19:
428:, Farr made a second pass and released the other charge. Debris appeared on the ocean's surface, seemingly confirming the U-boat's demise and CAP's first kill. CAP's Coastal Patrol operated for about 18 months (from 5 March 1942 to 31 August 1943) before being officially retired. During this time, the Coastal Patrol reported sighting 173 U-boats and dropping 82 bombs or depth charges. Overall, the Coastal Patrol flew 86,685 missions, logging over 244,600 hours. Coastal Patrol aircraft reported 91 ships in distress and played a key role in rescuing 363 survivors of U-boat attacks. 17 floating mines were reported and 5,684 convoy missions were flown for the Navy.
204:. The motive behind this step was to increase the pool of available airmen who could be placed into military service if such a time came. The second step was concentrated more on the civil air strength of the nation in general and called for the organization of civilian aviators and personnel in such a way that the collective manpower and know-how would assist in the seemingly inevitable all-out war effort. This second step was arguably the Federal government's blessing towards the creation of Civil Air Patrol. It was followed by a varied and intense debate over organizational logistics, bureaucracy and other administrative and practical details.
679:, CAP suddenly found itself looking for a purpose. It had proved its worthiness and usefulness in wartime, but the ensuing peace had reduced CAP's scope of activities since the USAAF assumed a great many of the tasks that the CAP had performed. The very existence of CAP was threatened when the AAF announced that it would withdraw financial support on 1 April 1946, due to massive budget cuts. General "Hap" Arnold called a conference of CAP wing commanders, which convened in January 1946 and discussed the usefulness and feasibility of a postwar Civil Air Patrol. The conference concluded with the plan to incorporate Civil Air Patrol.
555:; however, the military atmosphere and general setting around them would provide an advantage to cadets who were subsequently called into service. To become a cadet, one had to be between the ages of 15 and 17, and be sponsored by a CAP member of the same gender. The cadet program called for physical fitness, completion of the first two years of high school and satisfactory grades. It was open only to native-born American citizens of parents who had been citizens of the United States for at least ten years. These restrictions were intentionally imposed to hold down membership levels until a solid foundation could be established.
420:, armed with two depth charges and crewed by Captain Johnny Haggins and Major Wynant Farr, was scrambled when another CAP patrol radioed that they had encountered an enemy submarine but were returning to base due to low fuel. After scanning the area, Farr spotted the U-boat cruising beneath the surface of the waves. Unable to accurately determine the depth of the vessel, Haggins and Ferr radioed the situation back to base and followed the enemy in hopes that it would rise to
633:
359:. They were given a time frame of 90 days to prove their worth. The CAP's performance was outstanding, and before the 90-day period was over, the coastal patrol operations were authorized to expand in both duration and territory. By the end of the war, CAP pilots had flown over 500,000 mission hours. However, more than 90 aircraft were lost, and between 59 and 64 CAP pilots were killed, including 26 who were lost while on coastal patrol.
344:. Their operations were very effective, sinking a total of 204 vessels by September 1942. Civil Air Patrol's top leaders requested that the War Department give them the authority to directly combat the U-boat threat. The request was initially opposed, for the CAP was still a young and inexperienced organization. However, with the alarming numbers of ships being sunk by the U-boats, the War Department finally agreed to give CAP a chance.
275:
489:) gunnery practice. Targets would be trailed behind the aircraft (similar to the way an aircraft trails a banner) to simulate strafing attacks. CAP aircraft would also climb to various altitudes and would trail two targets for heavy AA guns to use for practice. Although uncommon, an antiaircraft round would occasionally hit the aircraft. Surprisingly, no deaths resulted from errant shots.
424:. For three hours, the crew shadowed the submarine. Just as Haggins was about to return to base, the U-boat rose to periscope depth, and Haggins swung the aircraft around, aligned with the submarine and dove to 100 feet (30 m). Farr released one of the two depth charges, blowing the submarine's front out of the water. As it left an
410:. Some of CAP's larger aircraft had the capability of carrying a single 300-pound (140 kg) depth charge, however, most light aircraft could only carry a 100-pound (50 kg) bomb. In some cases, the bomb's flight fins had to be partially removed so they would be able to fit underneath the wing of a light aircraft.
