Free Soil Party - Knowledge

695: 1293: 1375: 1316: 813:

elections proved to be disastrous for the Whig Party, as Scott was defeated by a wide margin and the Whigs lost several congressional and state elections. Hale won just under five percent of the vote, performing most strongly in Massachusetts, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Though much of this drop in support was caused by the return of Barnburners to the Democratic Party, many individuals who had voted for Van Buren in 1848 sat out the 1852 election. In the aftermath of the decisive defeat of the Whigs, many Free Soil leaders predicted an impending realignment that would result in the formation of a larger anti-slavery party that would unite Free Soilers with anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats.

970: 1023: 548:. Unlike some Northern Whigs, Wilmot and other anti-slavery Democrats were largely unconcerned by the issue of racial equality, and instead opposed the expansion of slavery because they believed the institution was detrimental to the "laboring white man." The Wilmot Proviso passed the House with the support of both Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats, breaking the normal pattern of partisan division in congressional votes, but it was defeated in the Senate, where Southerners controlled a proportionally higher share of seats. Several Northern congressmen subsequently defeated an attempt by President Polk and Senator 588: 5080: 640:". Because Van Buren had favored the gag rule and had generally accommodated pro-slavery leaders during his presidency, many Liberty Party leaders and anti-slavery Whigs were unconvinced as to the sincerity of Van Buren's anti-slavery beliefs. Historian A. James Reichley writes that, while resentment stemming from his defeat at the 1844 Democratic National Convention may have played a role in his candidacy, Van Buren ran on the grounds that "the long-term welfare of , and the nation, required that the shed its Calhounite influence, even at the cost of losing an election or two." 5073: 576: 949:

banner, 'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,' and under it we will fight on, and fight forever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions". Unlike the Liberty Party, the 1848 Free Soil Party platform did not address fugitive slaves or racial discrimination, nor did it call for the abolition of slavery in the states. The party nonetheless earned the support of many former Liberty Party leaders by calling for abolition wherever possible, the chief goal of the Liberty Party. The Free Soil platform also called for lower

906:, escalated in 1855 and 1856, pushing many moderate Northerners to join the nascent Republican Party. As cooperation between Northern and Southern Whigs appeared to be increasingly impossible, leaders from both sections continued to abandon the party. In September 1855, Seward led his faction of Whigs into the Republican Party, effectively marking the end of the Whig Party as an independent and significant political force. In May 1856, after denouncing the Slave Power in a speech on the Senate floor, Senator Sumner was 855:, in 1853 Senator Douglas proposed a bill to create an organized territorial government in a portion of the Louisiana Purchase that was north of the 36°30′ parallel, and thus excluded slavery under the terms of the Missouri Compromise. After pro-slavery Southern senators blocked the passage of the proposal, Douglas and other Democratic leaders agreed to a bill that would repeal the Missouri Compromise and allow the inhabitants of the territories to determine the status of slavery. In response, Free Soilers issued the 676:

electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote, improving on Clay's 1844 performance in the South and benefiting from the defection of many Democrats to Van Buren in the North. Van Buren won ten percent of the national popular vote and fifteen percent of the popular vote in the Northern states; he received a popular vote total five times greater than that of Birney's 1844 candidacy. Van Buren was the first third-party candidate in U.S. history to win at least ten percent of the national popular vote. In

4794: 40: 350: 5312: 706: 3703: 636:, on June 22; they were joined by a smaller number of Whigs and Democrats from outside New York. Though initially reluctant to accept to run for president, former President Van Buren accepted the group's presidential nomination. Van Buren endorsed the position that slavery should be excluded from the territories acquired from Mexico, further declaring his belief that slavery was inconsistent with the "principles of the 714:

proposed that the lands of the Mexican Cession be admitted as states without first organizing territorial governments; thus, slavery in the area would be left to the discretion of state governments rather than the federal government. In January 1850, Senator Clay introduced a separate proposal which included the admission of California as a free state, the

793:. The Whig national convention also adopted a platform that endorsed the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act. Scott and his advisers had initially hoped to avoid openly endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to court Free Soil support, but, as a concession to Southern Whigs, Scott agreed to support the Whig platform. The 484: 1352: 1117:

positions on economic issues, such as support for high tariffs and federally-funded infrastructure projects. After 1860, the Republican Party became the dominant force in national politics. Reflecting on the new electoral strength of the Republican Party years later, Free Soiler and anti-slavery activist

752:

Though the fugitive slave act and its enforcement outraged anti-slavery activists, most Northerners viewed it as a necessary trade-off for sectional peace with the South, and there was a backlash in the North against the anti-slavery agitation. The Free Soil Party suffered from this backlash, as well

1033:

Former President Martin Van Buren of New York and Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire served as the two presidential nominees of the party, while Charles Adams of Massachusetts and Congressman George Washington Julian served as the party's vice-presidential nominees. Salmon P. Chase, Preston King,

977:

During the 1848 election, the Free Soil Party fared best in New York, Vermont, and Massachusetts. Though some anti-slavery Democrats found Cass acceptable or refused to vote for a ticket featuring Charles Francis Adams, about three-fifths of the support for Van Buren's candidacy came from Democrats.

948:

The 1848 Free Soil platform openly denounced the institution of slavery, demanding that the federal government "relieve itself of all responsibility for the existence and continuance of slavery" by abolishing slavery in all federal districts and territories. The platform declared: "e inscribe on our

1116:

rejoined the Democratic Party. Like their Free Soil predecessors, Republican leaders in the late 1850s generally did not call for the abolition of slavery, but instead sought to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories. The Republicans combined the Free Soil stance on slavery with Whig

865:

was passed into law in May 1854. The act deeply angered many Northerners, including anti-slavery Democrats and conservative Whigs who were largely apathetic towards slavery but were upset by the repeal of a thirty-year-old compromise. Pierce's forceful response to protests stemming from the capture

812:

of Indiana. The party adopted a platform that called for the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act and described slavery as "a sin against God and a crime against man." Free Soil leaders strongly preferred Scott to Pierce, and Hale focused his campaign on winning over anti-slavery Democratic voters. The

1210:

In 2014, the party's name was used for the American Free Soil Party with a focus on justice for immigrants, as well as combating discrimination. On February 15, 2019, the American Free Soil Party won ballot access for its first candidate to run under its banner in a partisan race when Dr. James W.

939:

won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and 45 percent of the popular vote; Frémont won most of the remaining electoral votes and took 33 percent of the popular vote, while Fillmore won 21.6 percent of the popular vote and just eight electoral votes. Frémont carried New England, New

873:

Throughout 1854, Democrats, Whigs, and Free Soilers held state and local conventions, where they denounced the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Many of the larger conventions agreed to nominate a fusion ticket of candidate opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and some adopted portions of the Free Soil platform

516:

had defied party leaders by denouncing the annexation of Texas, causing him to lose re-election in 1845. Hale joined with anti-slavery Whigs and the Liberty Party to create a new party in New Hampshire, and he won election to the Senate in early 1847. In New York, tensions between the anti-slavery

435:

his key priority. Most leaders of both parties opposed opening the question of annexation in 1843 due to their fear of stoking the debate over slavery; the annexation of Texas was widely viewed as a pro-slavery initiative because it would add another slave state to the union. Nonetheless, in April

1215:. The following day, the party held its national convention and nominated its 2020 presidential ticket, former Southwick Commissioner Adam Seaman of Massachusetts and Dr. Enrique Ramos of Puerto Rico for president and vice president, respectively. On November 5, Clifton lost his race 47% to 53%. 1144:

emerged; these Radical Republicans generally went farther than other Republicans in advocating for racial equality and the immediate abolition of slavery. Many of the leading Radical Republicans, including Giddings, Chase, Hale, Julian, and Sumner, had been members of the Free Soil Party. Some

713:

The Free Soil Party continued to exist after 1848, fielding candidates for various offices. At the state level, Free Soilers often entered into coalition with either of the major parties to elect anti-slavery officeholders. To sidestep the issue of the Wilmot Proviso, the Taylor administration

675:

in the House of Representatives, but Van Buren did not win a single electoral vote. However, the nomination of Van Buren alienated many Whigs; except in northern Ohio, most Whig leaders and newspapers rallied around Taylor's candidacy. Ultimately, Taylor won the election with a majority of the

616:

of Louisiana for president. With the strong backing of slave state delegates, Taylor defeated Henry Clay to win the Whig presidential nomination. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, a conservative Northerner. The nomination of Taylor, a slaveholder without any

890:

movement, which formed the American Party. While the Republican Party almost exclusively appealed to Northerners, the Know Nothings gathered many adherents in both the North and South; some individuals joined both groups even while they remained part of the Whig Party or the Democratic Party.

