without opposition as the Republican candidate in the 3470:. In March 2003, Bush ordered for an invasion of Iraq because of breakdown of 1702:. He was more successful in Court, bringing antitrust suits that broke up the 1656:, arguing that prosperity would be shared by all ethnic and religious groups. 13777: 13712: 13037: 12978: 12863: 12687: 12418: 11957: 11937: 11897: 11877: 11837: 11821: 11801: 11545: 11532: 11506: 11174:

Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980

10808:

The Third Electoral System 1854–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures

10275: 9937: 9678: 9505: 9445: 9385: 9351: 9069: 8937: 8382:"Breaking with Republicans, Romney votes 'guilty' in Trump impeachment trial" 8333: 8037: 7295:

Mark McLay, "A High-Wire Crusade: Republicans and the War on Poverty, 1966".

7262: 7237:

Where Have All the Voters Gone? The Fracturing of America's Political Parties

6934:

James T. Patterson, "A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress, 1933–1939",

5358: 5285: 5120: 5060: 4911: 4848: 4723: 4704: 4692: 4599: 4579: 4540: 4524: 4488: 4409: 4003:

in late 2013 after narrowly averting similar fiscal crises in 2011 and 2012.

3995: 3991: 3928: 3924: 3776: 3669: 3346: 3266: 3240: 3098:(SDI)—labeled "Star Wars" by its opponents—that the Soviets could not match. 2959: 2937: 2878: 2817: 2757: 2439: 2328: 2191:, strongly opposed these moves as unwise for risking a war with Germany. The 2176: 1841: 1809: 1745: 1649: 1614: 1157: 1091: 1035: 887: 867: 822: 689: 662: 542: 501: 436: 331:, thus implicitly repealing the prohibition on slavery in territory north of 182: 94: 86: 11218:

Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus

11184: 10905:

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865

10044:

Workers' Paradox: The Republican Origins of New Deal Labor Policy, 1886–1935

9594:"In Statehouses, Stolen-Election Myth Fuels a G.O.P. Drive to Rewrite Rules" 9434:"'There's Nothing Left': Why Thousands of Republicans Are Leaving the Party" 8900:"Poll: 70 percent of Republicans don't think the election was free and fair" 7529: 7106:

Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus

5721: 5694:

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865

5489: 5383:

The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics

4851:

of Massachusetts became the first African American popularly elected to the

4154:

Trump holding a newspaper mentioning his acquittal by the Senate during his

2442:, after the Republicans' conservative direction ended in their 1964 losses. 13057: 13052: 12973: 12953: 12908: 12858: 12828: 12793: 12717: 12699: 12484: 12472: 12364: 12352: 12340: 12157: 12137: 12117: 11467: 11133:

Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System, 1932–1980", in Paul Kleppner, ed.

10886: 9727:"House GOP embroiled in escalating primary feuds with majority on the line" 9617: 9432:

Corasaniti, Nick; Karni, Annie; Paz, Isabella Grullón (February 10, 2021).

8482:"Trump disputes CDC head's vaccine timeline and mask claims | CNN Politics" 7362: 6484: 5244: 5232: 5170: 5099: 5074: 5055: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4642: 4595: 4447: 4389: 4331: 4102: 4064: 4056: 3871: 3761: 3753: 3718: 3708: 3653: 3625: 3618: 3552: 3537: 3529: 3259: 3248: 3059: 2893: 2816:

and disillusionment that the New Deal could be revived by Lyndon Johnson's

2765: 2749: 2423: 2172: 2042:" was heavily criticized by the Republicans in Congress, who likened it to 1857: 1845: 1748:

was the ideological cement holding the Republican coalition together. High

1707: 911: 899: 895: 755:

to promote and help finance the war effort. Following the 1864 elections,

752: 473: 428: 242: 228: 216: 205: 198: 78: 11181:

The Destructionists: The Twenty-Five Year Crack-Up of the Republican Party

11107:

Hard Line: The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II

10815:

Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War

10578:

Republicans Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877–1897

9210:"Trump says it was his decision to describe the 2020 election as 'rigged'" 4225:

conspiracy theory – which claimed that Trump was saving the world from a "

3549:

failed to win conservative approval for Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court

2132:

the moderate who won both the Republicans and the Democratic primaries in

1050:. Upscale reformers who opposed the spoils system altogether were called " 874:

was the first Republican president to serve for two full terms (1869–1877)

459:

The Republican Party launched its first national organizing convention in

13076: 13071: 13062: 13047: 13022: 13008: 12873: 12669: 12579: 12478: 12376: 12097: 12081: 12077: 12061: 12041: 11917: 11901: 11881: 11781: 11114:

Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why, and How the South Became Republican

11059: 10346: 10139:

New York State and the rise of modern conservatism: redrawing party lines

10088:

The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present

9132:"Jan. 6 hearing shows Trump knew he lost — even while claiming otherwise" 8762:"More Republicans Denounce Trump For Not Condemning QAnon 'Wackadoodles'" 7788:"Donald Trump's Victory Is Met With Shock Across a Wide Political Divide" 5211: 4719: 4688: 4669: 4646: 4583: 4559: 4443: 4007: 3920: 3908: 3897: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3564: 3425: 3368:, he announced on November 6, 1998, that he would not only stand down as 3293: 3173: 3051: 2871: 2805: 2769: 2721: 2129: 1711: 1622: 1569: 1130: 949: 709: 561: 412: 404: 328: 262: 173: 74: 11271:

Zake, Ieva, "Nixon vs. the GOP: Republican Ethnic Politics, 1968–1972",

11020:

Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the remarkable election of 1896

10677:

Gould, Lewis L. "New Perspectives on the Republican Party, 1877–1913",

10526:

The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history

10458:, short scholarly biographies from George Washington to William Clinton. 10164: 7837:"How Donald Trump swept to an unreal, surreal presidential election win" 6756: 6644: 6572:

Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff".

6455:

Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896

4954: 4847:

in the early 20th century were prominent Republican spokesmen. In 1966,

4287:

Trump's election loss. Donald Trump conceded the following day that the

3965:

The party mood was glum in 2013 and one conservative analyst concluded:

894:

detachments. Republicans all across the South formed local clubs called

12998: 12968: 12928: 12813: 12502: 12496: 12466: 12141: 12121: 12001: 11981: 11721: 11717: 10972:

The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters

10922: 10682: 10329:

The New Politics of the Old South: An Introduction to Southern Politics

10293:

The Democratic Experiment: New Directions In American Political History

10263: 9984:

Perez, Jeremy Herb, Jeff Zeleny, Holmes Lybrand, Evan (July 13, 2024).

9468:"Spurred By The Capitol Riot, Thousands Of Republicans Drop Out Of GOP" 7090:

The Real Making of the President: Kennedy, Nixon, and the 1960 Election

6922: 6660: 6577: 4821: 4813: 4788:. In 1875, California swore in the first Hispanic governor, Republican 4777: 4622: 4503: 4436: 4413: 4397: 4226: 3916: 3829:, with a net gain of 63 seats, the largest gain for either party since 3780: 3641: 3602: 3312: 3074: 2909: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2824:, the Republicans made major gains in part through a challenge to the " 2748:, a die-hard element resisted integration, led by Democratic governors 2729:

like the rest of the nation and could not long stand apart in terms of

2180: 2133: 2054: 1688: 1637: 1005: 713: 705: 701: 190: 10455: 9640:"Opinion | Democrats lost the U.S. House but stopped a red wave. How?" 9408:"7 GOP Senators Voted To Convict Trump. Only 1 Faces Voters Next Year" 6773: 6560: 101:(1861–1865). While the Republican Party had almost no presence in the 12705: 12101: 12021: 10999:

Party games: Getting, keeping, and using power in gilded age politics

10975: 8657:"Vaccine politics may be to blame for GOP excess deaths, study finds" 7715:

Rush Limbaugh: 'There Is Going To Be Gay Marriage Nationwide' (Audio)

7210:"Republican Party Platform of 1968 | The American Presidency Project" 7119:"Republican Party Platform of 1964 | The American Presidency Project" 6619:"Van Ingen on Gustafson, 'Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924'" 4907: 4567: 4451: 4417: 4405: 4214: 4083: 4027: 3959: 3712: 3657: 3594: 3078: 2994: 2297: 2047: 1644:

by a large margin. This emphasis on business was in part reversed by

1118: 926: 883: 557: 389: 238: 213: 10770:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

9667:"Kevin McCarthy wins House speaker bid after gruelling 15-vote saga" 7754:"Three sentences on immigration that will haunt Republicans in 2016" 7485:"The moral purpose of US power: Neoconservatism in the age of Obama" 6939: 4714:

programs, including regulation and welfare. They were supporters of

4507:"clean cut" between the current party and its previous incarnation. 3825:

Republicans won back control of the House of Representatives in the

2118:

Roosevelt's failed efforts to radically reorganize the Supreme Court

1714:

proposals. He did succeed in naming his successor, Secretary of War

388:

took the lead in forming state Republican Party tickets; apart from

13762: 12983: 12490: 12161: 12017: 11921: 11300: 11121:

Presidential party building: Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush

10515: 9698: 9374:"Seven Republican rebels who voted to convict feel Trumpists' fury" 8012: 7868: 6329:

The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform

5350: 5158: 4711: 4544: 4401: 4300: 3679:

With President Bush ineligible for a third term and Vice President

3665: 3327: 3086: 2970:'s 6.6 percent, not predicted by most voter polling. Running on a " 2781: 2753: 2360: 2355:

After 1945, the isolationists in the conservative wing opposed the

2228: 2227:

of Ohio represented the wing of the party that continued to oppose

2100:

in 1937 by his unexpected plan to "pack" the Supreme Court via the

2034: 2000: 1849: 1828:

at the state and local level. The first important reform mayor was

1051: 1021: 985: 849: 739:

The Republicans denounced the peace-oriented Democrats as disloyal

493: 235: 209: 194: 50:, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major 10794:

When It Was Grand: The Radical Republican History of the Civil War

9772:"All Of Trump's Indictments Could Seriously Bog Down His Campaign" 6538:

Roosevelt to Arthur Hamilton Lee, Dec 16, 1907, in Morrison, ed.,

6466:

Paula Baker, "Politics in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era". in

5267: 5265: 4458:. In March 2024, Trump became the presumptive Republican nominee. 4261:

on January 6, 2021, as some Trump supporters tried to disrupt the

4198:

started being distributed nationwide, many Republicans joined the

2331:, 1953: the first Republican presidential inauguration in 24 years 1695:, who blocked most of Roosevelt's legislative goals in 1906–1908. 1066:, Mugwumps organized their forces in the swing states, especially 1062:, though most returned to the party by 1888. In the run-up to the 905:

Grant supported radical reconstruction programs in the South, the

688:, the party passed major legislation in Congress to promote rapid 38: 11086:

Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP

10893:, (1947–70), 8-volumes cover 1848–1865; highly detailed coverage. 10822:

Grand Old Party: Political Structure in the Gilded Age, 1880–1896

9494:"Colin Powell says he 'can no longer call himself a Republican.'" 8709:"Trump tweets he won the election 'BY A LOT' as he heads to golf" 4883: 3606: 3444: 3406: 3185: 3184:

to achieve these goals. Many early neoconservative thinkers were

2777: 1833: 1524: 1517: 1513: 960: 771:

Reconstruction (freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags): 1865–1877

565: 11230:

Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America

11163:

The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan

10950:

Volume One covers Lincoln to 1863; vol 2 covers the later years.

9986:"Trump injured in shooting at Pennsylvania rally | CNN Politics" 8322:"Trump Impeached for Abuse of Power and Obstruction of Congress" 6917:

Milton Plesur, "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938",

6894:

The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan

6826:

Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party

6788:

The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History

4827:

Blacks generally identified with the GOP until the 1930s. Every

4245:

50-50. Despite his loss, Trump initially refused to concede and

3958:

primaries. Romney was nominated in August and chose Congressman

3273:", were elected to majorities to both Houses of Congress in the 3016:), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white, 2859:. When the Democratic left took over their party in 1972, Nixon 2140:

the crusading prosecutor from New York. The GOP comeback in the

2108:

that hit early in 1938, major strikes all over the country, the

1516:

in the North were tightly linked to the GOP. In sharp contrast,

1137:, who broke ranks in 1890–1892, handing power to the Democrats. 11266:

The Nemesis of Reform: The Republican Party During the New Deal

10350:, which held that there was a constitutional right to abortion. 10115:, vol. 15, 1973 (Albany, NY: State of New York, 1973), p. 1385. 9959:"Judge Aileen Cannon dismisses Trump classified documents case" 9056:

Yourish, Karen; Buchanan, Larry; Lu, Denise (January 7, 2021).

8459:"White House hosted Covid 'superspreader' event, says Dr Fauci" 7621:

Purging the Republican Party: Tea Party Campaigns and Elections

6768:

Bernard Sternsher, "The New Deal Party System: A Reappraisal",

6302:

Hoover, Blacks, and Lily-Whites: A Study of Southern Strategies

5796:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

5262: 4835:

before 1935 and all of the African Americans who served in the

4805: 4221:

In September 2020, a majority of Republicans believed that the

3236: 1773: 11224:

On the rise of the conservative movement in the liberal 1960s.