262:(presiding officer of the board), Colonel Harry H. Blee, Major Lucas P. Ordway, Jr., and Major A.B. McMullen, reviewed the plan set forward by Wilson and his colleagues and evaluated the role of the War Department as an agency of the Office of Civilian Defense. The plan was approved and the recommendation was made that
530:
In the spring of 1942, the
Pennsylvania Wing conducted a 30-day experiment with the intention of convincing the AAF that they were capable of flying cargo missions for the nation. The Pennsylvania Wing transported Army cargo as far as Georgia, and top Army officials were impressed. The War Department
594:, the native wolf population had been disrupting ranching operations. One rancher alone lost over 1,000 head of cattle due to wolf predation. This represented a huge monetary loss to ranchers and an added restriction to the already low supply of beef due to wartime rationing. By the winter of 1944,
521:
in terms of SAR ability. First, because CAP was using civilian aircraft, they could fly lower and slower than the aircraft of the AAF. Second, unlike AAF pilots, CAP pilots tended to be local citizens and therefore knew the terrain much better. Third, CAP utilized ground teams which would travel to
722:
to fulfill the
Aerospace Education mission. On June 24, 2016, Civil Air Patrol was transferred from the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) to the Air Combat Command (ACC) as part of the US Air Force Total Command, in recognition of CAP's Emergency Services role, which includes approximately
472:
During its time of operation the
Southern Liaison Patrol, more commonly known as the "CAP Border Patrol", reported almost 7,000 out-of-the-ordinary activities and 176 suspicious aircraft' descriptions and direction. During the entire operating period, only two members lost their lives. Considering
328:
with him. Flying at 500 feet (150 m), Johnson dropped a sandbag on each of three war plants and then returned to his airstrip. The next morning he notified the factory owners that he had "bombed" their facilities. The Civil
Aeronautics Administration (CAA) apparently got Johnson's message and
249:
as the director. Wilson, Beck, and
Gannett presented their plan for a national civil air patrol to La Guardia, and he approved the idea. He then appointed Wilson, Beck, and Gannett to form the so-called "blueprint committee" and charged them with organizing the national aviation resources on a
497:, which would blind and disorient him. Such was the case of Captain Raoul Souliere, who lost his life after he went into a steep dive; witnesses surmised that he looked into the glare of a spotlight that had locked on to him, became disoriented, and did not realize he was in a dive.
126:, its allies and its interests. As the Axis steadily took control of the greater part of Europe and South-East Asia, aviation-minded Americans noticed a trend: in all of the conquered countries and territories, civil aviation was more or less halted in order to reduce the risk of
383:. The air crews of the patrol aircraft were to keep in touch with their bases and notify the Army Air Forces and Navy in the area when a U-boat was sighted, and to remain in the area until relieved. This policy was reviewed, however, when Civil Air Patrol encountered a
492:
Similarly, CAP aircraft also flew night missions to provide tracking practice for the crews of searchlights and radar units. These missions were dangerous in the sense that the pilot ran the risk of accidentally looking into the glare of a searchlight while performing
697:
was enacted. The law incorporated Civil Air Patrol and stated that the purpose of the organization was to be "solely of a benevolent character". In other words, Civil Air Patrol was to never participate in combat operations again. With the creation of the
500:
Despite the dangerous nature of these missions, fatalities and accidents were rare. CAP flew target missions for three years with 7 member fatalities, 5 serious injuries and 23 aircraft lost. A total of 20,593 towing and tracking missions were flown.
706:
to the newly created Air Force. In
October 1947, a CAP board convened to meet with USAF officials and plan the groundwork of Civil Air Patrol as the USAF auxiliary. After several meetings the USAF was satisfied and a bill was introduced to the
170:, advising that an organization be created that would use the civil air fleet of New Jersey as an augmentative force for the war effort that seemed impending. The plan was approved, and with the backing of Chief of the Army Air Corps General
468:
activity and were similar to counterdrug missions executed by Civil Air Patrol today. Aircraft piloted by the
Southern Liaison Patrol often flew low enough to read the license plates on suspicious automobiles traveling in the patrol region.
