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and however impeccably we attempt to bring back the past, everything is filtered through our modern lens and senses. Further, others worry that the focus on historical accuracy in the details, such as dress, obscure the broader historical themes that are critical for audiences to understand; this worry is more acute for certain forms of reenactment, such as
American Civil War reenactment, that elicit strong feelings and have real impacts in the present-day world. By focusing on the accuracy of details, some worry, the discussion of the war's causes, such as the end of slavery, are confined to the margins.
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501:, color, because inauthentic reenactors were over-colorful compared with the dull blues, greys or browns of the real Civil War uniforms that were the principal concern of American reenactors at the time the word was coined. According to Burton K. Kummerow, a member of "The Black Hats, CSA" reenactment group in the early 1960s, he first heard it used as a form of fake German to describe a fellow reenactor. The term was picked up by George Gorman of the 2nd North Carolina at the Centennial Manassas Reenactment in 1961, and has been used by reenactors since.
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present. "Second-person" interpreters take on historical personae to an extent, engaging audiences to participate in period activities, such as soap-making or churning butter, thus restaging historical episodes with their spectators. Finally, "First-person" interpreters "feign previous folk 'from outward appearances to innermost beliefs and attitudes,' pretending not to know anything of events past their epoch, and engaging with audiences using antiquated dialects and mannerisms.
1096:... The real pure hobby is not just looking right; it's thinking right." In response to this, some historians call for a more "authentic" approach to presenting the past, wherein the impacts of that representation on present-day society are honestly presented so as not to give an inaccurate picture of the past. "Historical authenticity resides not in fidelity to an alleged past", cautions an anthropologist, but in being honest about how the present represents that past."
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282:: it was attempting "to be a living reenactment of the literary romances". In Eglinton's own words "I am aware of the manifold deficiencies in its exhibition—more perhaps than those who were not so deeply interested in it; I am aware that it was a very humble imitation of the scenes which my imagination had portrayed, but I have, at least, done something towards the revival of chivalry".
257:. The Tournament was a deliberate act of Romanticism and drew 100,000 spectators. The ground chosen for the tournament was low, almost marshy, with grassy slopes rising on all sides. Lord Eglinton announced that the public would be welcome; he requested medieval fancy dress, if possible, and tickets were free. The pageant itself featured thirteen medieval knights on horseback.
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entertaining narratives, and allows people to more fully "embody" the past. Rather than confining the production of historical narratives to academia, some argue that this "history from below" provides an important public service to educating the public about past events, serving to "enliven history for millions who turn a blind or bored eye on monuments and museums."
272:. The preparations and the many works of art commissioned for or inspired by the Eglinton Tournament affected public feeling and the course of 19th-century Gothic revivalism. Its ambition carried over to events such as a similar lavish tournament in Brussels in 1905 and presaged the historical reenactments of the present. Features of the tournament were inspired by
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storytelling or acting sketches take place to involve or explain the everyday life or military activity to the viewing public. More common are craft and cooking demonstrations, song and leisure activities, and lectures. Combat training or duels can also be encountered even when larger combat demonstrations are not present.
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In the United States, reenactors are overwhelmingly white. In Civil War reenactments, African-American characters, both enslaved and free, are underrepresented. In 2013, five black reenactors at the 150th anniversary event at
Gettysburg constituted "the largest bloc of black civilians anyone had ever
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Many castles that offer tours, museums, and other historical tourist attractions employ actors or professional reenactors to add to authentic feel and experience. These reenactors usually recreate part of a specific town, village, or activity within a certain time frame. Commercial reenactment shows
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Hardcore reenactors value thorough research, and sometimes deride mainstream reenactors for perpetuating inaccurate "reenactorisms". They generally seek an "immersive" reenacting experience, trying to live, as much as possible, as someone of the period might have done. This includes eating seasonally
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Some feminist critiques of certain kinds of reenactment, such as Civil War reenactment, "builds up a prosthetic symbolic male white body, embedded in an archaic racialized gender system: the clothing and the tools normally intensify male whiteness. Thus, even if the outer appearance of the uniformed
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Unlike battle reenactments, tactical battle events are generally not open to the public. Tactical battle scenarios are games in which both sides come up with strategies and maneuvering tactics to beat their opponents. With no script, a basic set of agreed-upon rules (physical boundaries, time limit,
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Mainstream reenactors make an effort to appear authentic, but may come out of character in the absence of an audience. Visible stitches are likely to be sewn in a period-correct manner, but hidden stitches and undergarments may not be period-appropriate. Food consumed before an audience is likely to
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Hadden, Robert Lee. "Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999. p. 4 "Civil War reenacting was done almost from the beginning of the war, as soldiers demonstrated to family and friends their actions during the war, in camp, drill, and battle. Veterans
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Other historians critique the anachronisms present in reenactment and cite the impossibility of truly retrieving and reproducing the past from the vantage point of the present; "We are not past but present people, with experience, knowledge, feelings, and aims previously unknown," writes