925:

convened in Philadelphia in June 1856. A committee chaired by David Wilmot produced a platform that denounced slavery, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Pierce administration. Though Chase and Seward were the two most prominent members of the nascent party, the Republicans instead nominated

464:. Polk went on to defeat Clay in a close election, taking 49.5 of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote. The number of voters casting a ballot for Birney increased tenfold from 6,200 in 1840 (0.3 percent of popular vote) to 62,000 (2.3 percent of the popular vote) in 1844. 978:

About one-fifth of those who voted for Van Buren were former members of the Liberty Party, though a small number of Liberty Party members voted for Gerrit Smith instead. Except in New Hampshire and Ohio, relatively few Whigs voted for Van Buren, as slavery-averse Whigs like

325:

and outraged many Northerners, contributing to the collapse of the Whigs and spurring the creation of a new, broad-based anti-slavery Republican Party. Most Free Soilers joined the Republican Party, which emerged as the dominant political party in the United States in the

898:, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties opposed to the Democratic Party. Most victorious congressional candidates who were not affiliated with the Democratic Party had campaigned either independently of the Whig Party or in fusion with another party. " 664:. With the backing of most Democratic delegates, about half of the Whig delegates, and a small number of Liberty Party leaders, Van Buren defeated John P. Hale to win the fledgling party's presidential nomination. For vice president, the Free Soil Party nominated 934:

became a three-sided contest between Democrats, Know Nothings, and Republicans. During his campaign, Fillmore minimized the issue of nativism, instead attempting to use his campaign as a platform for unionism and a revival of the Whig Party. Ultimately, Democrat

647:

convened in Buffalo early August. Anti-slavery leaders made up a majority of the attendees, but the convention also attracted some Democrats and Whigs who were indifferent on the issue of slavery but disliked the nominee of their respective party. Salmon Chase,

930:, the son-in-law of Thomas Hart Benton and a political neophyte. The party campaigned on a new version of an old Free Soil slogan: "Free Speech, Free Press, Free Men, Free Labor, Free Territory, and Frémont". With the collapse of the Whig Party, the 993:

In New England, many trade unionists and land reformers supported the Free Soil Party, though others viewed slavery as a secondary issue or were hostile to the anti-slavery movement. Other Free Soil Party supporters were active in the

396:. Months after the 1840 election, the party re-nominated Birney for president, established a national party committee, and began to organize at the state and local level. Support for the party grew in the North, especially among 507:

broke out on the northern side of the Rio Grande, Polk convinced Congress to declare war against Mexico. Though most Democrats and Whigs initially supported the war, Adams and some other anti-slavery Whigs attacked the war as a

801:, a Northerner sympathetic to the Southern view on slavery. Free Soil leaders had initially considered supporting Scott, but they organized a national convention after Scott accepted the pro-Compromise Whig platform. 607:

of Kentucky; Cass and Butler had both opposed the Wilmot Proviso. Shortly after the Democrats nominated Cass, a group of Whigs made plans for a convention of anti-slavery politicians and activists in case the

540:, which would ban slavery in any newly acquired lands. Though broadly supportive of the war, Wilmot and some other anti-slavery Northern Democrats had increasingly come to view Polk as unduly favorable to 753:

as the desertion of many anti-slavery Democrats (including Van Buren himself), many of whom believed that sectional balance had been restored following Van Buren's candidacy and the Compromise of 1850.

745:, who demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act. The first of several prominent episodes concerning the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law occurred in late 1850, when Boston abolitionists helped 1038:, and Benjamin Butler played crucial roles in leading the first party convention and drafting the first party platform. Among those who attended the first Free Soil convention were poet and journalist 726:

territories, a ban on the importation of slaves into the District of Columbia for sale, and a more stringent fugitive slave law. Free Soilers strongly opposed this proposal, focusing especially on the

1112:

The Free Soil Party essentially merged into the Republican Party after 1854. However, Martin Van Buren (who had already returned to the Democratic Party in November 1852), his followers and the

694: 563:, which provided for the cession of Alta California and New Mexico. Though many senators had reservations about the treaty, the Senate approved it in a 38-to-14 vote in February 1848. Senator 297:

Though Van Buren and many other Free Soil supporters rejoined the Democrats or the Whigs after the 1848 election, Free Soilers retained a presence in Congress over the next six years. Led by

4260: 832: 4806: 3778: 1145:

Radical Republicans sought to replace Lincoln as the 1864 Republican presidential nominee with either Chase or Frémont, but Lincoln ultimately won re-nomination and re-election.

567:'s effort to reach a compromise over the status of slavery in the territories was defeated in the House, ensuring that slavery would be an important issue in the 1848 election. 279:

nominated presidential candidates who were unwilling to rule out the extension of slavery into the Mexican Cession, anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs joined with members of the

4896: 886:

still clung to their partisan affiliation, others began to label themselves as Republicans. Another political coalition appeared in the form of the nativist and anti-Catholic

762: 3741: 918:

nominated former President Fillmore for president, but many Northerners deserted the American Party after the party platform failed to denounce the Kansas–Nebraska Act.

741:, which was based on Clay's earlier proposal. The Whig Party became badly split between pro-Compromise Whigs like Fillmore and Webster and anti-Compromise Whigs like 4095: 4797: 5352: 528:

In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $ 2 million (~$ 60.7 million in 2023) in hopes of using that money as a down payment for the purchase of

1153: 953:, reduced postal rates, and improvements to harbors. The 1852 party platform more overtly denounced slavery, and also called for the diplomatic recognition of 5342: 5133: 3771: 3711: 861:, a manifesto that attacked the bill as the work of the Slave Power. Overcoming the opposition of Free Soilers, Northern Whigs, and many Democrats, the 420:

became increasingly open to working within the political system. In a reflection of the rise of anti-slavery sentiment, several Northern states passed

3726: 5357: 5337: 4904: 3002: 4802: 4647: 3960: 644: 4972: 3764: 5362: 4967: 4114: 4088: 826: 5347: 5062: 4926: 4885: 4295: 709:

In this 1850 political cartoon, the artist attacks abolitionist, Free Soil and other sectionalist interests of 1850 as dangers to the Union

1121:

wrote that "the feeble cause I espoused at Cincinnati in 1832... on the broad shoulders of a strong party which was marching to victory."