11144:(2012); scholarly history that strongly favors the moderates. 10992:

Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884

10124:

John Andrew, "The Struggle for the Republican Party in 1960",

10101:

The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A. Rockefeller

9235:"Trump impeached after Capitol riot in historic second charge" 7574:

Revolt!: How to Defeat Obama and Repeal His Socialist Programs

6785:

Kazin, Michael; Edwards, Rebecca; Rothman, Adam, eds. (2011).

1113:

Foreign affairs seldom became partisan issues (except for the

9262:"Donald Trump Impeached a Second Time in Historic House Vote" 8842: 8811: 7729:"Huckabee: Evangelicals Will Leave If GOP Backs Gay Marriage" 7033:"Citizens for Eisenhower and the Republican Party, 1951–1965" 5580:"The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn 'Bleeding Kansas' Free" 4882:

in 1992 and 1996. However, the strategy narrowly failed with

4586:(father and grandfather of the two Bush Presidents), Senator 4222: 3472:

United Nations sanctions and intelligence indicating programs

3202:

The Clinton years and the Congressional ascendancy: 1993–2000

1971: 1169:

Voting behavior by religion, Northern U.S. late 19th century

304:. Southern Whigs, who had supported the prior Whig president 117:

Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state.

10955:

The History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

10780:

Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983

10463:

Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983

9699:

Mike Hayes; Kaanita Iyer; Elise Hammond (October 25, 2023).

9058:"The 147 Republicans Who Voted to Overturn Election Results" 8814:"Senate and House elections 2020: full results for Congress" 7002:"United States presidential election of 1948 – The campaign" 6655:

George H. Nash, "The Republican Right from Taft to Reagan",

5824:. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–66, 93–109, 435–439. 4767: 4293:

United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack

3822:

in Alaska lost primary contests in their respective states.

2393:, which weakened the moderate wing of the Republican party. 2162: 2053:

Most major newspaper publishers favored Republican moderate

1164:

Pietistic Republicans versus Liturgical Democrats: 1890–1896

10757:(LSU Press, 2008); statistical classification of delegates. 10306:

The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South

10070:

An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal

9340:"Here are the seven Republicans who voted to convict Trump" 7918:"Republicans Governorships Rise to Highest Mark Since 1922" 7815:"2016 Election: Donald Trump Wins the White House in Upset" 6055: 5037:

of New York. There were Working Men's Parties in New York,

4746: 3980: 2804:

collapsed in the mid-1960s in the face of urban riots, the

2125: 1670: 537:

New England Yankees, who dominated that region and much of

11006:

The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction

10912:

A People's Contest: The Union and the Civil War, 1861–1865

10829:

From Hayes to McKinley; National Party Politics, 1877–1896

9701:"Rep. Mike Johnson voted new House speaker | CNN Politics" 7278: 7276: 5851:(5th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 37–39. 5666:. Ordeal of the Union: A house dividing, 1852–1857. Vol. 2 5292:

in 1913, U.S. Senators were elected by state legislatures.

4423:

In 2023, Trump began appearing in court as a defendant in

3760:(2011–2015), was the most visible adversary for President 3247:(1995–1999), was the most visible adversary for President 2159:, which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. 1564: 1140:

Demographic trends aided the Democrats, as the German and

1090:

until 1896. The GOP supported big business generally, the

138:

ran unsuccessfully as a third-party presidential candidate

11252:

The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism

8320:

Fandos, Nicholas; Shear, Michael D. (December 18, 2019).

8215:

Kamarck, Elaine; Podkul, Alexander R. (August 16, 2018).

7862:

Goldmacher, Shane; Schreckinger, Ben (November 9, 2016).

7402:

Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years

4487:; the trial was later dismissed by Trump-appointed judge 3322:, an event which contributed to Clinton's victory in the 2195:

movement was a bipartisan coalition of isolationists. In

1844:, the Republicans joined nonpartisan reformers to battle 921:, as did many powerful newspaper editors. They nominated 9874:"Justices rule Trump has some immunity from prosecution" 9552:

Edwards-Levy, Jennifer Agiesta, Ariel (August 3, 2023).

8788:"Analysis: How Trump led Republicans to historic losses" 7771:"Demise of the Southern Democrat is Now Nearly Complete" 6056:"Andrew Johnson is born in Raleigh, N.C., Dec. 29, 1808" 4610:

of Michigan. The most notable of them all was Governor

3719:

The Obama years and the rise of the Tea Party: 2009–2016

2359:

and were half-hearted in opposition to the expansion of

10938:. Vol. One. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 10649:

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

10442:

The Republicans : A History of the Grand Old Party

10426:

Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices

7892:"Republicans Expand Control in a Deeply Divided Nation" 7550:"Corruption named as key issue by voters in exit polls" 7273: 5848:

Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process

5474:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 117–120. 4816:. In 1928, the Republican U.S. Senate Majority Leader, 4185:

In mid-2020, as U.S. deaths kept increasing due to the

4105:

as president, Republicans maintained a majority in the

2903: 2298:

Eisenhower, Goldwater, Nixon, and Ford : 1952–1976

2216:

terminated nearly all New Deal relief programs (except

2183:, wanted to support Britain and isolationists, such as 1925: 10787:

Boss Rule in the Gilded Age: Matt Quay of Pennsylvania

10491:

The House: The History of the House of Representatives

8269:"How the Southern Strategy Made Donald Trump Possible" 8217:"Is the Republican Party really Donald Trump's party?" 8093:"How President Trump Is Changing The Republican Party" 7861: 6224: 4902:

community and from Southern pockets of traditionalist

4178:. On February 5, 2020, Trump was acquitted during the 3066:

financial crises were resolved for the next 25 years.

1583:

marked a resurgence of Republican dominance and was a

835:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

11294:

History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008

10978:

a prominent 21st-century Republican campaign advisor.

10974:(2015). Detailed narrative of the entire campaign by 10520:

History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008

10057:

The peace progressives and American foreign relations

9926:"The meaning of Donald Trump's Supreme Court victory" 7433:

Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq

6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6197: 5422:"Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins" 4668:

from 1959 to 1974 and vice president under President

4026:

due to a lack of support, House Ways and Means Chair

3683:

not pursuing the party's nomination, Arizona Senator

3370:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

2842:

1966 United States House of Representatives elections

1819: 1026:

The party split into factions in the late 1870s. The

54:

in the United States. It is the second-oldest extant

10389:

Bibliography of the Republican Party (United States)

9092:"Trump finally concedes Biden will become president" 9090:

Macias, Kevin Breuninger, Amanda (January 8, 2021).

9031:"The Republicans who voted to overturn the election" 8845:"Trump finally concedes Biden will become president" 7995:

Boucher, Jean-Christophe; Thies, Cameron G. (2019).

7813:

Arkin, Daniel; Siemaszko, Corky (November 9, 2016).

7664:

Vincent J. Cannato. "Give Me Your Skilled Workers".

7373:

Recent Social Trends in the United States, 1960–1990

6663:

quote on p. 261; Nash references David W. Reinhard,

6174:"The Gentleman's Agreement That Ended the Civil War" 5386:. Columbia University Press. pp. 115, 119–120. 4936: 3168:

played a central role in promoting and planning the

3153:

and a succession of seemingly failed presidencies".

2977:

Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his

13804:

History of organizations based in the United States

10957:9 vol (1919), detailed political coverage to 1909. 10415:

To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party

9665:Greve, Joan E.; Gambino, Lauren (January 7, 2023). 9314:"Senate Acquits Trump In Impeachment Trial — Again" 8843:Kevin Breuninger; Amanda Macias (January 8, 2021). 8032: 8030: 7717:. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on August 17, 2013. 7637:"For 'Party of Business,' Allegiances Are Shifting" 7076:, (University Press of Kentucky, 1983) pp. 157–158. 6784: 6736: 6616: 4136:appointees and congressional leaders. Jeet Heer of 3874:by removing or negatively affecting their right to 3859:

and even suspicious — of appeals from big business.

3617:resigned as secretary of defense to be replaced by 1591:, which fought corruption and waste in government. 1160:and the violent coal and railroad strikes of 1894. 363:

