Liberty Party (United States, 1840)

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public image and win support from a skeptical northern electorate by casting the anti-Slave Power stance as the party's signature issue. Chase assumed that the national government lacked the authority to abolish slavery in the states and that abolition would therefore necessarily be accomplished by the states themselves; the role of an antislavery party was to weaken slavery by denying it the support of the national government, while persuading the large majority of whites who were not large slaveholders of the benefits of abolition. He assessed that moral arguments appealed to only a narrow swath of the electorate, concentrated in areas of Yankee settlement, while the constitutional violations and economic malaise associated with the domination of the Slave Power posed more compelling reasons for white voters to abandon their former partisan allegiances. Simultaneously, Chase sincerely believed that the domination of the national government by the Slave Power threatened the foundations of republican institutions. By his estimation, large slaveholders accounted for roughly one percent of the population of the United States; considering this, that slaveholders were able to so effectively keep control of Congress, the White House, the Supreme Court, and leadership of both established political parties made a mockery of democratic self-government. In a letter to Joshua Leavitt, Chase and other Ohio Liberty leaders wrote that "the proper end of a Liberty Party the deliverance of the government from the control of the slave power. ... If slavery should cease tomorrow, this great aim would still remain." The destruction of the Slave Power thus appeared as at once the most immediate and practical means of stopping the spread of slavery nationally, a politically useful argument for recruiting new voters to the antislavery cause, and a desirable object in its own right.

881:, where he served as an Independent Democrat. Another group, including Smith and William Goodell, continued to eschew cross-party cooperation. Instead, they proposed that the Liberty Party should embrace other popular reform causes in order to appeal to a broader swath of the electorate. This group organized the Liberty League to promote their platform and candidates within the Liberty Party. The core disagreement between these two groups was whether Liberty members should consider themselves a "temporary" or "permanent" party. Chase, Bailey, Stanton, and Whittier saw the party as a temporary organization whose role was to initiate a political realignment, with Liberty members joining antislavery Whigs and Democrats in a new, broad-tent anti-extension party. Smith, Goodell, Leavitt, and Birney, meanwhile, insisted that the Liberty Party was a permanent project whose objective was to defeat rather than convert the two established parties. 1546:

elections between 1841 and 1843 had at one time been Whigs. Alienated by the events of the Tyler presidency and the equivocating rhetoric of Whig slaveholders like Henry Clay, they turned to the Liberty Party to vindicate the emancipationist hopes they had once placed in William Henry Harrison. After 1843, the nomination and election of James K. Polk, the Mexican–American War, and the overt hostility of national party leaders to antislavery politics drove many Democrats into the waiting arms of the Liberty Party. Simultaneously, the Whigs regained some support with antislavery voters through the efforts of those like William H. Seward and Joshua Reed Giddings. Resultantly, as the Liberty vote increased in annual elections, it also grew increasingly Democratic. Former Democrats predominated the Liberty Party by the time of its subsumption into the Free Soil Party, and the new organization was sometimes called the Free Democratic Party.

1409: 682: 1388:

the principle of equal rights into all its practical consequences and applications, and support every just measure conducive to individual and social freedom." This egalitarianism formed the core principle of the Liberty Party and was sometimes called by contemporary participants the movement's unifying "one idea." As the party was tearing itself apart in 1848, the rump National Liberty Convention that nominated Smith and Foote expressed, "the Liberty Party is not a temporary but a permanent party—not a piece-of-an-idea party, but the whole-of-an-idea party—not bound to carry out the one idea of political justice against slavery only, but against wars, tariffs, the traffic in intoxicating drinks, land monopolies, and secret societies, and whatever else is opposed to that comprehensive, great and glorious One Idea."

1479:; the repeal of the Three-Fifths Clause and the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution; the repeal of the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act; preference for free labor in dispensing federal patronage and contracts; and repeal of the congressional gag rule. The convention expressed support for the efforts of free people of color to achieve equal political and civil rights and declared that the United States military should not be used to suppress an enslaved rebellion. It declared the Fugitive Slave Clause to be null and void, on the reasoning that "any contract, covenant or agreement to do an act derogatory to natural rights is vitiated and annulled by its inherent immorality," and called on the free states to adopt legislation to protect the rights of people of color accused under the national fugitive slave law. 924:. Nevertheless, Hale was not a member of the Liberty Party, nor did he call himself an abolitionist. When the Liberty Party delegates at Buffalo voted overwhelmingly to nominate Hale over Smith, it represented a victory for Chase and the coalitionists. By nominating Hale, the delegates had chosen to fight the next campaign on the narrow ground of opposition to slavery's westward extension, rather than the broader reform agenda advocated by the Liberty League. This position had the advantage of appealing to a wider range of voters than the Liberty Party had previously been able to reach. For the Liberty Leaguers, however, this represented a retreat from the broader evangelical reform spirit that had led them into the abolitionist movement. Their opposition to slavery grew out of a comprehensive ethic of 1306:

moniker announced the party's "paramount objects" as namely, "emancipation, abolition, human freedom" for all people held in bondage. While moderate critics of slavery frequently sought to distinguish between opposition to the negative social, political, and economic conditions created by slavery and support for the human rights of enslaved people, the Liberty Party made no such distinction. The express aim of the Liberty Party's political program was to bring about the swift, unconditional, and universal emancipation of all enslaved people in the United States. While the Liberty leaders' embrace of direct political action eventually drew them into conflict with William Lloyd Garrison, they shared the immediatist perspective of the AASS and rejected the equivocal position maintained by the

1142:), the Free Soil Party eclipsed the Democrats as the second-largest party. Most of the new converts were former Democrats attracted by the presence of Van Buren on the top of the ticket; Johnson estimates that even if the New York Barnburners are discounted, "Democrats contributed proportionally more support than the Whigs" to the new party. Twelve Free Soilers were elected to the House of Representatives, and a coalition of Free Soilers and Democrats in Ohio elected Chase to the Senate. Downballot the party performed respectably, electing several dozen state legislators across the Upper North. The Liberty ticket of Smith and Foote received fewer than 3,000 votes, almost all from New York. The Free Soil coalition thus spelled the death of the Liberty Party as an independent political force. 1455: 1396:, they imagined the Liberty Party would dissolve once its immediate aims were accomplished. Others, namely the Liberty League, understood the Liberty Party as a continuous reform movement animated by a comprehensive political theory embodied by the party's "one idea." In this view, cooperation with factions who shared certain immediate policy objectives with the Liberty Party but rejected its larger egalitarian ethic ultimately weakened the movement and destroyed the usefulness of the Liberty Party as a transformational agent in national politics. These conflicting interpretations of the role of political abolitionism reflected the range of attitudes towards politics and political parties in the 937: 497: 627: 1297:

New Hampshire coalitionists, Smith judged the prospects of converting the two major parties to antislavery principles were more hopeless than ever, and that the Liberty Party must therefore cease to be a "temporary" party and become a "permanent" party with a comprehensive political program extending beyond the immediate aims of the abolitionist movement. Whether and how the Liberty Party should address issues apart from slavery, and the nature of their relationship to antislavery members of the two established parties, were key points of contention in the internal struggle to define the ideology and character of the Liberty Party prior to 1848.

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farming communities," typically individuals of "considerable standing" and "much better than average education," who "shared a common set of 'radical religious beliefs.'" However, Reinhard Johnson notes that Protestant evangelicals in the Liberty Party were "liturgically indistinguishable" from their brethren who did not become political abolitionists, while local leaders struggled to make ends meet and "often lived on the edge of poverty." The party attracted strong support from women and African-Americans, who were involved at the highest levels of the party as delegates, campaign surrogates, and officers in the national organization.

1285: 1555: 763: 1118: 1586:, two locally prominent Black abolitionists. As Garrisonianism fell out of favor with Black abolitionists in the 1840s, Black support for the Liberty Party increased. Garnett, Ward, and Henry Bibb were among the party's foremost advocates and regularly clashed with Black Garrisonians who question the motives and strategy of political abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was one such early critic of the Liberty Party, but by 1848 had become involved in political abolitionism and was present at the Buffalo Convention that established the Free Soil Party. 1151: 1625: 6011: 1616:; they argued Liberty members should be willing to cooperate with the established parties if they could secure meaningful commitments to support Black suffrage. Liberty meetings and conventions were racially integrated, and Black attendees were "treated equally and mingled freely" with white members. While Black members were rarely candidates for elected office, Ward received 12 votes for vice president at the 1848 convention of the Liberty League, finishing third out of a field of nine candidates. 1392:

on the abolition of slavery to the exclusion of all other goals and opening the party to all who shared this objective, regardless of their positions on temperance, land reform, or other causes. This included those like Chase who saw the role of the Liberty Party as fundamentally to reform the established parties through outside pressure, prompting an electoral realignment in which Liberty voters would join antislavery Whigs and Democrats in a new, broad-tent anti-extension party. Like the earlier

853: 402: 1211:," he declared that while the platform adopted by the Pittsburgh convention was lacking in certain respects, most notably in its failure to declare slavery unconstitutional, "I, nevertheless, regard myself as a member of that party. It is a good party—and it will, rapidly, grow better." He urged the Liberty Party not to disband, but to maintain a separate organization in hopes of reforming the Free Soil Party through outside pressure. When the Liberty Party met in convention at 1496:

glaring instance, in which, in our own country, Government fails to afford protection to its own subjects, is slavery," the address positively asserted that the national government "has power, under its Constitution, to abolish every part of American slavery" and declared state laws recognizing slavery to be null and void. It endorsed universal suffrage, a progressive income tax, an end to private ownership of land, prohibition against extrajudicial oaths administered by

1442:. The ability of the Slave Power thesis to explain the actions of governments and political parties in relation to slavery made it a potent weapon in the hands of political abolitionists, who argued persuasively that proslavery political corruption required organized antislavery political resistance. The cooption of the Whig and Democratic parties by the Slave Power meant that the Liberty Party was the only practical vehicle for political opposition to slavery. 1342: 1533:

While some leading citizens joined the Liberty Party, in aggregate Liberty voters were not wealthier or better educated than non-abolitionists. These findings contradict Benson's description of the Liberty electorate but are consistent with the self-portrait of the Liberty Party drawn by contemporary abolitionist writers, who considered themselves the representatives of the "honest, hard-handed, clear-headed free laborers and mechanics of the north."

885:

that committed the national government to slavery's defense. The 1843 Liberty platform accepted this argument in part, demanding the "divorce" of the national government from slavery, but conceding that Congress lacked the authority to abolish slavery directly. After 1844, Liberty leaders including Smith and Goodell began to argue that the Constitution was in fact antislavery and had been wrongly construed by proslavery judges and elected officials.