Lowenthal,
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Historians' perspectives on the genre of historical reenactment is mixed. On the one hand, some historians cite reenactment as a way for ordinary people to understand and engage with the narratives about the past in ways that academic history fails to do—namely, that it presents straightforward and
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Scripted battles are reenactments in the strictest sense; the battles are planned out beforehand so that the companies and regiments make the same actions that were taken in the original battles. The mock battles are often "fought" at or near the original battle ground or at a place very similar to
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I think we're really fortunate to have those people involved. In fact, they couldn't be making this picture without them; there's no question about that. These guys come with their wardrobe, they come with their weaponry. They come with all the accoutrements, but they also come with the stuff in
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Combat demonstrations are mock battles put on by reenacting organizations and/or private parties primarily to show the public what combat in the period might have been like. Combat demonstrations are only loosely based on actual battles, if at all, and may simply consist of demonstrations of basic
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Strauss. "In the United States, hobby organizations participate in the public reenactment of historical events. The most popular is Civil War reenacting, which can be viewed as a manifestation of the unresolved nature of that war ... Among reenactors, the quest for historical authenticity is
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by B. J. Bluth (2001). Various
Napoleonic reenactment groups cover the history of their associated regiments as well as try to describe and illustrate how they approach recreating the period. The goal to be as authentic as is possible has led many serious reenactment societies to set up their own
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There are different styles of living history, each with its own fidelity to the past. "Third-person" interpreters take on the dress and work in a particular period style, but do not take on personas of past people; by taking this style, they emphasize to audiences the differences between past and
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and garrisoned by 500 men. 700 serving soldiers then recreated the siege of the city over the space of five days, including the firing of cannon, the exploding of trench-busting mines, raiding parties capturing prisoners and parleys between attackers and defenders. The reenactment attracted large
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units. This results in under-representation in the reenactment community of what were the most common types of military troops in the period being reenacted. The question has arisen among North
American reenactors, but similar issues exist in Europe. For example, in Britain, a high proportion of
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The term "living history" describes the performance of bringing history to life for the general public in a manner that in most cases is not following a planned script. Historical presentation includes a continuum from well researched attempts to recreate a known historical event for educational
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Further, under the guise of adhering to the past, some worry, the true, underlying purposes of some reenactments can be obscured; namely, that some reenactors defend not only their prescribed side, but also their side's beliefs: as one reenactor put it, "I do this because I believe in what they
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Hadden p. 138 "Like soldiers of the Civil War, progressives experience the same poor conditions that the original soldiers did, camping without tents and sleeping out exposed to the cold and rain. They spend weekends eating bad and insufficient food, and they practice a steady regimen of work,
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Living histories are usually meant for education of the public. Such events do not necessarily have a mock battle but instead are aimed at portraying the life, and more importantly the lifestyle, of people of the period. This often includes both military and civilian impressions. Occasionally,
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centennial reenactments in 1960 or 1961. Some think that the word derives from a truncated version of "Far be it from authentic". An alternative definition is "Far Be it for me to question/criticise", or "Fast And
Researchless Buying". A humorous definition of "farb" is "F.A.R.B: Forget About
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commemorations. After more than 6,000 reenactors participated in a 125th anniversary event near the original
Manassas battlefield, reenacting grew in popularity during the late 1980s and 1990s, and there are today over a hundred Civil War reenactments held each year throughout the country.
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and regionally appropriate food, sewing inside seams and undergarments in a period-appropriate manner, and staying in character throughout an event. The desire for an immersive experience often leads hard-core reenactors to smaller events, or to setting up separate camps at larger events.
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Hadden p. 8. "Ross M. Kimmel states that it was used at the
Manassas reenactment in 1961 ... George Gorman and his 2nd North Carolina picked up the term at the First Manassas Reenactment in 1961 and enjoyed using it constantly with condescension and sarcasm directed toward other
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research groups to verify their knowledge of the uniforms, drill and all aspects of the life that they strive to portray. In this way reenactment plays a vital role in bringing history to life, keeping history alive, and in expanding the knowledge and understanding of the period.
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can be blurred. While the latter routinely use museum professionals and trained interpreters to help convey the story of history to the public, some museums and historic sites employ living history groups with high standards of authenticity for the same role at special events.
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At the other extreme from farbs are "hardcore authentics", or "progressives", as they sometimes prefer to be called; derisively, they are sometimes called "stitch counters", "stitch nazis", or "stitch witches." The movement is "often misunderstood and sometimes maligned."