550:
In
October 1942, CAP planned a program to recruit and train youth with an emphasis on flight training. The CAP cadets assisted with operational tasks and began training towards becoming licensed pilots. Cadets were not exempt from being
319:
despite the attack on Pearl Harbor. Seeing the potential for light aircraft to be used by saboteurs, Johnson took it upon himself to prove how vulnerable the nation was. Johnson took off in his own aircraft from his farm airstrip near
182:(NJCADS) was formed. The plan called for the use of single-engine aircraft for liaison work, as well as coastal and infrastructure patrol. General security activities regarding aviation were also made the responsibility of the NJCADS.
574:
CAP pilots were called on to provide a variety of missions that were not necessarily combat-related but still of direct benefit to the country. Some of the most notable of these missions were: flying blood bank mercy missions for the
513:
missions in addition to thousands of hours of non-assigned SAR missions. These missions were a huge success, and in one particular week during
February 1945, CAP SAR air crews found seven missing Army and Navy aircraft.
666:
aircraft from the AAF to the CAP. These aircraft were used in the cadet recruiting program. By 1945 there was an oversupply of cadets and CAP took over the responsibility of administering cadet mental screening tests.
257:
to speak with Army officials as Civil Air Patrol's first executive officer. General Henry "Hap" Arnold organized a board of top military officers to review Wilson's final plan. The board, which included
General
1090:
534:
Although not generally remembered as one of CAP's "glamorous" jobs, cargo and courier transportation was an important job for the organization. From 1942 to 1944, Civil Air Patrol moved around 1,750
179:
253:
By October 1941 the plan was completed. The remaining tasks were chiefly administrative, such as the appointment of wing commanders, and Wilson left his New York office and traveled to
723:
8,000 missions flying 20,000 hours a year. CAP members often volunteer at airshows, and the CAP provides a program to educate young children called Aerospace Connections in Education.
351:
Johnson (the same Johnson that had "bombed" the factories with sandbags), Civil Air Patrol was given authority to operate a coastal patrol at two locations along the East Coast:
308:
on 7 December 1941. On 8 December 1941, all civil aircraft, with the exception of airliners, were grounded. This ban was lifted two days later (with the exception of the entire
1021:
197:
175:
999:
329:
grounded all civil aviation until better security measures could be taken. Not surprisingly, Civil Air Patrol's initial membership increased along with the new security.
402:
came to destroy the U-boat, the vessel had dislodged itself and had escaped to deep waters. As a result of this incident, CAP aircraft were authorized to be fitted with
690:, and over 50 AAF generals. The purpose of the dinner was to permit CAP to thank the President and others for the opportunity to serve the country during World War II.
55:
through border and coastal patrols, military training assistance, courier services and other activities. These efforts were recognized and, after the close of the war,
289:, signed on 1 December 1941 and published 8 December 1941. This order outlined Civil Air Patrol's organization and named its first national commander as Major General
413:
One squadron's insignia of the time was a cartoon drawing of a small plane sweating and straining to carry a large bomb. This insignia became popular throughout CAP.
391:
when they spotted a German U-boat. The U-boat crew also spotted the aircraft, but not knowing that it was unarmed, attempted to flee. The U-boat became stuck on a
891:
656:
134:, allowing military flights only. American aviators did not wish to see the same fate befall themselves, but realized that if nothing was done to convince the
1587:
398:
Rinker and Manning radioed to mission base the opportunity and circled the U-boat for more than half an hour. Unfortunately, by the time that Army Air Force
94:
operations), aerospace education for youth and the general public, and cadet programs for teenage youth. In addition, it has been tasked with assisting the
583:
drives; and assisting in salvage collection drives. In the Northwestern states, Civil Air Patrol members, armed with shotguns, flew patrols hoping to spot
293:. Wilson was officially made the executive officer of the new organization. Additionally, Colonel Harry H. Blee was appointed the new operations director.