Birthplace of the Republican Party at a schoolhouse

11215: 11063: 10646: 10507:(2001), essays by specialists on each time period. 10316: 10314: 9431: 8208: 7890:Bosman, Julie; Davey, Monica (November 11, 2016). 7679:"Reince Priebus gives GOP prescription for future" 6945: 6105: 6082:"Lincoln reelected during Civil War: Nov. 8, 1864" 5617: 5615: 4737:In state politics, they were strong supporters of 3691:. On August 29, Senator McCain announced Governor 2724:. The Republicans controlled certain parts of the 595: 10444:(2nd ed, 2014); First edition 1903 was entitled: 9288:"Biden: 'Democracy has prevailed' | CNN Politics" 9055: 8182: 7482: 7308:"1966 Elections–A Major Republican Comeback". in 6850: 6470:(Oxford University Press, USA, 2020) pp. 115-134. 6468:The Oxford Handbook of American Political History 4427:, including alleged federal crimes, while he was 4325:on January 20, 2021. In February 2021, Trump was 3375: 3318:In 1995, a budget battle with Clinton led to the 3054:were resolved under the new monetary policies of 2389:, successfully reassembled and reinvigorated the 1867: 13775: 11039: 8027: 7343:"1984 Presidential Election Results – Minnesota" 6298: 6000:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 4306: 4217:being on track to win the election at this point 3156: 2093:as the sole victor over a Democratic incumbent. 287:The American party system had been dominated by 105:at its inception, it was very successful in the 42:A red elephant, a symbol of the Republican Party 13784:History of the Republican Party (United States) 11032:Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed. 10877:James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days 10856:Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement 10311: 9769: 8431: 8116:"Trump's 500-day coup of the GOP, conservatism" 7864:"Trump Pulls Off Biggest Upset in U.S. History" 7631: 7629: 6854:Remaking California: Reclaiming the Public Good 6148:"Congress Passes 13th Amendment, 150 Years Ago" 6049: 6047: 5871: 5639:by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914. 5612: 5015:History of the Democratic Party (United States) 5010:American election campaigns in the 19th century 2808:, the opposition of many Southern Democrats to 1816:, temporarily interrupting the Republican era. 833:Under Republican congressional leadership, the 10851:(covers Presidency 1901–1909); Pulitzer Prize. 10626:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 10563:Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War 8130: 7812: 7726: 7255: 7021:, Lawrence J. Haas, U of Nebraska Press, 2016 6134:The encyclopedia of American political history 5949:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 5927:The origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 5822:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 5679:The origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 5607:The encyclopedia of American political history 5318:"The Ol' Switcheroo. Theodore Roosevelt, 1912" 4687:An important moderate leader in the 1950s was 3946:contests, despite an embarrassing loss in the 3574:, New York City, Republican mayoral candidate 3102:unprecedented economic growth and spurred the 3081:and to support the dictatorial governments of 2400:, who defeated moderates and liberals such as 2022: 1652:. McKinley was the first President to promote 646:who demanded harsher measures. Led by Senator 124:, in 1860, the Party's success in guiding the 11316: 11250:Skocpol, Theda and Williamson, Vanessa, eds. 11198:Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft 10503:Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. 10446:Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans 10376:49.3 (2005): pp. 672–88, quote on pp. 672–73. 10082: 10080: 10078: 8234: 8214: 8059: 6983: 6981: 6839:Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft 6521:In December 1907 he wrote his British friend 6440: 6438: 6436: 6381:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 6132:Paul Finkelman, and Peter Wallenstein, eds., 5932: 5799:. Oxford University Press. pp. 545–546. 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5728:. Philadelphia: Independence Hall Association 5041:, Boston, and other urban areas in the North. 4473:in 2016. In July, the Supreme Court ruled in 3563:was winning. They secured the renewal of the 2116:competing with each other for membership and 1784:In 1912, Roosevelt broke with Taft, rejected 1549: 902:(KKK) attacks. Thousands died on both sides. 18:History of the United States Republican Party 11285:Porter, Kirk H., Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. 10009:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9664: 9577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9551: 9115:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8084: 7994: 7626: 7570: 7418:Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement 6332:. University of Chicago Press. p. 118. 6231:. University of Alabama Press. p. 134. 6079: 6053: 6044: 5844: 5605:Paul Finkelman, and Peter Wallenstein, eds. 4983:History of conservatism in the United States 2171:as it led the fight against a much stronger 1774:1912 personal feud becomes ideological split 13575:National Republican Congressional Committee 11013:Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader 10510: 10470:The Evolution of American Electoral Systems 10422:Voting and Vote-Getting in American History 10408:Encyclopedia of Politics. Vol. 2: The Right 10331:(3rd ed. 2007) covers every state 1950–2004 10193: 10128:, Spring 1997, Vol. 59 Issue 3, pp. 613–33. 9797:"Trump clinches 2024 Republican nomination" 9725:Raju, Manu; Zanona, Melanie (May 5, 2024). 9260:Rogers, Tessa Berenson (January 13, 2021). 8785: 8319: 7974:"GOP-Controlled States Aim to Reshape Laws" 7889: 6991:(2011), University of North Carolina Press. 6707:Addresses upon the American road, 1933–1938 6228:The Scalawag In Alabama Politics, 1865–1881 5408:"Republicans Now Dominate State Government" 4998:Political positions of the Republican Party 4336:effort to make voting laws more restrictive 4272:Supporters of Trump attempting to stop the 4033: 3974:In March 2013, National Committee Chairman 1999:The Old Right emerged in opposition to the 1902:were resoundingly elected by landslides in 1133:. That angered wet Republicans, especially 917:Many of the founders of the GOP joined the 532: 204:In 2016, businessman and media personality 13665:High School Republican National Federation 11323: 11309: 11268:(Columbia University Press, 1994) 293 pp. 11109:(Princeton University Press, 2010). 386pp. 11054: 10748:Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President 10075: 9770:Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (August 2, 2023). 9724: 9610: 9337: 8260: 7370:; Bruce A. Chadwick; Modell, John (1994). 6978: 6481:Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth 6433: 5845:Maisel, L. Sandy; Brewer, Mark D. (2008). 5768: 5716: 5714: 5547: 5502: 4910:. Media businessman and Baptist preacher, 3414:was greatly impacted by the events of the 2312:Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign 1972:Fighting the New Deal coalition: 1932–1980 315:The final nail in the Whig coffin was the 156:that was dominant from 1932 through 1964. 120:With the election of its first president, 11210: 10295:(2003): pp. 327–49; quotes on pp. 329–30. 10023: 9692: 9372:Bekiempis, Victoria (February 14, 2021). 9371: 9312:Montanaro, Domenico (February 13, 2021). 9311: 8924:Bekiempis, Victoria (November 10, 2020). 8923: 8432:Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (July 23, 2020). 8139:"How Trump captured the Republican party" 7696:"Gingrich's Views Evolve on Gay Marriage" 7653:2012 "Republican Presidential Nomination" 6604:Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924 6601: 5469: 5227:Including Bingham and Hamlin, as well as 4768:Political firsts for women and minorities 4718:. They were supported by big business on 4386:removed from the speakership of the House 4276:by storming the United States Capitol on 2163:World War II and its aftermath: 1939–1952 1718:, who easily defeated Bryan again in the 1129:and Scandinavian Lutherans) who demanded 500:Democrats, Free Soil Whigs, anti-slavery 13758:Timeline of modern American conservatism 13590:Republican Attorneys General Association 13585:National Republican Senatorial Committee 10985:The American Political Nation, 1838–1893 10493:(2006), extensive coverage of the party. 10477:The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party 10150: 9491: 9181: 8629: 8603: 8551: 8240: 7943: 6352: 6305:. U North Carolina Press. p. 37ff. 6112:. U of North Carolina Press. p. 9. 5503:Brownstein, Ronald (November 22, 2017). 5472:Battle cry of freedom: the Civil War era 4784:made it the first jurisdiction to grant 4491:. Also in July, Trump was injured in an 4359: 4267: 4204: 4149: 4051: 3892: 3748: 3705:2008 United States presidential election 3506:government response to Hurricane Katrina 3405: 3320:brief shutdown of the federal government 3235: 3118:, but oversaw the loss of the Senate in 2947: 2932: 2928: 2383:1960 United States presidential election 2319: 1808:. Few party leaders followed him except 1780:1912 United States presidential election 1669: 1568:An 1896 Republican poster warns against 1563: 999: 866: 788: 618: 615:History of the United States (1865–1918) 480:ran as the first Republican nominee for 427: 357: 283:History of the United States (1849–1865) 272: 37: 13580:National Republican Redistricting Trust 11254:(Oxford University Press, 2012) 245 pp. 11135:Evolution of American Electoral Systems 11128:1968: The Election That Changed America 11051:New edition every two years since 1975. 10928: 10641: 10604:(1998). The standard scholarly history 10200:. Oxford University Press. p. 91. 9207: 8577: 8505: 8479: 8188: 8090: 8036: 7523:"The 2004 Republican National Platform" 7250:Southern Mountain Republicans 1865–1900 5898: 5865: 5819: 5813: 5711: 5628: 5445:University of California, Santa Barbara 5336: 4993:List of Republican National Conventions 4695:, father and grandfather of Presidents 4617:While the media sometimes called them " 4598:of Vermont, Governor and later Senator 4241:, and Republicans and Democrats became 3902:2012 Republican presidential nomination 3771:became the first black chairman of the 3668:lost and Republican incumbent Governor 3481:The Republican Party fared well in the 3351:shutdown of the U.S. federal government 3326:. That year, the Republicans nominated 968:Republicans. The fatal weakness of the 583: 109:, where by 1858 it had enlisted former 14: 13794:Political history of the United States 13776: 13698:Republican National Coalition for Life 10841: 10548: 9743: 9613:"Watch What's Happening in Red States" 9526:Duster, Chandelis (January 11, 2021). 9525: 9465: 9405: 9338:Broadwater, Luke (February 13, 2021). 9285: 9259: 9129: 9089: 8867: 8865: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8578:Shepard, Steven (September 23, 2023). 8480:Vazquez, Maegan (September 16, 2020). 8241:Glassman, Matthew (February 1, 2019). 7436:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 47–50. 7429: 7179: 7177: 6703: 6667:, (University Press of Kentucky, 1983) 6204:. LSU Press. pp. 114–15, 213–15. 6171: 5530:"Pierce signs the Kansas-Nebraska Act" 5379: 4510: 4299:by the House, this time on charges of 3745:Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign 3402:John McCain 2008 presidential campaign 3262:in 1992, the Republican Party, led by 2838:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 2244:and was half-hearted in opposition to 944:, who promised through the unofficial 799:United States House of Representatives 445:first Republican nominating convention 13809:History of the United States by topic 13640:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 11304: 11172:Mason, Robert, and Iwan Morgan, eds. 10753:Hume, Richard L. and Jerry B. Gough. 10714: 10498:The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush 10374:American Journal of Political Science 9983: 9591: 9406:Sprunt, Barbara (February 15, 2021). 9208:Garrity, Kelly (September 17, 2023). 9182:Sullivan, Kate (September 17, 2023). 8552:Williams, Jordan (October 31, 2020). 8405: 8379: 8353: 8136: 8107: 7944:Phillips, Amber (November 12, 2016). 7571:Morris, Dick; McGann, Eileen (2011). 7483:Homolar-Riechmann, Alexandra (2009). 7376:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 337. 7284:The Life and Death of the Solid South 7030: 6890: 6680:Herbert Hoover, forgotten progressive 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6325: 6146:Klein, Christopher (September 2018). 6145: 6013:American Journal of Political Science 5722:"The Origins of the Republican Party" 5690: 4441:U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations 4162:In December 2019, the House voted to 4059:, 45th President of the United States 3794:Republicans strongly opposed Obama's 3136:collapsed in the Soviet Union in 1991 2102:Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 2033:After Roosevelt took office in 1933, 1932:Great Depression in the United States 1058:as corrupt and helped elect Democrat 556:among them and, during the war, many 11330: 11191:Eisenhower and the American Crusades 10696:The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt 10691:(University Press of Kansas, 2009) . 10567:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 10472:(1983), applies party systems model. 10424:(2016), expanded edition of Dinkin, 10024:Fortinsky, Sarah (August 26, 2024). 9898: 9592:Wines, Michael (February 27, 2021). 9004:Diaz, Daniella (December 10, 2020). 9003: 8759: 8681: 8604:Brumfiel, Geoff (December 6, 2021). 8266: 8113: 7972:Lieb, David A. (December 29, 2016). 