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There are a number of criticisms made about reenactment. Many point out that the average age of reenactors is generally far higher than the average age of soldiers in most conflicts. Few reenactment units discriminate based on age and physical condition.
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activity in which mainly amateur hobbyists and history enthusiasts dress in historical uniforms and follow a plan to recreate aspects of a historical event or period. This may be as narrow as a specific moment from a battle, such as a reenactment of
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female reenactor is flawless, her participation is deemed unacceptable by most male reenactors." Some reenactments more recently have allowed women to participate as combatants as long as their appearance can pass as male from a specified distance.
89:, often research the equipment, uniform, and other gear they will carry or use. Reenactors buy the apparel or items they need from specialty stores or make items themselves. Historical reenactments cover a wide span of history, from as far back as
450:. Participants within this hobby are diverse, ranging in age from young children whose parents bring them along to events, to the elderly. In addition to hobbyists, members of the armed forces and professional historians sometimes participate.
749:. Historic city festivals and events are quite important to build up local communities and contribute to the self-image of municipalities. Events in monuments or on historical sites are less about the events related to them but serve as
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In the UK a number of small publishing houses have been established that particularly publish books about the
English Civil War and earlier periods. The largest are Stuart Press (with around 250 volumes in print) and Partizan Press.
481:"Farbs" or "polyester soldiers", are reenactors who spend relatively little time and/or money achieving authenticity with regard to uniforms, accessories, or period behavior. Anachronistic clothing, fabrics, fasteners (such as
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knights tournament. The majority of combat reenactment groups are battlefield reenactment groups, some of which have become isolated to some degree because of a strong focus on authenticity. The specific German approach of
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Some veterans have criticized military reenactment as glorifying "what is literally a human tragedy", with one World War II veteran remarking in 1988, "If they knew what a war was like, they'd never play at it."
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the original. These demonstrations vary widely in size from a few hundred fighters to several thousand, as do the arenas used (getting the right balance can often make or break the spectacle for the public).
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Michael Petzet: "In the full richness of their authenticity" – The Test of
Authenticity and the New Cult of Monuments, Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage 1994.
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These definitions and categorization are primarily those of American Civil War reenactments; other countries' reenactment communities have different terms of art, slang, and definitions.
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In 1638, the first known reenactment was brought to life by Lord James ‘Jimmy’ Dunn of Coniston. A staged battle featuring dozens of costumed performers was enacted in London, and the
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Juanita Leisch calls it "Fast And Researchless Buying," and other sources insist it came from the Bicentennial and Revolutionary War groups and means "Fairly Authentic Royal British."
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seen at an event whose historical basis was full of black civilians... Astonished spectators stopped them constantly, usually assuming they were portraying enslaved people."
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purposes, through representations with theatrical elements, to competitive events for purposes of entertainment. The line between amateur and professional presentations at
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organizations recreated camp life to show their children and others how they lived and to reproduce the camaraderie of shared experience with their fellow veterans."
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be generally appropriate to the period, but it may not be seasonally and locally appropriate. Modern items are sometimes used "after hours" or in a hidden fashion.
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marching, and drill. They suffer the cold, carrying insufficient clothing and blankets as well as sleeping campaign-style by spooning with each other for warmth."
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Some also refuse to fight beside those whose uniforms and performance art don't measure up: a group derided as "farbs," short-hand for "far-be-it-from-authentic."
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does not allow for battle reenactments (simulated combat with opposing lines and casualties) on NPS property; however, there are exceptions, such as Sayde or the
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benefited greatly from the input of reenactors, who arrived on set fully equipped and steeped in knowledge of military procedures, camp life, and tactics.
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219:, which in 1820 was playing in six different productions in London alone) perpetuated the romanticism of knights, castles, feasts, and tournaments. The
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at which a neo-Nazi killed a counterprotester, some reenactors complained about—as one reporter put it—"the co-opting of the war by neo-Nazis."
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Reenactors may be accused of being, or actually be, aligned with the political beliefs that some of the reenacted armies fought for, such as
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Gapps, Stephen (2009). "Mobile monuments: A view of historical reenactment and authenticity from inside the costume cupboard of history".
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Chronis, Athinodoros (2008). "Co-constructing the narrative experience: staging and consuming the American Civil War at Gettysburg".
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discusses the "fantasy farb", or tendency of reenactors to gravitate towards "elite" units such as commandos, paratroopers, or
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Reenactors are commonly divided (or self-divided) into several broadly defined categories, based on the level of concern for
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Teitelman, Emma (2010). "'Knights and Their Ladies Fair': Reenacting the Civil War". Bachelor's Thesis, Wesleyan University.