1188:
America's Homefront Air War: The Untold Facts of Armed U.S. Civilians and Their Successful Lightplane Retaliation to the Invasion of America's East Coast
624:, was given to Civil Air Patrol. Used primarily for training, Silver Lake boasted a hangar, barracks, mess hall and even a swimming pool and bath house.
138:
that civil aviation could be of direct and measurable benefit to the imminent war effort, the government would likely severely limit general aviation.
452:. The Southern Liaison Patrol logged approximately 30,000 flight hours and patrolled roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of the land separating the
387:
opportunity. In May 1942, a CAP crew consisting of pilot Thomas Manning and observer Marshall "Doc" Rinker were flying a coastal patrol mission off
1051:
924:
579:
and other similar agencies; forest fire patrol and arson reporting; mock raids to test blackout practices and air raid warning systems; supporting
207:
473:
the fact that the Border Patrol was one of the most dangerous missions CAP flew (along with Coastal Patrol), this is an exceptionally low number.
1577:
1582:
1572:
637:
509:
During the period between 1 January 1942 and 1 January 1946, Civil Air Patrol pilots flew over 24,000 hours of federal- and military-assigned
95:
1242:
803:
348:
51:
as the first CAP national commander. The organization was originally formed to provide civilian air support to aid the war effort of
1025:
436:
Between July 1942 and April 1944, the Civil Air Patrol Southern Liaison Patrol was given the task of patrolling the border between
1165:
738:. Civil Air Patrol's search and rescue missions save an average of 100 lives per year. Civil Air Patrol cadets can enlist in the
135:
98:, and also performs non-auxiliary missions for various governmental and private agencies, such as local law enforcement and the
1592:
1530:
708:
186:
368:
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to the War Department and given status as the auxiliary to the Army Air Forces. On 4 March 1943, the War Department issued
1504:
1409:
1369:
601:
lobbied the Texan governor to enlist the aid of Civil Air Patrol to control the wolf populations. CAP pilots, armed with
222:
that would lead up to the organization of the nation's civilian air power. Beck received peer guidance and support from
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901:
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215:
563:
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1384:
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1419:
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83:
of "volunteers and declared to be of a benevolent nature, never again to be involved in direct combat activities."
1509:
1474:
1379:
1354:
644:
613:
372:
201:
18:
371:
19 August 1942. At its height, Civil Air Patrol Coastal Patrol operated 21 coastal bases in 13 states along the
200:
initiated two separate subprograms. The first was the introduction of a civilian pilot refresher course and the
1494:
1444:
1424:
1399:
1389:
1374:
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1349:
1329:
1304:
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1235:
1127:
285:
With the approval of the Army Air Forces, Director La Guardia formalized the creation of Civil Air Patrol with
1514:
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1394:
1334:
1314:
1309:
1279:
1269:
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263:
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government and its tactic of grounding all general aviation. Upon returning, he reported his findings to the
1449:
1404:
1344:
1319:
1274:
193:
1479:
1359:
1324:
687:
1064:
1484:
1439:
1339:
939:
142:
1567:
1228:
643:
Civil Air Patrol's success with the cadet program, along with its impressive wartime record, led the
522:
the suspected crash site (often by foot, although some wings had other ways of reaching a wreckage).
352:
286:
44:
682:
On 1 March 1946, the 48 wing commanders held the first CAP/Congressional dinner honoring President
356:
309:
76:
896:
829:
739:
728:
699:
659:, which assigned the AAF the responsibility for supervising and directing operations of the CAP.
151:
40:
558:
Perhaps the most astonishing fact of the cadet program's 20,000-plus initial membership was the
1060:
301:
246:
80:
647:
to create a permanent place for it in the department. On 29 April 1943, by order of President
1119:
1091:"An Honorable Place in American Air Power": Civil Patrol Coastal Patrol Operations, 1942-1943
648:
486:
259:
219:
86:
Since that time, Civil Air Patrol has carried out three congressionally mandated objectives:
811:
416:
The CAP's alleged first kill was claimed by one of the larger aircraft on 11 July 1942. The
1251:
747:
566:
less than US$ 200 to get the program underway, and this was to cover administrative costs.