7971: 7915: 6770:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6713:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 6676: 6574:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6415:The Third Electoral System 1853–1892 5792: 5786: 5465: 5463: 5400: 5280:The first African American Senator, 4858: 4394:a speakership election on October 25 4086:, and his virulent criticism of the 3349:, eventually leading to a temporary 2904:The Reagan/First Bush Era: 1980–1992 2015:, and even a few midwestern prairie 1926:GOP defeated during Great Depression 1158:severe economic depression 1893–1897 470:first national nominating convention 136:after being rejected by the GOP and 58:after its main political rival, the 56:political party in the United States 11287:National Party Platforms, 1840–1980 10452:The Presidents: A Reference History 10249:(University Press of Florida, 2008. 9611:Brownstein, Ronald (June 3, 2021). 9466:Kenney, Andrew (February 1, 2021). 9130:Parker, Ashley (October 14, 2022). 8898:Kim, Catherine (November 9, 2020). 8897: 8862: 8831: 8380:Cowan, Richard (February 5, 2020). 8189:Bennett, Brian (October 12, 2018). 7261: 7174: 6590:American Nineteenth Century History 5905:. Library of America. p. 120. 4874:some states in the region, such as 4500:2024 Republican National Convention 4495:at a rally of his in Pennsylvania. 4209:Trump's tweet insisting he won the 3689:2008 Republican National Convention 3232:Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign 1914:. The breakaway efforts of Senator 1790:1912 Republican National Convention 1250:Less Confessional German Lutherans 1064:1884 Republican National Convention 932:Reconstruction came to an end when 327:to slavery and future admission as 24: 13683:Republican Main Street Partnership 11292:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. ed. 11279: 10706:The Presidency of William McKinley 10689:The William Howard Taft Presidency 10382: 9746:"The Cases Against Trump: A Guide" 9492:Paybarah, Azi (January 11, 2021). 9286:Reston, Maeve (January 20, 2021). 8354:Ewing, Philip (February 5, 2020). 7460:(Cambridge University Press, 2005) 7267:Southern Politics State and Nation 6430:(U of North Carolina Press, 2000). 6389: 6326:Cohen, Marty; et al. (2009). 6054:Andrew Glass (December 29, 2017). 5878:. UP of New England. p. 133. 5636:The Origin of the Republican Party 5505:"Where the Republican Party Began" 4672:in 1974–1977. Before Rockefeller, 3534:Chief Justice of the United States 3309:major change in the welfare system 2304:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 2231:reforms and continued to champion 1820:Regional, state and local politics 858:Johnson was impeached by the House 25: 13820: 13625:Congressional Hispanic Conference 10342:The Rise of Baptist Republicanism 9899:Wolf, Zachary B. (July 1, 2024). 9744:Graham, David A. (July 2, 2024). 8243:"How Republicans Erased Trumpism" 7727:Nazworth, Napp (March 25, 2013). 6727:(Hoover Institution Press, 2013). 6540:The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt 6527:The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt 6262:Cyclopedia of American Government 6080:Andrew Glass (November 8, 2016). 5460: 4726:). In fiscal policy they favored 4384:On October 3, 2023, McCarthy was 2266:Roosevelt died in April 1945 and 455:was held from June 17 to 19, 1856 253:in the North. Today, it supports 152:, the Democrats formed a winning 13799:Republican Party (United States) 13595:Republican Governors Association 12134:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 11066:The Rise of Southern Republicans 11046:The Almanac of American Politics 10836:William McKinley and His America 10735:Republican ascendancy, 1921-1933 10717:Lincoln and the Election of 1860 10366: 10353: 10334: 10298: 10285: 10269: 10252: 10239: 10227: 10214: 10187: 10171: 10144: 10131: 10118: 10106: 10093: 10062: 10049: 10036: 10017: 9977: 9951: 9918: 9892: 9866: 9841: 9815: 9789: 9763: 9737: 9718: 9658: 9632: 9604: 9585: 9545: 9519: 9485: 9459: 9425: 9399: 9365: 9331: 9305: 9279: 9253: 9227: 9201: 9175: 9149: 9123: 9083: 9049: 9023: 8997: 8957: 8951: 8917: 8891: 8805: 8786:Harry Enten (January 10, 2021). 8779: 8753: 8733: 8727: 8701: 8675: 8649: 8630:Chappell, Bill (July 25, 2023). 8623: 8597: 8571: 8545: 8499: 8473: 8451: 8425: 8399: 8373: 8347: 8313: 8288: 8267:Heer, Jett (February 18, 2016). 8156: 8042:"Trump Already Won the Midterms" 7988: 7965: 7937: 7916:Lieb, David (November 9, 2016). 7909: 7883: 7855: 7829: 7806: 7780: 7763: 7746: 7720: 7708: 7688: 7671: 7658: 7646: 7613: 7591: 7564: 7542: 7515: 7476: 7463: 7450: 7423: 7407: 7391: 7356: 7335: 7318: 7302: 7289: 7242: 7227: 7202: 7161: 7136: 7111: 7095: 7079: 7066: 7024: 7012: 6897:. Cambridge UP. pp. 76–77. 6741:. Prentice-Hall. pp. 85–86. 6641:North Carolina Historical Review 6359:. Princeton UP. pp. 84–85. 5902:Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865 5440:"2016 Republican Party Platform" 5274: 4967: 4953: 4939: 4923:The Emerging Republican Majority 4481:immune from criminal prosecution 4425:multiple notable criminal trials 4376:'s press conference after being 4303:relating to the Capitol attack. 4233:, the Republican Party lost the 4166:on two articles of impeachment, 3791:in Massachusetts in early 2010. 3660:, Republican incumbent Governor 3586:failed in his effort to use the 3572:November 2005 off-year elections 3557:Senate confirmed in January 2006 3416:September 11th terrorist attacks 2794:the only elections that mattered 2701:of legislature and governorship 2520:% House popular vote nationally 1677:leads party to landslide win in 1666:Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt 1154:the 1894 Congressional elections 978:"Black and Tan" Republican Party 793:African-American members of the 734:aid to education and agriculture 31:Republican Party (United States) 11238:The Republican Right since 1945 10532: 10486:, 2nd ed. (1967), basic survey. 10484:The Republican Party, 1854–1966 8114:Swan, Jonathan (June 3, 2018). 8091:LIASSON, MARA (June 13, 2018). 7074:The Republican Right since 1945 6994: 6965: 6928: 6911: 6884: 6871: 6844: 6831: 6818: 6805: 6791:. Princeton U. P. p. 203. 6778: 6762: 6745: 6730: 6717: 6697: 6670: 6665:The Republican Right since 1945 6649: 6633: 6610: 6606:. University of Illinois Press. 6595: 6582: 6566: 6545: 6532: 6515: 6502: 6489: 6473: 6460: 6447: 6420: 6407: 6373: 6346: 6319: 6292: 6270: 6254: 6245: 6225:Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (1977). 6218: 6191: 6165: 6139: 6126: 6099: 6073: 6031: 6018: 6005: 5992: 5979: 5970: 5954: 5941: 5919: 5892: 5838: 5755: 5740: 5684: 5671: 5658: 5642: 5599: 5572: 5250: 5221: 5176: 5151: 5130: 5109: 5088: 5067: 5044: 5027: 4839:before 1979, were Republicans. 4739:state colleges and universities 4684:reflected many of their views. 4341:In 2021, Republican-controlled 3542:Chairman of the Federal Reserve 3020:and were attracted to Reagan's 2920:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 2073:. The realignment creating the 1952:Hoover the presidency with the 1878:Presidency of Warren G. Harding 1757:. Eastern conservatives led by 1741:Tariff in United States history 1010:Presidency of Benjamin Harrison 854:Congressional elections of 1866 596:Republican dominance: 1860–1896 193:, increased military spending, 13688:Republican Majority for Choice 13516:Steering and Policy Committees 10619:Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography 10435:Republicans and the Black vote 10194:Kabaservice, Geoffrey (2012). 10153:Presidential Studies Quarterly 8296:"Trump impeachment vote count" 8137:Smith, David (June 10, 2018). 7769:Nate Cohn (December 4, 2014). 7655:. Retrieved February 26, 2012. 7312:(22nd ed., 1967) pp. 1387–88. 6683:. Little, Brown. p. 222. 6483:(Ohio University Press, 2010) 6278:"Wallace Townsend (1882–1979)" 6198:Michael W. Fitzgerald (2000). 6002:(1998) 104.1/2 (2011): 97–114. 5751:. February 1, 1856. p. 2. 5747:"Republicanism in Wisconsin". 5522: 5496: 5432: 5414: 5330: 5310: 4988:Republican National Convention 4820:of Kansas, who grew up on the 4645:in New York and Chief Justice 3796:2009 economic stimulus package 3640:and chose their former leader 3376:The second Bush era: 2001–2008 3048:It's morning again in America! 2175:. Internationalists, such as 1868:Republicans dominate the 1920s 1804:, or "Bull Moose" ticket), in 1601:Presidency of William McKinley 1496:", who sympathized with them. 1217:Confessional German Lutherans 1104:Interstate Commerce Commission 1054:". In 1884, Mugwumps rejected 934:the contested election of 1876 785:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 13: 1: 13753:International Democracy Union 11026: 10867:The Era of Theodore Roosevelt 10681:(1972) 77#4 pp. 1074–82 10614:(UP of Florida, 2011). 295pp 10512:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. 8406:Tyson, Alec (July 22, 2020). 7577:. HarperCollins. p. 38. 6879:Thomas E. Dewey and His Times 6739:Public Opinion in a Democracy 6555:, "The American tariff map". 6510:Congress & the Presidency 5304: 4833:U.S. House of Representatives 4629:over the conservative leader 4606:of Pennsylvania and Governor 4535:in New Mexico, Congresswoman 4479:that presidents are somewhat 4467:falsifying business documents 4454:, former New Jersey Governor 4378:removed the House speakership 4307:The Biden years: 2021–present 3773:Republican National Committee 3656:won election for governor of 3157:Emergence of neoconservatives 2962:was elected president in the 2432:presidential election of 1968 2415:presidential election of 1964 2071:Works Progress Administration 1882:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge 1836:(1890–1897), who was elected 1824:The Republicans welcomed the 607:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 148:(1929–1940); under President 99:Confederate States of America 11070:. Harvard University Press. 11043:; McCutcheon, Chuck (2011). 8506:Twitter (November 1, 2020). 7923:U.S. News & World Report 7420:(Harvard UP, 2010) pp. 6–11. 6737:Charles W. Smith Jr (1939). 6499:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 63-89. 6428:Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion 6280:. encyclopediaofarkansas.net 5793:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 5470:McPherson, James M. (1988). 5165:of Wisconsin, and Democrats 4471:paying off of Stormy Daniels 4317:118th United States Congress 4313:117th United States Congress 4263:Electoral College vote count 4259:United States Capitol attack 4255:a brief to the Supreme Court 4048:116th United States Congress 4044:115th United States Congress 3934:After losing to Santorum in 3900:campaigning in 2011 for the 3800:2010 health care reform bill 3737:114th United States Congress 3733:113th United States Congress 3729:112th United States Congress 3725:111th United States Congress 3703:, McCain and Palin lost the 3398:110th United States Congress 3394:109th United States Congress 3390:108th United States Congress 3386:107th United States Congress 3382:Presidency of George W. Bush 3220:106th United States Congress 3216:105th United States Congress 3212:104th United States Congress 3208:103rd United States Congress 3104:collapse of the Soviet Union 3096:Strategic Defense Initiative 2448:Strength of parties in 1977 2142:1938 United States elections 1936:Presidency of Herbert Hoover 1659: 600: 267:constitutional jurisprudence 7: 13635:Republican Jewish Coalition 13550:Republican Governance Group 11116:(UP of Florida, 2011) 386pp 10919:Political Science Quarterly 10633:Journal of American History 10401:American National Biography 10260:Political Science Quarterly 7326:American Politics Quarterly 7171:(U of Alabama Press, 1966). 7144:"1964 Goldwater on Vietnam" 6936:Journal of American History 6657:Reviews in American History 6602:Gustafson, Melanie (2001). 6106:J. Matthew Gallman (2015). 5962:Journal of American History 5820:Gienapp, William E (1987). 5697:. W.W. Norton. p. 12. 4932: 4891:taking the governorship in 4554:in New York City, Governor 4274:counting of electoral votes 3476:weapons of mass destruction 3443:against the Vice President 3366:House Republican Conference 2916:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 2684: 2670: 2656: 2642: 2575: 2561: 2547: 2533: 2308:Presidency of Richard Nixon 2023:The New Deal Era: 1932–1939 1856:was first elected mayor of 1704:Northern Securities Company 1594: 1048:reform of the civil service 970:Republican Party in Alabama 955:In terms of racial issues, 212:faction, which ranges from 10: 13825: 13789:History by political party 13555:Republican Study Committee 11275:, 67 (Autumn 2010), 53–74. 10715:Green, Michael S. (2011). 10679:American Historical Review 10475:Kurian, George Thomas ed. 10394: 10386: 7189:search.alexanderstreet.com 6938:, (1966) 52:4 pp. 757–72. 6851:R. Jeffrey Lustig (2010). 6037:Heather Cox Richardson, 5299: 4862: 4578:of Massachusetts, Senator 4521:Robert M. La Follette, Sr. 4433:2024 presidential election 4310: 4301:incitement of insurrection 4253:. 125 House Republicans " 4096:2016 presidential election 4040:Presidency of Donald Trump 4037: 3886:fought off a labor-fueled 3722: 3697:2007–2008 financial crisis 3474:to rebuild or develop new 3379: 3205: 3182:United States Armed Forces 3160: 3134:empire. Communism finally 2913: 2907: 2629:State legislature control 2301: 2146:1940 presidential election 2026: 1975: 1929: 1871: 1777: 1738: 1734: 1720:1908 presidential election 1663: 1598: 1553: 1550:Progressive Era: 1896–1932 1239:French Canadian Catholics 1003: 844:During the post-Civil War 839:assassinated in April 1865 774: 604: 335:that had been part of the 276: 28: 13730: 13693:Republican Liberty Caucus 13673: 13603: 13565: 13496: 13485: 13440: 13179: 13165: 13105: 12736: 12727: 12518: 12321: 12184: 11380: 11340: 10963:Richardson, Heather Cox. 10602:Reconstruction, 1863–1877 10220:See Richard A. Viguerie, 7501:10.1080/13569770902858111 7297:Journal of Policy History 7052:10.1017/S0018246X12000593 6617:Melanie Susan Gustafson. 6404:Shafer and Badger (2001). 6353:Crespino, Joseph (2007). 6299:Lisio, Donald J. (2012). 5899:Lincoln, Abraham (1989). 5555:"The Kansas-Nebraska Act" 5380:Layman, Geoffrey (2001). 4485:election subversion trial 4450:, South Carolina Senator 4073:their opposition to Trump 4069:2016 Republican primaries 3827:November midterm election 3286:balanced budget amendment 3196:American Jewish Committee 3176:and Secretary of Defense 2985:landslides. In 1980, the 2699:States' one party control 2603: 2447: 2350:Interstate Highway System 2316:Presidency of Gerald Ford 2272:Joseph William Martin Jr. 2096:Roosevelt alienated many 2029:Criticism of the New Deal 1978:Old Right (United States) 1942:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1862:National Civic Federation 1605:The Progressive Era (or " 936:was awarded by a special 747:. Lincoln chose Democrat 472:was held in June 1856 in 165:Voting Rights Act of 1965 13463:Northern Mariana Islands 11154:with Charles D. Hadley. 