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temperance, nonresistant, and utopian socialist movements. Waters sees the influence of the liberal concept of "possessive individualism" on the abolitionist movement, its language "an interesting mixture of Christianity and commerce" with roots in 17th century English political thought. In contrast to the nationalist Whig Party, but in line with the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Liberty leaders took a generally skeptical view of

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colleagues of the necessity of independent political action for the new party to be successful. Nevertheless, electoral tickets pledged to Birney and Earle were organized in every free state. Concerns that the party was still too young to attract the support of most abolitionists proved warranted. Birney polled fewer than 7,000 votes in the 13 states where there were electors pledged to him; in four of these (

790:), his share of the total vote exceeded five percent. He received no votes in the slave states. The major issue in the campaign was the annexation of Texas. Martin Van Buren, the early presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party, opposed annexation on the grounds that it would inflame sectional tensions between the free and slave states. This position cost him the support of the southern Democrats, and 1649:

elective franchise to place men in office who will remove these evils by the introduction of righteous and just laws into the civil code of our country." Michigan Liberty women raised funds to support Liberty Party activities. The Illinois Female Anti-Slavery Society coordinated with the state Liberty Party, and female editorialists like Mary Brown Davis promoted the congressional candidacy of

1032:. Though publicly neutral on the slavery question, Taylor was a slaveholder and a career military man who had risen to prominence in a war many northern Whigs had fervently opposed. Faced with a choice between a proslavery Democrat and a slaveholding Whig, the moment seemed ripe for a union of antislavery men of all parties like what Chase and the coalitionists had long anticipated. 1356:

instruments such as the gag rule, they became convinced of the necessity of direct political action to counteract the influence of the Slave Power. Liberty members also clashed with Garrisonians over the issue of nonresistance. Influenced by the involvement of Black abolitionists like Henry Highland Garnet, Liberty meetings sometimes adopted resolutions expressing support for

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slavery and the rights of free people of color; the planks relating to slave revolts and the novel legal theory around the Fugitive Slave Clause, however, were dropped. In closing, the delegates expressed their firm conviction that "the measures which we propose ... will result, at no distant day, in the establishment of peaceful emancipation throughout the Union."

1364:, a step which the Garrisonians were not willing to endorse. While some political abolitionists opposed the involvement of women in the abolitionist movement in leadership roles, including James G. Birney, feminists like Smith, Henry B. Stanton, and Joshua Leavitt who supported an equal role for women in antislavery societies also joined the Liberty Party. 1239:; lamenting the inadequacy of free soilism and the inefficacy of Garrisonian moral suasion, they declared, "the Liberty Party is the only political party in the land, that insists on the right and duty to wield the political power of the nation for the overthrow of every part and parcel of American Slavery." The convention narrowly decided against arming 1216:

committee was appointed to interview Hale to determine his views on the constitutionality of slavery. Hale, however, ignored these entreaties. When the Liberty National Convention reconvened on September 30, Smith switched his support to Goodell, and the latter was nominated on a ticket with S. M. Bell. Other Liberty men continued to support Hale.

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the belief that the established parties were institutionally committed to slavery and therefore incapable of being converted to abolitionist principles. Many disavowed any cooperation with the established parties, even when local candidates had proven antislavery records. While Independent Democrats like Hale and Conscience Whigs like

1438:, the annexation of Texas, and the Mexican–American War had been instigated by slaveholders to increase their political power, and that federal measures such as the gag rule and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 demonstrated the influence of the Slave Power posed a threat to the civil liberties of white northerners as well as 1376:; the 1848 platform of the Liberty League urged that "what the people can do, it, and in no instance, the Government, should do," and added with respect to public charity that "there would, if not for the abuses and oppressions of Government, be comparatively few poor." The same document praised the policies of the 802:, the candidate of the Whigs, assumed an ambivalent stance on Texas in an effort to hold together his party's fracturing coalition. He initially opposed annexation, then supported it late in the campaign, only to subsequently clarify that he favored annexation only if it could be achieved without war with 1491:

Smith was among those dissatisfied by the narrowness of the 1847 platform. In his remarks to the convention, he chastised the delegates for limiting themselves to antislavery agitation and neglecting other pressing issues before the nation. A resolution declaring the Liberty Party a "permanent party"

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Garrisonian and Anti-Garrisonian abolitionists shared the goal of immediate, unconditional, and universal emancipation for all enslaved people in the United States. While the AASS used moral suasion to work toward this goal, political abolitionists put forward a series of policy proposals designed to

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Unlike the later Free Soil and Republican parties, whose leaders disavowed any intent to interfere directly with slavery in the states, the Liberty Party was explicitly abolitionist in its outlook and leadership. The 1841 convention that formed the national party organization and selected the Liberty

1296:

In 1843, Gerrit Smith described the Liberty Party as he understood it to be, "a union of men of all shades of opinion on other subjects, embracing all who are willing to co-operate for the one object of abolishing slavery." By 1847, he had come to amend this view. Despite the electoral success of the

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The Buffalo Convention in effect marked the end of the Liberty Party as a significant force in electoral politics. After 1848, the party's grassroots infrastructure was absorbed into the Free Soil Party, and the loyalty of most Liberty leaders and voters transferred to the new organization. A remnant

1072:

The platform of the Free Soil Party was notably more conservative than earlier Liberty Party documents. It confined itself to opposing the extension of slavery into new states and expressly denied the authority of Congress to abolish slavery where it already existed. This, so far, was consistent with

673:

argued that helping to elect such "major party" opponents of slavery ultimately strengthened the Slave Power by extending the life of the established proslavery parties; they called for the Liberty Party to remain an independent organization and work to defeat the proslavery parties outright. Another

594:

remained a prominent and influential figure, the failure of moral suasion discredited the approach of the AASS, and by 1844, "the Liberty Party was the major vehicle for serious abolitionist sentiment in every state." This support translated to scattered successes in local and state legislative races

1596:, and participated in Liberty Party activities in Pittsburgh. In places where state law or local opinion was favorable to Black suffrage, men of color supported the Liberty Party with their ballots. Black men in Michigan voted the Liberty ticket in 1844 despite the whites-only suffrage clause in the 1129:

Almost all Liberty members, however, eventually followed Joshua Leavitt into the Free Soil Party. Early successes in Upper New England encouraged hopes for a political earthquake, as the Free Soilers made strong gains in the Maine and Vermont state elections ahead of November and in Vermont actually

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on August 9, 1848, to organize the national Free Soil Party and nominate candidates for president and vice president. Approximately 20,000 men and women were in attendance at the convention, which lasted two days. Hale was still the preferred choice of most Liberty members, but the importance of the

919:

also received votes for president. The purpose of the convention was not to organize a new party, but to influence the upcoming Liberty National Convention. Meanwhile, Chase was working intently to promote Hale as the candidate likeliest to attract support from antislavery voters outside the Liberty

884:

Increasingly, some Liberty members began to articulate an antislavery legal theory at odds with the accepted Garrisonian interpretation of the Constitution. Garrison, who memorably described the Constitution as "a covenant with death" and "an agreement with Hell," held it to be a proslavery document

1639:

consigned formal politics to the male sphere, women's role as guardians of morality in their homes and communities allowed them to enter Liberty meetings and speak on behalf of Liberty candidates in their public activism. Most Liberty members considered the party a moral crusade against slavery; an

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Initially, former Whigs made up a large majority of Liberty voters; as the party gained greater support after 1842, it added large numbers of antislavery Democrats, who eventually came to predominate. Between two-thirds and three-quarters of men who cast Liberty ballots in Connecticut gubernatorial

1391:

Whether the Liberty Party should be considered a temporary or permanent party remained a contentious issue up to and after the national convention of the Free Soil Party in 1848, when the majority of Liberty members were subsumed into the larger organization. One group favored a single-minded focus

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Liberty literature expressed a general egalitarian outlook with implications extending beyond the abolition of slavery. The platform adopted by the 1843 National Liberty Convention declared, "the Liberty party has not been organized merely for the overthrow of slavery ... but it will also carry out

1322:. In contrast, the Liberty leaders increasingly came to see the Constitution as an antislavery document and slavery as a political as well as a moral problem. They noted the absence of any explicit mention of slavery in the Constitution, a fact they interpreted as highly significant in light of the 1215:

later that year, Smith opposed the motion to nominate a separate presidential ticket and advocated cooperation with the Free Soil Party. Smith's motion carried by a vote of 55–41, whereupon the convention adjourned until October 1; the minority remained behind and nominated Goodell for president. A

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The 1842 campaign in Massachusetts raised significant questions in the internal debate over party strategy. Most Liberty members conceived of the party as a moral crusade to purify American politics from the corrupting influence of the Slave Power. They had renounced their past party allegiances in

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who used their political influence to protect slavery and the interests of slaveholders. Liberty members observed that slaveholders had controlled the presidency for all but 12 years between 1789 and 1849, while the national leaders of both established political parties were either slaveholders or

843:

in 1844, diverting votes that would otherwise have gone to Clay. However, a substantial minority of Liberty voters in 1844 (including vice presidential candidate Thomas Morris) were former Democrats and had no love for Clay. Liberty Party leaders such as Chase and Gerrit Smith aligned more closely

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summoned delegates to Utica to nominate an antislavery Democrat to run against the nominees of the two established parties. Simultaneously, Conscience Whigs anticipating the selection of a proslavery national candidate made plans to lead their voters out of the Whig tent. With the rupture of both

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In 1776, Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina alone restricted suffrage on the basis of race; between 1792 and 1838, every state outside Upper New England would repeal or severely restrict Black suffrage. At the time of the 1844 presidential election, Black men could vote on an equal basis with

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found that Liberty members were substantially less likely to be farmers than non-abolitionists and similarly more likely to be professionals, skilled artisans, or laborers. Most had been born in New York, but a proportionally larger share came from New England compared to the overall population.

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Reinhard Johnson notes that from 1841, the Liberty Party "avoided much of the religious rhetoric and imagery" commonly associated with the abolitionist movement and instead emphasized its opposition to the political influence of the Slave Power. Chase in particular sought to moderate the party's

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was a prominent female Anti-Garrisonian who took an active role in the New York Liberty Party and worked on Smith's 1852 congressional campaign. Lydia Child and Lucretia Mott each received one vote for president at the 1847 convention of the Liberty League, and Mott received five votes for vice

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Female Anti-Slavery Society was the foremost Liberty mouthpiece in Indiana; the preamble and resolutions adopted by the society at its 1841 meeting expressly affirmed "that it is our duty to endeavor by all reasonable means to persuade our fathers, husbands and brothers to make use of the their

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Like the larger antislavery movement from which it sprang, the Liberty Party's strength lay with Protestant evangelicals of Yankee extraction and free people of color. Lee Benson described the profile of the Liberty electorate in western New York as men from "small, moderately prosperous Yankee

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The platform adopted by the 1847 National Liberty Convention reaffirmed that "the paramount object of the Liberty party is the abolition of slavery in the United States by the constitutional acts of the Federal and State Governments." It repeated the demands of the 1843 platform with respect to

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accepting the Democratic nomination for the Michigan Legislature, which allowed Whigs to portray him as a stooge for the Democrats. In the aftermath of the election, Chase and Bailey redoubled their calls for cooperation among antislavery men of all parties. This strategy was most successful in

848:

while running as the Liberty candidate for president. Reinhard Johnson notes that most Liberty voters considered the Whigs no less proslavery that the Democrats and likely would not have voted for Clay in any case. Birney's result in 1844 was consistent with or slightly reduced from the Liberty

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When the Liberty League refused to be absorbed into the Free Soil Party in the summer of 1848 and nominated Smith for president as the "genuine" Liberty Party candidate, the adopted a platform and address embracing a comprehensive interpretation of the "one idea" principle. Affirming "the most

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for vice president on April 1, 1840. The initial response to the Albany convention was lukewarm; while the Garrisonians continued to oppose any involvement in electoral politics, others felt the nominations were premature and that the political abolitionists needed more time to persuade their