4487: 1539: 3731: 4853: 4572: 4497: 3027: 416:, which prevented the House of Representatives from considering abolitionist petitions. Meanwhile, long-time abolitionist leaders like 216: 521:

factions of the Democratic Party rose, as the Hunkers allied with the Whigs to defeat the re-election campaign of Democratic Governor

4517: 3698:– comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including the Free Soil Party 2988: 1046:, the latter of whom was part of a small group of African Americans to attend the convention. In September 1851, Julian, Congressman 785:

Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act damaged Fillmore's standing among Northerners and, with the backing of Senator Seward, General

5143: 5057: 5012: 5007: 4732: 4557: 4492: 4340: 4081: 3939: 3912: 3898: 3871: 3857: 3830: 3816: 1453: 1336: 1277: 1172: 1164: 1133: 931: 766: 449: 393: 314: 260: 5121: 5032: 4874: 4662: 4652: 4622: 4345: 4285: 4280: 4062: 3975: 452:, both announced their opposition to annexation, and the Senate blocked the treaty. To the surprise of Clay and other Whigs, the 4245: 4105: 1292: 680:, Salmon Chase won election to the Senate and about a dozen Free Soil candidates won election to the House of Representatives. 313:, which temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Hale ran as the party's presidential candidate in the 5367: 5187: 4325: 3659: 3564: 3395: 3344: 3222: 3201: 2946: 2776: 2974: 4987: 4637: 4417: 3923: 1160:, calling for ambitious reforms designed to promote the political and economic equality of African Americans in the South. 769:

approached, Free Soilers cast about for a candidate. Potential candidates with national stature like Van Buren and Senator

2734: 5148: 5047: 5037: 5017: 5002: 4888: 4577: 4562: 4230: 4210: 4185: 3970: 3965: 3800: 3692:– Indianapolis Free Soil newspaper that ran from 1848 to 1854; digitized by the Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 1762: 1179:, and the reduction of tariff rates. Former Free Soiler Charles Francis Adams led on several presidential ballots of the 1125: 1059: 922: 857: 794: 656:

led the drafting of a platform that not only endorsed the Wilmot Proviso but also called for the abolition of slavery in

600: 453: 373: 357: 283: 150: 137: 2960: 4697: 4532: 4527: 4502: 4477: 4305: 4220: 3812: 3441: 1180: 389: 4727: 4627: 4587: 4552: 4169: 3633: 3612: 3583: 3541: 3513: 3418: 3363: 3298: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3182: 3161: 3142: 3090: 1837: 1752: 1083: 915: 671:

Some Free Soil leaders were initially optimistic that Van Buren could carry a handful of Northern states and force a

653: 369: 280: 5096: 4982: 4907: 4702: 4612: 4582: 4547: 4320: 4225: 4138: 4131: 3882: 1782: 1589: 1573: 1374: 950: 879: 840: 661: 276: 253: 245: 160: 2893: 3826: 1175:

bid. Aside from defeating Grant, the party's central goals were the end of Reconstruction, the implementation of

770: 3451:

Chamberlain, Adam (2014). "Voter Coordination and the Rise of the Republican Party: Evidence from New England".

718:

by Texas of some of its northern and western territorial claims in return for debt relief, the establishment of

5088: 4877: 4846: 4567: 4482: 4190: 3746: 1132:

defeated Chase, Seward, and other candidates to win the party's presidential nomination. After Lincoln won the

689: 617:

history in the Whig Party, spurred anti-slavery Whigs to go through with their convention, which would meet in

4915: 4812: 4542: 4537: 4240: 4037: 1315: 1149: 1113: 822: 790: 609: 3100:

Downey, Matthew T. (1967). "Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872".

5261: 5127: 4934: 4657: 4330: 2919: 1786: 1199: 895: 677: 381: 249: 193: 187: 20: 3006: 1187:. Many other former Free Soilers remained in the Republican Party, including former Free Soil Congressman 808:, the party nominated a ticket consisting of Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire and former Congressman 4757: 4737: 4717: 4397: 4164: 4149: 3059: 1699: 1653: 1607: 758: 560: 492: 478: 405: 377: 291: 412:

remained within the Whig Party, but increasingly supported anti-slavery policies like the repeal of the

5238: 5164: 4707: 4677: 4412: 4275: 3756: 3651: 2739: 1798:

President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by

1594: 1578: 603:

after the party nominated a ticket consisting of Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and former Congressman

401: 368:

and most other abolitionists of the 1830s had generally shunned the political system, a small group of

272: 221: 969: 499:

Following the annexation of Texas in 1845, President Polk began preparations for a potential war with

5315: 4839: 4772: 4722: 4597: 4467: 4407: 4250: 4200: 3853: 3214:

A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent

3212: 1501: 1489: 1305: 1176: 940:

York, and parts of the Midwest, but Buchanan nearly swept the South and won several Northern states.

852: 665: 649: 211: 48: 4762: 1495: 1364: 907: 809: 344: 286:

to form the new Free Soil Party. Running as the Free Soil presidential candidate, former President

264: 4073: 5042: 4692: 4235: 4205: 4047: 1829: 1075: 1022: 999: 862: 836: 746: 587: 518: 512:" plot designed to expand slavery across North America. Meanwhile, former Democratic Congressman 318: 127: 3174:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

532:

in a treaty with Mexico. During the debate over the appropriations bill, Democratic Congressman

5302: 5289: 4977: 4507: 4365: 4355: 4310: 4300: 4195: 4042: 3716: 1118: 1091: 1007: 1003: 883: 541: 365: 3308:

Shortreed, Margaret (1959). "The Antislavery Radicals: From Crusade to Revolution 1840-1868".

1789:. However, the party did not call for abolition of slavery in states where it already existed. 5243: 5079: 4632: 4617: 4462: 4457: 4335: 4021: 1124:

Former Free Soiler Salmon Chase was a major candidate for the presidential nomination at the

1087: 733:

Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore. Fillmore and Democrat

424:

that forbid state authorities from cooperating in the capture and return of fugitive slaves.

5072: 3687: 3597: 575: 5197: 5116: 5111: 4918: 4270: 4057: 1477: 1212: 1047: 973:

Free Soil performance in the 1848 election; darker shades of green indicate greater support

719: 421: 3534:

American Abolitionism: Its Direct Political Impact from Colonial Times into Reconstruction

3506:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

2961:"Rev. Dr. James Clifton, ASFP National Director, Running for Millersburg, IN Town Council" 1825:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

8: 5022: 4752: 4472: 4452: 4370: 4360: 4350: 4315: 4215: 3670: 1757: 958: 672: 637: 553: 545: 322: 5221: 5181: 5138: 4592: 4447: 3476: 3468: 3407: 3384: 3321: 3131: 3117: 1167:, a breakaway group of Republicans who launched an unsuccessful challenge to President 1163:

In 1872, a disproportionate number of former Free Soilers helped found the short-lived

1157: 1141: 1137: 1107: 1043: 1026: 738: 734: 727: 327: 310: 3890: 1854: 927: 844: 503:, which still regarded Texas as a part of its republic. After a skirmish known as the 5255: 5249: 4767: 4290: 4255: 4006: 3894: 3655: 3629: 3623: 3608: 3579: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3522:

Foner, Eric. "Politics and prejudice: The Free Soil party and the Negro, 1849-1852."

3509: 3490: 3480: 3437: 3414: 3391: 3359: 3340: 3294: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3218: 3197: 3178: 3157: 3138: 3086: 3021: 2772: 1833: 1465: 1408: 618: 604: 409: 170: 3172: 3083:

Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics

2766: 4992: 4862: 4742: 4672: 4667: 4642: 4402: 4265: 4052: 3867: 3849: 3576:

The Liberty Party, 1840-1848: Antislavery Third-Party Politics in the United States

3460: 3313: 3109: 1799: 1692: 1420: 1299: 1282: 1168: 1063: 995: 983: 903: 882:

if the Kansas–Nebraska Act passed. Though many Democrats and Whigs involved in the

875: 777:, another subject of speculation as a potential Free Soil candidate, died in 1851. 657: 580: 445: 432: 287: 132: 65: 44: 290:

won 10.1 percent of the popular vote, the strongest popular vote performance by a

5297: 5192: 5106: 5027: 4997: 4817: 4682: 4607: 4602: 4522: 4442: 3996: 3931: 3908: 3904: 3822: 3808: 3334: 2793: 1823: 1738: 1414: 1129: 1079: 1055: 1035: 979: 899: 798: 698: 633: 622: 564: 529: 504: 488: 437: 385: 353: 298: 268: 237: 70: 3430: 2744: 5282: 5267: 5214: 4957: 4747: 4001: 3935: 3643: 1646: 1513: 1471: 1432: 1184: 1067: 987: 936: 911: 786: 754: 742: 723: 715: 613: 596: 537: 461: 397: 306: 3041: 2975:"American Free Soil Party Nominates Its 2020 Presidential Election Candidates" 483: 5331: 5101: 4011: 1358: 1322: 1156:. Radical Republicans exercised an important influence during the subsequent 867: 774: 625:

agreed to attend the convention, though another faction of the party, led by

544:

interests, partly due to Polk's decision to compromise with Britain over the

457: 241: 448:, the two front-runners for the major party presidential nominations in the 39: 5207: 4962: 4687: 4437: 4016: 3991: 3863: 3317: 1519: 1459: 1438: 1426: 1341: 1188: 1051: 1039: 1011: 902:", a struggle between anti-slavery and pro-slavery settlers for control of 887: 626: 533: 522: 513: 417: 302: 75: 57: 440:

reached a treaty with Texas providing for the annexation of that country.