11036:(Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp 11004:Summers, Mark Wahlgren. 10997:Summers, Mark Wahlgren. 10990:Summers, Mark Wahlgren. 7668:. March 12, 2013. p. 12. 7623:, Lexington Books, 2013. 7599:"Michael Steele Archive" 7430:Record, Jeffrey (2010). 6772:, (1984) 15:1 pp. 53–81 6704:Hoover, Herbert (1938). 6659:(1984) 12:2 pp. 261–265 5929:(1987) pp. 431–435, 547. 5872:John R. Mulkern (1990). 5534:www.americanheritage.com 5020: 4843:after the Civil War and 4774:Civil Rights Act of 1964 4562:of California, Governor 4327:acquitted of the charges 4180:Senate impeachment trial 4101:In addition to electing 4034:The Trump era: 2017–2020 3880:public-employee protests 3315:on members of Congress. 3258:of Democratic President 1764:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 1755:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 890:, supported directly by 533:Ethnocultural voter base 461:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 441:Center City Philadelphia 161:Civil Rights Act of 1964 11273:Polish American Studies 11167:excerpt and text search 11152:Ladd Jr., Everett Carll 11146:Excerpt and text search 11140:Kabaservice, Geoffrey. 11011:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10875:Muzzey, David Saville. 10561:Donald, David Herbert. 10496:Rutland, Robert Allen. 10468:Kleppner, Paul, et al. 10361:The Independent website 8001:The Journal of Politics 7552:. CNN. November 8, 2006 7214:www.presidency.ucsb.edu 7123:www.presidency.ucsb.edu 7006:Encyclopedia Britannica 6921:(1962) 24:4 pp. 525–62 6512:(2016) 43#2 pp 227-254. 6426:Mark Wahlgren Summers, 5726:Republican Philadelphia 5339:The Journal of Politics 4619:Rockefeller Republicans 4539:in Montana and Senator 4527:in California, Senator 4231:November 2020 elections 4172:obstruction of Congress 4156:first impeachment trial 4079:, his support from the 4024:race to replace Boehner 3950:and near-upsets in the 3919:, motivational speaker 3464:invasion of Afghanistan 3305:balanced federal budget 2866:Nixon's involvement in 2863:by carrying 49 states. 2385:when Democrats, led by 1954:1932 landslide election 1427:Natives: Southern Stock 1328:Natives: Northern Stock 1042:, who followed Senator 1030:, followers of Senator 862:acquitted by the Senate 694:national banking system 419:explains the strategy: 296:, where Whig candidate 83:national banking system 13545:Problem Solvers Caucus 11123:(Princeton, NJ, 2010). 10653:. Simon and Schuster. 10363:Retrieved 8 June 2023. 10321:Charles S. Bullock III 10262:108.2 (1993): 255–270 7234:Everett Carll Ladd Jr. 7148:vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu 7040:The Historical Journal 7031:Mason, Robert (2013). 6891:Mason, Robert (2011). 6877:Richard Norton Smith, 6857:. Heyday. p. 88. 6643:42.3 (1965): 319–334. 6542:(1952) vol. 6, p. 874. 6529:(1952) vol. 6, p. 875. 5749:The Pittsburgh Gazette 5648:William Stocking, ed. 5102:of Massachusetts, and 5004:United States politics 4786:voting rights to women 4658:Rockefeller Republican 4558:of New York, Governor 4476:Trump v. United States 4381: 4347:2022 midterm elections 4330:administration figure 4280: 4218: 4159: 4145:2018 midterm elections 4060: 3972: 3904: 3868: 3812:2010 midterm elections 3764: 3638:Senate Minority Leader 3632:. Senators chose whip 3611:2006 midterm elections 3483:2002 midterm elections 3418: 3362:1998 midterm elections 3251: 2972:Peace Through Strength 2956: 2945: 2822:1966 midterm elections 2332: 2214:conservative coalition 2209:attack on Pearl Harbor 2157:conservative coalition 2124:the conservative from 2098:conservative Democrats 1997: 1681: 1642:William Jennings Bryan 1619:William Jennings Bryan 1572: 1100:Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1018:Half-Breeds (politics) 974: 957:Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins 875: 830: 659:conservative Democrats 634: 530: 512:of both parties. Many 456: 426: 369: 107:Northern United States 103:Southern United States 43: 13630:Log Cabin Republicans 11098:Critchlow, Donald T. 11022:(UP of Kansas, 2017). 10935:Lincoln the President 10921:99#4 (1984): 703–16. 10643:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 10576:DeSantis, Vincent P. 10550:Donald, David Herbert 10538:Bordewich, Fergus M. 10450:Graff, Henry F., ed. 10304:Matthew D. Lassiter, 10137:Timothy J. Sullivan, 8221:Brookings Institution 7535:on February 26, 2008. 7489:Contemporary Politics 7328:10.4 (1982): 387–420 7299:31.3 (2019): 382–405. 6576:50.3 (1963): 424–442 6559:45.3 (1955): 327–346 6551:Howard R. Smith, and 6172:Rubenstein, Harry R. 5985:Fergus M. Bordewich, 5964:72.3 (1985): 529-559 5691:Oakes, James (2012). 5677:William E. Gienapp, 5509:The American Prospect 5052:William Cullen Bryant 4900:evangelical Christian 4682:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 4612:Nelson A. Rockefeller 4594:of Kentucky, Senator 4590:of New York, Senator 4576:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 4531:in Nebraska, Senator 4493:assassination attempt 4372: 4271: 4208: 4200:anti-vaccine movement 4153: 4088:mainstream news media 4077:political correctness 4055: 3967: 3896: 3876:collective bargaining 3856: 3752: 3630:House Minority Leader 3592:House Majority Leader 3584:Arnold Schwarzenegger 3551:, replacing her with 3409: 3275:Republican Revolution 3271:Contract with America 3239: 3228:Contract with America 3224:Republican Revolution 3170:2003 invasion of Iraq 3040:and social liberals. 2951: 2936: 2929:The Reagan Revolution 2814:Civil Rights Movement 2738:civil rights movement 2726:Appalachian Mountains 2417:, he was defeated by 2410:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2345:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2323: 2091:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2005:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1992: 1958:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1916:Robert M. La Follette 1798:Robert M. La Follette 1786:Robert M. La Follette 1673: 1625:) would bankrupt the 1567: 1534:Liturgical churches ( 1046:of Maine, pushed for 1004:Further information: 1000:Gilded Age: 1877–1890 965: 878:With the election of 870: 792: 622: 525: 431: 421: 361: 273:Beginnings: 1854–1860 259:cultural conservatism 255:free market economics 150:Franklin D. Roosevelt 41: 13660:Republicans Overseas 13650:Teen Age Republicans 13453:District of Columbia 11854:1964 (San Francisco) 11814:1956 (San Francisco) 11350:National Union Party 11257:Sundquist, James L. 11196:Patterson, James T. 11112:Feldman, Glenn, ed. 10953:Rhodes, James Ford. 10907:(W. W. Norton, 2012) 10900:(W.W. Norton, 2021). 10635:72.3 (1985): 529–59 10624:Gienapp, William E. 10432:Fauntroy, Michael K. 10406:Carlisle, Rodney P. 10308:(Princeton UP, 2013) 10068:Otis L. Graham Jr., 8040:(November 6, 2018). 7704:. December 20, 2012. 7701:The Washington Times 7609:on January 20, 2011. 7248:Gordon B. McKinney, 6971:John W. Malsberger, 6837:James T. Patterson, 6755:39.1 (2005): 89–106 6621:. Networks.h-net.org 6497:Masters of the House 5083:Isaac P. Christiancy 4975:United States portal 4853:United States Senate 4845:Booker T. Washington 4666:governor of New York 4627:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4602:of Oregon, Governor 4351:speakership election 4289:Biden administration 3988:social conservatives 3931:and Romney himself. 3808:Obama administration 3646:Senate Minority Whip 3456:September 11 attacks 3188:and wrote often for 2999:District of Columbia 2881:for the nomination. 2847:Nixon defeated both 2790:Democratic primaries 2341:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2325:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2276:Speaker of the House 2104:. Following a sharp 1838:Governor of Michigan 1806:the election of 1912 1693:Joseph Gurney Cannon 1589:Progressive Movement 1294:Norwegian Lutherans 1115:annexation of Hawaii 1014:Stalwarts (politics) 938:electoral commission 907:Fourteenth Amendment 795:United States Senate 745:National Union Party 675:Governor of New York 667:abolition of slavery 648:William P. Fessenden 584:Cause of realignment 510:Temperance Reformers 227:, which consists of 197:, and a strong anti- 13613:College Republicans 12034:2000 (Philadelphia) 11774:1948 (Philadelphia) 11734:1940 (Philadelphia) 11551:1900 (Philadelphia) 11460:1872 (Philadelphia) 11408:1856 (Philadelphia) 11360:Fourth Party System 11236:Reinhard, David W. 11189:Parmet, Herbert S. 10891:Ordeal of the Union 10869:, 1900–1912 (1958) 10813:Lowenstein, Roger. 10565:(1960); and vol 2: 10099:Joseph E. Persico, 9646:. November 17, 2022 9161:The Washington Post 9136:The Washington Post 8412:Pew Research Center 7951:The Washington Post 7758:The Washington Post 7683:The Washington Post 7666:Wall Street Journal 7643:. January 15, 2013. 7282:Dewey W. Grantham, 7072:David W. Reinhard, 6677:Hoff, Joan (1975). 6557:Geographical Review 6523:Arthur Hamilton Lee 6479:William T. Horner, 6028:45#1 (1999): 28–60. 5681:(1987) pp. 189–223. 5668:(1947) pp. 316–323. 5282:Hiram Rhodes Revels 5081:of California, and 4947:Conservatism portal 4798:Octaviano Larrazolo 4782:John Allen Campbell 4691:Republican senator 4592:John Sherman Cooper 4552:Fiorello La Guardia 4511:Republican factions 4446:, Florida Governor 4001:government shutdown 3835:picked up six seats 3454:In the wake of the 3307:. The result was a 3264:House Minority Whip 3194:, published by the 3151:Iran hostage crisis 3028:and to his hawkish 3022:social conservatism 2233:non-interventionism 2013:Non-Partisan League 1920:Teapot Dome Scandal 1716:William Howard Taft 1607:Fourth Party System 1585:realigning election 1556:Fourth Party System 1529:Disciples of Christ 1349:Free Will Baptists 1316:Haugean Norwegians 1170: 942:Rutherford B. Hayes 781:Radical Republicans 757:Radical Republicans 644:Radical Republicans 521:Cooper Union speech 337:Missouri Compromise 317:Kansas–Nebraska Act 187:government spending 67:Kansas–Nebraska Act 13645:Republicans Abroad 13510:Legislative Digest 11974:1988 (New Orleans) 11914:1976 (Kansas City) 11894:1972 (Miami Beach) 11874:1968 (Miami Beach) 11674:1928 (Kansas City) 11538:1896 (Saint Louis) 11525:1892 (Minneapolis) 11370:Sixth Party System 11365:Fifth Party System 11355:Third Party System 11203:Patterson, James. 11018:Williams, R. Hal. 10834:Morgan, H. Wayne. 10827:Morgan, H. Wayne. 10610:Frantz, Edward O. 10583:Edwards, Rebecca. 10489:Remini, Robert V. 10428:, (Greenwood 1989) 10420:Dinkin, Robert J. 10413:Cox, Heather Cox. 10178:Matthew Levendusky 9598:The New York Times 9498:The New York Times 9438:The New York Times 9344:The New York Times 9241:. January 14, 2021 9062:The New York Times 9037:. February 4, 2021 8989:has generic name ( 8877:www.britannica.com 8715:. November 7, 2020 8682:Solender, Andrew. 8661:The New York Times 8537:has generic name ( 8326:The New York Times 8247:The New York Times 8170:. January 21, 2021 8067:"Trump's Takeover" 7896:The New York Times 7843:. November 9, 2016 7794:. November 9, 2016 7792:The New York Times 7775:The New York Times 7733:The Christian Post 7641:The New York Times 6919:Review of Politics 6881:(1982) pp. 273–81 6592:20.1 (2019): 1–18. 6383:5.1 (2006): 19–45 5426:The New York Times 5235:of New Hampshire, 5229:James R. Doolittle 5210:of New Hampshire, 5204:Samuel J. Kirkwood 5192:William H. Bissell 5186:of Massachusetts, 5184:Nathaniel P. Banks 5119:of Massachusetts, 5117:Nathaniel P. Banks 4841:Frederick Douglass 4831:who served in the 4662:Nelson Rockefeller 4533:Bronson M. Cutting 4517:Theodore Roosevelt 4382: 4343:state legislatures 4281: 4243:tied in the Senate 4219: 4174:, relating to his 4160: 4061: 3905: 3850:The New York Times 3804:Tea Party movement 3765: 3741:Tea Party movement 3518:Secretary of State 3462:that included the 3430:Secretary of Labor 3419: 3410:The presidency of 3269:campaigning on a " 3252: 3024:on issues such as 2957: 2946: 2830:New Deal Coalition 2802:New Deal Coalition 2731:racial segregation 2604:State Legislators 2467:Party ID (Gallup) 2402:Nelson Rockefeller 2391:New Deal Coalition 2333: 2220:) as unnecessary. 2075:Fifth Party System 2009:Farmer-Labor party 1982:Fifth Party System 1962:New Deal coalition 1685:Theodore Roosevelt 1682: 1675:Theodore Roosevelt 1646:Theodore Roosevelt 1573: 1429:(living in North) 1305:Swedish Lutherans 1283:German Sectarians 1261:English Canadians 1168: 1123:Congregationalists 1076:Theodore Roosevelt 994:lily-white faction 982:lily-white faction 946:Compromise of 1877 892:United States Army 876: 846:Reconstruction era 831: 777:Reconstruction era 763:in the Senate and 639:Third Party System 635: 611:American Civil War 550:Congregationalists 494:Locofoco Democrats 457: 370: 345:Zachariah Chandler 325:Nebraska Territory 279:Third Party System 225:anti-Trump faction 154:New Deal coalition 130:Theodore Roosevelt 44: 13771: 13770: 13726: 13725: 13655:Young Republicans 13523:Senate Conference 13481: 13480: 13161: 13160: 11473:1876 (Cincinnati) 11227:Perlstein, Rick. 11084:Brennan, Mary C. 10930:Randall, James G. 10910:Paludin, Philip. 10865:Mowry, George E. 10854:Mowry, George E. 10778:Jensen, Richard. 10768:Jensen, Richard. 10726:978-0-8093-3035-5 10660:978-0-684-82490-1 10482:Mayer, George H. 10461:Jensen, Richard. 8663:. January 7, 2021 8512:Los Angeles Times 8461:. October 9, 2020 7685:. March 18, 2013. 7469:Benjamin Balint, 7456:Murray Friedman, 6841:(1972) pp. 160–82 6811:Harvard Sitkoff, 6453:R. Hal Williams, 6264:(1914) . p. 133. 6026:Civil War History 5951:(Oxford UP, 1987) 5947:William Gienapp, 5428:. August 9, 2017. 5326:. April 29, 2009. 5257:William D. Kelley 5216:Alexander Randall 5146:William H. Seward 5077:of Pennsylvania, 4865:Southern strategy 4859:Southern strategy 4697:George H. W. Bush 4678:Dwight Eisenhower 4370: 4285:voted to overturn 4251:stolen from Trump 4196:COVID-19 vaccines 4187:COVID-19 pandemic 4081:ethno-nationalist 4022:bowed out of the 3948:Colorado caucuses 3927:, former senator 3923:, former Speaker 3913:RealClearPolitics 3866:", in their view. 3864:corporate welfare 3711:and running mate 3676:won re-election. 