417:
8:
159:
prior to the outbreak of World War II. He took note of the actions and intentions of the
1063:: National Headquarters, Civil Air Patrol. April 2013. CAP Pamphlet 50-5. Archived from
1179:
892:"A Clue Offered On Nazi U-boat Historians Say Sub Was Sunk By A Civil Air Patrol Plane"
743:
703:
584:
576:
494:
437:
99:
60:
110:
The general idea of Civil Air Patrol (CAP) originated with a collective brainstorm of
1191:
1171:
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87:
64:
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1112:
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279:
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146:
131:
56:
27:
925:"'Definitely Damaged or Destroyed': Reexamining Civil Air Patrol's Wartime Claims"
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was enacted and CAP became the official auxiliary to the United States Air Force.
683:
612:
CAP even had its own airbase during the war. A Civil Aeronautics Administration (
321:
171:
72:
1220:
1000:"1st Air Force participates in Civil Air Patrol Transfer of Authority ceremony"
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388:
380:
376:
111:
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841:
663:
652:
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453:
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235:
231:
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68:
48:
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Perhaps the most curious job for CAP was "wolf patrol". In the southwestern
1538:
1175:
1103:
676:
552:
531:
gave CAP permission to conduct courier and cargo service for the military.
407:
384:
333:
305:
130:. Countries that were directly involved in the conflict strictly regulated
115:
52:
1156:
1137:
702:
on 26 July 1947, the command of Civil Air Patrol was transferred from the
632:
266:
officers assist with key positions such as flight training and logistics.
141:
The concrete plan for a general aviation organization designed to aid the
315:
Earle E. Johnson took notice of the lack of security at general aviation
242:
223:
119:
36:
1114:
Hero Next Door: Story of the Civilian Volunteers of the Civil Air Patrol
621:
296:
The very fear that sparked the Civil Air Patrol "movement" – that
164:
535:
461:
425:
421:
379:. The Coastal Patrol was originally meant to be unarmed and strictly
460:. Southern Liaison Patrol tasks included looking for indications of
662:
One of the direct outcomes of this transfer was the loaning of 288
580:
465:
211:
167:
127:
602:
481:
In March 1942, CAP aircraft began towing targets for air-to-air (
449:
325:
316:
156:
457:
399:
337:
160:
598:
595:
539:
441:
392:
367:
Originally under 1 Air Support Command, CAP was placed under
274:
238:
227:
63:
to the newly formed U.S. Air Force. Through the enactment of
347:
On 5 March 1942, under the leadership of the newly promoted
651:, the command of Civil Air Patrol was transferred from the
525:
403:
1208:
517:
Civil Air Patrol had several decisive advantages over the
542:) of mail and cargo and hundreds of military passengers.
1187:
545:
504:
22:
World War II era roundel used by the Civil Air Patrol
1148:
Flying Minute Men: The Story of the Civil Air Patrol
980:
968:
956:
1167:Squadron Alert! A Civil Air Patrol Adventure Story
1111:
869:"Our Congressional Gold Medal Journey: Fact Sheet"
1250:
784:
772:
760:
636:J-3 aircraft with CAP markings on display at the
300:would be halted – became a reality when the
185:Other similar groups were organized, such as the
1559:
627:
312:) and things went more or less back to normal.
189:Civil Air Guard and the Florida Defense Force.
638:National Museum of the United States Air Force
1236:
1002:. U.S. Air Force. 1st Air Force. 24 June 2016
883:
218:, compiled an outline and plan to present to
96:United States Department of Homeland Security
1588:United States home front during World War II
823:
821:
609:and thinned the population to lower levels.
861:
569:
278:The Subchasers of CAP Coastal Base 3,
1243:
1229:
922:
395:, and consequently became an easy target.