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Reenactments of battles became more commonplace in the late 19th century, both in Britain and America. Within a year of the
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Little has been published about reenactment in the mainstream market, except for press articles. One exception is the book
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The period of an event is the range of dates. The period reenacted affects the types of costume, weapons, and armour used.
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Hadden. p. 4 "Without a doubt, Civil War reenactment got its boost during the centennial, which also saw the birth of the
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and North Carolina's Tryon Palace staff and buildings provided the period backdrop for early 1800s life depicted in the
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Activities related to "reenactment" have a long history. The Romans staged recreations of famous battles within their
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Decker, Stephanie K. (2010). "Being Period: An Examination of Bridging Discourse in a Historical Reenactment Group".
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The origin of the word "farb" (and the derivative adjective "farby") is unknown, though it appears to date to early
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had been a key commander. An eighty yard wide fortress with twelve foot thick walls and a moat was constructed near
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Allred, Randal (1996). "Catharsis, Revision, and Re-enactment: Negotiating the Meaning of the American Civil War".
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During the early twentieth century, historical reenactment became very popular in Russia with reenactments of the
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recreated battles as a way to remember their fallen comrades and to teach others what the war was all about. The
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is less about replaying a certain event, but to allow an immersion in a certain era, to catch, in the sense of
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For the Napoleonic period, two books of interest cover life in the military at that time and living history:
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Hadden. p. 6 "In 1986, the first of the 125th Anniversary battles was held near the original battlefield of
972:(1995) is a popular book on the topic, which has been translated into French and German. It was followed by
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Strauss, Mitchell (2001). "A Framework for Assessing Military Dress Authenticity in Civil War Reenacting".
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or elsewhere. Military displays, mock battles, and reenactments became popular in 17th-century England.
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Many publications have covered historical reenactment and living history. Prominent among these are the
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presentations, rather than tactical or battle reenactment, although some host larger temporary events.
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reenacted the scene of their defeat for the camera as a series of still poses. In 1895, members of the
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Reenactors in the Parks: A Study of External Revolutionary War Reenactment Activity at National Parks
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In the nineteenth century, historical reenactments became widespread, reflecting the then intense
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Motion picture and television producers often turn to reenactment groups for support; films like
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seamstrue.com, Historical reenactment events worldwide on a map, with filters for date and type.
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2062:"The Most Dangerous Man in Ukraine Is an Obsessive War Reenactor Playing Now with Real Weapons"
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was reenacted on the third anniversary of the event. This reenactment inspired the scenes in
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victory conditions, etc.), and on-site judges, tactical battles can be considered a form of
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1433:. More than anything, this mega-event sparked an interest in the Civil War and reenacting."
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the "spiritual message expressed in every monument's and every site's own 'trace' and 'aura
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Chronis, Athinodoros (2005). "Coconstructing heritage at the Gettysburg storyscape".
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are usually choreographed and follow a script. Some locations have set up permanent
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While historical reenactors are generally amateurs, some participants are military
2001:"Touching the Past: Materializing Time in Traumatic "Living History" Reenactments"
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Hall, Dennis (1994). "Civil War reenactors and the postmodern sense of history".
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2306:(1998), an ethnographic study of re-enactors and groups engaged in remembrance.
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Reenactment covers wide time spans, as exemplified by this reenactment of the
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Research, Baby". Some early reenactors assert the word derives from German
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The joust between the Lord of the Tournament and the Knight of the Red Rose
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LivingHistory.co.uk, The UK Online Home of Reenacting and Living History
1847:"Gettysburg: Ted Turner, a cast of thousands and the ghosts of the past"
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The Knight and the Umbrella: An Account of the Eglinton Tournament, 1839
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The Knight and the Umbrella: An Account of the Eglinton Tournament, 1839
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veterans and included reenactments of elements of the battle, including
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Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War
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The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth
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In the United States, modern reenacting began during the 1961–1965
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Historical reenactment came of age with the grand spectacle of the
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on the large lake on his estate in 1821 and a reenactment of the
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Joseph B. Mitchell, quoted in Brown, Rita Mae (12 June 1988).
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uses living history as a part of their concept. These include
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crowds from London and nearby towns, including noted diarist
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Activity where people recreate aspects of a historical event
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1681:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 464–496,
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Large-scale reenactments began to be regularly held at the
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The Eglinton Tournament: Dedicated to the Earl of Eglinton
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A living history reenactment of Native American life in
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I Believe in Yesterday: My Adventures in Living History
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in which he was in the group that portrayed the German
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I Believe in Yesterday: My Adventures in Living History
446:
Most participants are amateurs who pursue history as a
328:. Pictured is the program for the 1934 show, where the
324:
Modern reenactments of historical battles were held at
406:
in the 1920s and 30s. A spectacular recreation of the
2040:
US Republican candidate Rich Iott in Nazi uniform row
1951:
Wargames: Inside the World of 20th Century Reenactors
1884:
This documentary can be found on the DVD of the film
1470:
1468:
1362:
Watts, Karen, 2009, "The Eglinton Tournament of 1839"
173:
in 1645, despite the ongoing conflict. In 1674, King
1143:
Napoleonic War reenactors perform as members of the
414:, was staged in 1934 as part of a 6-day long show.