3648:by one vote over 3588:ballot initiative 3576:Michael Bloomberg 3498:ownership society 3172:. Vice President 3143:George H. W. Bush 3127:Mikhail Gorbachev 3071:contra guerrillas 3038:African Americans 3010:George H. W. Bush 2993:'s home state of 2953:George H. W. Bush 2942:Reagan Revolution 2853:George C. Wallace 2792:, which had been 2714: 2713: 2292:Electoral College 2189:Arthur Vandenberg 1966:Dwight Eisenhower 1892:Warren G. Harding 1888:League of Nations 1854:Golden Rule Jones 1759:Nelson W. Aldrich 1518:liturgical groups 1481: 1480: 1382:Regular Baptists 1088:Bourbon Democrats 1080:Henry Cabot Lodge 827:Robert B. Elliott 805:(R-MS) and Reps. 560:and Scandinavian 482:President in 1856 433:Musical Fund Hall 382:Jackson, Michigan 169:Southern strategy 134:Progressive Party 52:political parties 16:(Redirected from 13816: 13528:Policy Committee 13504:House Conference 13494: 13493: 13177: 13176: 12734: 12733: 12154:2024 (Milwaukee) 12114:2016 (Cleveland) 12014:1996 (San Diego) 11714:1936 (Cleveland) 11654:1924 (Cleveland) 11434:1864 (Baltimore) 11334: 11333:Republican Party 11325: 11318: 11311: 11302: 11301: 11243:Rosen, Eliot A. 11223: 11221: 11126:Gould, Lewis L. 11119:Galvin, Daniel. 11091:Bowen, Michael. 11081: 11069: 11050: 11049:(2012 ed.). 10949: 10850: 10820:Marcus, Robert. 10806:Kleppner, Paul. 10792:Keith, LeeAnna. 10730: 10704:Gould, Lewis L. 10694:Gould, Lewis L. 10687:Gould, Lewis L. 10667:Gould, Lewis L. 10664: 10652: 10557: 10523: 10522:(2011 ed.). 10454:(3rd ed. 2002) 10440:Gould, Lewis L. 10377: 10370: 10364: 10357: 10351: 10338: 10332: 10318: 10309: 10302: 10296: 10289: 10283: 10273: 10267: 10256: 10250: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10191: 10185: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10148: 10142: 10135: 10129: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10097: 10091: 10084: 10073: 10066: 10060: 10055:Robert Johnson, 10053: 10047: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10008: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9803:. March 12, 2024 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9576: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9114: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8982: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8869: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8840: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8760:Brewster, Jack. 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8530: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8274:The New Republic 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8034: 8025: 8024: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7982:Associated Press 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7784: 7778: 7767: 7761: 7752:Chris Cillizza. 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7692: 7686: 7675: 7669: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7633: 7624: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7605:. Archived from 7595: 7589: 7588: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7528:. Archived from 7527: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7480: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7427: 7421: 7411: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7364:Caplow, Theodore 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7339: 7333: 7322: 7316: 7306: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7259: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7181: 7172: 7167:Bernard Cosman, 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7115: 7109: 7099: 7093: 7083: 7077: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7037: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6998: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6848: 6842: 6835: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6782: 6776: 6766: 6760: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6723:George H. Nash, 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6674: 6668: 6653: 6647: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6570: 6564: 6553:John Fraser Hart 6549: 6543: 6536: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6487: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6387: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6274: 6268: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6015:(2001): 887–898. 6009: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5688: 5682: 5675: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5314: 5293: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5260: 5259:of Pennsylvania. 5254: 5248: 5247:of Pennsylvania. 5243:of Illinois and 5225: 5219: 5180: 5174: 5157:Including Whigs 5155: 5149: 5144:of Indiana, and 5134: 5128: 5127:of Pennsylvania. 5125:Thaddeus Stevens 5123:of Indiana, and 5113: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5048: 5042: 5035:Orestes Brownson 5031: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4829:African American 4794:Jeannette Rankin 4790:Romualdo Pacheco 4756: 4734:, not tax cuts. 4732:entrepreneurship 4728:balanced budgets 4651:John B. Anderson 4608:George W. Romney 4604:William Scranton 4572:Clifford P. Case 4537:Jeannette Rankin 4529:George W. Norris 4463:34 felony counts 4371: 4158:in February 2020 3938:and Gingrich in 3841:National Journal 3789:special election 3636:of Kentucky for 3526:Attorney General 3522:Alberto Gonzales 3514:Condoleezza Rice 3468:invasion of Iraq 3460:War on Terrorism 2987:Reagan coalition 2924:Reagan coalition 2772:and, especially 2445: 2444: 2406:William Scranton 2280:Taft–Hartley Act 1946:Great Depression 1874:Roaring Twenties 1830:Hazen S. Pingree 1634:campaign manager 1577:William McKinley 1575:The election of 1540:German Lutherans 1502:Grover Cleveland 1228:German Reformed 1195:Irish Catholics 1185:Immigrant groups 1171: 1167: 1135:German Americans 1072:Grover Cleveland 1060:Grover Cleveland 990:Wallace Townsend 919:liberal movement 880:Ulysses S. Grant 872:Ulysses S. Grant 765:Thaddeus Stevens 652:Thaddeus Stevens 650:and Congressman 539:upstate New York 506:Conscience Whigs 378:Ripon, Wisconsin 367:Ripon, Wisconsin 341:Conscience Whigs 333:36° 30′ latitude 321:Kansas Territory 300:was trounced by 146:Great Depression 60:Democratic Party 48:Republican Party 21: 13824: 13823: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13815: 13814: 13813: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13722: 13675: 13669: 13605: 13599: 13567: 13561: 13488: 13477: 13436: 13172: 13170: 13157: 13106:Chair elections 13101: 12723: 12622:D. B. Henderson 12610:T. J. Henderson 12535: 12532: 12530: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12317: 12190:administrations 12188: 12180: 12074:2008 (St. Paul) 12054:2004 (New York) 11399: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11376: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11299: 11282: 11280:Primary sources 11264:Weed, Clyda P. 11212:Perlstein, Rick 11179:Milbank, Dana. 11161:Mason, Robert. 11158:2nd ed. (1978). 11102:(2nd ed. 2011). 11078: 11041:Barone, Michael 11029: 10982:Silbey, Joel H. 10946: 10785:Kehl, James A. 10744:Hoogenboom, Ari 10733:Hicks, John D. 10727: 10661: 10617:Garraty, John. 10558:Full biography. 10535: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10383:Further reading 10380: 10371: 10367: 10358: 10354: 10340:Oran P. Smith, 10339: 10335: 10319: 10312: 10303: 10299: 10290: 10286: 10274: 10270: 10257: 10253: 10245:Simon Topping, 10244: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10219: 10215: 10208: 10192: 10188: 10176: 10172: 10149: 10145: 10136: 10132: 10123: 10119: 10111: 10107: 10098: 10094: 10085: 10076: 10067: 10063: 10054: 10050: 10041: 10037: 10022: 10018: 10002: 10001: 9994: 9992: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9966: 9965:. July 15, 2024 9957: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9940: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9897: 9893: 9883: 9881: 9872: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9829:. March 6, 2024 9821: 9820: 9816: 9806: 9804: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9776:FiveThirtyEight 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9742: 9738: 9723: 9719: 9709: 9707: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9681: 9663: 9659: 9649: 9647: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9623: 9621: 9609: 9605: 9590: 9586: 9570: 9569: 9562: 9560: 9550: 9546: 9536: 9534: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9490: 9486: 9476: 9474: 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9430: 9426: 9416: 9414: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9388: 9370: 9366: 9356: 9354: 9336: 9332: 9322: 9320: 9310: 9306: 9296: 9294: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9258: 9254: 9244: 9242: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9206: 9202: 9192: 9190: 9180: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9163:. March 3, 2022 9155: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9128: 9124: 9108: 9107: 9100: 9098: 9088: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9054: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9014: 9012: 9002: 8998: 8986: 8985: 8976: 8975: 8968: 8966: 8958:News, A. B. C. 8956: 8952: 8942: 8940: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8879:. June 21, 2024 8871: 8870: 8863: 8853: 8851: 8841: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8716: 8713:The Independent 8707: 8706: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8612: 8602: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8550: 8546: 8534: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8516: 8514: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8438:FiveThirtyEight 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8352: 8348: 8338: 8336: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8035: 8028: 7993: 7989: 7978:Chicago Tribune 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7768: 7764: 7760:. July 1, 2014. 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7677:Rachel Weiner. 7676: 7672: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7635:Jackie Calmes. 7634: 7627: 7618: 7614: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7481: 7477: 7468: 7464: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7412: 7408: 7398:Johnson, Haynes 7396: 7392: 7384: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7323: 7319: 7310:CQ Almanac 1966 7307: 7303: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7274: 7260: 7256: 7247: 7243: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7100: 7096: 7086:W. J. Rorabaugh 7084: 7080: 7071: 7067: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6987:Michael Bowen, 6986: 6979: 6970: 6966: 6958:Michael Bowen, 6957: 6946: 6933: 6929: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6836: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6783: 6779: 6767: 6763: 6753:History Teacher 6750: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6654: 6650: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6611: 6600: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6571: 6567: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6533: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6413:Paul Kleppner, 6412: 6408: 6403: 6390: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6251:DeSantis, 1998. 6250: 6246: 6239: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6140: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6052: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6023: 6019: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5769: 5761:Johnson (ed.), 5760: 5756: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5672: 5663: 5659: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5613: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5501: 5497: 5482: 5468: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5448:. July 18, 2016 5438: 5437: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5335: 5331: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5226: 5222: 5200:Hannibal Hamlin 5196:Salmon P. Chase 5188:Kinsley Bingham 5181: 5177: 5167:Hannibal Hamlin 5156: 5152: 5142:Schuyler Colfax 5138:Abraham Lincoln 5135: 5131: 5114: 5110: 5096:Salmon P. Chase 5093: 5089: 5079:John C. Fremont 5072: 5068: 5049: 5045: 5032: 5028: 5023: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961:Politics portal 4959: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4904:Roman Catholics 4867: 4861: 4770: 4761:Barry Goldwater 4754: 4743:anti-communists 4674:Thomas E. Dewey 4639:Charles Goodell 4635:Barry Goldwater 4588:Jacob K. Javits 4574:of New Jersey, 4556:Thomas E. Dewey 4513: 4498:Discussing the 4469:related to his 4380:in October 2023 4360: 4319: 4311:Main articles: 4309: 4297:again impeached 4278:January 6, 2021 4176:Ukraine scandal 4115:state governors 4092:Hillary Clinton 4050: 4038:Main articles: 4036: 3888:recall election 3861: 3860: 3833:. The GOP also 3747: 3723:Main articles: 3721: 3701:Great Recession 3650:Lamar Alexander 3634:Mitch McConnell 3615:Donald Rumsfeld 3599:Duke Cunningham 3565:USA PATRIOT Act 3510:Social Security 3404: 3380:Main articles: 3378: 3234: 3206:Main articles: 3204: 3178:Donald Rumsfeld 3165: 3163:Neoconservatism 3159: 3064:Social Security 3056:Federal Reserve 3006:Reagan Democrat 2931: 2926: 2912: 2906: 2876:barely defeated 2849:Hubert Humphrey 2700: 2671:in the Midwest 2562:in the Midwest 2398:Barry Goldwater 2387:John F. Kennedy 2370:Barry Goldwater 2318: 2302:Main articles: 2300: 2268:Harry S. Truman 2246:world communism 2237:Thomas E. Dewey 2218:Social Security 2201:Wendell Willkie 2199:, a dark horse 2165: 2138:Thomas E. Dewey 2040:Second New Deal 2031: 2025: 1984: 1976:Main articles: 1974: 1938: 1930:Main articles: 1928: 1896:Calvin Coolidge 1884: 1870: 1826:Progressive Era 1822: 1782: 1776: 1743: 1737: 1668: 1662: 1603: 1597: 1562: 1560:Progressive Era 1552: 1536:Roman Catholics 1486:Roman Catholics 1360:Congregational 1166: 1108:McKinley Tariff 1056:James G. Blaine 