4122: 1507: 1483: 1071: 509: 3786: 3695: 3472: 3464: 3291:

The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era

460:, and approved a platform calling for the acquisition of both Texas and 349: 3501: 3121: 1351: 805: 705: 549: 441: 428: 3325: 1152:, and the United States abolished slavery nationwide by ratifying the 4952: 4712: 3648:

Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848

1525: 3113: 831: 701:

of Ohio was one of the most prominent leaders of the Free Soil Party

4831: 4103: 413: 3702: 3060:"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present" 2947:"Former Prohibition Party Member Reforms American Free Soil Party" 998:

movement, and a disproportionate number of those who attended the

3272:

Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure

1381: 1140:. During the war, a faction of the Republican Party known as the 1029:

served as the secretary of the 1852 Free Soil National Convention

1002:

were associated with party. One leading women's rights activist,

3592:

Marshall, Schuyler C. "The Free Democratic Convention of 1852."

3270:

Rosenstone, Steven J.; Behr, Roy L.; Lazarus, Edward H. (2018).

3253:

The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties

1148:

In 1865, the Civil War came to an end with the surrender of the

1017: 3555:

What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848

2768:

Martin Van Buren and the emergence of American popular politics

1191:, who served as vice president from 1873 until his death 1875. 668:, the youngest son of the recently deceased John Quincy Adams. 643:

With mix of Democratic, Whig, and Liberty Party attendees, the

500: 1058:. Other notable individuals associated with the party include 19:"Free Soil" redirects here. For the township in Michigan, see 2376: 1136:, several Southern states seceded, eventually leading to the 954: 894:

Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in the mid-term

3255:(Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2402: 2400: 2231: 2229: 1533: 839:

in 1854, Free Soilers joined with other groups to form the

559:

In February 1848, Mexican and U.S. negotiators reached the

4798:

State and local political parties (without national body)

3336:

The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore

1270: 3605:

Antislavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America

3194:

The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era

2397: 2355: 2295: 2274: 2226: 309:

of Massachusetts, the Free Soilers strongly opposed the

3625:

Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics

3339:. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. 1265: 1101: 404:

in New England, upstate New York, Michigan, and Ohio's

317:, taking just under five percent of the vote. The 1854 2133: 1054:

organized a national Free Soil convention that met in

3269: 2989:"American Free Soil Party Candidate Gets 47% of Vote" 248:. The party was focused on opposing the expansion of 5134:

List of federal judges appointed by Martin Van Buren

3787:

Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States

3356:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

816: 797:, meanwhile, nominated former New Hampshire senator 1781:The Free Soil Party sought to exclude slavery from 878:, and agreed to establish a new party known as the 761:, but Free Soilers lost a net of five seats in the 621:, in August. A faction of the Liberty Party led by 467: 267:and debates over the extension of slavery into the 3672:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest 3552: 3489: 3429: 3406: 3383: 3130: 629:, refused to consider merging with another party. 536:of Pennsylvania offered an amendment known as the 491:(red), which was acquired from Mexico in the 1848 804:At the August 1852 Free Soil Convention, held in 5329: 3696:American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists 2348: 2346: 1852: 763:1850 and 1851 House of Representatives elections 487:Free Soilers sought to exclude slavery from the 4973:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 3432:The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848–54 2894:"Henry Wilson, 18th Vice President (1873-1875)" 2843: 2841: 1202:, was named after the Free Soil party in 1848. 874:from 1848 and 1852. One of these groups met in 683: 583:for president in the 1848 presidential election 5353:Defunct political parties in the United States 4968:1821 United States Senate election in New York 4115:List of political parties in the United States 3154:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 2764: 4847: 4089: 3772: 2343: 1018:Party leaders and other prominent individuals 827:History of the United States Republican Party 780: 773:declined to run, while Supreme Court Justice 356:was the two-time presidential nominee of the 3274:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. 2838: 5343:1854 disestablishments in the United States 3450: 2938: 2079: 2034: 2025: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1802:, who served for the remainder of the term. 1540:Party divisions of United States Congresses 244:from 1848 to 1854, when it merged into the 4854: 4840: 4096: 4082: 3779: 3765: 2553: 38: 3307: 3191: 2918:Boughner, Eliane Durnin (June 25, 1981). 2911: 2771:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. 1785:, thereby preventing the addition of new 1223: 1211:Clifton filed to run for town council in 943: 749:, two fugitive slaves, escape to Canada. 5358:Political parties disestablished in 1854 5338:1848 establishments in the United States 5144:1840 United States presidential election 5058:1848 United States presidential election 5013:1836 United States presidential election 5008:1832 United States presidential election 3602: 3487: 3381: 3250: 2917: 2798:. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 97. 1534:Congressional party divisions, 1849–1855 1021: 968: 914:, outraging Northerners. Meanwhile, the 830: 704: 693: 586: 574: 482: 380:dedicated to the immediate abolition of 348: 5033:Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 3573: 3531: 3353: 3231: 3151: 1447:Members of the House of Representatives 957:. Many Free Soilers also supported the 789:won the presidential nomination at the 5330: 4246:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 4106:political parties in the United States 3642: 3099: 3080: 3064:United States House of Representatives 3026:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2944: 1396: 1010:and a cousin of Free Soil Congressman 519:Barnburner and the conservative Hunker 360:, a forerunner of the Free Soil Party. 5363:Political parties established in 1848 5188:List of memorials to Martin Van Buren 4835: 4077: 3760: 3668: 3621: 3508:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3500: 3332: 2720: 2718: 2382: 2361: 2301: 2280: 2139: 1821: 1269: 1264: 1062:1876 Democratic presidential nominee 843:, which nominated political neophyte 579:The party nominated former President 5122:Emerson's letter to Martin Van Buren 4988:1828 New York gubernatorial election 4861: 3550: 3427: 3404: 3288: 3170: 2791: 2244:Rosenstone et al. (2018), Appendix A 1218: 1102:Free Soilers in the Republican Party 870:further alienated many Northerners. 16:Precursor to the US Republican Party 5348:American abolitionist organizations 5149:1840 Democratic National Convention 5048:1848 Democratic National Convention 5038:1844 Democratic National Convention 5018:1835 Democratic National Convention 5003:1832 Democratic National Convention 4897:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 4889:Vice President of the United States 4231:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 3409:Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics 2160:Rosenstone et al. (2018), pp. 50–51 1126:1860 Republican National Convention 1006:, was the wife of Free Soil leader 923:1856 Republican National Convention 858:Appeal of the Independent Democrats 795:1852 Democratic National Convention 632:Meanwhile, Barnburners convened in 601:1848 Democratic National Convention 570: 454:1844 Democratic National Convention 263:took place in the aftermath of the 13: 4803:Presidential nominating convention 3374: 2715: 1181:1872 Liberal Republican convention 964: 678:concurrent congressional elections 599:, the Barnburners bolted from the 294:up to that point in U.S. history. 14: 5379: 3681: 3133:The Presidency of Franklin Pierce 2945:Seaman, Adam (24 November 2018). 2920:"Free Soil Gets History Write-up" 1753:Origins of the American Civil War 1205: 1183:, but was ultimately defeated by 916:1856 American National Convention 851:Hoping to spur the creation of a 817:Formation of the Republican Party 472: 427:Beginning in May 1843, President 376:in 1840. The Liberty Party was a 203:"Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men" 5311: 5310: 5097:Inauguration of Martin Van Buren 5078: 5071: 4908:United States Secretary of State 4793: 4792: 3701: 3536:. University of Virginia Press. 3492:Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886 3436:. University of Illinois Press. 3052: 3034: 2995: 2981: 2967: 2953: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2829: 2820: 2811: 1792: 1373: 1350: 1314: 1291: 468:Formation of the Free Soil Party 408:. Other anti-slavery Whigs like 254:territories of the United States 3675:. Longmans, Green, and Company. 3413:. Kent State University Press. 3386:The Presidency of James K. Polk 3234:Free Soil: The Election of 1848 3102:The Journal of American History 3085:. University of Chicago Press. 2802: 2785: 2758: 2727: 2706: 2697: 2694:Wilentz (2005) pp. 623–624, 626 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2631:Wilentz (2005) pp. 624–627, 661 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2388: 2367: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2286: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 456:rejected Van Buren in favor of 4878:President of the United States 3747:New International Encyclopedia 3669:Smith, Theodore Clark (1897). 3607:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3390:. University of Kansas Press. 3358:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3137:. University Press of Kansas. 3073: 2949:. American Third Party Report. 2523:McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130. 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1846: 1822:Foner, Eric (April 20, 1995). 1815: 1775: 690:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 384:. The Liberty Party nominated 1: 4813:Politics of the United States 4038:American Anti-Slavery Society 3574:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009). 2795:Headlines in American History 1809: 1568: 1545: 823:Presidency of Franklin Pierce 791:1852 Whig National Convention 645:National Free Soil Convention 610:1848 Whig National Convention 338: 5368:Slavery in the United States 5262:Angelica Singleton Van Buren 5128:United States v. The Amistad 4935:Attorney General of New York 4503:Democratic-Republican (1844) 4331:South Carolina Workers Party 3603:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2007). 3551:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 3496:. Stanford University Press. 3293:. Fordham University Press. 3251:Reichley, A. James (2000) . 3152:Gienapp, William E. (1987). 2067:McPherson (2003), pp. 53–54. 1200:Free Soil Township, Michigan 1194: 684:Between elections, 1849–1852 108:; 170 years ago 90:; 176 years ago 21:Free Soil Township, Michigan 7: 3628:. Oxford University Press. 3559:. Oxford University Press. 3428:Blue, Frederick J. (1973). 3405:Blue, Frederick J. (1987). 3232:Rayback, Joseph G. (2015). 3196:. Oxford University Press. 3177:. Oxford University Press. 3156:. Oxford University Press. 2865:Shortreed (1959), pp. 79–80 2856:Shortreed (1959), pp. 67–68 2835:Reichley (2000) pp. 102–103 2808:Reichley (2000) pp. 96, 100 2792:Bray, Frank Chapin (1937). 2658:Rayback (2015), pp. 299–300 2253:Wilentz (2005) pp. 631, 637 2058:Wilentz (2005), pp. 597–598 2049:Wilentz (2005), pp. 593–595 2022:Wilentz (2005) pp. 593, 608 1746: 561:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 493:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 479:Presidency of James K. Polk 321:repealed the long-standing 10: 5384: 5239:Family of Martin Van Buren 5165:Papers of Martin Van Buren 4927:U.S. Senator from New York 4261:National Progressive Party 4186:African People's Socialist 3652:University Press of Kansas 3382:Bergeron, Paul H. (1986). 