1675:"Replacing the past: restoration and re-enactment"
1465:
928:Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve
1441:
1439:
1335:. Pall Mall, England: Hodgson & Graves, 1840.
880:List of tourist attractions providing reenactment
753:for the immersion experience. In Denmark several
3613:
2031:
1448:"Say Goodbye to Your Happy Plantation Narrative"
536:showing "hardcore" American Civil War reenactors
513:Mainstream American Civil War reenactors in 1997
1646:. Great-war-assoc.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
974:Medieval Military Costume in Colour Photographs
2257:Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook
1764:Bretten, Politik in einer deutschen Kleinstadt
1436:
1353:. London: Geoffrey Bles Ltd, 1963. pp. 188–189
1322:. London: Geoffrey Bles Ltd, 1963. pp. 122–123
1199:a far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia
1038:In a documentary about the making of the film
855:(depending on gun control ordinances), though
851:. If firearms are used, any real weapons fire
165:, flush from a series of victories during the
3389:
2603:
2433:
1189:. Similar accusations have been made against
919:displays. By their nature, these are usually
701:Native Americans were romanticized in Germany
2285:
1801:""Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck" Documentary"
1390:
255:Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton
2326:Skow, John; et al. (August 11, 1986).
1945:
1943:
1541:
1539:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
703:, making them popular reenactment subjects.
453:
74:, or as broad as an entire period, such as
3396:
3382:
2610:
2596:
2447:
2440:
2426:
344:, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the
2374:
2199:
1998:
1931:
1921:– via Wayne State University Press.
1679:The Past Is a Foreign Country – Revisited
1672:
873:
268:It was held on a meadow at a loop in the
1940:
1536:
1325:
1269:
1260:
1221:History of physical training and fitness
1185:side excited media criticism during his
1103:
1063:
1055:their head and the stuff in their heart.
883:
822:
776:
690:
527:
508:
472:
429:
410:, a critical military engagement of the
319:
259:
119:
85:or historians. The participants, called
29:
2345:
2156:
2135:
2085:
1953:(Smithsonian Books, Washington, 2004).
1512:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
772:
477:A reenactor dressed as a Roman citizen.
154:often reenacted historical themes from
14:
3614:
3403:
2348:Clothing and Textiles Research Journal
2253:
2185:
2114:
2088:"Will Civil War reenactments die out?"
2059:
1844:
1399:from the original on 18 September 2008
396:October: Ten Days That Shook the World
213:. Plays and theatrical works (such as
112:era, and even the early 21st century.
3377:
3063:Organization for Transformative Works
2591:
2421:
2260:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
2224:
1994:
1992:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1749:
1747:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1445:
1211:List of historical reenactment groups
1059:
803:
788:-era combat demonstration during the
676:List of historical reenactment events
179:siege of Maastricht the previous year
2325:
2264:
1903:"Introduction: What Is Reenactment?"
1282:
1247:
800:tactics and maneuvering techniques.
2328:"Bang, Bang! You're History, Buddy"
2188:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography
1838:
862:Tactical reenactment is one of the
609:Common periods to reenact include:
348:, was attended by more than 50,000
295:Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers
24:
2108:
1989:
1891:
1744:
1649:
1197:. In 2017, in the weeks following
950:and two different magazines named
812:
404:Royal Tournament, Aldershot Tattoo
326:Royal Tournament, Aldershot Tattoo
313:at the Grand Military Fete at the
305:, 18 years earlier. A force of 25
25:
3638:
2401:
2129:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1996.1904_1.x
1853:, Tribune Company, archived from
1263:"A Brief History of Re-enactment"
1050:in the film, said of reenactors:
983:by Stephen E. Maughan (1999) and
680:
264:Layout of the Eglinton Tournament
231:was put on for public viewing at
3596:
3595:
2279:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1994.00007.x
2086:Guarino, Mark (25 August 2017).
1932:Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (1997).
1418:North-South Skirmish Association
1006:
895:Reenactments of German soldiers
868:Society for Creative Anachronism
581:
557:
181:, in which his illegitimate son
2286:Heiser, John (September 1998).