1044:James G. Blaine 1034:, defended the 1032:Roscoe Conkling 1024: 1002: 959:argues that in 807:Benjamin Turner 787: 775:Main articles: 773: 714:without backing 671:Horatio Seymour 624:Abraham Lincoln 617: 603: 598: 589:William Gienapp 586: 578:German Lutheran 535: 478:John C. Frémont 466:Franklin Pierce 353:Salmon P. Chase 310:Free Soil Party 302:Franklin Pierce 285: 275: 247:Mountain States 122:Abraham Lincoln 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13822: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13769: 13768: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13708:Liberty Caucus 13705: 13703:ConservAmerica 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13679: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13609: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13571: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13540:Freedom Caucus 13532: 13531: 13530: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13513: 13500: 13498: 13491: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13475: 13473:Virgin Islands 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13448:American Samoa 13444: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13382:South Carolina 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13347:North Carolina 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13183: 13181: 13174: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12740: 12738: 12731: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12715: 12709: 12703: 12697: 12691: 12685: 12679: 12673: 12667: 12661: 12655: 12649: 12643: 12637: 12631: 12625: 12619: 12613: 12607: 12601: 12595: 12589: 12583: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12540: 12538: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12422: 12416: 12410: 12404: 12398: 12392: 12386: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12362: 12356: 12350: 12344: 12337: 12335: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12291: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12201: 12194: 12192: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12175:2028 (Houston) 12171: 12170: 12169: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12051: 12050: 12049: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12011: 12010: 12009: 11994:1992 (Houston) 11991: 11990: 11989: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11934:1980 (Detroit) 11931: 11930: 11929: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11834:1960 (Chicago) 11831: 11830: 11829: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11794:1952 (Chicago) 11791: 11790: 11789: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11754:1944 (Chicago) 11751: 11750: 11749: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11694:1932 (Chicago) 11691: 11690: 11689: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11634:1920 (Chicago) 11631: 11630: 11629: 11614:1916 (Chicago) 11611: 11610: 11609: 11590:1912 (Chicago) 11587: 11577:1908 (Chicago) 11574: 11564:1904 (Chicago) 11561: 11548: 11535: 11522: 11512:1888 (Chicago) 11509: 11499:1884 (Chicago) 11496: 11486:1880 (Chicago) 11483: 11470: 11457: 11447:1868 (Chicago) 11444: 11431: 11421:1860 (Chicago) 11418: 11404: 11402: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11305: 11298: 11297: 11290: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11225: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11177: 11170: 11159: 11149: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11105:Dueck, Colin, 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11076: 11052: 11037: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10988: 10979: 10968: 10961: 10951: 10944: 10926: 10915: 10908: 10903:Oakes, James. 10901: 10896:Oakes, James. 10894: 10884: 10873: 10863: 10852: 10849:. Vol. 2. 10843:Morris, Edmund 10839: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10804: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10766: 10758: 10751: 10741: 10731: 10725: 10712: 10702: 10692: 10685: 10675: 10665: 10659: 10639: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10598: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10571:Pulitzer Prize 10559: 10546: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10479:(4 vol. 2002). 10473: 10466: 10459: 10448: 10438: 10429: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10387:Main article: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10365: 10352: 10333: 10325:Mark J. Rozell 10310: 10297: 10284: 10268: 10251: 10238: 10226: 10213: 10206: 10186: 10170: 10143: 10130: 10117: 10105: 10092: 10086:Nicol C. Rae, 10074: 10061: 10048: 10042:Ruth O'Brien, 10035: 10016: 9976: 9950: 9917: 9891: 9880:. July 1, 2024 9865: 9840: 9814: 9788: 9762: 9736: 9717: 9691: 9657: 9631: 9603: 9584: 9544: 9518: 9484: 9458: 9424: 9398: 9364: 9330: 9304: 9278: 9252: 9226: 9200: 9174: 9148: 9122: 9082: 9048: 9022: 8996: 8950: 8916: 8890: 8861: 8830: 8804: 8778: 8752: 8726: 8700: 8674: 8648: 8622: 8596: 8570: 8544: 8498: 8472: 8450: 8424: 8398: 8372: 8346: 8312: 8287: 8259: 8233: 8207: 8181: 8155: 8129: 8106: 8083: 8058: 8038:Coppins, McKay 8026: 8013:10.1086/702229 8007:(2): 712–722. 7987: 7964: 7936: 7908: 7882: 7854: 7828: 7805: 7779: 7762: 7745: 7719: 7707: 7687: 7670: 7657: 7645: 7625: 7619:Ronald Libby, 7612: 7590: 7583: 7563: 7541: 7514: 7495:(2): 179–196. 7475: 7462: 7449: 7442: 7422: 7406: 7390: 7382: 7368:Howard M. Bahr 7355: 7334: 7317: 7301: 7288: 7272: 7263:Key, V. O. Jr. 7254: 7241: 7226: 7201: 7173: 7160: 7135: 7110: 7102:Rick Perlstein 7094: 7078: 7065: 7046:(2): 513–536. 7023: 7011: 6993: 6977: 6964: 6944: 6927: 6910: 6903: 6883: 6870: 6863: 6843: 6830: 6817: 6804: 6798:978-0691152073 6797: 6777: 6761: 6744: 6729: 6716: 6696: 6689: 6669: 6648: 6632: 6609: 6594: 6581: 6565: 6544: 6531: 6514: 6501: 6488: 6472: 6459: 6446: 6444:Kleppner 1979. 6432: 6419: 6417:(1979) p. 182. 6406: 6388: 6372: 6366:978-0691122090 6365: 6345: 6338: 6318: 6311: 6291: 6269: 6253: 6244: 6237: 6217: 6210: 6190: 6164: 6138: 6125: 6118: 6098: 6072: 6043: 6030: 6017: 6004: 5991: 5978: 5969: 5953: 5940: 5931: 5918: 5912:978-0940450639 5911: 5891: 5885:978-1555530716 5884: 5864: 5858:978-0742547643 5857: 5837: 5830: 5812: 5806:978-0195392432 5805: 5785: 5767: 5754: 5739: 5710: 5704:978-0393065312 5703: 5683: 5670: 5664:Allan Nevins, 5657: 5641: 5627: 5611: 5609:(2001) p. 226. 5598: 5571: 5546: 5521: 5495: 5480: 5459: 5431: 5413: 5399: 5393:978-0231120586 5392: 5372: 5351:10.1086/696994 5345:(3): 860–872. 5329: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290:17th Amendment 5273: 5261: 5249: 5241:Lyman Trumbull 5231:of Wisconsin, 5220: 5175: 5173:of California. 5163:Alvan E. Bovay 5150: 5129: 5108: 5087: 5066: 5058:, both of the 5043: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4964: 4950: 4934: 4931: 4919:Kevin Phillips 4863:Main article: 4860: 4857: 4818:Charles Curtis 4769: 4766: 4701:George W. Bush 4631:Robert A. Taft 4564:Harold Stassen 4512: 4509: 4456:Chris Christie 4374:Kevin McCarthy 4355:Kevin McCarthy 4308: 4305: 4168:abuse of power 4113:, and amongst 4035: 4032: 4020:Kevin McCarthy 4016:Freedom Caucus 3976:Reince Priebus 3940:South Carolina 3820:Lisa Murkowski 3769:Michael Steele 3720: 3717: 3662:Ernie Fletcher 3449:James Jeffords 3437:Elizabeth Dole 3434:Transportation 3422:George W. Bush 3412:George W. Bush 3377: 3374: 3301:welfare reform 3290:welfare reform 3203: 3200: 3161:Main article: 3158: 3155: 3147:Haynes Johnson 3112:Walter Mondale 3077:government of 3034:Stan Greenberg 3030:foreign policy 2991:Walter Mondale 2940:launched the " 2930: 2927: 2908:Main article: 2905: 2902: 2861:won reelection 2826:War on Poverty 2774:George Wallace 2718:Reconstruction 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2419:Lyndon Johnson 2357:United Nations 2299: 2296: 2242:United Nations 2225:Robert A. Taft 2185:Robert A. Taft 2169:United Kingdom 2164: 2161: 2155:to create the 2153:Robert A. Taft 2122:Robert A. Taft 2027:Main article: 2024: 2021: 1988:George H. Nash 1973: 1970: 1960:. Roosevelt's 1927: 1924: 1900:Herbert Hoover 1869: 1866: 1821: 1818: 1814:Woodrow Wilson 1775: 1772: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1700:pure food laws 1664:Main article: 1661: 1658: 1611:Woodrow Wilson 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1551: 1548: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449:Presbyterians 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415:Episcopalians 1412: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404:Presbyterians 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272:British Stock 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206:All Catholics 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1165: 1162: 1142:Irish Catholic 1001: 998: 996:came in 1964. 940:to Republican 923:Horace Greeley 819:Jefferson Long 811:Robert DeLarge 772: 769: 761:Charles Sumner 749:Andrew Johnson 726:homestead laws 692:, including a 602: 599: 597: 594: 585: 582: 570:Roman Catholic 534: 531: 453:vice president 306:Zachary Taylor 298:Winfield Scott 274: 271: 142:social reforms 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13821: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13729: 13719: 13718:The Wish List 13716: 13714: 13713:Ripon Society 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13672: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 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H. W. Bush 12298: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12205: 12202: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11999: 11998:G. H. W. Bush 11995: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11979: 11978:G. H. W. Bush 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11962:G. H. W. Bush 11959: 11955: 11954:1984 (Dallas) 11952: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11942:G. H. W. Bush 11939: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11392: 11385: 11379: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11339: 11335: 11326: 11321: 11319: 11314: 11312: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11077:9780674012486 11073: 11068: 11067: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10966: 10962: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10947: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10887:Nevins, Allan 10885: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10803: 10802:online review 10799: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10651: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10600:Foner, Eric. 10599: 10597: 10593: 10590:Foner, Eric. 10589: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10527: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10410:(Sage, 2005). 10409: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10301: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10277: 10276:Dan T. Carter 10272: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10223: 10217: 10209: 10207:9780199768400 10203: 10199: 10198: 10197:Rule and Ruin 10190: 10183: 10179: 10174: 10166: 10162: 10159:(1): 131–53. 10158: 10154: 10147: 10141:(2009) p. 142 10140: 10134: 10127: 10121: 10114: 10109: 10102: 10096: 10089: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10071: 10065: 10058: 10052: 10045: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10012: 10006: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9930:The Economist 9927: 9921: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9624:September 30, 9620: 9619: 9614: 9607: 9599: 9595: 9588: 9580: 9574: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9473: 9469: 9462: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9413: 9409: 9402: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9319: 9315: 9308: 9293: 9289: 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6202: 6194: 6183:September 23, 6179: 6175: 6168: 6157:September 23, 6153: 6149: 6142: 6136:(2001) p 327. 6135: 6129: 6121: 6119:9781469621005 6115: 6111: 6110: 6102: 6091:September 23, 6087: 6083: 6076: 6065:September 23, 6061: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5976:Goldwyn 2005. 5973: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5831:0-19-504100-3 5827: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5608: 5602: 5591:September 23, 5587: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5564:September 23, 5560: 5556: 5550: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5481:0-19-503863-0 5477: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5291: 5287: 5286:Blanche Bruce 5283: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5239:of New York, 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5218:of Wisconsin. 