3236:. University of Kentucky. 3210: 3192:McPherson, James (2003) . 2883:Downey (1967), pp. 744–747 2874:Slap (2010), pp. 24–26, 51 2740:Papers of Martin Van Buren 2676:Wilentz (2005) pp. 620–622 2667:Wilentz (2005) pp. 721–722 2649:Wilentz (2005) pp. 629–630 2622:Wilentz (2005) pp. 701–702 2586:Wilentz (2005) pp. 695–696 2577:Wilentz (2005) pp. 693–695 2568:Wilentz (2005) pp. 690–691 2541:Wilentz (2005) pp. 685–688 2487:Wilentz (2005) pp. 675–677 2478:Wilentz (2005) pp. 674–675 2469:Wilentz (2005) pp. 673–674 2460:Wilentz (2005) pp. 671–672 2433:Wilentz (2005) pp. 665–666 2406:Wilentz (2005) pp. 663–664 2352:Wilentz (2005) pp. 659–660 2340:Wilentz (2005) pp. 650–652 2331:Wilentz (2005) pp. 645–647 2313:Wilentz (2005) pp. 642–643 2262:Brooks (2016), pp. 171–173 2235:Wilentz (2005) pp. 628–631 2205:Wilentz (2005) pp. 627–629 2196:Wilentz (2005) pp. 624–626 2187:Wilentz (2005) pp. 623–624 2169:Wilentz (2005) pp. 618–620 2112:Wilentz (2005) pp. 615–616 2094:Wilentz (2005) pp. 613–614 2085:Merry (2009), pp. 424–426. 2076:Wilentz (2005) pp. 605–606 2040:Merry (2009), pp. 286–289. 2031:Merry (2009), pp. 283–285. 2013:Wilentz (2005) pp. 584–585 2004:Wilentz (2005) pp. 582–583 1995:Merry (2009), pp. 244–245. 1986:Merry (2009), pp. 240–242. 1977:Merry (2009), pp. 188–189. 1914:Wilentz (2005) pp. 550–551 1905:Wilentz (2005) pp. 554–555 1878:Wilentz (2005) pp. 478–479 1562: 1557: 1552: 1537: 1134:1860 presidential election 1105: 1078:, future Montana governor 932:1856 presidential election 820: 781:1852 presidential election 767:1852 presidential election 687: 591:1848 cartoon for Van Buren 476: 450:1844 presidential election 394:1840 presidential election 392:for vice president in the 342: 333: 315:1852 presidential election 261:1848 presidential election 18: 5277: 5231: 5173: 5157: 5087: 5069: 4945: 4869: 4785: 4713:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 4430: 4390: 4383: 4178: 4157: 4148: 4121: 4112: 4030: 3984: 3953: 3922: 3881: 3840: 3799: 3792: 3532:Harrold, Stanley (2019). 3488:Duberman, Martin (1968). 3333:Smith, Elbert B. (1988). 3211:Merry, Robert W. (2009). 3171:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 3128: 3081:Brooks, Corey M. (2016). 2724:McPherson (1988), p. 129. 2640:Gienapp (1987), pp. 53–54 2613:Holt (1999), pp. 978–980. 2604:Gara (1991), pp. 175–176. 2595:Holt (1999), pp. 961–962. 2559:Holt (1999), pp. 947–949. 2550:Holt (1999), pp. 907–910. 2532:Holt (1999), pp. 877–878. 2514:Holt (1999), pp. 843–846. 2505:Holt (1999), pp. 804–805. 2451:Gienapp (1987), pp. 32–33 2424:Holt (1999), pp. 754–755. 2394:Gienapp (1987), pp. 19–20 2373:Gienapp (1987), pp. 18–19 2322:Holt (1999), pp. 552–553. 2271:Holt (1999), pp. 437–438. 2223:Holt (1999), pp. 368–370. 2130:Holt (1999), pp. 323–326. 1968:Holt (1999), pp. 194–197. 1959:Holt (1999), pp. 172–173. 1950:Holt (1999), pp. 171–172. 1941:Holt (1999), pp. 170–171. 1932:Holt (1999), pp. 169–170. 1896:Holt (1999), pp. 155–156. 1564: 1560:House of Representatives 1559: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1306:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 1254: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1096: 853:transcontinental railroad 835:After the passage of the 666:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 436:1844, Secretary of State 212:Politics of United States 207: 199: 186: 176: 166: 156: 146: 120: 102: 84: 56: 37: 28: 5303:Richard Mentor Johnson → 5290:William Henry Harrison → 4306:Socialism and Liberation 3524:Journal of Negro History 3289:Slap, Andrew L. (2010). 3217:. Simon & Schuster. 2442:Holt (1999), pp. 760–761 2385:, pp. 237–239, 244. 2214:Holt (1999), pp. 340–343 2103:Holt (1999), pp. 335–338 1768: 1496:George Washington Julian 1380: 1357: 1321: 1298: 1165:Liberal Republican Party 1042:and abolitionist leader 810:George Washington Julian 654:Benjamin Franklin Butler 345:Presidency of John Tyler 5252:(maternal half-brother) 5043:Barnburners and Hunkers 4583:National States' Rights 4438:American (Know Nothing) 4286:Progressive Labor Party 4063:Radical Democracy Party 3732:Encyclopædia Britannica 2765:Joel H. Silbey (2002). 1859:Ohio History Connection 1830:Oxford University Press 1076:John Greenleaf Whittier 1070:, educational reformer 1000:Seneca Falls Convention 990:largely backed Taylor. 747:Ellen and William Craft 737:led the passage of the 4978:Tariff of Abominations 4311:Serve America Movement 4301:Renew America Movement 4043:Anti-Nebraska movement 3735:(11th ed.). 1911. 3717:Encyclopedia Americana 3596:22.2 (1955): 146–167. 3453:Social Science History 3354:Wilentz, Sean (2005). 2847:Reichley (2000) p. 108 2817:Reichley (2000) p. 114 1853:Ohio History Central. 1224:Presidential elections 1119:Henry Brewster Stanton 1092:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 1060:Cassius Marcellus Clay 1030: 1008:Henry Brewster Stanton 1004:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 974: 944:Ideology and positions 884:anti-Nebraska movement 848: 847:for president in 1856. 710: 702: 592: 584: 496: 366:William Lloyd Garrison 361: 305:of New Hampshire, and 5063:Reformed Dutch Church 4718:Traditionalist Worker 4398:Democratic-Republican 4336:Social Democrats, USA 4326:Socialist Alternative 3706:Texts on Wikisource: 3526:50.4 (1965): 239-256. 2826:Wilentz (2005) p. 746 2712:Downey (1967), p. 731 2703:Wilentz (2005) p. 661 2685:Wilentz (2005) p. 663 2496:Wilentz (2005) p. 679 2292:Brooks (2016), p. 163 2178:Reichley (2000) p. 86 2151:Wilentz (2005) p. 617 1923:Wilentz (2005) p. 590 1887:Wilentz (2005) p. 548 1088:William Cullen Bryant 1025: 972: 834: 821:Further information: 708: 697: 688:Further information: 590: 578: 556:line to the Pacific. 486: 477:Further information: 422:personal liberty laws 352: 343:Further information: 49:Charles Francis Adams 5117:Treaty of New Echota 5112:Independent Treasury 4919:Governor of New York 4573:National Renaissance 4498:Constitutional Union 4058:North American Party 3954:National conventions 3924:National Union Party 3793:Presidential tickets 3742:Free-Soil Party, The 3622:Niven, John (1983). 3594:Pennsylvania History 3318:10.1093/past/16.1.65 3129:Gara, Larry (1991). 3046:United States Senate 2924:Ludington Daily News 2898:United States Senate 2735:"Van Buren Timeline" 1478:Joshua Reed Giddings 1213:Millersburg, Indiana 1177:civil service reform 1154:Thirteenth Amendment 1048:Joshua Reed Giddings 757:won election to the 265:Mexican–American War 128:Barnburner Democrats 5023:Second Party System 4773:Youth International 4723:Unconditional Union 4628:Populist (People's) 4538:Independence (2007) 4533:Independence (1906) 4493:Constitution (1952) 4468:American Vegetarian 4408:National Republican 4251:Legal Marijuana Now 4201:American Solidarity 3985:Other party leaders 3976:1864 National Union 3465:10.1017/ssh.2015.27 2415:Holt (1999), p. 741 2364:, pp. 239–247. 2304:, pp. 157–158. 2283:, pp. 111–112. 2121:Holt (1999), p. 333 1758:Second Party System 1397:Members of Congress 1142:Radical Republicans 959:temperance movement 863:Kansas–Nebraska Act 837:Kansas–Nebraska Act 673:contingent election 554:Missouri Compromise 546:partition of Oregon 433:annexation of Texas 323:Missouri Compromise 319:Kansas–Nebraska Act 5222:The Van Buren Boys 5182:Recarving Rushmore 5139:Gold Spoon Oration 4653:Progressive (1948) 4648:Progressive (1924) 4643:Progressive (1912) 4578:National Socialist 4558:Liberal Republican 4528:Human Rights Party 4488:Communist Workers' 4341:Socialist Equality 3310:Past & Present 2991:. 8 November 2019. 1158:Reconstruction era 1108:Third Party System 1084:Jonathan Blanchard 1044:Frederick Douglass 1031: 1027:Frederick Douglass 975: 849: 771:Thomas Hart Benton 739:Compromise of 1850 735:Stephen A. Douglas 728:fugitive slave law 711: 703: 612:nominated General 593: 585: 497: 388:for president and 362: 328:Third Party System 311:Compromise of 1850 5325: 5324: 5298:← John C. Calhoun 5264:(daughter-in-law) 5256:Abraham Van Buren 5250:James I. Van Alen 5244:Abraham Van Buren 4829: 4828: 4781: 4780: 4698:Social Democratic 4693:Silver Republican 4663:Radical Democracy 4658:Proletarian Party 4426: 4425: 4379: 4378: 4346:Socialist Workers 4236:Freedom Socialist 4206:Christian Liberty 4071: 4070: 4007:William H. Seward 3949: 3948: 3895:William L. Dayton 3661:978-0-7006-1640-4 3566:978-0-19-507894-7 3397:978-0-7006-0319-0 3346:978-0-7006-0362-6 3224:978-0-7432-9743-1 3203:978-0-19-974390-2 2778:978-0-7425-2243-5 2142:, pp. 22–23. 1855:"Free Soil Party" 1744: 1743: 1466:Alexander De Witt 1409:Lawrence Brainerd 1394: 1393: 1370: 1347: 1311: 1288: 1219:Electoral history 896:elections of 1854 866:of escaped slave 619:Buffalo, New York 605:William O. Butler 410:John Quincy Adams 252:into the western 230: 229: 217:Political parties 171:Buffalo, New York 5375: 5314: 5313: 5283:← Andrew Jackson 5082: 5075: 4993:Petticoat affair 4983:Democratic Party 4938: 4930: 4922: 4911: 4900: 4892: 4881: 4863:Martin Van Buren 4856: 4849: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4796: 4795: 4708:Socialist (1901) 4428: 4427: 4388: 4387: 4366:Working Families 4321:Socialist Action 4316:Socialist (1973) 4266:Progressive Dane 4196:American Freedom 4155: 4154: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4053:Conscience Whigs 4022:Francis P. Blair 3883:Republican Party 3868:George W. Julian 3854:Charles F. Adams 3850:Martin Van Buren 3797: 3796: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3736: 3721: 3705: 3689:Free Soil Banner 3676: 3665: 3639: 3618: 3589: 3570: 3558: 3547: 3519: 3497: 3495: 3484: 3459:(3–4): 311–332. 