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demanded candidates announce their position on slavery and awarded or withheld their support accordingly. The success of the "questioning system" proved fleeting, however, as abolitionists discovered candidates frequently would issue antislavery pledges during a campaign, only to abandon their

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The intense religiosity of Liberty members was reflected by the involvement of Protestant clergy in the party; Johnson states that at least one-third of Liberty editors and a substantial share of Liberty candidates were ministers. The party drew from evangelical as well as mainline Protestant

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of the Liberty leaders reflected significant pragmatic and philosophical differences with the Garrisonians respecting the fundamental nature of the United States Constitution and the problem of slavery itself that split the AASS in 1840. Garrison held that the Constitution was an irredeemably

864:

Birney's defeat reopened the debate over strategy that had troubled the party in 1843. While Birney improved substantially on his result from 1840, his showing compared less favorably to more recent Liberty Party performances in state and local elections. Birney had damaged his credibility by

752:

The Liberty party has not been organized merely for the overthrow of slavery; its first decided effort must, indeed, be directed against slave-holding as the grossest and most revolting manifestation of despotism, but it will also carry out the principle of equal rights into all its practical

1607:

Black involvement was critical to the success of the Liberty Party. Black abolitionists like Garnet, Ward, and Bibb were effective messengers for the party and their national reputations attracted much-needed publicity. The testimony of freed people was particularly effective in winning over

340:. Internal disagreements over whether and how the party should cooperate with abolitionists who remained within the two major parties and to what extent Liberty candidates should address issues beyond slavery intensified after 1844. In 1847 party leaders favoring a coalition with antislavery 1367:

Outside influences shaped the intellectual attitude of the Liberty Party, especially after 1844. The abolitionist movement existed within what Ronald G. Walters called a "reform tradition" in American history; many abolitionists, including Liberty leaders, were active in the early feminist,

1474:

The platform adopted by the 1843 National Liberty Convention, prepared by Chase, pledged the party to "do all in their power for immediate emancipation." The platform did not call on the national government to abolish slavery in the states, in keeping with Chase's view that Congress lacked

1355:

Additionally, the experience of the 1830s had persuaded the Liberty leaders that moral suasion alone could not abolish slavery, because "slaveholders did not care for moral suasion abolitionists." Having experienced political persecution at the hands of the United States government through

1318:

proslavery document and strongly opposed abolitionist entry into politics, remaining wholly committed to the strategy of moral suasion. Frederick Douglass initially rejected a political solution to slavery, arguing that emancipation was only practicable by directly challenging anti-Black

1608:

skeptical white audiences. Their presence simultaneously legitimized the Liberty Party in the eyes of the abolitionist movement and pressured the party to take seriously the needs of the Black community. Black abolitionists were the driving force behind the movement in favor of

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on a platform embracing the radical implications of the Liberty League's "one idea" philosophy. Declaring themselves unalterably committed to the cause of human freedom and the destruction of all arbitrary distinctions of race, class, and gender, they endorsed the extension of

1243:

and approved a declaration demanding the immediate abolition of slavery by the national government, affirming the antislavery character of the Constitution, and promising an "aggressive contest with the slave power." The party nominated Smith for president in

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was defeated by a vote of 26 to 103. Smith observed ruefully that "many Liberty men repose a measure of confidence in the pro-slavery parties; and thereby hinder themselves from rightly deciding what should be the character and work of the Liberty party."

434:

and proslavery northern Cotton Whigs prevented the party from taking a strong antislavery stance. Committed to the union of the states, both parties sought to suppress issues such as slavery which threatened to split the country along sectional lines.

1044:

established party coalitions seemingly imminent, Chase quickly organized a Free Territory Convention that could provide the basis for a coordinated effort by antislavery men of all parties in opposition to the nominees of the Slave Power. Events in

487:

The party initially went by a number of different names, including the Human Rights Party, the Abolition Party, and the Freemen's Party. The 1841 national convention held at Albany selected the "Liberty Party" as the movement's official name.

1565:

Although legally disenfranchised in most states, free people of color were early, active, and vital supporters of the Liberty Party. Black men served as accredited delegates to the 1843 Liberty National Convention and John J. Zuille,

1424:

Core to the Liberty Party's perspective and political program was the belief, expressed in party literature and resolutions by Liberty meetings and conventions, that the United States government was controlled by a corrupt proslavery

920:

Party. Hale was an unconventional choice for most Liberty members. Many had admired his protest against the gag rule and his opposition to the annexation of Texas. He shared many of the Liberty Party's immediate goals, including the

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replaced the Democrats as the main opposition to the Whigs. In the first presidential election to be held on the same day in every state, Van Buren received 291,000 popular votes, or slightly more than 10 percent. In three states (

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constitutional authority for such an action. Instead, it demanded "the absolute and unqualified divorce of the General Government from slavery:" the abolition of slavery in the territories and in the District of Columbia, and in

723:

lacked the authority to abolish slavery directly, it demanded the "absolute and unqualified divorce" of the federal government from slavery: abolition of slavery in the territories, repeal of the gag rule, and voiding the

1657:

attended the 1843 National Liberty Convention despite her Garrisonian leanings and made an impassioned address to the delegates, becoming the first woman to address the national convention of an American political party.

1408: 1081:. These points were wholly insufficient for the Liberty League, who revived Gerrit Smith's candidacy under the banner of the reconstituted Liberty Party. An ad hoc national convention held at Buffalo nominated Smith and 412:

Efforts by abolitionists to organize politically began in the late 1830s. The earliest attempts were not made with a new party in mind, as abolitionists hoped to influence the two existing parties. Antislavery voters in

838:

with less than a majority; if the Liberty voters in these states had all voted for Clay, Clay would have gained both states and thus the presidency. This has led some historians to suggest that the Liberty Party was a

1541:

by joining the Liberty Party, a course that was consistent with a religious philosophy that called on Christians to "come out" of corrupt churches, governments, and political parties whose leaders were mired in sin.

384:. Smith and the Liberty League continued to maintain an separate organization and supported an independent ticket in each ensuing election until 1860. Many former Liberty leaders subsequently became founders of the 438:

The overwhelming hostility of the established parties encouraged a growing opinion in abolitionist circles favoring creation of an independent antislavery party. The first movement toward this object took place at

1069:, the son of the late John Quincy Adams, was nominated for vice president. Hale promptly withdrew from the presidential race, and the large majority of the Liberty Party was subsumed into the Free Soil movement. 587:. As northern opposition to annexation mounted, the indecision of the Whigs and Democrats increased the attractiveness of the Liberty Party to antislavery voters as the only principled anti-annexation party. 1895:

and fielded candidates for governor and other statewide offices. The following table displays the result for Liberty gubernatorial candidates in these states as a share of the total number of votes cast.

893:

and that its continuance after 1776 was unlawful. The antislavery interpretation of the Constitution became a core position of the Liberty League; Chase and Bailey (who after 1847 served as the editor of

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led by Smith and Goodell persisted until 1860 under various names. From his seat in the Senate, Chase emerged as one of the leaders of the Free Soil Party. In 1854, during the vitriolic debates over the

959:

The struggle between the Liberty League and the coalitionists for control of the Liberty Party occurred as events were rapidly transforming the national context for political antislavery. Following the

484:

was elected with 234 electoral votes to 60 for the incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren; Harrison's share of the vote in the free states (52.42%) dwarfed Birney's less than one percent showing.

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but stalled in the Senate, where the free and slave states had equal representation. As the debate dragged on into 1848, the issue of slavery's extension promised to be the major issue in the

928:

that opposed all forms of inequity and oppression. By nominating Hale, the Liberty Party, in their view, had surrendered its long-term social agenda for the sake of short-term political gain.

1640:

interest in Liberty activities thus appeared a natural extension of the female sphere. Women were frequently present for Liberty conventions and sometimes served as voting delegates. In the

1635:

Women were indispensable participants in the Liberty Party; their involvement in Liberty campaigns and conventions mirrored their importance to the larger abolitionist movement. While the

1000:. Congressional efforts to organize this new territory soon became mired in controversy over the westward extension of slavery. Antislavery Whigs and Democrats united behind a proposal by 5477: 619:. The strategy of the Liberty members to leverage their votes to produce a deadlock narrowly failed when one Whig member voted with the Democrats to ensure the abolitionists' defeat, and 652:

might share some abolitionist priorities, they would still campaign for their parties' proslavery national candidates and did not support immediate, universal emancipation. Editors like

418:

commitments once elected. As party organizations resumed their place as the drivers of national politics after 1828, the need for a dedicated antislavery party to effectively oppose the

1077:

for which Chase had argued persistently over the previous decade. It embraced traditional Democratic economic policies many in the Liberty Party had long supported, including a federal

678:, they aimed to broaden the party's appeal beyond the abolitionist movement by emphasizing opposition to slavery's extension and the negative effects of slavery for white northerners. 748:. It attacked the proslavery bias of the national government and demanded "the example and influence of national authority ought to be arrayed on the side of liberty and free labor." 590:

Between 1841 and 1843, abolitionist opinion shifted perceptibly in favor of independent political action, and the Liberty Party was the recipient of this outpouring of support. While

430:

whose principled opposition to slavery was seen as a threat to party unity. While the Whig Party sometimes sought to ingratiate itself with abolitionists, the influence of southern

302:

and opposed any involvement in electoral politics, and Anti-Garrisonians, who increasingly argued for the necessity of direct political action and the formation of an anti-slavery

6023: 4995: 1537:

churches, although Liberty members represented a minority of both groups. Alan M. Kraut speculates that evangelical abolitionists responded to the anti-institutionalism of the

700:. The 1841 national convention had nominated Birney for president and Thomas Morris for vice president. Chase hoped to recruit a nationally prominent politician such as Adams, 3348:, were early leaders in the movement to organize a new, antislavery party. Holley, however, would die before he could play a larger role in the leadership of the Liberty Party 4901:

Speech of Gerrit Smith, Made in the National Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo, October 21, 1847, on the Character and Scope of the Duties of the Liberty Party

4292:

Speech of Gerrit Smith, Made in the National Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo, October 21, 1847, on the Character and Scope of the Duties of the Liberty Party

715:, who supported Birney, reported that many in the Massachusetts Liberty Party preferred Jay, including Sewall and Whittier. When the Liberty National Convention met at 5312: 1248:; Samuel McFarland was nominated for vice president. The pair received 321 popular votes, all from New York and Ohio. Smith made his final bid for the presidency in 1131: 6014: 1578:

and Henry Highland Garnet were among the nationally renowned Black abolitionists to address the convention. In Connecticut, the state Liberty Party was founded by

1073:

the position of the Liberty Party in 1844; but the Free Soil Party rejected the racial egalitarianism of the Liberty Party and the antislavery construction of the

806:. Abolitionists mistrusted Clay because of his status as a slaveholder as well as his previous interactions with the abolitionist movement. In a campaign visit to 719:

in August 1843, however, Birney and Morris were nominated unanimously. The platform adopted by the Buffalo convention showed Chase's influence. Conceding that the

6058: 1265: 1196: 3035:

their white neighbors in only five states—Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. New York allowed some landowning Black men to vote.