1209:Civil Air Patrol National History Program
916:
818:
718:Civil Air Patrol had been subordinate to
889:
871:. Civil Air Patrol National Headquarters
631:
616:) auxiliary landing field, northwest of
526:Courier service and cargo transportation
273:
17:
1163:
1109:
1578:History of the United States Air Force
1560:
1144:
709:United States House of Representatives
149:. Wilson, then aviation editor of The
118:. In the later half of the 1930s, the
1583:Military history of the United States
1573:Aviation history of the United States
1224:
1151:. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
1094:. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press.
796:
230:newspaper chain. On 20 May 1941, the
180:New Jersey Civil Air Defense Services
1170:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
923:Blazich Jr, Frank A. (Spring 2019).
827:
736:Air Force Rescue Coordination Center
546:Pilot training and the cadet program
890:Flanders, Scott (24 October 1991).
13:
1082:
1024:. Civil Air Patrol. Archived from
810:. 27 November 2006. Archived from
720:Air Education and Training Command
505:Search and Rescue operations (SAR)
216:Crowell-Collier Publishing Company
14:
1604:
1202:
734:missions under the orders of the
362:
145:at home was envisaged in 1938 by
47:in December 1941, with Maj. Gen.
1053:Introduction to Civil Air Patrol
476:
431:
198:Civil Aeronautics Administration
1014:
992:
746:) if they achieve the grade of
269:
220:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
202:Civilian Pilot Training Program
1088:Blazich, Frank A. Jr. (2020).
855:
1:
1593:United States Army Air Forces
1050:
1044:
986:
974:
962:
790:
778:
766:
628:Results of wartime activities
332:With America's entrance into
264:United States Army Air Forces
342:operate along the East Coast
7:
1215:History of Civil Air Patrol
688:79th United States Congress
176:Civil Aeronautics Authority
10:
1609:
1145:Neprud, Robert E. (1948).
1110:Burnham, Frank A. (1974).
938:(1): 19–30. Archived from
670:
653:Office of Civilian Defense
564:Office of Civilian Defense
232:Office of Civilian Defense
210:, who was at the time the
43:(USAF). It was created by
1537:
1523:
1262:
1164:Stanley, John B. (1954).
830:"Guarding the home skies"
828:Ames, Drew (April 2007).
353:Atlantic City, New Jersey
234:was created, with former
105:
59:was transferred from the
1186:Thiel, Roger N. (2016).
753:
570:Other wartime activities
357:Rehoboth Beach, Delaware
310:United States West Coast
71:and signed by President
897:Philadelphia Daily News
700:United States Air Force
664:Piper L-4 "Grasshopper"
487:anti-aircraft batteries
155:, was on assignment in
152:New York Herald Tribune
122:became a threat to the
75:, Civil Air Patrol was
41:United States Air Force
640:
585:Japanese balloon bombs
302:Imperial Japanese Navy
287:Administrative Order 9
282:
247:Fiorello H. La Guardia
192:During this time, the
81:nonprofit organization
45:Administrative Order 9
23:
649:Franklin D. Roosevelt
635:
562:of cost; it cost the
485:) and ground-to-air (
324:, taking three small
277:
260:George E. Stratemeyer
212:Chairman of the Board
172:Henry H. "Hap" Arnold
21:
1022:"Emergency Services"
748:Cadet 2nd Lieutenant
657:Memorandum W95-12-43
418:Grumman G-44 Widgeon
114:before the start of
1122:: Aero Publishers.
112:pilots and aviators
836:. 310 Publishing.
804:"Civil Air Patrol"
744:Airman First Class
711:. On 26 May 1948,
704:United States Army
675:With the close of
641:
577:American Red Cross
349:National Commander
283:
136:federal government
100:American Red Cross
88:emergency services
61:United States Army
37:civilian auxiliary
24:
1555:
1554:
1028:on 9 January 2018
932:Air Power History
814:on 15 March 2008.