5217: 5214:of Maine and 5213: 5209: 5208:Ralph Metcalf 5205: 5201: 5197: 5194:of Illinois, 5193: 5190:of Michigan, 5189: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5169:of Maine and 5168: 5164: 5161:of Maine and 5160: 5154: 5147: 5143: 5140:of Illinois, 5139: 5133: 5126: 5122: 5121:Henry S. Lane 5118: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5062: 5061:New York Post 5057: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4912:Pat Robertson 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849:Edward Brooke 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810:Florence Kahn 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724:New York City 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4705:Ronald Reagan 4702: 4698: 4694: 4693:Prescott Bush 4690: 4685: 4683: 4680:and his aide 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600:Mark Hatfield 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:Prescott Bush 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541:William Borah 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525:Hiram Johnson 4522: 4518: 4508: 4505: 4502:on his show, 4501: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4489:Aileen Cannon 4486: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4410:Tony Gonzales 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4211:2020 election 4207: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164:impeach Trump 4157: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996:Mike Huckabee 3993: 3992:Rick Santorum 3989: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3944:Super Tuesday 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3929:Rick Santorum 3926: 3925:Newt Gingrich 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777:Arlen Specter 3774: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3758:House Speaker 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3707:to Democrats 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3670:Haley Barbour 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3491:2004 election 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441:2000 election 3438: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347:public health 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3324:1996 election 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3279:U.S. Congress 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:Newt Gingrich 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3246: 3245:House Speaker 3242: 3241:Newt Gingrich 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3132:East European 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2968:John Anderson 2965: 2964:1980 election 2961: 2960:Ronald Reagan 2954: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2938:Ronald Reagan 2935: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2879:Ronald Reagan 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818:Great Society 2815: 2811: 2810:desegregation 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Lester Maddox 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657:in the South 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2548:in the South 2546: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2440:Ripon Society 2437: 2436:law and order 2433: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 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1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1768:George Norris 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1746:Protectionism 1742: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1650:trust-busting 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:Panic of 1893 1612: 1608: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1544:Episcopalians 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 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687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:War Democrats 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 640: 632: 629: 625: 621: 616: 612: 608: 593: 590: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:Presbyterians 551: 548: 544: 543:upper Midwest 540: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502:Know Nothings 499: 495: 491: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:Locust Street 434: 430: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 409:republicanism 406: 400: 396: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:anti-Nebraska 368: 364: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:1852 election 290: 284: 280: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 233: 232:conservatives 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:Ronald Reagan 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:gold standard 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 61: 57: 53: 49: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 13748:Bibliography 13508: 13387:South Dakota 13377:Rhode Island 13372:Pennsylvania 13352:North Dakota 12186:Presidential 12173: 12094:2012 (Tampa) 11398:presidential 11382:Presidential 11344: 11293: 11286: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11228: 11217: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11180: 11173: 11162: 11155: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11065: 11060:Black, Merle 11045: 11033: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10971: 10970:Rove, Karl. 10964: 10954: 10934: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10876: 10866: 10855: 10847:Theodore Rex 10846: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10769: 10754: 10747: 10734: 10716: 10705: 10695: 10688: 10678: 10668: 10648: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10601: 10591: 10584: 10577: 10566: 10562: 10553: 10539: 10533:1854 to 1932 10525: 10519: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10462: 10451: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10425: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10400: 10373: 10368: 10355: 10345: 10341: 10336: 10328: 10305: 10300: 10292: 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Retrieved 6059: 6038: 6033: 6025: 6020: 6012: 6007: 5999: 5994: 5986: 5981: 5972: 5961: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5934: 5926: 5921: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5867: 5847: 5840: 5821: 5815: 5795: 5788: 5765:, pp. 10–11. 5762: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5725: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5649: 5644: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5621:Eric Foner, 5606: 5601: 5589:. Retrieved 5583: 5574: 5562:. Retrieved 5558: 5549: 5537:. Retrieved 5533: 5524: 5512:. Retrieved 5508: 5498: 5471: 5450:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5410:. Daily Kos. 5402: 5382: 5375: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5321: 5312: 5276: 5252: 5245:David Wilmot 5237:Preston King 5233:John P. Hale 5223: 5178: 5171:John Bidwell 5153: 5148:of New York. 5132: 5111: 5104:James Harlan 5100:Henry Wilson 5090: 5085:of Michigan. 5075:David Wilmot 5069: 5059: 5056:John Bigelow 5046: 5039:Philadelphia 5029: 5003: 5002: 4922: 4916: 4897: 4889:Sonny Perdue 4880:Bill Clinton 4878:in 1976 and 4876:Jimmy Carter 4872: 4868: 4826: 4802:Joseph Simon 4771: 4759: 4751: 4736: 4716:civil rights 4709: 4686: 4655: 4643:John Lindsay 4616: 4596:George Aiken 4549: 4514: 4497: 4474: 4460: 4448:Ron DeSantis 4422: 4390:Mike Johnson 4383: 4340: 4332:Colin Powell 4320: 4282: 4220: 4184: 4161: 4142: 4138:New Republic 4137: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4103:Donald Trump 4100: 4065:Donald Trump 4063:Businessman 4062: 4057:Donald Trump 4013: 4005: 3985: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3933: 3906: 3884:Scott Walker 3872:labor unions 3869: 3857: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3818:in Utah and 3793: 3766: 3762:Barack Obama 3754:John Boehner 3709:Barack Obama 3678: 3654:Bobby Jindal 3628:of Ohio for 3626:John Boehner 3623: 3619:Robert Gates 3569: 3553:Samuel Alito 3546: 3538:Ben Bernanke 3530:John Roberts 3503: 3495: 3480: 3453: 3420: 3359: 3332: 3317: 3298: 3283: 3260:Bill Clinton 3253: 3249:Bill Clinton 3189: 3166: 3140: 3124: 3108: 3100: 3073:against the 3068: 3060:Paul Volcker 3045: 3042: 3003: 2976: 2958: 2894:Jimmy Carter 2865: 2846: 2799: 2786: 2766:Ross Barnett 2750:Orval Faubus 2735: 2715: 2685:in the West 2643:in the East 2576:in the West 2534:in the East 2481:Congressmen 2462:Independent 2429: 2424:Louis Harris 2395: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2354: 2334: 2288:the election 2284: 2265: 2254: 2250: 2240:opposed the 2222: 2206: 2173:Nazi Germany 2166: 2150: 2095: 2083: 2079: 2063:labor unions 2060: 2052: 2032: 1998: 1993: 1985: 1950: 1939: 1885: 1848:and elected 1846:Tammany Hall 1840:in 1896. In 1823: 1783: 1744: 1724: 1708:Standard Oil 1697: 1683: 1631: 1604: 1574: 1533: 1522: 1498: 1482: 1426: 1327: 1184: 1139: 1112: 1084: 1025: 975: 966: 954: 931: 916: 912:Whiskey Ring 904: 900:Ku Klux Klan 877: 843: 832: 829:(R-SC), 1872 815:Josiah Walls 803:Hiram Revels 738: 706:excise taxes 700:, the first 683: 673:was elected 656: 636: 626:, the first 587: 536: 526: 518: 487: 474:Philadelphia 458: 443:, where the 422: 401: 397: 394: 371: 349:Free Soilers 329:slave states 314: 286: 243:Great Plains 229:center-right 217:nationalists 206:Donald Trump 203: 199:Soviet Union 179:evangelicals 172: 158: 140:calling for 119: 95:high tariffs 79:pro-business 64: 45: 35: 26: 13566:Fundraising 13487:Affiliated 13468:Puerto Rico 13302:Mississippi 13217:Connecticut 12939:Summerfield 12714:(2019–2023) 12708:(2015–2019) 12702:(2007–2015) 12696:(1999–2007) 12690:(1995–1999) 12684:(1981–1995) 12678:(1973–1981) 12672:(1965–1973) 12666:(1959–1965) 12660:(1939–1959) 12654:(1931–1939) 12648:(1925–1931) 12642:(1919–1925) 12636:(1911–1919) 12630:(1903–1911) 12624:(1899–1903) 12618:(1895–1899) 12612:(1891–1895) 12606:(1889–1891) 12600:(1883–1889) 12594:(1881–1883) 12588:(1879–1881) 12582:(1877–1879) 12576:(1875–1877) 12570:(1869–1875) 12558:(1863–1869) 12552:(1861–1863) 12546:(1860–1861) 12505:(2003–2007) 12499:(1996–2003) 12493:(1985–1996) 12487:(1980–1985) 12481:(1979–1980) 12475:(1977–1979) 12469:(1969–1977) 12463:(1959–1969) 12457:(1953–1959) 12445:(1952–1953) 12439:(1949–1952) 12433:(1944–1949) 12427:(1941–1944) 12421:(1940–1941) 12415:(1933–1940) 12409:(1929–1933) 12403:(1924–1929) 12397:(1918–1924) 12391:(1913–1918) 12385:(1911–1913) 12379:(1908–1911) 12373:(1897–1908) 12367:(1891–1897) 12361:(1885–1891) 12355:(1884–1885) 12349:(1862–1884) 12343:(1859–1862) 12323:U.S. Senate 12314:(2017–2021) 12308:(2001–2009) 12302:(1989–1993) 12296:(1981–1989) 12290:(1974–1977) 12284:(1969–1974) 12278:(1953–1961) 12272:(1929–1933) 12266:(1923–1929) 12260:(1921–1923) 12254:(1909–1913) 12248:(1901–1909) 12242:(1897–1901) 12236:(1889–1893) 12230:(1881–1885) 12218:(1877–1881) 12212:(1869–1877) 12206:(1865–1868) 12200:(1861–1865) 11391:conventions 11056:Black, Earl 10871:read online 10347:Roe v. Wade 9710:October 25, 8987:|last= 8854:January 11, 8797:January 11, 8535:|last= 8252:February 2, 8226:February 2, 8200:February 2, 8174:January 21, 8168:pewresearch 8148:February 2, 8122:February 2, 8099:February 2, 8076:February 2, 8051:February 2, 7875:December 6, 7847:November 9, 7738:October 14, 7556:January 25, 6625:December 7, 6178:Smithsonian 5585:Smithsonian 5559:U.S. Senate 5452:January 25, 5212:Lot Morrill 4927:realignment 4792:. In 1916, 4720:Wall Street 4689:Connecticut 4670:Gerald Ford 4647:Earl Warren 4584:Connecticut 4560:Earl Warren 4444:Nikki Haley 4429:campaigning 4323:inaugurated 4126:Never Trump 4008:Eric Cantor 3921:Herman Cain 3909:Mitt Romney 3898:Mitt Romney 3816:Bob Bennett 3785:Scott Brown 3693:Sarah Palin 3685:John McCain 3681:Dick Cheney 3674:Mississippi 3582:, Governor 3555:, whom the 3426:John McCain 3360:During the 3343:environment 3313:term limits 3294:term limits 3174:Dick Cheney 3091:El Salvador 3052:stagflation 3018:blue-collar 2872:Gerald Ford 2806:Vietnam War 2770:Mississippi 2722:Solid South 2459:Democratic 2456:Republican 2235:. Governor 2130:Earl Warren 1802:Progressive 1712:Square Deal 1623:Bimetallism 1570:free silver 1494:Copperheads 1490:Confederacy 1471:Methodists 1371:Methodists 1131:prohibition 1040:Half-Breeds 950:Solid South 741:Copperheads 720:"), a huge 710:paper money 684:During the 633:(1861–1865) 490:Working Men 417:James Oakes 413:containment 405:free market 263:originalism 251:rural areas 195:lower taxes 174:Roe v. Wade 132:formed the 113:and former 75:Solid South 13778:Categories 13417:Washington 13337:New Mexico 13332:New Jersey 13207:California 13018:Fahrenkopf 13013:Fahrenkopf 12934:Gabrielson 12544:Pennington 12534:Conference 12520:U.S. House 12341:J. P. Hale 12331:Conference 12306:G. W. Bush 12276:Eisenhower 12058:G. W. Bush 12038:G. W. Bush 11818:Eisenhower 11798:Eisenhower 11027:Since 1932 10945:0306807548 9878:SCOTUSblog 7980:(from the 7817:. NBC News 5783:Gould 2003 5305:References 5202:of Maine, 5182:Including 5136:Including 5115:Including 5094:Including 5073:Including 5050:Including 5033:Including 4921:argued in 4814:California 4778:filibuster 4776:against a 4656:The term " 4623:pro-choice 4570:, Senator 4504:Bill Maher 4437:Mike Pence 4414:Nancy Mace 4398:Matt Gaetz 4321:Biden was 4235:Presidency 4227:deep state 4213:, despite 3917:Rick Perry 3781:Al Franken 3642:Trent Lott 3603:Mark Foley 3580:California 3254:After the 3191:Commentary 3141:President 3075:Sandinista 2914:See also: 2910:Reagan Era 2890:mastectomy 2886:Betty Ford 2883:First Lady 2590:Governors 2181:Frank Knox 2134:California 2055:Alf Landon 2017:Socialists 1986:Historian 1872:See also: 1778:See also: 1706:trust and 1689:Mark Hanna 1638:Mark Hanna 1554:See also: 1438:Disciples 1119:Methodists 1006:Gilded Age 718:greenbacks 702:income tax 628:Republican 605:See also: 558:Methodists 372:The first 277:See also: 223:, and the 191:regulation 159:After the 13738:Primaries 13674:Factional 13604:Sectional 13441:Territory 13427:Wisconsin 13392:Tennessee 13297:Minnesota 13272:Louisiana 13173:territory 13171:state and 13058:Gillespie 13043:Nicholson 12979:R. Morton 12959:T. Morton 12844:Rosewater 12834:Hitchcock 12824:Cortelyou 12646:Longworth 12509:McConnell 12389:Gallinger 12246:Roosevelt 12167:primaries 12147:primaries 12127:primaries 12107:primaries 12087:primaries 12067:primaries 12047:primaries 12027:primaries 12007:primaries 11987:primaries 11967:primaries 11947:primaries 11927:primaries 11907:primaries 11887:primaries 11867:primaries 11858:Goldwater 11847:primaries 11827:primaries 11807:primaries 11787:primaries 11767:primaries 11747:primaries 11727:primaries 11707:primaries 11687:primaries 11667:primaries 11647:primaries 11627:primaries 11622:Fairbanks 11607:primaries 11572:Fairbanks 11568:Roosevelt 11559:Roosevelt 11400:primaries 10976:Karl Rove 10932:(1997) . 10516:Troy, Gil 10126:Historian 9963:MSNBC.com 9938:0013-0613 9679:0029-7712 9506:0362-4331 9446:0362-4331 9386:0261-3077 9352:0362-4331 9070:0362-4331 8938:0261-3077 8334:0362-4331 8021:159313622 7509:154947602 5925:Gienapp, 5367:158351108 5359:0022-3816 5206:of Iowa, 5198:of Ohio, 5098:of Ohio, 4917:In 1969, 4908:Louisiana 4906:in South 4568:Minnesota 4452:Tim Scott 4439:, former 4418:Eli Crane 4406:Don Bacon 4247:attempted 4215:Joe Biden 4109:, in the 4084:alt-right 4028:Paul Ryan 3960:Paul Ryan 3713:Joe Biden 3658:Louisiana 3609:. In the 3595:Tom DeLay 3561:Coalition 3487:Civil War 3428:, former 3339:education 3083:Guatemala 3079:Nicaragua 3058:Chairman 2995:Minnesota 2868:Watergate 2820:. In the 2106:recession 2048:socialism 1794:primaries 1660:Roosevelt 1654:pluralism 1636:, Ohio's 1525:pietistic 1460:Baptists 1074:. 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