2626: 1125:. The Free Soil Party carried several counties in the Upper North and finished second in three states. The rump Smith/Foote ticket did not win any counties. 849:

Party's showing in the 1843 state elections, suggesting ex-Whig support for Birney represented voters who had abandoned Clay long before the 1844 campaign.

4988: 1135: 1052:

met and issued the long-awaited call for a new antislavery party. The following day, the Utica Barnburner convention nominated Van Buren for president and

835: 831: 1139: 422:

proslavery consensus gradually gained recognition. After 1837, the Democratic Party leadership sought actively to expel antislavery Jacksonians such as

1326:, which had found that slavery could not exist without positive legal sanction. After 1844, Liberty propagandists began arguing that slavery had been 1074: 1048:

soon brought these plans to fruition. Taylor secured the Whig nomination on June 9; that evening, a group of fifteen dissident Whig delegates led by

1338:

in 1852, when he described the Constitution as a "glorious liberty document" whose true reading had been subverted by corrupt proslavery officials.

6019: 5864: 5177: 1264:. In later years, Smith, Douglass, and other veterans of the Liberty League would join Lincoln's Republican Party, driving the party to ratify the 1061: 689: 369: 537: 4981: 1369: 1220:

warned abolitionists not to desert the Free Soil Party and continued to display the names of Hale and Julian in the masthead of his publication,

599:

in areas where neither opposing party controlled a majority of the electorate. In the highly competitive and closely divided environment of the

6063: 5331: 4926: 4645: 4077: 3490: 3335: 711:

to head the Liberty ticket, and wrote to Birney suggesting that he withdraw from the race. The suggestion offended Birney and enraged Leavitt.

615:

polled 5.4 percent as the Liberty candidate for governor, enough to hold both leading candidates below a majority and send the election to the

192: 548:, leading to his exit from the Whig Party before the end of 1841; significantly for abolitionists, he was an early and ardent advocate of the 5305: 3011: 2541: 4092: 1471:

isolate and weaken slavery, protect the rights of free and freed people of color, and undermine support for slavery among non-slaveholders.

476:), he received fewer than 100 votes. He received no votes from the slave states, where the party had not been organized. The Whig ticket of 6073: 5512: 4833: 3580: 1397: 732:. In this way, the platform writers hoped to contain and ultimately suffocate slavery. The platform sharply criticized the abridgement of 5704: 1334:

and that its continued existence had no constitutional basis. Douglass came ultimately to accept this view by the time of his celebrated

1644:, with its tradition of women's political involvement, female abolitionists were prominent movers and drivers of the Liberty Party. The 5789: 5714: 2939: 870: 681: 1056:

for vice president. When Dodge declined the vice presidential nomination, it opened the door for the Barnburners to join the emerging

528:

helped drive support for antislavery politics. In April 1841, Harrison died and was succeeded by Vice President Tyler, who became the

455:

to organize the new party. The Albany convention was attended by 121 delegates from six states who nominated Birney for president and

5734: 3340:. Holley's prior efforts to persuade the AASS to support a presidential ticket had ended in failure; he along with others, including 1335: 1225: 890: 608: 311: 844:

with the Jacksonians on national issues apart from slavery, and Birney himself accepted the Democratic nomination for a seat in the

5949: 5774: 5709: 5557: 5298: 5156: 5129: 5115: 5088: 5074: 5047: 5033: 2382: 1857: 1829: 1801: 1771: 1741: 1711: 1249: 1245: 1122: 1009: 767: 697: 451:. The assembly nominated James G. Birney for president and called for a national convention of political abolitionists to meet at 244: 240: 900:) continued to assert slavery's constitutional status and the need for abolitionists to work within the system of states' rights. 5879: 5869: 5839: 5562: 5502: 5497: 5279: 5192: 1653:. As the decade progressed, male abolitionists increasingly sought women's involvement in Liberty organizations and conventions. 575:. Abolitionists drew similar conclusions and opposed Texas annexation as a measure likely to increase the political might of the 529: 603:, even a modest showing for the Liberty candidates could have deep and lasting effects. Six Liberty members were elected to the 5462: 5322: 1512:

as an alternative to state intervention in the economy. In addition to these causes, the platform condemned the conduct of the

1158: 1005: 536:

and a slaveholder, Tyler was one of the southern conservatives who joined the Whig Party after 1834 to oppose the expansion of

169: 6068: 5542: 4947: 4771: 4748: 4706: 4664: 4586: 4354: 4174: 4136: 3782: 3634: 3412: 3376: 120: 4271: 1224:, through the campaign. In the fall election, Goodell received 72 votes in New York, and Smith was elected to Congress from 5854: 5634: 5140: 2262:

This is a representative sample of Liberty Party leaders not listed above as presidential or vice presidential candidates.

568: 322:

and asserted that abolitionists should oppose slavery by all available means, including by coordinating at the ballot box.

236: 3933:

Proceedings of the Convention of Radical Political Abolitionists, Held at Syracuse, N. Y., June 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1855

1065:

Barnburners—by far the largest element of the coalition—required Van Buren be the presidential candidate. Conscience Whig

5794: 5447: 5427: 5402: 5187: 5182: 4966:– items concerning the Liberty Party from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's 1185: 1172: 1013: 819: 795: 580: 5914: 5749: 5744: 5719: 5694: 5522: 5437: 5029: 4910: 3319: 1721: 456: 4548: 4316: 3848: 1604:

in New York and New England frequently adopted resolutions urging the Black community to vote for Liberty candidates.

1252:; once again, McFarland was the party's vice presidential candidate. They received 176 votes in three states: 35 from 5944: 5844: 5804: 5769: 5386: 4863: 4727: 4685: 4607: 3858: 3302: 3275: 3196: 3160: 2337: 952: 213: 4759: 4561:"Tho' We are Deprived of the Privilege of Suffrage": The Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, 1841-1849 4494:"Tho' We are Deprived of the Privilege of Suffrage": The Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society Records, 1841-1849 4342: 5919: 5829: 5799: 5764: 5537: 5442: 5355: 5348: 5099: 3833:

Calendar of the Gerrit Smith Papers in the Syracuse University Library: General Correspondence; Volume 1, 1819-1846

1181: 595:

in areas where abolitionists were an organized and active majority of voters. Elsewhere, Liberty voters could play

557: 545: 385: 333: 4935: 4162: 822:, a prominent antislavery editor, and repeatedly attacked the abolitionist movement as divisive and incendiary. A 5043: 1751: 1454: 774:

Birney received 62,000 votes in the free states, a nearly tenfold increase over his 1840 result. In five states (

423: 268: 341: 5784: 5699: 5407: 2756: 2746: 2681: 2656: 1806: 936: 264: 197: 57: 20: 318:

to organize the Liberty Party ahead of the 1840 elections. They rejected the Garrisonian singular emphasis on

6029: 5759: 5754: 5457: 5254: 2992: 2412: 1307: 1025: 951:

hesitantly steps forward to embrace a woman of color, representing the Liberty Party, as Barnburner Democrat

803: 307: 187: 3947: 3813: 674:

faction, based in Ohio, sought a coalition with antislavery Whigs and Democrats. Led by Salmon P. Chase and

496: 5874: 5547: 2646: 1662:

became involved in Liberty activism through her husband, Henry B. Stanton, and first cousin, Gerrit Smith.

1601: 1260:, and 136 from Ohio. The election was won by Abraham Lincoln, who went on to serve as president during the 1231:

In 1855, as the Free Soil movement was in the process of being absorbed into the growing Republican Party,

811: 513: 336:

alienated by their parties' proslavery national leaderships, as well as the early involvement of women and

140: 4491:

Clauser-Roemer, Kendra (2009). "Document 1: Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Constitution, 3 April 1841".

1345:"Public opinion, it was thought, was not sufficient to abolish Slavery, without some legislative action." 626: 5974: 5954: 5934: 5614: 5381: 5366: 2766: 1613: 1513: 965: 874: 753:

consequences and applications, and support every just measure conducive to individual and social freedom.

658: 635: 604: 303: 126: 4853: 3186: 696:

Strategic disagreements between Leavitt and Chase threatened to divide the party in the approach to the

5924: 5894: 5629: 5492: 4973: 3931: 2801: 2611: 2596: 2367: 1663: 1628: 1232: 745: 729: 326: 272: 5989: 5939: 5814: 5684: 5624: 5467: 5417: 5070: 2841: 2636: 1107: 1066: 5979: 2889: 2761: 2731: 2501: 2347: 1597: 1413: 1208: 1204: 1200: 961: 357: 5290: 823: 5909: 5452: 5422: 5264: 3983: 2929: 2701: 2461: 1167: 1036: 620: 345: 4717: 4677:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3294:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3150: 5724: 5582: 5572: 5527: 5517: 5412: 5259: 4620:

Singing for Freedom: The Hutchinson Family Players and the Nineteenth-Century Culture of Reform

3565:

Singing for Freedom: The Hutchinson Family Players and the Nineteenth-Century Culture of Reform

2771: 2711: 2696: 2666: 2506: 2362: 1659: 1636: 1579: 1554: 1538: 1177: 720: 591: 477: 361: 5849: 5834: 5679: 5674: 5552: 5238: 2884: 2706: 2516: 2277: 1645: 1558: 1505: 1284: 1103: 741: 725: 256: 4675: 3292: 5487: 5274: 4963: 2914: 2821: 2751: 2671: 2631: 2551: 1575: 1529: 1439: 1435: 1373: 1348: 878: 845: 762: 708: 701: 649: 616: 431: 353: 330: 153: 4656:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

3774:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War

830:

foundation." Polk won the election with 170 electoral votes to 105 for Clay. Polk carried

352:

for president over Gerrit Smith, the candidate of the radical Liberty League. Hale was an

8: 5969: 5689: 5669: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5532: 5432: 4049:

The Frederick Douglass Papers, ser. 1: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews; vol. 1, 1841-46

3025:

Dubin mistakenly assigns the 72 votes for the Liberty ticket in New York to Gerrit Smith.

2944: 2899: 2806: 2676: 2621: 2601: 2407: 1641: 1592: 1571: 1501: 1431: 1377: 1331: 1212: 1091: 1021: 663: 600: 365: 4760:"The Forgotten Reformers: A Profile of Third Party Abolitionists in Antebellum New York" 4343:"The Forgotten Reformers: A Profile of Third Party Abolitionists in Antebellum New York" 1117: 5809: 5664: 4920: 4886: 4820: 4812: 4654: 4639: 4618: 4597: 4437: 4429: 4071: 3913: 3772: 3563: 3544: 3484: 3329: 3265: 2964: 2949: 2836: 2776: 2741: 2721: 2561: 2556: 2546: 2481: 2435: 2397: 2312: 2272: 1567: 1476: 1462:

struggles to span the gap dividing former Whig, Democratic, and Liberty members of the

1393: 1381: 1323: 1273: 1261: 1236: 1217: 1150: 1087: 280: 224: 5107: 3850:

The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, Volume 2: Pre-Civil War Decade, 1850–1860

1004:

to outlaw slavery in the entire Mexican Cession. The Wilmot Proviso easily passed the

826:, published in 1844, included the lines, "Railroads to emancipation, / Cannot rest on 5984: 5507: 5472: 5223: 5111: 4943: 4859: 4824: 4767: 4744: 4723: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4660: 4603: 4582: 4441: 4350: 4170: 4132: 3854: 3778: 3630: 3408: 3402: 3372: 3298: 3271: 3192: 3156: 2831: 2736: 2651: 2448: 2357: 1426: 912: 904: 807: 733: 716: 645: 553: 373: 337: 314:. The New Organization included many political abolitionists who gathered in upstate 290:

In the late 1830s, the antislavery movement in the United States was divided between

4011: 1500:, temperance, abolition of the army and navy, free trade, a ten-hour workday, and a 310:

in May 1840, the Anti-Garrisonians broke away from the Old Organization to form the

5959: 5889: 5884: 5859: 5619: 5482: 5269: 5084: 5066: 4804: 4565: 4498: 4421: 3905: 3341: 2851: 2846: 2826: 2616: 2591: 2576: 2566: 2531: 2526: 2496: 2491: 2430: 2372: 2267: 2107: 1781: 1459: 1082: 948: 896: 886: 873:

a coalition of antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Liberty men won a majority in the

712: 556:

was necessary to secure the future of slavery in the United States; he, along with

549: 525: 505: 452: 440: 377: 315: 299: 114: 1624: 860:

of New Hampshire, the original nominee of the Liberty Party for president in 1848.