732:search and rescue
727:often assists in
713:Public Law 80-557
695:Public Law 79-476
511:search and rescue
495:evasive maneuvers
226:, the owner of a
92:search and rescue
65:Public Law 79-476
1600:
1568:Civil Air Patrol
1531:Washington, D.C.
1525:Federal district
1256:Civil Air Patrol
1245:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1183:
1178:. Archived from
1160:
1141:
1117:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
944:
929:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
900:. Archived from
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
865:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
825:
816:
815:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
725:Civil Air Patrol
693:On 1 July 1946,
373:Eastern Seaboard
369:1 Bomber Command
298:general aviation
280:Lantana, Florida
255:Washington, D.C.
250:national scale.
147:Gill Robb Wilson
132:general aviation
57:Civil Air Patrol
28:Civil Air Patrol
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1533:
1519:
1258:
1249:
1205:
1190:. Thiel Press.
1130:
1104:OCLC 1154121175
1085:
1083:Further reading
1073:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1019:
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1005:
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907:
905:
904:on 4 March 2016
888:
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866:
862:
856:
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1470:South Dakota
1460:Rhode Island
1455:Pennsylvania
1435:North Dakota
1180:the original
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1113:
1089:
1072:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1052:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
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385:turkey shoot
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270:World War II
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116:World War II
109:
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53:World War II
32:
26:
25:
15:
1547:Puerto Rico
1385:Mississippi
1300:Connecticut
1217:at Hsdl.org
1061:Maxwell AFB
908:23 November
875:23 November
553:conscripted
438:Brownsville
243:World War I
224:Guy Gannett
120:Axis powers
90:(including
1562:Categories
1500:Washington
1420:New Mexico
1415:New Jersey
1290:California
1211:at CAP.gov
1129:0816864500
1074:2019-03-17
1045:References
949:2019-03-16
622:California
536:short tons
165:New Jersey
1510:Wisconsin
1475:Tennessee
1380:Minnesota
1355:Louisiana
1120:Fallbrook
1032:8 January
1006:8 January
987:CAPP 50-5
975:CAPP 50-5
963:CAPP 50-5
847:3 October
842:1554-5296
791:CAPP 50-5
779:CAPP 50-5
767:CAPP 50-5
740:Air Force
729:Air Force
426:oil slick
340:began to
336:, German
304:attacked
35:) is the
1495:Virginia
1445:Oklahoma
1425:New York
1400:Nebraska
1390:Missouri
1375:Michigan
1365:Maryland
1350:Kentucky
1330:Illinois
1305:Delaware
1295:Colorado
1285:Arkansas
742:as E-3 (
603:firearms
599:ranchers
581:war bond
483:fighters
466:saboteur
375:and the
326:sandbags
317:airports
196:and the
174:and the
168:governor
128:sabotage
1515:Wyoming
1490:Vermont
1395:Montana
1335:Indiana
1315:Georgia
1310:Florida
1280:Arizona
1270:Alabama
1254:of the
1176:1512370
671:Postwar
450:Arizona
446:Douglas
400:bombers
393:sandbar
338:U-boats
214:of the
157:Germany
67:by the
39:of the
1450:Oregon
1405:Nevada
1345:Kansas
1320:Hawaii
1275:Alaska
1263:States
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1155:
1138:979443
1136:
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1098:
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686:, the
458:Mexico
444:, and
355:, and
245:pilot
178:, the
106:Origin
1480:Texas
1360:Maine
1325:Idaho
1252:Wings
1068:(PDF)
1057:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
928:(PDF)
754:Notes
618:Baker
596:Texas
442:Texas
404:bombs
239:mayor
228:Maine
79:as a
1485:Utah
1440:Ohio
1340:Iowa
1192:ISBN
1172:OCLC
1153:OCLC
1134:OCLC
1124:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1034:2018
1008:2018
910:2015
877:2015
849:2008
838:ISSN
560:lack
456:and
406:and
241:and
187:AOPA
161:Nazi
614:CAA
464:or
462:spy
33:CAP
1564::
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936:66
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31:(
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