3447: 3435: 3424: 3412: 3401: 3389: 3369: 3350: 3329: 3304: 3285: 3266: 3247: 3228: 3207: 3188: 3167: 3148: 3136: 3125: 3096: 3068: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3042:"Party Division" 3038: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3005:. Archived from 2999: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2743:. Archived from 2731: 2725: 2722: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1819: 1803: 1800:Millard Fillmore 1796: 1790: 1783:U.S. territories 1779: 1693:Millard Fillmore 1544: 1543: 1421:Francis Gillette 1384: 1377: 1368: 1365:George W. Julian 1361: 1354: 1345: 1325: 1318: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1286: 1283:Martin Van Buren 1272: 1267: 1228: 1227: 1173:1872 re-election 1169:Ulysses S. Grant 1064:Samuel J. Tilden 984:Thaddeus Stevens 904:Kansas Territory 880:Republican Party 876:Ripon, Wisconsin 841:Republican Party 662:U.S. territories 658:Washington, D.C. 581:Martin Van Buren 571:Election of 1848 446:Martin Van Buren 288:Martin Van Buren 277:Democratic Party 246:Republican Party 181:Free Soil Banner 161:Republican Party 157:Merged into 133:Conscience Whigs 116: 114: 109: 98: 96: 91: 66:Martin Van Buren 45:Martin Van Buren 42: 26: 25: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5273: 5227: 5193:Mount Van Buren 5169: 5153: 5107:Specie Circular 5083: 5077: 5076: 5067: 5053:Free Soil Party 5028:Seven Buildings 4998:Kitchen Cabinet 4941: 4933: 4925: 4914: 4903: 4895: 4884: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4818:Politics portal 4777: 4703:Socialist Labor 4683:Red Guard Party 4633:Personal Choice 4568:National (1917) 4463:American (1969) 4458:American (1924) 4443:Americans Elect 4422: 4384:Defunct parties 4375: 4174: 4144: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4072: 4067: 4026: 3997:Salmon P. Chase 3980: 3971:1860 Republican 3966:1856 Republican 3945: 3932:Abraham Lincoln 3918: 3909:Hannibal Hamlin 3905:Abraham Lincoln 3891:John C. Frémont 3877: 3842:Free Soil Party 3836: 3823:James G. Birney 3809:James G. Birney 3788: 3785: 3739: 3727:Free Soil Party 3724: 3712:Free-Soil Party 3709: 3684: 3679: 3662: 3644:Silbey, Joel H. 3636: 3615: 3586: 3567: 3544: 3516: 3444: 3421: 3398: 3377: 3375:Further reading 3372: 3366: 3347: 3301: 3282: 3263: 3244: 3225: 3204: 3185: 3164: 3145: 3114:10.2307/1893989 3093: 3076: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3003:"Archived copy" 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2926:. Ludington, MI 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1749: 1739:Franklin Pierce 1542: 1536: 1531: 1444: 1415:Salmon P. Chase 1399: 1367: 1344: 1308: 1285: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1226: 1221: 1208: 1197: 1130:Abraham Lincoln 1110: 1104: 1099: 1080:Sidney Edgerton 1056:Cleveland, Ohio 1036:Gamaliel Bailey 1020: 980:Abraham Lincoln 967: 965:Base of support 946: 928:John C. Frémont 910:by Congressman 900:Bleeding Kansas 845:John C. Frémont 829: 819: 799:Franklin Pierce 783: 699:Salmon P. Chase 692: 686: 634:Utica, New York 623:Salmon P. Chase 573: 565:John M. Clayton 530:Alta California 505:Thornton Affair 489:Mexican Cession 481: 475: 470: 438:John C. Calhoun 406:Western Reserve 386:James G. Birney 354:James G. Birney 347: 341: 336: 299:Salmon P. Chase 269:Mexican Cession 238:political party 234:Free Soil Party 226: 147:Split from 142: 112: 110: 107: 94: 92: 89: 80: 71:Salmon P. Chase 52: 51:campaign banner 33: 32: 31:Free Soil Party 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5381: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5268:John Van Buren 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4958:Albany Regency 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4912: 4901: 4893: 4882: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4800: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:Young Patriots 4755: 4750: 4748:White Panthers 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:People's Party 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563:Liberty (1840) 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4518:Gold Democrats 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4418:National Union 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4031:Related groups 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4002:Charles Sumner 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3961:1848 Free Soil 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3936:Andrew Johnson 3928: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3902: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3861: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3820: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3737: 3722: 3699: 3693: 3683: 3682:External links 3680: 3678: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3640: 3634: 3619: 3613: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3571: 3565: 3548: 3542: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3498: 3485: 3448: 3443:978-0252003080 3442: 3425: 3419: 3402: 3396: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3351: 3345: 3330: 3305: 3299: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3229: 3223: 3208: 3202: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3149: 3143: 3126: 3108:(4): 727–750. 3097: 3091: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3051: 3033: 2994: 2980: 2966: 2952: 2937: 2910: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2784: 2777: 2757: 2726: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2396: 2387: 2375: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2294: 2285: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1845: 1838: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1791: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1647:Zachary Taylor 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1514:Joseph M. Root 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1472:Charles Durkee 1469: 1463: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1433:Charles Sumner 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1257:(Birth–death) 1253: 1248: 1247:(Birth–death) 1242: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1207: 1206:Recent revival 1204: 1196: 1193: 1185:Horace Greeley 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1068:Charles Sumner 1019: 1016: 996:women's rights 988:Horace Greeley 966: 963: 945: 942: 937:James Buchanan 912:Preston Brooks 818: 815: 787:Winfield Scott 782: 779: 755:Charles Sumner 743:William Seward 685: 682: 614:Zachary Taylor 597:John Van Buren 572: 569: 552:to extend the 538:Wilmot Proviso 474: 473:Wilmot Proviso 471: 469: 466: 462:Oregon Country 340: 337: 335: 332: 307:Charles Sumner 228: 227: 225: 224: 219: 214: 208: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 190: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 130: 124: 122: 121:Merger of 118: 117: 104: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 79: 78: 73: 68: 62: 60: 54: 53: 43: 35: 34: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5380: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5318: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:Panic of 1837 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:White Patriot 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Patriot Party 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4473:Black Panther 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453:American Nazi 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431:Third parties 4429: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391:Major parties 4389: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4371:Workers World 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361:Working Class 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Transhumanist 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4241:Forward Party 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226:Freedom Party 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4150:Third parties 4147: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4123:Major parties 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012:Simon Cameron 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3827:Thomas Morris 3824: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3801:Liberty Party 3798: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3635:9780195032383 3631: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3614:9780275991685 3610: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585:9780807142639 3581: 3578:. LSU Press. 3577: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3543:9780813942308 3539: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3515:0-19-509497-2 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3420:9780873383400 3416: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3367: 3365:0-393-05820-4 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312:(16): 65–87. 