583:

drew opposition from moderate antislavery congressmen as well, including Hale and

6034: 5899: 5824: 5819: 5739: 5729: 5659: 5213: 5148: 5125: 5121: 5058: 5039: 5025: 4899: 4781: 4738: 4629: 4290: 4126: 3831: 3659: 3624: 3474: 3239: 2924: 2856: 2796: 2786: 2686: 2586: 2486: 2471: 2402: 2392: 2387: 2352: 2327: 2287: 1746: 1716: 1516:

in the Mexican–American War and expressed support for the free produce movement.

1463: 1357: 1189: 1057: 969: 944: 737: 685: 675: 667: 584: 560: 544:. Tyler broke with Whig congressional leaders over the proposal to recharter the 405: 381: 252: 232: 216: 103: 53: 45: 4719:

The Liberty Party 1840-48: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States

3152:

The Liberty Party 1840-48: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States

1400:

and the interaction of various reform causes in the 19th century United States.

5964: 5218: 5152: 3798:

Smith, Gerrit (September 4, 1852). "Gerrit Smith and the Pittsburgh Platform".

3057: 2869: 2691: 2606: 2476: 2466: 2443: 2332: 2282: 1609: 1504:. It opposed public interference in schools and seminaries and publicly funded 1111: 1078: 1029: 925: 921: 840: 704: 653: 630: 564: 541: 419: 284: 1035:

The Van Buren men were the first to bolt. On June 22, a mass demonstration of

6052: 5228: 3345: 2996: 2959: 2954: 2934: 2919: 2874: 2864: 2781: 2661: 2521: 2453: 2377: 2342: 2322: 2292: 2138: 2045: 1587: 1289: 1040: 916: 908: 866: 791: 783: 612: 319: 295: 220: 1430:

held proslavery views. They alleged that major political events such as the

852: 5904: 5654: 5233: 5208: 5080: 3894:"American Abolition Society: A Viable Alternative to the Republican Party?" 3045: 2909: 2879: 2816: 2716: 2581: 2536: 2511: 2417: 2307: 2200: 1862: 1834: 1776: 1650: 1497: 1314: 1154: 1049: 1045: 1001: 857: 473: 444: 427: 349: 248: 145: 49: 40: 4808: 4740:

The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child

4425: 4128:

The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child

4112:

The Frederick Douglass Papers: Series 3, Correspondence; Volume 1, 1842–52

607:

in 1842, where they held the balance of power in the divided legislature.

247:. Others who attained prominence as leaders of the Liberty Party included 5339: 2904: 2811: 2791: 2571: 2425: 2297: 1936: 1654: 1509: 1417: 1416:, cited by Liberty members as evidence of the political influence of the 1361: 1095: 1053: 815: 576: 517: 461: 414: 291: 276: 5003: 4890: 4874: 4816: 4792: 4433: 4409: 3548: 3532: 401: 3917: 3893: 2317: 2302: 1892: 1583: 1341: 1017: 989: 973: 799: 572: 481: 469: 448: 260: 1891:

From 1842, the Liberty Party was organized in every free state except

1667:

president at the 1848 rump convention that nominated Smith and Foote.

512:

The Liberty Party experienced rapid growth in the years following the

5929: 4569: 4502: 3007: 2969: 2894: 2726: 2641: 1240: 596: 368:

but stopped short of endorsing immediate emancipation. Following the

4970:

original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.

4855:

Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest

4559: 4492: 3909: 3270:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 46, 86. 3188:

Hearts Beating for Liberty: Women Abolitionists in the Old Northwest

623:

wrote that Sewall "came within a hair's breadth of being governor."

408:, Liberty Party leader and candidate for president in 1840 and 1844. 5320: 3191:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–39. 2076: 1967: 1269: 1253: 1207:

for vice president. In an open letter "to the Liberty Party of the

1099: 993: 779: 533: 4349:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 128–29, 131. 2225: 1989: 1257: 997: 985: 787: 465: 4940:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

4764:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

4698:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848

4599:

Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854

4347:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

4167:

Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists

3404:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848

3267:

Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854

1319: 981: 521: 4875:"The Indiana Separation and the Limits of Quaker Antislavery" 3533:"The Indiana Separation and the Limits of Quaker Antislavery" 3155:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 29. 2014: 775: 228: 4766:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 119–48. 4550:

The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case

4318:

The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case

4834:"Conviction and Circumstance: The Liberty Party in Indiana" 3836:. Albany, NY: Historical Records Survey. 1941. p. 136. 3581:"Conviction and Circumstance: The Liberty Party in Indiana" 2169: 977: 4942:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 3–23. 4497:(Master of Arts thesis). Indiana University. p. 106. 1176:

and helped to arrange the fusion of the Free Soilers with

6015:

State and local political parties (without national body)

4553:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 210–11. 4321:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 210–11. 4169:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. pp. 8–9. 4051:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 14, 286. 231:, while remnants persisted as late as 1860. It supported 227:. The party experienced its greatest activity during the 4793:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828" 4410:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828" 3936:. New York: Central Abolition Board. 1855. pp. 3–7. 3853:. New York: International Publishers. pp. 550n25. 3407:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 677–680. 380:, and most of the Liberty Party folded into the larger 279:

and advance the cause of universal emancipation and an

972:

in the southwest comprising the present-day states of

903:

In June 1847, the Liberty League held a convention at

4272:"General Convention of the Liberty Party, at Buffalo" 3777:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. 3371:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 71–72. 1528:

A study of voters in the Liberty Party stronghold of

5004:

Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States

3568:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 249–51. 1104:

boycott of all consumer goods connected with slavery

1024:. Clay was again a candidate for the Whigs, but the 4858:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 4602:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 4912:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest 4131:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 281. 3321:The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest 907:. The delegates nominated Smith for president and 4722:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 4109: 3297:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 95. 818:his slaves. He distanced himself from his cousin 766:Liberty Party share of the vote by county in the 16:Political party in the 19th century United States 6050: 4064:Oration, Delivered in Corinthian Hall, Rochester 4579:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860 4114:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 36. 3369:United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 1590:supported the Liberty Party via his newspaper, 889:claimed that slavery had been abolished by the 563:, feared that if Texas became aligned with the 6059:Defunct political parties in the United States 5332:List of political parties in the United States 4783:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention 4557: 4490: 3241:Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 941:Marriage of the Free Soil and Liberty Parties, 692:and author of the 1843 Liberty Party platform. 5306: 4989: 4631:National Party Platforms of the United States 4564:(Master of Arts thesis). Indiana University. 3476:National Party Platforms of the United States 4938:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 4762:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 4345:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 4165:. In Perry, Lewis; Fellman, Michael (eds.). 3244:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. pp. 4–5. 3062: 1012:. Once again snubbing Martin Van Buren, the 798:for president on a pro-annexation platform. 4046: 3086: 1114:by 177 enslaved people in Washington, D.C. 943:a derisive portrayal of the origins of the 810:in 1842, Clay angrily denounced a group of 447:, formerly one of the commissioners of the 275:to diminish the political influence of the 5313: 5299: 4996: 4982: 4925:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4076:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3489:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3334:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2257: 1184:. He was a candidate for president at the 1178:other opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act 376:, Hale withdrew from the race in favor of 4851: 4831: 4790: 4627: 4407: 4016:The Free Soil Courier and Liberty Gazette 3578: 3472: 3184: 1561:, abolitionist and Liberty Party speaker. 1300: 1228:as an independent antislavery candidate. 1157:, around the time of his election to the 552:. Tyler believed American acquisition of 312:American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 4091:Ward, Samuel Ringgold (March 11, 1847). 4061: 3021: 3019: 2216: 2210: 2002: 1996: 1977: 1971: 1623: 1553: 1453: 1407: 1340: 1283: 1279: 1149: 1116: 1060:. Representatives of the three factions 935: 851: 761: 680: 625: 495: 400: 325:The party attracted support from former 4933: 4736: 4715: 4160: 4124: 3984:"Radical Abolition National Convention" 3622: 3148: 1675: 922:abolition of slavery in the territories 728:and other proslavery provisions of the 6051: 5463:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 5323:political parties in the United States 4872: 4546: 4397:Anti-Slavery Bugle, September 4, 1852. 4314: 3891: 3530: 1886: 1233:Smith and other Liberty Party veterans 1226:New York's 22nd congressional district 1203:that nominated Hale for president and 6064:Political parties established in 1840 5294: 4977: 4908: 4897: 4757: 4743:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 4701:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4680:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4659:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4652: 4595: 4581:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. 4576: 4340: 4305:Proceedings (1848), 15; 14; 24–30; 9. 4288: 4009: 3846: 3797: 3770: 3366: 3317: 3263: 3016: 1403: 1106:. They expressed solidarity with the 4791:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Summer 2013). 4694: 4673: 4408:Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Summer 2013). 4090: 4010:Smith, Gerrit (September 30, 1847). 3400: 3290: 1670: 1574:served on the nominating committee. 1549: 1028:passed him over in favor of General 1020:of Michigan on a platform endorsing 396: 267:. They attempted to work within the 6074:American abolitionist organizations 5448:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 4623:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4616: 4110:Kaufman-McKivigan, John R. (2009). 3561: 1519: 1458:In this anti-abolitionist cartoon, 1186:1860 Republican National Convention 1173:Appeal of the Independent Democrats 1145: 530:10th president of the United States 13: 6020:Presidential nominating convention 3626:The Unconstitutionality of Slavery 1197:1852 Free Soil National Convention 931: 757: 443:at an abolitionist meeting led by 14: 6085: 4957: 1486: 1168:repeal of the Missouri Compromise 6010: 6009: 4936:"The Boundaries of Abolitionism" 4527: 4163:"The Boundaries of Abolitionism" 1292:, a symbol of the Liberty Party. 491: 4909:Smith, Theodore Clarke (1897). 4558:Clauser-Roemer, Kendra (2009). 4518: 4509: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4454:Johnson, 242; 245; 251; 246–47. 4448: 4401: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4334: 4325: 4308: 4299: 4282: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4154: 4145: 4118: 4103: 4084: 4055: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4003: 3994: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3948:"National Abolition Convention" 3940: 3924: 3892:Perkal, M. Leon (Winter 1980). 3885: 3876: 3867: 3840: 3824: 3806: 3791: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3652: 3643: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3572: 3555: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3394: 3385: 3360: 3351: 3318:Smith, Theodore Clarke (1897). 3311: 3284: 3257: 3248: 3050: 3038: 3028: 1241:antislavery militants in Kansas 4832:Rasmussen, Soren (Fall 2015). 4786:. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. 4097:National Anti-Slavery Standard 3579:Rasmussen, Soren (Fall 2015). 3479:. Akron, Ohio. pp. 14–16. 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3178: 3169: 3142: 3001: 2986: 1100:abolition of the army and navy 1014:Democratic National Convention 1010:upcoming presidential election 567:, it would become a haven for 372:of antislavery politicians at 1: 6030:Politics of the United States 5255:American Anti-Slavery Society 4852:Robertson, Stacey M. (2010). 4797:Journal of the Early Republic 4716:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009). 4540: 4414:Journal of the Early Republic 4099:. Black Abolitionist Archive. 4047:Blassingame, John W. (1979). 3185:Robertson, Stacey M. (2010). 3149:Johnson, Reinhard O. (2009). 1308:American Colonization Society 1268:and to support the rights of 1222:Frederick Douglass' Newspaper 1188:, but the nomination went to 308:American Anti-Slavery Society 294:abolitionists, who advocated 188:Politics of the United States 6069:Slavery in the United States 5720:Democratic-Republican (1844) 5548:South Carolina Workers Party 4873:Jordan, Ryan (Spring 2000). 4628:Frederick, J. M. H. (1896). 4062:Douglass, Frederick (1852). 3531:Jordan, Ryan (Spring 2000). 3473:Frederick, J. M. H. (1896). 2647:Hiram Huntington Kellogg Sr. 2204: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2008: 1983: 1869: 1856: 1841: 1828: 1813: 1800: 1785: 1770: 1755: 1740: 1725: 1710: 1631:, abolitionist and feminist. 1378:French democratic socialists 1195:Smith was a delegate to the 1121:County-level results of the 911:for vice president. Birney, 514:1840 United States elections 87:; 164 years ago 69:; 184 years ago 7: 4934:Walters, Ronald G. (1979). 4695:Howe, David Walker (2007). 4596:Earle, Jonathan H. (2004). 4161:Walters, Ronald G. (1979). 3401:Howe, David Walker (2007). 3264:Earle, Jonathan H. (2004). 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1980: 1974: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1449: 891:Declaration of Independence 877:. They elected Hale to the 605:Massachusetts General Court 10: 6090: 5478:National Progressive Party 5403:African People's Socialist 4841:Earlham Historical Journal 4577:Dubin, Michael J. (2002). 4189:Proceedings (1848), 27–29. 4012:"Letter from Gerrit Smith" 3623:Spooner, Lysander (1845). 3588:Earlham Historical Journal 3367:Dubin, Michael J. (2002). 1412:Text of the congressional 1123:1848 presidential election 768:1844 presidential election 746:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 730:United States Constitution 698:1844 presidential election 571:and weaken slavery in the 391: 388:, including Salmon Chase. 273:United States Constitution 18: 6002: 5930:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 5647: 5607: 5600: 5395: 5374: 5365: 5338: 5329: 5247: 5201: 5170: 5139: 5098: 5057: 5016: 5009: 4737:Karcher, Carolyn (1994). 4674:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 4125:Karcher, Carolyn (1994). 3847:Foner, Philip S. (1950). 3670:(19): 296. July 10, 1847. 3291:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 1904: 1901: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1108:French Revolution of 1848 1067:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 824:popular abolitionist song 639:and an anti-coalitionist. 546:Bank of the United States 183: 167: 151: 139: 109: 99: 81: 63: 39: 30: 5523:Socialism and Liberation 4066:. Rochester. p. 36. 3898:Journal of Negro History 3882:Dubin, 128; Johnson, 91. 3734:Proceedings (1848), 6–9. 3664:Niles' National Register 2979: 2890:Norton Strange Townshend 2502:Charles Grandison Finney 2348:Henry Ingersoll Bowditch 1619: 1205:George Washington Julian 1159:House of Representatives 633:, influential editor of 348:succeeded in nominating 170:House of Representatives 5800:National States' Rights 5655:American (Know Nothing) 5503:Progressive Labor Party 5280:Radical Democracy Party 4758:Kraut, Alan M. (1979). 4341:Kraut, Alan M. (1979). 4331:Johnson, 306; 268; 276. 4295:. Albany. pp. 3–4. 3680:Johnson, 65; 77; 81–82. 3613:Johnson, 46; 44; 65-70. 3324:. New York. p. 37. 2930:John Greenleaf Whittier 2462:Charles Wheeler Denison 2258:Other prominent members 1905:Gubernatorial election 621:John Greenleaf Whittier 502:Newark Daily Advertiser 500:A map published by the 133:Chicago Western Citizen 5528:Serve America Movement 5518:Renew America Movement 5260:Anti-Nebraska movement 4898:Smith, Gerrit (1847). 4472:Proceedings (1848), 5. 4289:Smith, Gerrit (1847). 4207:Proceedings (1848), 7. 4093:""S.R. Ward said ..."" 3629:. Boston. p. 42. 2772:James W. C. Pennington 2712:Joseph Cammett Lovejoy 2697:Francis Julius LeMoyne 2667:Charles Henry Langston 2507:George Washington Gale 2363:William Henry Brisbane 1660:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1632: 1612:and the repeal of the 1580:James W. C. Pennington 1562: 1539:Second Great Awakening 1467: 1421: 1352: 1336:Fourth of July oration 1301:Political abolitionism 1293: 1162: 1126: 956: 861: 771: 755: 721:United States Congress 693: 640: 592:William Lloyd Garrison 524:settlement. Events in 509: 478:William Henry Harrison 409: 364:and voted against the 306:. At a meeting of the 237:presidential elections 5935:Traditionalist Worker 5615:Democratic-Republican 5553:Social Democrats, USA 5543:Socialist Alternative 4809:10.1353/jer.2013.0033 4481:Robertson, 30–31; 45. 4426:10.1353/jer.2013.0033 2885:Charles Turner Torrey 2707:Jermain Wesley Loguen 2517:Henry Highland Garnet 2278:Stephen Pearl Andrews 1694:Presidential nominee 1627: 1559:Henry Highland Garnet 1557: 1506:internal improvements 1457: 1411: 1344: 1330:abolished during the 1287: 1280:Ideology and policies 1153: 1120: 939: 855: 814:who called on him to 765: 750: 742:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 726:Fugitive Slave Clause 684: 629: 499: 404: 257:Henry Highland Garnet 5790:National Renaissance 5715:Constitutional Union 5275:North American Party 5171:National conventions 5141:National Union Party 5010:Presidential tickets 4653:Foner, Eric (1991). 4547:Benson, Lee (1961). 4315:Benson, Lee (1961). 3873:Philip Foner, 76–77. 3820:. September 9, 1852. 3814:"Liberty Convention" 3771:Foner, Eric (1991). 2915:Samuel Ringgold Ward 2822:Samuel Edmund Sewall 2752:Joseph Trotter Mills 2672:John Mercer Langston 2552:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor 1676:Presidential tickets 1576:Samuel Ringgold Ward 1530:Smithfield, New York 1440:free people of color 1436:Nullification Crisis 1374:classical liberalism 1349:Samuel Ringgold Ward 1266:Thirteenth Amendment 1037:Barnburner Democrats 964:, the United States 962:Mexican–American War 879:United States Senate 846:Michigan Legislature 650:Joshua Reed Giddings 617:Massachusetts Senate 356:who had opposed the 354:Independent Democrat 346:Barnburner Democrats 19:For other uses, see 5990:Youth International 5940:Unconditional Union 5845:Populist (People's) 5755:Independence (2007) 5750:Independence (1906) 5710:Constitution (1952) 5685:American Vegetarian 5625:National Republican 5468:Legal Marijuana Now 5418:American Solidarity 5202:Other party leaders 5193:1864 National Union 4964:The Liberator Files 4617:Gac, Scott (2007). 