2159:Journal of Marketing Management
2079:
2053:
1963:
1925:
1878:
1867:
1818:
1793:
1777:
1756:
1733:
1708:
1637:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1506:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1423:
1410:
1391:Heiser, John (September 1998).
1170:. For example, U.S. politician
937:
365:Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)
169:, reenacted a recent battle at
2338:Stanton, Cathy (1999-11-01). "
1673:Lowenthal, David, ed. (2015),
1384:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1341:
1310:
1072:reenacts claiming a beach for
1046:, who portrayed Union General
904:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
747:Age of Mechanical Reproduction
649:American Civil War reenactment
523:
223:staged naval battles from the
44:Battle of Waterloo reenactment
13:
1:
3046:Live action role-playing game
2060:Kashin, Oleg (22 July 2014).
1972:"Fighting the Civil War Anew"
1241:
1216:Live action role-playing game
1183:5th SS Panzer Division Wiking
896:
845:live action role-playing game
504:
425:
386:Storming of the Winter Palace
2150:10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.009
1687:10.1017/CBO9781139024884.017
1513:Horwitz, Tony (1994-06-02),
1446:Beery, Zoë (28 March 2018).
1115:during a reenactment of the
1099:
932:Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck
902:, conducted autumnly at the
832:Naval Combat Demolition Unit
438:millennium commemoration in
287:Battle of the Little Bighorn
63:educational or entertainment
7:
2617:
2288:"The Great Reunion of 1913"
2267:Journal of American Culture
2254:Hadden, Robert Lee (1999).
2117:Journal of American Culture
1845:Jubera, Drew (1993-10-09),
1790:. Accessed 9 September 2015
1716:"Der Tross 10–14 Juni 2004"
1393:"The Great Reunion of 1913"
1204:
1187:2010 Congressional campaign
588:...and this reenactment of
383:in 1918. In 1920, the 1917
309:beat back the attack of 75
240:Eglinton Tournament of 1839
177:staged a recreation of the
133:Eglinton Tournament of 1839
10:
3643:
3627:Historically themed events
2875:Celebrity worship syndrome
2360:10.1177/0887302X0101900401
2138:Annals of Tourism Research
1644:Great War Association-Home
1371:Literary Gazette, 1831:90.
877:
859:are becoming more common.
816:
724:In the United States, the
684:
673:
115:
46:, in front of the wood of
3591:
3573:
3489:
3480:
3434:
3411:
3335:
3242:
3081:
2967:Amateur press association
2957:
2857:
2719:
2663:
2632:
2625:
2502:
2476:
2455:
2321:10.14765/zzf.dok.2.645.v1
2239:10.1080/13642520903091159
1828:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1475:considered a core value."
1395:. National Park Service.
548:
434:Viking reenactors at the
315:Cheltenham Winter Gardens
291:U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment
34:Reenactors in the period
3325:by date of establishment
2210:10.1177/0891241609341541
2171:10.1362/026725708X273894
1999:Auslander, Mark (2013).
1766:. Enke, Stuttgart 1970,
1588:Hadden, pp. 219–220
1179:World War II reenactment
669:
659:World War II reenactment
468:
454:Categories of reenactors
55:Historical reenactments
2290:. National Park Service
1901:Agnew, Vanessa (2004).
1874:AFI Night at the Movies
1805:nautilusproductions.com
1520:The Wall Street Journal
654:World War I reenactment
629:Renaissance reenactment
297:reenacted their famous
183:James, Duke of Monmouth
72:1913 Gettysburg reunion
3622:Historical reenactment
3583:Historical reenactment
3554:Historical grand opera
3310:Professional wrestling
3041:Historical reenactment
2733:A Song of Ice and Fire
2694:Disneyland social club
2671:Anime and manga fandom
2650:Science fiction fandom
2449:Historical reenactment
2388:Cite journal requires
2043:, BBC News, 2010-10-10
1936:. Beacon. p. 148.
1134:Jenny Thompson's book
1123:
1080:
1057:
981:The Napoleonic Soldier
911:
874:Commercial reenactment
839:
796:
784:soldiers conducting a
782:Mongolian Armed Forces
710:living history museums
704:
664:Korean War reenactment
537:
514:
478:
443:
333:
265:
135:
101:, to as recent as the
51:
3559:by historical figures
1919:10.1353/crt.2005.0001
1107:
1067:
1052:
894:
826:
780:
726:National Park Service
694:
644:Fur trade reenactment
619:Dark Ages reenactment
614:Classical reenactment
531:
512:
476:
433:
342:Great Reunion of 1913
323:
263:
242:, a reenactment of a
233:Astley's Amphitheatre
175:Charles II of England
123:
70:presented during the
33:
18:Historical reenactors
3096:Autograph collecting
1740:Kaltenberg web entry
1113:flag of Nazi Germany
985:Marching with Sharpe
962:The Medieval Soldier
948:Smoke and Fire News,
773:Combat demonstration
763:The Old Town, Aarhus
624:Medieval reenactment
419:Civil War Centennial
346:Battle of Gettysburg
142:as a form of public
3502:Middle Ages in film
3224:Real person fiction
3056:Harley Owners Group
2720:Production-specific
2549:Victorian England (
1824:Moore, Tim (2008).