3311: 3306: 3302: 3300:9780823227112 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3281:9780691190525 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3262:0-7425-0888-9 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3243:9780813164434 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184:0-19-505544-6 3180: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3163:9780198021148 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3144:0-7006-0494-4 3140: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3092:9780226307282 3088: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3029: 3023: 3009:on 2020-02-28 3008: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2962: 2956: 2948: 2941: 2930:September 13, 2925: 2921: 2914: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2747:on 2022-04-17 2746: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1839:9780195094978 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1763:Liberty Party 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1541: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454:Charles Allen 1452: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1259: 1249: 1243: 1237:Running mate 1229: 1216: 1214: 1203: 1201: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1094: 1093: 1090:, and writer 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 971: 962: 960: 956: 952: 941: 938: 933: 929: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 889: 885: 881: 877: 871: 869: 868:Anthony Burns 864: 860: 859: 854: 846: 842: 838: 833: 828: 824: 814: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 778: 776: 775:Levi Woodbury 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:32nd Congress 756: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 707: 700: 696: 691: 681: 679: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 641: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 615: 611: 606: 602: 598: 589: 582: 577: 568: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 515: 511: 506: 502: 494: 490: 485: 480: 465: 463: 459: 458:James K. Polk 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:Liberty Party 371: 370:abolitionists 367: 359: 358:Liberty Party 355: 351: 346: 331: 330:(1856–1894). 329: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 284:Liberty Party 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:United States 239: 235: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 202: 198: 195: 191: 189: 185: 182: 179: 175: 172: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 151:Liberty Party 149: 145: 139: 138:Liberty Party 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 123: 119: 105: 101: 87: 83: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 61: 59: 55: 50: 46: 41: 36: 27: 22: 5309: 5288: 5281: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5180: 5174:Public image 5126: 5052: 4963:Tammany Hall 4738:Union (1936) 4733:Union (1861) 4728:Union (1850) 4593:New Alliance 4553:Labor (1996) 4548:Labor (1919) 4512: 4508:Farmer–Labor 4448:Anti-Masonic 4221:Constitution 4137: 4130: 4017:Edward Bates 3992:Gerrit Smith 3864:John P. Hale 3841: 3813:Thomas Earle 3745: 3730: 3715: 3688: 3671: 3647: 3624: 3604: 3593: 3575: 3554: 3533: 3523: 3505: 3491: 3456: 3452: 3431: 3408: 3385: 3355: 3335: 3309: 3290: 3271: 3252: 3233: 3213: 3193: 3173: 3153: 3132: 3105: 3101: 3082: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3011:. Retrieved 3007:the original 2997: 2983: 2969: 2955: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2923: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2897: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2794: 2787: 2767: 2760: 2749:. Retrieved 2745:the original 2738: 2729: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2390: 2378: 2369: 2357: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2297: 2288: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1862:. Retrieved 1858: 1848: 1824: 1817: 1794: 1787:slave states 1777: 1724: 1710: 1678: 1664: 1632: 1618: 1520:Gerrit Smith 1502:Preston King 1490:John W. Howe 1460:Walter Booth 1446: 1445: 1439:Henry Wilson 1427:John P. Hale 1401: 1400: 1342:John P. Hale 1255:Running mate 1209: 1198: 1189:Henry Wilson 1162: 1147: 1123: 1111: 1052:Lewis Tappan 1040:Walt Whitman 1032: 1012:Gerrit Smith 992: 976: 947: 920: 893: 888:Know Nothing 872: 856: 850: 803: 784: 751: 732: 712: 670: 650:Preston King 642: 631: 627:Gerrit Smith 594: 558: 534:David Wilmot 527: 523:Silas Wright 514:John P. Hale 498: 426: 418:Lewis Tappan 390:Thomas Earle 372:founded the 363: 303:John P. Hale 296: 281:abolitionist 271:. After the 258: 233: 231: 180: 167:Headquarters 76:John P. Hale 4937:(1815–1819) 4929:(1821–1828) 4910:(1829–1831) 4899:(1831–1832) 4891:(1833–1837) 4880:(1837–1841) 4768:Young Lords 4588:Natural Law 4291:Prohibition 4170:Libertarian 4048:Barnburners 3502:Foner, Eric 3074:Works cited 2903:November 5, 1508:Horace Mann 1484:Edward Wade 1369:(1817–1899) 1346:(1806–1873) 1310:(1807–1886) 1287:(1782–1862) 1150:Confederacy 1114:Barnburners 1082:, educator 1072:Horace Mann 510:Slave Power 398:evangelical 378:third party 292:third party 5332:Categories 5089:Presidency 4743:U.S. Labor 4678:Red Guards 4673:Readjuster 4668:Raza Unida 4613:Opposition 4478:Boston Tea 4403:Federalist 4139:Republican 4132:Democratic 3013:2019-11-10 2751:2022-05-21 2383:Smith 1988 2362:Smith 1988 2302:Smith 1988 2281:Smith 1988 2140:Smith 1988 1810:References 1704:1853–1855 1658:1851–1853 1612:1849–1851 1599:Free Soil 1583:Free Soil 1565:President 1538:See also: 1234:Candidate 1106:See also: 1066:, Senator 806:Pittsburgh 720:New Mexico 660:, and all 638:Revolution 550:Lewis Cass 442:Henry Clay 429:John Tyler 339:Background 273:Whig Party 5200:Van Buren 4953:Bucktails 4608:Nullifier 4603:New Union 4598:New Party 4523:Greenback 4513:Free Soil 4271:Marijuana 4216:Communist 4104:National 3504:(1995) . 3481:154174772 1864:August 3, 1590:Democrats 1574:Democrats 1547:Congress 1526:Amos Tuck 1245:Candidate 1231:Election 1195:Memorials 1138:Civil War 765:. As the 431:made the 301:of Ohio, 222:Elections 177:Newspaper 103:Dissolved 5316:Category 5246:(father) 5158:Writings 4638:Populist 4483:Citizens 4281:People's 4211:Citizens 4191:Alliance 3646:(2009). 3473:90017038 3022:cite web 1747:See also 1402:Senators 908:attacked 542:Southern 414:gag rule 275:and the 188:Ideology 5215:Amistad 4763:Workers 4543:Justice 4256:Liberal 4179:Smaller 3750:. 1905. 3720:. 1920. 3122:1893989 1602:Others 1555:Senate 1086:, poet 1074:, poet 951:tariffs 716:cession 595:Led by 400:former 382:slavery 364:Though 334:History 250:slavery 240:in the 194:slavery 111: ( 93: ( 85:Founded 5232:Family 5202:(1839) 4921:(1829) 4688:Silver 4296:Reform 4276:Pirate 4158:Larger 3658: 3632: 3611: 3598:online 3582: 3563: 3540: 3512: 3479: 3471: 3440: 3417: 3394: 3362: 3343: 3326:650153 3324: 3297: 3278: 3259: 3240: 3221: 3200: 3181: 3160: 3141: 3120: 3089: 2775: 1836: 1586:Total 1570:Total 1550:Years 1328:10.1% 1262:State 1252:State 1128:, but 1097:Legacy 1050:, and 986:, and 652:, and 501:Mexico 236:was a 200:Slogan 58:Leader 5270:(son) 5258:(son) 4356:Unity 4165:Green 3477:S2CID 3469:JSTOR 3322:JSTOR 3118:JSTOR 1769:Notes 1595:Whigs 1579:Whigs 1387:4.9% 1240:Vote 955:Haiti 402:Whigs 192:Anti- 5208:Burr 5198:USS 4946:Life 4905:10th 4807:List 4413:Whig 3940:1864 3913:1860 3899:1856 3872:1852 3858:1848 3831:1844 3817:1840 3656:ISBN 3630:ISBN 3609:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3561:ISBN 3538:ISBN 3510:ISBN 3438:ISBN 3415:ISBN 3392:ISBN 3360:ISBN 3341:ISBN 3295:ISBN 3276:ISBN 3257:ISBN 3238:ISBN 3219:ISBN 3198:ISBN 3179:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3139:ISBN 3087:ISBN 3028:link 2932:2016 2905:2019 2773:ISBN 1866:2017 1834:ISBN 1721:234 1700:33rd 1675:233 1654:32nd 1637:108 1629:233 1608:31st 1528:(NH) 1522:(NY) 1516:(OH) 1510:(MA) 1504:(NY) 1498:(IN) 1492:(PA) 1486:(OH) 1480:(OH) 1474:(WI) 1468:(MA) 1462:(CT) 1456:(MA) 1441:(MA) 1435:(MA) 1429:(NH) 1423:(CT) 1417:(OH) 1411:(VT) 1337:1852 1278:1848 1260:Home 1250:Home 921:The 825:and 724:Utah 722:and 444:and 259:The 232:The 113:1854 106:1854 95:1848 88:1848 4916:9th 4886:8th 4875:8th 3744:". 3729:". 3714:". 3461:doi 3314:doi 3110:doi 1729:71 1725:157 1715:22 1707:62 1689:17 1683:85 1679:127 1669:23 1661:62 1633:113 1623:25 1615:62 1390:0% 1331:0% 1271:EV% 1266:PV% 1171:'s 5334:: 3654:. 3650:. 3475:. 3467:. 3457:38 3455:. 3320:. 3116:. 3106:53 3104:. 3062:. 3044:. 3024:}} 3020:{{ 2922:. 2896:. 2840:^ 2737:. 2717:^ 2399:^ 2345:^ 2228:^ 1857:. 1832:. 1828:. 1735:2 1732:4 1718:2 1711:38 1686:4 1672:3 1665:36 1643:2 1640:9 1626:2 1619:35 1382:IN 1359:NH 1323:MA 1300:NY 1014:. 982:, 961:. 730:. 525:. 256:. 5224:" 5220:" 4855:e 4848:t 4841:v 4809:) 4805:( 4097:e 4090:t 4083:v 3942:) 3938:( 3934:/ 3915:) 3911:( 3907:/ 3901:) 3897:( 3893:/ 3874:) 3870:( 3866:/ 3860:) 3856:( 3852:/ 3833:) 3829:( 3825:/ 3819:) 3815:( 3811:/ 3780:e 3773:t 3766:v 3740:" 3725:" 3710:" 3664:. 3638:. 3617:. 3588:. 3569:. 3546:. 3518:. 3483:. 3463:: 3446:. 3423:. 3400:. 3368:. 3349:. 3328:. 3316:: 3303:. 3284:. 3265:. 3246:. 3227:. 3206:. 3187:. 3166:. 3147:. 3124:. 3112:: 3095:. 3066:. 3048:. 3030:) 3016:. 2977:. 2963:. 2934:. 2907:. 2781:. 2754:. 1868:. 1842:. 508:" 495:. 115:) 97:) 47:/ 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index