4278:. November 7, 1847. 4243:Johnson, 24; 32–33. 3562:Gac, Scott (2007). 2945:Charles K. Williams 2900:George Boyer Vashon 2807:Charles Bennett Ray 2677:William Larimer Jr. 2622:James Caleb Jackson 2602:Samuel Gridley Howe 2408:Oren Burbank Cheney 1887:Gubernatorial races 1637:Cult of Domesticity 1602:Colored Conventions 1572:Charles Bennett Ray 1514:Polk Administration 1502:homestead exemption 1332:American Revolution 1213:Canastota, New York 1058:Free Soil coalition 1022:popular sovereignty 664:James Caleb Jackson 601:Second Party System 550:annexation of Texas 506:annexation of Texas 366:annexation of Texas 5870:Progressive (1948) 5865:Progressive (1924) 5860:Progressive (1912) 5795:National Socialist 5775:Liberal Republican 5745:Human Rights Party 5705:Communist Workers' 5558:Socialist Equality 4515:Robertson, 45; 51. 3800:Anti-Slavery Bugel 2965:Theodore S. Wright 2950:Samuel Newitt Wood 2940:Austin F. Williams 2837:James McCune Smith 2777:Abraham L. Pennock 2742:James Miller McKim 2722:William Pitt Lynde 2562:Samuel D. Hastings 2557:Stephen S. Harding 2547:Josiah B. Grinnell 2482:George Henry Evans 2436:Alexander Crummell 2398:William L. Chaplin 2383:Alexander Campbell 2338:Jonathan Blanchard 2313:Nathaniel S. Berry 2273:John Albion Andrew 1689:Electoral results 1633: 1598:state constitution 1568:Theodore S. Wright 1563: 1468: 1422: 1404:Slave Power thesis 1394:Anti-Masonic Party 1382:National Workshops 1353: 1294: 1262:American Civil War 1237:Syracuse, New York 1218:Frederick Douglass 1163: 1127: 1088:universal suffrage 970:vast tract of land 957: 953:Benjamin F. Butler 862: 772: 694: 641: 581:Tyler-Texas Treaty 558:Secretary of State 516:, particularly in 510: 410: 225:American Civil War 121:The Philanthropist 6046: 6045: 5998: 5997: 5915:Social Democratic 5910:Silver Republican 5880:Radical Democracy 5875:Proletarian Party 5643: 5642: 5596: 5595: 5563:Socialist Workers 5453:Freedom Socialist 5423:Christian Liberty 5288: 5287: 5224:William H. Seward 5166: 5165: 5112:William L. Dayton 4949:978-0-8071-0479-8 4773:978-0-8071-0479-8 4750:978-0-8223-2163-7 4708:978-0-19-507894-7 4666:978-0-19-509497-8 4588:978-0-7864-6422-7 4533:Johnson, 307–312. 4369:Johnson 223; 268. 4356:978-0-8071-0479-8 4261:Frederick, 14–16. 4176:978-0-8071-0479-8 4138:978-0-8223-2163-7 3988:Douglass' Monthly 3964:Philip Foner, 82. 3784:978-0-19-509497-8 3725:Frederick, 19–20. 3636:978-1-4429-2362-1 3414:978-0-19-507894-7 3378:978-0-7864-6422-7 2832:John Jay Shipherd 2737:Samuel Joseph May 2652:Chauncey L. Knapp 2449:George DeBaptiste 2358:Lawrence Brainerd 2255: 2254: 1884: 1883: 1867:Samuel McFarland 1839:Samuel McFarland 1671:Electoral history 1550:African-Americans 1313:Nonetheless, the 1209:County of Madison 905:Macedon, New York 808:Richmond, Indiana 778:, Massachusetts, 740:in cases such as 717:Buffalo, New York 702:New York Governor 646:John Quincy Adams 397:Creation, 1839–41 374:Buffalo, New York 338:African Americans 206: 205: 193:Political parties 100:Succeeded by 6081: 6013: 6012: 5925:Socialist (1901) 5645: 5644: 5605: 5604: 5583:Working Families 5538:Socialist Action 5533:Socialist (1973) 5483:Progressive Dane 5413:American Freedom 5372: 5371: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5270:Conscience Whigs 5239:Francis P. Blair 5100:Republican Party 5085:George W. Julian 5071:Charles F. Adams 5067:Martin Van Buren 5014: 5013: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4953: 4930: 4924: 4916: 4905: 4894: 4869: 4848: 4838: 4828: 4787: 4777: 4754: 4733: 4712: 4691: 4670: 4649: 4643: 4635: 4624: 4613: 4592: 4573: 4554: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4524:Johnson, 283–83. 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4463:Johnson, 248–52. 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4405: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4387:Johnson, 272–73. 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4276:The National Era 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4067: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3954:. June 26, 1856. 3952:The National Era 3944: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3818:The National Era 3810: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3660:"Liberty League" 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3342:Henry B. Stanton 3339: 3333: 3325: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3146: 3134: 3131: 3084: 3083:Did not contest. 3081: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2852:Henry B. Stanton 2847:Benjamin Stanton 2827:Oscar L. Shafter 2732:Stanley Matthews 2617:Titus Hutchinson 2592:Edward D. Holton 2577:Richard Hildreth 2567:Joseph R. Hawley 2532:Francis Gillette 2527:Edward D. Gazzam 2497:Asahel Finch Jr. 2492:Samuel Fessenden 2440:Mary Brown Davis 2431:Nathaniel Colver 2373:William Burleigh 2368:Antoinette Brown 2268:William G. Allen 1899: 1898: 1876: 1848: 1820: 1792: 1782:Charles C. Foote 1762: 1732: 1703:Electoral votes 1680: 1679: 1664:Antoinette Brown 1629:Antoinette Brown 1520:Bases of support 1498:secret societies 1460:Martin Van Buren 1380:, including the 1372:consistent with 1358:slave rebellions 1351: 1290:cedar of Lebanon 1182:Republican Party 1170:, he penned the 1146:Decline, 1849–60 1102:, and a general 1083:Charles C. Foote 949:Martin Van Buren 897:The National Era 887:Lysander Spooner 744:that upheld the 713:Henry B. Stanton 453:Albany, New York 441:Warsaw, New York 386:Republican Party 378:Martin Van Buren 342:Conscience Whigs 300:anti-clericalism 177: 161: 135: 115:The National Era 95: 93: 88: 77: 75: 70: 28: 27: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6035:Politics portal 5994: 5920:Socialist Labor 5900:Red Guard Party 5850:Personal Choice 5785:National (1917) 5680:American (1969) 5675:American (1924) 5660:Americans Elect 5639: 5601:Defunct parties 5592: 5391: 5361: 5334: 5325: 5319: 5289: 5284: 5243: 5214:Salmon P. Chase 5197: 5188:1860 Republican 5183:1856 Republican 5162: 5149:Abraham Lincoln 5135: 5126:Hannibal Hamlin 5122:Abraham Lincoln 5108:John C. Frémont 5094: 5059:Free Soil Party 5053: 5040:James G. Birney 5026:James G. Birney 5005: 5002: 4960: 4950: 4918: 4917: 4866: 4836: 4780: 4774: 4751: 4730: 4709: 4688: 4667: 4637: 4636: 4610: 4589: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4225:Johnson, 24–25. 4224: 4220: 4216:Johnson, 60–65. 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4108: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990:. October 1860. 3982: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3910:10.2307/3031548 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3761:Johnson, 89-91. 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743:Johnson, 88–89. 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707:Johnson, 83-87. 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689:Johnson, 82–83. 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3649:Johnson, 56–61. 3648: 3644: 3637: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604:Johnson 43; 47. 3603: 3599: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3467: 3463:Johnson, 34–37. 3462: 3458: 3454:Johnson, 31-32. 3453: 3449: 3445:Johnson, 27–30. 3444: 3440: 3436:Johnson, 47-48. 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3365: 3361: 3357:Johnson, 15–17. 3356: 3352: 3327: 3326: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3254:Johnson, 10–11. 3253: 3249: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3229:Johnson, 86-87. 3228: 3224: 3220:Johnson, 77-81. 3219: 3215: 3211:Johnson, 65-70. 3210: 3206: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3087: 3082: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3006: 3002: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2925:William Whipper 2857:Stephen Stevens 2797:David Potts Jr. 2787:Allan Pinkerton 2747:Jonathan Miller 2687:Dewitt C. Leach 2657:William Lambert 2627:William Jackson 2587:Silas M. Holmes 2487:James Fairchild 2472:Charles V. Dyer 2422:Ichabod Codding 2403:Salmon P. Chase 2393:James G. Carter 2388:Philo Carpenter 2353:George Bradburn 2328:James M. Birney 2288:Gamaliel Bailey 2260: 1889: 1877: 1874: 1849: 1846: 1821: 1818: 1807:William Goodell 1793: 1790: 1763: 1760: 1747:James G. Birney 1733: 1730: 1717:James G. Birney 1678: 1673: 1622: 1552: 1522: 1489: 1477:national waters 1464:Free Soil Party 1452: 1432:Missouri Crisis 1406: 1346: 1303: 1282: 1190:Abraham Lincoln 1148: 1110:and the recent 1075:Fifth Amendment 988:, and parts of 945:Free Soil Party 934: 932:Fusion, 1847–48 760: 758:Crisis, 1844–47 738:civil liberties 686:Salmon P. Chase 676:Gamaliel Bailey 659:The Emancipator 636:The Emancipator 585:Benjamin Tappan 569:freedom seekers 561:John C. Calhoun 538:executive power 494: 406:James G. Birney 399: 394: 382:Free Soil Party 370:1848 convention 271:created by the 265:William Goodell 253:Salmon P. Chase 233:James G. Birney 217:political party 202: 179:(1847–49, peak) 178: 175: 163:(1846–47, peak) 162: 159: 131: 130: 127:The Emancipator 124: 118: 104:Free Soil Party 91: 89: 86: 73: 71: 68: 58:William Goodell 56: 54:Salmon P. Chase 52: 48: 46:James G. Birney 35: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6087: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5975:Young Patriots 5972: 5967: 5965:White Panthers 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5840:People's Party 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5780:Liberty (1840) 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5735:Gold Democrats 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5635:National Union 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5248:Related groups 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5219:Charles Sumner 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5178:1848 Free Soil 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5153:Andrew Johnson 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5119: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5078: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5037: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4958:External links 4956: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4931: 4906: 4895: 4879:Quaker History 4870: 4864: 4849: 4829: 4803:(2): 219–254. 4788: 4778: 4772: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4634:. Akron, Ohio. 4625: 4614: 4608: 4593: 4587: 4574: 4570:10.7912/C2/137 4555: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4503:10.7912/C2/137 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4400: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4355: 4333: 4324: 4307: 4298: 4281: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4198:Frederick, 14. 4191: 4182: 4175: 4153: 4144: 4137: 4117: 4102: 4083: 4054: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4002: 3993: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3939: 3923: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3859: 3839: 3823: 3805: 3790: 3783: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3698:Holt, 333-334. 3691: 3682: 3673: 3651: 3642: 3635: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3571: 3554: 3537:Quaker History 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3413: 3393: 3384: 3377: 3359: 3350: 3310: 3303: 3283: 3276: 3256: 3247: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3197: 3177: 3175:Johnson, 7–11. 3168: 3161: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3085: 3061: 3058:Leicester King 3049: 3037: 3027: 3015: 3000: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2974:John J. Zuille 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2870:Jane Swisshelm 2867: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2692:Joshua Leavitt 2689: 2684: 2682:George Latimer 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2607:Erastus Hussey 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477:Russell Errett 2474: 2469: 2467:Charles Durkee 2464: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2444:William H. Day 2441: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2333:William Birney 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2283:James Appleton 2280: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1621: 1618: 1610:Black suffrage 1551: 1548: 1521: 1518: 1508:and supported 1488: 1487:Liberty League 1485: 1451: 1448: 1405: 1402: 1398:Early Republic 1302: 1299: 1281: 1278: 1274:Reconstruction 1147: 1144: 1112:escape attempt 1062:met at Buffalo 1030:Zachary Taylor 933: 930: 926:social justice 759: 756: 734:states' rights 705:William Seward 654:Joshua Leavitt 631:Joshua Leavitt 565:British Empire 542:Andrew Jackson 493: 490: 398: 395: 393: 390: 269:federal system 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 190: 184: 181: 180: 174: 172: 165: 164: 158: 156: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 83: 79: 78: 65: 61: 60: 43: 37: 36: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6086: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:White Patriot 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Patriot Party 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690:Black Panther 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:American Nazi 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648:Third parties 5646: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608:Major parties 5606: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5588:Workers World 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:Working Class 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5568:Transhumanist 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Forward Party 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Freedom Party 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Third parties 5364: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5340:Major parties 5337: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229:Simon Cameron 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5044:Thomas Morris 5041: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5018:Liberty Party 5015: 5012: 5008: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4969: 4968:The Liberator 4965: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4865:9780807834084 4861: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4729:9780807133934 4725: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4687:0-19-516104-1 4683: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4609:0-8078-5555-3 4605: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4252:Foner, 87–88. 