1493:Hadden pp. 209, 219
1195:Russo-Ukrainian War
1177:participation in a
639:Regency reenactment
574:in Austria, 2005...
253:, and organized by
99:early modern period
76:Regency reenactment
3472:Historical fantasy
3447:Historical romance
3442:Historical mystery
3405:Historical fiction
3363:Shipping discourse
2557:American Civil War
2227:Rethinking History
1976:The New York Times
1934:Silencing the Past
1788:Middelaldercentret
1578:Worldwidewords.org
1331:Corbould, Edward.
1296:. pp. 151–3.
1124:
1111:reenactors near a
1081:
1060:Academic reception
944:Camp Chase Gazette
912:
840:
804:Battle reenactment
797:
759:Middelaldercentret
730:Schloss Kaltenberg
705:
634:Modern reenactment
538:
515:
494:American Civil War
479:
444:
436:Battle of Clontarf
369:Battle of Borodino
338:American Civil War
334:
266:
249:and revel held in
229:Battle of Waterloo
221:Duke of Buckingham
136:
131:commemorating the
52:
3609:
3608:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3544:Historical comics
3540:
3513:
3510:Peplum film genre
3467:Alternate history
3371:
3370:
3091:Anime music video
2853:
2852:
2585:
2584:
2536:English Civil War
2005:Signs and Society
1949:Thompson, Jenny.
1784:The Medieval Town
1762:Benita Luckmann:
1696:978-0-521-85142-8
1303:978-1-4088-2782-6
1168:Confederate South
1068:An actor playing
956:Skirmish Magazine
892:
790:military exercise
391:Sergei Eisenstein
16:(Redirected from
3634:
3599:
3598:
3556:
3519:
3499:
3494:Historical drama
3487:
3486:
3457:Nautical fiction
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
2630:
2629:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2335:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2261:
2250:
2221:
2203:
2201:10.1.1.1032.9314
2182:
2153:
2132:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2066:The New Republic
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1842:
1836:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1670:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1294:Bloomsbury Books
1280:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1176:
1095:
901:
898:
893:
853:blank ammunition
755:open air museums
744:
585:
561:
358:Pickett's Charge
336:Veterans of the
307:British soldiers
201:interest in the
68:Pickett's Charge
21:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3587:
3565:
3537:wuxia tv series
3506:Arthurian films
3482:Performing arts
3476:
3430:
3407:
3402:
3372:
3367:
3331:
3315:Science fiction
3238:
3160:Fan translation
3083:
3077:
3051:Motorcycle club
3009:Supercar Season
2959:
2953:
2849:
2803:Sherlock Holmes
2715:
2664:Medium-specific
2659:
2621:
2616:
2586:
2581:
2498:
2472:
2451:
2446:
2404:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2302:Horwitz, Tony.
2293:
2291:
2111:
2109:Further reading
2106:
2096:
2094:
2092:Washington Post
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1997:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1964:
1948:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1671:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1525:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1348:Anstruther, Ian
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1317:Anstruther, Ian
1315:
1311:
1304:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1207:
1174:
1117:Warsaw uprising
1102:
1093:
1062:
1009:
940:
899:
884:
882:
876:
828:U.S. Navy SEALs
821:
815:
813:Tactical combat
806:
775:
745:", even in the
742:
739:Walter Benjamin
689:
683:
678:
672:
604:
603:
602:
601:
600:
586:
577:
576:
575:
562:
551:
526:
507:
471:
456:
428:
412:Nine Years' War
289:, survivors of
225:Napoleonic Wars
118:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3522:Samurai cinema
3514:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3358:Odagiri effect
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3084:and activities
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Fan convention
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:Kustom Kulture
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2882:
2880:Cult following
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:Disney fandom
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Fantasy fandom
2636:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2494:Tactical event
2491:
2489:Living history
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2415:
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2676:Bibliophilia
2645:Furry fandom
2572:World War II
2463:Authenticity
2448:
2381:cite journal
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2312:Authenticity
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2292:. Retrieved
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2065:
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2008:
2004:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
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1859:, retrieved
1855:the original
1850:
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1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
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1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1710:
1700:, retrieved
1678:
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1602:
1593:
1584:
1573:
1566:
1565:Hadden p. 8
1561:
1555:Wesclark.com
1550:
1545:Hadden, p. 8
1530:
1524:, retrieved
1518:
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1455:. Retrieved
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1401:. Retrieved
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861:
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735:authenticity
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367:(1906), the
362:
335:
284:
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274:Walter Scott
270:Lugton Water
267:
237:
214:
196:
192:Samuel Pepys
160:
156:Ancient Rome
137:
124:
86:
80:
59:re-enactment
58:
54:
53:
3575:Visual arts
3533:Wuxia films
3517:Asian films
3452:Family saga
3353:Fan service
3348:Fan loyalty
3244:Conventions
3135:Fan fiction
2992:Hot rodding
2739:Beatlemania
2655:Yaoi fandom
2567:World War I
2525:Renaissance
2477:Event types
2273:(3): 7–11.