4249: 4240: 4234:Foner, 90–92. 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4043: 4037:Johnson, 7–8. 4034: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3860:9780717804351 3856: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3347: 3346:Elizur Wright 3343: 3337: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3314: 3306: 3304:0-19-516104-1 3300: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3279: 3277:0-8078-5555-3 3273: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3200: 3198:9780807834084 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3172: 3164: 3162:9780807133934 3158: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3013: 3010:representing 3009: 3004: 2998: 2997:New Hampshire 2995:representing 2994: 2993:Joseph Cilley 2989: 2985: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2960:Elizur Wright 2958: 2956: 2955:Lewis Woodson 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2935:Austin Willey 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2920:Laban Wheaton 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2875:Arthur Tappan 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865:George Storrs 2863: 2861:Alvan Stewart 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2842:William Smyth 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:John Pierpont 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2762:John Monteith 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662:Lunsford Lane 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2612:John Hutchins 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2522:Seth M. Gates 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458:Elizur Deming 2457: 2455: 2454:Martin Delany 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2413:Joseph Cilley 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2378:Elihu Burritt 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343:Sherman Booth 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2323:Jacob Bigelow 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2293:Wesley Bailey 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2140: 2139:New Hampshire 2137: 2136: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2047: 2046:Massachusetts 2044: 2043: 2016: 2013: 2012: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1752:Thomas Morris 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700:Popular vote 1699: 1697:Running mate 1696: 1693: 1692: 1681: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1642:Old Northwest 1638: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1588:Martin Delany 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:Somerset case 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Massachusetts 1124: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1079:homestead act 1076: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041:New York City 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 929: 927: 923: 918: 917:Lucretia Mott 914: 910: 909:Elihu Burritt 906: 901: 899: 898: 892: 888: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:New Hampshire 859: 854: 850: 847: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:James K. Polk 789: 785: 784:New Hampshire 781: 777: 769: 764: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 703: 699: 691: 690:chief justice 687: 683: 679: 677: 672: 671:Liberty Press 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 651: 647: 638: 637: 632: 628: 624: 622: 618: 614: 613:Samuel Sewall 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 520:and areas of 519: 515: 507: 504:opposing the 503: 498: 492:Rise, 1841–43 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 436: 433: 429: 425: 424:Thomas Morris 421: 416: 407: 403: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332: 328: 323: 321: 320:moral suasion 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:nonresistance 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:United States 218: 215: 211: 210:Liberty Party 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 173: 171: 168:Seats in the 166: 157: 155: 152:Seats in the 150: 147: 144: 142: 138: 134: 129: 128: 123: 122: 117: 116: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 84: 80: 66: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 44: 42: 38: 33:Liberty Party 29: 26: 22: 21:Liberty Party 5955:Union (1936) 5950:Union (1861) 5945:Union (1850) 5810:New Alliance 5779: 5770:Labor (1996) 5765:Labor (1919) 5725:Farmer–Labor 5665:Anti-Masonic 5438:Constitution 5354: 5347: 5234:Edward Bates 5209:Gerrit Smith 5081:John P. Hale 5030:Thomas Earle 5017: 4967: 4939: 4911: 4900: 4882: 4878: 4854: 4844: 4840: 4800: 4796: 4782: 4763: 4739: 4718: 4697: 4676: 4655: 4630: 4619: 4598: 4578: 4560: 4549: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4346: 4336: 4327: 4317: 4310: 4301: 4291: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4166: 4156: 4147: 4127: 4120: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4086: 4063: 4057: 4048: 4042: 4033: 4028:Johnson, 25. 4024: 4015: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3904:(1): 58–59. 3901: 3897: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3849: 3842: 3832: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3773: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3716:Johnson, 85. 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3625: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3574: 3564: 3557: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3427:Johnson, 26. 3423: 3403: 3396: 3391:Johnson, 16. 3387: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3320: 3313: 3293: 3286: 3266: 3259: 3250: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3151: 3144: 3133:No election. 3052: 3046:John P. Hale 3040: 3030: 3003: 2988: 2910:Amasa Walker 2880:Lewis Tappan 2817:Orange Scott 2767:David Nelson 2757:James Monroe 2717:Owen Lovejoy 2702:Samuel Lewis 2582:Myron Holley 2537:Beriah Green 2512:Elon Galusha 2418:Lewis Clarke 2308:Jehiel Beman 2261: 2201:Pennsylvania 1890: 1863:Gerrit Smith 1835:Gerrit Smith 1777:Gerrit Smith 1722:Thomas Earle 1651:Owen Lovejoy 1646:Henry County 1634: 1606: 1591: 1564: 1544: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1510:trade unions 1494: 1490: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1444: 1423: 1390: 1386: 1366: 1360:such as the 1354: 1327: 1315:electoralism 1312: 1304: 1295: 1270:freed people 1256:, five from 1230: 1221: 1194: 1180:to form the 1171: 1164: 1155:Gerrit Smith 1128: 1071: 1050:Henry Wilson 1046:Philadelphia 1034: 1002:David Wilmot 958: 940: 902: 895: 883: 863: 858:John P. Hale 827: 820:Cassius Clay 773: 751: 695: 670: 657: 642: 634: 589: 511: 501: 486: 474:Rhode Island 457:Thomas Earle 445:Myron Holley 437: 428:John P. Hale 411: 350:John P. Hale 324: 289: 249:Gerrit Smith 214:abolitionist 209: 207: 146:Abolitionism 132: 125: 119: 113: 50:Gerrit Smith 25: 5985:Young Lords 5805:Natural Law 5508:Prohibition 5387:Libertarian 5265:Barnburners 4915:. New York. 4378:Kraut, 142. 4151:Johnson, 8. 4000:Dubin, 159. 3973:Dubin, 158. 2905:Edward Wade 2812:Alvah Sabin 2802:John Rankin 2792:Ralph Plumb 2632:William Jay 2597:John Hooker 2572:Joel Hayden 2542:John Grimes 2426:Levi Coffin 2298:Guy Beckley 1937:Connecticut 1811:S. M. Bell 1655:Abby Kelley 1614:Black Codes 1593:The Mystery 1418:Slave Power 1370:state power 1362:Creole case 1096:land reform 1054:Henry Dodge 955:officiates. 913:Lydia Child 875:legislature 869:, where in 709:William Jay 707:, or Judge 577:Slave Power 573:Lower South 518:New England 462:Connecticut 415:New England 304:third party 292:Garrisonian 285:egalitarian 277:Slave Power 223:before the 6053:Categories 5960:U.S. Labor 5895:Red Guards 5890:Readjuster 5885:Raza Unida 5830:Opposition 5695:Boston Tea 5620:Federalist 5356:Republican 5349:Democratic 4541:References 4420:(2): 247. 3752:Dubin, 96. 3521:Howe, 180. 3512:Earle, 63. 3503:Dubin, 83. 3056:Replacing 3044:Replacing 2637:John Jones 2318:Henry Bibb 2303:Amos Beman 1893:New Jersey 1584:Amos Beman 1201:Pittsburgh 1092:temperance 1026:convention 1018:Lewis Cass 1016:nominated 990:New Mexico 974:California 800:Henry Clay 526:Washington 482:John Tyler 470:New Jersey 449:Erie Canal 432:nullifiers 420:bipartisan 331:Jacksonian 281:integrated 261:Henry Bibb 5825:Nullifier 5820:New Union 5815:New Party 5740:Greenback 5730:Free Soil 5488:Marijuana 5433:Communist 5321:National 4921:cite book 4904:. Albany. 4825:145135025 4640:cite book 4442:145135025 4072:cite book 3485:cite book 3330:cite book 3008:Amos Tuck 2970:Levi Yale 2895:Amos Tuck 2727:Asa Mahan 2642:John Keep 1683:Election 1320:prejudice 796:nominated 688:, future 609:That year 597:kingmaker 534:Virginian 334:Democrats 287:society. 198:Elections 110:Newspaper 82:Dissolved 5855:Populist 5700:Citizens 5498:People's 5428:Citizens 5408:Alliance 4891:41947430 4817:24768843 4434:24768843 3549:41947430 3543:(1): 2. 2108:New York 2077:Michigan 1968:Illinois 1706:Ranking 1450:Platform 1414:gag rule 1254:Illinois 1136:New York 994:Colorado 966:acquired 856:Senator 836:Michigan 832:New York 780:Michigan 362:Congress 358:gag rule 316:New York 141:Ideology 5980:Workers 5760:Justice 5473:Liberal 5396:Smaller 3918:3031548 3594:(1): 9. 2226:Vermont 1990:Indiana 1875:0 / 303 1847:0 / 296 1819:0 / 296 1791:0 / 290 1761:0 / 275 1731:0 / 294 1686:Ticket 1427:faction 1328:de jure 1272:during 1258:Indiana 1235:met at 1140:Vermont 998:Wyoming 986:Arizona 841:spoiler 816:manumit 812:Quakers 788:Vermont 666:of the 466:Indiana 392:History 235:in the 219:in the 212:was an 176:1 / 230 90: ( 72: ( 64:Founded 5905:Silver 5513:Reform 5493:Pirate 5375:Larger 4946: 4889: 4862: 4823: 4815: 4770: 4747: 4726: 4705: 4684: 4663: 4606: 4585: 4440: 4432: 4353: 4173: 4135: 3916: 3857: 3781: 3633: 3547: 3411: 3375: 3301: 3274: 3195: 3159: 2251:14.4% 2248:14.6% 2245:13.5% 2242:10.2% 2164:14.1% 2161:18.8% 2158:12.0% 2155:11.7% 2040:11.5% 2037:13.0% 2028:10.0% 1902:State 1870:0.00% 1842:0.00% 1814:0.00% 1786:0.10% 1756:2.30% 1726:0.29% 1600:, and 1570:, and 1434:, the 1138:, and 1098:, the 996:, and 982:Nevada 915:, and 804:Mexico 786:, and 579:. The 540:under 522:Yankee 472:, and 263:, and 160:1 / 58 154:Senate 41:Leader 5573:Unity 5382:Green 4887:JSTOR 4885:(1). 4837:(PDF) 4821:S2CID 4813:JSTOR 4438:S2CID 4430:JSTOR 3914:JSTOR 3584:(PDF) 3545:JSTOR 3012:NH-01 2980:Notes 2239:7.5% 2236:3.9% 2233:6.3% 2220:0.6% 2214:0.8% 2208:0.3% 2192:4.4% 2186:3.0% 2180:2.1% 2152:7.7% 2149:5.7% 2146:2.5% 2130:3.2% 2124:3.1% 2118:1.8% 2102:5.6% 2096:7.7% 2090:7.1% 2084:3.2% 2071:8.7% 2068:9.8% 2065:7.9% 2062:7.3% 2059:7.3% 2056:5.4% 2053:3.1% 2050:0.8% 2034:9.0% 2031:7.0% 2025:5.7% 2022:1.9% 2015:Maine 2006:1.8% 2000:1.4% 1981:5.1% 1975:1.1% 1962:3.6% 1959:3.4% 1956:3.7% 1953:3.2% 1950:3.4% 1947:3.8% 1931:1847 1928:1846 1925:1845 1922:1844 1919:1843 1916:1842 1913:1841 1910:1840 1620:Women 1006:House 776:Maine 668:Utica 554:Texas 327:Whigs 229:1840s 6024:List 5630:Whig 5157:1864 5130:1860 5116:1856 5089:1852 5075:1848 5048:1844 5034:1840 4944:ISBN 4927:link 4860:ISBN 4847:(1). 4768:ISBN 4745:ISBN 4724:ISBN 4703:ISBN 4682:ISBN 4661:ISBN 4646:link 4604:ISBN 4583:ISBN 4351:ISBN 4171:ISBN 4133:ISBN 4078:link 3855:ISBN 3779:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3491:link 3409:ISBN 3373:ISBN 3344:and 3336:link 3299:ISBN 3272:ISBN 3193:ISBN 3157:ISBN 2217:n/a 2211:n/a 2205:n/a 2195:n/a 2189:n/a 2183:n/a 2177:n/a 2170:Ohio 2133:n/a 2127:n/a 2121:n/a 2115:n/a 2099:n/a 2093:n/a 2087:n/a 2081:n/a 2009:n/a 2003:n/a 1997:n/a 1984:n/a 1978:n/a 1972:n/a 1858:1860 1830:1856 1802:1852 1772:1848 1742:1844 1712:1840 1582:and 1288:The 1250:1860 1246:1856 978:Utah 871:1846 834:and 828:Clay 794:was 736:and 662:and 648:and 532:. 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Knowledge

Liberty Party (United States, 1840)

Index