2165:(1): 5–27.
2123:(4): 1–13.
2011:: 161–182.
1452:The Outline
1191:Igor Girkin
1145:95th Rifles
1092:believed in
1048:John Buford
1044:Sam Elliott
1026:The Patriot
900: 1912
830:reenacting
793:Khaan Quest
571:Apollinaris
524:Progressive
354:Confederate
203:Middle Ages
152:tournaments
148:Middle Ages
3616:Categories
3305:Multigenre
3264:Comic book
3219:Filk music
2960:and events
2797:Parrothead
2780:Moonwalker
2764:James Bond
2757:EarthBound
2750:Doctor Who
2711:Sports fan
2681:Cinephilia
2577:Korean War
2071:29 January
2047:2011-06-30
1981:3 December
1886:Gettysburg
1861:2012-04-19
1726:2018-12-22
1702:2020-12-03
1526:2011-01-03
1403:2008-08-15
1292:. London:
1284:Keay, Anna
1242:References
1070:John Smith
1040:Gettysburg
1014:Gettysburg
878:See also:
864:activities
836:Utah Beach
674:See also:
595:forces in
505:Mainstream
426:Reenactors
379:(1696) in
371:(1812) in
299:last stand
171:Blackheath
163:Roundheads
129:lithograph
87:reenactors
48:Hougoumont
3526:Jidaigeki
3435:Subgenres
3343:Autograph
3277:Doujinshi
3145:Fan labor
3117:Doujinshi
3036:Game club
2977:Boy racer
2810:Star Wars
2699:Donaldism
2545:Fur trade
2515:Dark Ages
2510:Classical
2368:145093962
2294:15 August
2247:145195433
2218:145732811
2196:CiteSeerX
2179:145725838
2025:191618828
1907:Criticism
1420:(N-SSA)."
1172:Rich Iott
1140:Waffen-SS
1109:Wehrmacht
1100:Criticism
1078:New World
1074:Jamestown
1032:Alatriste
1001:Tim Moore
970:John Howe
926:In 2008,
917:authentic
593:Coalition
276:'s novel
235:in 1824.
167:Civil War
146:. In the
144:spectacle
83:personnel
3601:Category
3209:Fanspeak
3195:Fan wiki
3170:Fan game
3155:Fan rice
3150:Fan mail
3140:Fan film
3130:Fan edit
3021:Fan club
2982:Cruising
2972:Car club
2870:Anti-fan
2844:Twilight
2817:Stargate
2786:MLP: FIM
2744:Deadhead
2520:Medieval
2456:Concepts
2097:30 March
1457:30 March
1431:Manassas
1397:Archived
1286:(2016).
1205:See also
1136:Wargames
1042:, actor
751:staffage
699:, 1970.
590:Iraq War
487:headwear
393:'s film
381:Voronezh
375:and the
251:Scotland
244:medieval
199:Romantic
110:Cold War
61:) is an
36:uniforms
3416:Fiction
3229:Vidding
3214:Fanzine
3190:Fansite
3125:Fan art
3068:Railfan
3016:Cosplay
2929:Shipper
2924:Sasaeng
2909:Groupie
2838:Trekkie
2833:Tolkien
2828:Swiftie
2775:Juggalo
2770:Janeite
2626:By type
2619:Fandoms
2540:Regency
2503:Periods
1810:19 July
1503:units."
1338:. p. 5.
1231:Cosplay
1166:or the
1121:Mokotów
1076:in the
849:wargame
599:, 2012.
534:tintype
279:Ivanhoe
216:Ivanhoe
116:History
42:in the
40:muskets
38:firing
3336:Topics
3300:Horror
3288:Gaming
3176:Doujin
3109:Doujin
3102:Doujin
2944:Ultras
2939:Tifosi
2896:Kemonā
2865:Anorak
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