337:
760:
is extensive and specific on the alliance (page numbers refer to the French edition): "The
Armenians, in the person of their king Hetoum, sided with the Mongols, as well as Prince Bohemond, his son-in-law. The Franks of Acre however adopted a position of neutrality favourable to the muslims" (p.261),
827:"On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets", Runciman
733:
describes "the Mongol alliance" entered into by the king of
Armenia and the Franks of Antioch ("the King of Armenia decided to engage into the Mongol alliance, an intelligence that the Latin barons lacked, except for Antioch"), and "the Franco-Mongol collaboration" (Mutafian,
382:
called on Hethum to come to his aid. Faced with internal disagreements about the war and likely sensing that the
Mongols were the greater threat, Hethum delayed and Kaykhusraw's army left without the Armenians. After the Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat on the Seljuqs at
414:
were aided by Hethum's disloyal vassal, Constantine of
Lampron. Kaykhusraw was only able to seize a few forts which the Mongols forced him to return a few years later, while Constantine was captured and executed in 1250.
674:"Hethoum I receiving the homage of the Tatars: during his voyage to Mongolia in 1254, Hethoum I was received with honours by the Mongol Khan who 'ordered several of his noble subjects to honour and attend him'" in
747:
describes the alliance of the Franks of
Antioch and Tripoli with the Mongols: (in 1260) "the Frank barons refused an alliance with the Mongols, except for the Armenians and the Prince of Antioch and Tripoli".
454:. The Journey of Hethoum was later translated into Russian, French, English, and Chinese. The narrative is important for its observations of Mongol, Buddhist, and Chinese culture, geography, and wildlife.
410:
In 1245, Cilicia was attacked by the
Sultanate of Rum, prompted by Hethum's decision to hand over Sultan Kaykhusraw's wife and daughter (who had found refuge at his court after Kösedağ) to Baiju. The
878:
and even intended to ask Hulegu for possession of the town. (...) If this prince reached as far as
Baalbek, it is most probable that he also passed through Damascus." De Reuven Amitai-Preiss,
275:. However, Constantine had Philip disposed of, and instead forced Isabella to marry his own son, Hethum, on June 14, 1226, to make Isabella and Hethum co-rulers. The couple had six children:
1566:
874:"While this report cannot be taken literally, it may contain a grain of truth. Armenian troops were part of Ketbuqa's force, while some time during the Mongol occupation Bohemond visited
571:
was sacked and burnt. Thousands of
Armenians were massacred and 40,000 taken captive. Hethum was able to ransom his son by conceding territory to the Egyptians. In May 1268, the allied
42:
761:"Bohemond of Antioch and Hethoum of Armenia, principal allies of the Mongols" (p.265), "Hulagu (…) still had enough strength to prevent the punishment of his allies " (p.267).
972:
1621:
480:
Hethum strongly encouraged other
Frankish rulers to follow his example and submit to Mongol suzerainty, but the only one who did so was Hethum's son-in-law,
539:
During the last years of Hethum's reign, largely as a result of Hethum's active support of the
Mongols, the kingdom came under increasing attack by the
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1972:
362:, as the Armenians had ties with all sides. They were primarily aligned with the Europeans, but during Hethum's reign, the rapidly expanding
959:
17:
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Amitai-Preiss refers to the Armenians as "active allies of the Mongols" and speaks of "the subsequent retribution that
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as "Travels of Haithon, the Pious King of the Armenians, to Batu and Mangu Khans", the 58th chapter of Gandzaketsi's
1737:
531:. The Mongols would not again capture Syria until 1299–1300, when again they would hold it only for a few months.
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Hethum abdicated in 1270 in favor of his son Leo, and lived out the rest of his life in a monastery, as a monk.
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1690:
1287:
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Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century)
720:, p. 263, "Hethum I (1226-69) was clever enough to place himself voluntarily under Mongol suzerainty in 1244."
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512:) entering the city of Damascus together in triumph, though modern historians have questioned this story as
1779:
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989:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 630–659.
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Hethum was a major player in the political struggles and shifting alliances around the
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Vol 1, Trubner Oriental Series 1888 London, facsimile reprint 2005 Elibron Classics
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446:(GĂĽyĂĽk's cousin). An account of his travels was recorded by a member of his suite,
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in 1260. Historical accounts, quoting from the writings of the medieval historian
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344:, "receiving the homage of the Mongols". Miniature from "Histoire des Tartars",
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1941:
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tr., "The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back",
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248:
228:
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1443:
1384:
1043:
A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present
336:
239:, a famous account of which is given by Hethum's companion, the historian
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551:, during which one of Hethum's sons, Thoros, was killed and another son,
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Despite the Mongols' territorial gains, in September 1260, the Egyptian
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From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi
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to renew the agreement, passing through the Turkish states of eastern
207:(also known as "Little Armenia") from 1226 to 1270. He was the son of
1805:
1626:
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1438:
1321:
489:
458:
341:
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220:
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1008:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C.
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The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII
555:, was captured and imprisoned. Following this defeat, the cities of
41:
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
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to the Mongol court in Karakorum. There, Sempad met Great Khan
219:) and was the founder of the dynasty which bears his name: the
952:
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645:
395:, King Hethum made a strategic decision to submit to Mongol
462:
427:
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Hethum's father Constantine had been regent for the young
418:
In 1254, Hethum himself traveled through Central Asia to
271:. Isabella originally married Philip (1222–1225), son of
929:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
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633:
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On his way back from Karakorum, Hethum passed through
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Rita of Armenia, married Constantine of Servantikar
1099:
1003:
926:
861:Peter Jackson, "Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260",
963:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 114–115.
231:, Hethum himself traveled to the Mongol court in
1939:
598:Also spelled Hethoum, Hetoum, Het'um, or Hayton.
1106:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. New Brunswick:
823:
821:
523:rallied, defeating the Mongols at the historic
967:
696:. Leiden & Boston: Brill. pp. 61–63.
662:
607:
203:: Հեթում Ա; 1213 – 21 October 1270) ruled the
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1171:Toumanoff, C. (1966). "Armenia and Georgia".
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488:in 1258, and both Armenians and Antiochenes
366:became a concern. When the Mongol commander
331:
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1257:
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211:(d. 1263) and Princess Alix Pahlavouni of
40:
1156:. KrakĂłw: Jagiellonian University Press.
933:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
694:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)
340:Hethum I (seated) in the Mongol court of
318:Maria, who married Guy of Ibelin, son of
1963:Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
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1075:
575:was overrun by the Egyptians who, under
335:
227:. Having accepted the suzerainty of the
1973:13th-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia
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57:King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
27:King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
14:
1940:
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1027:. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
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320:Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus
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1081:Histoire des Croisades III, 1188–1291
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305:Euphemie (died 1309), who married to
1173:Cambridge Medieval History, vol. IV
608:Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014).
24:
1137:. Praha: Nakladatelstvà Vyšehrad.
685:
682:, p.58, quoting Hayton of Corycus.
567:were assaulted and the capital of
465:, also visiting the Mongol leader
25:
1984:
1180:
1059:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
973:"The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia"
906:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
692:Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011).
527:and driving them back across the
293:) - Thoros had one child: Melkum.
492:fought in the Mongol Army under
1041:Bournoutian, George A. (2002).
1025:The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
898:
885:
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1083:(in French). Editions Perrin.
758:The Crusades through Arab eyes
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731:Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie
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680:Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie
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592:
387:and approached the borders of
13:
1:
915:
534:
1958:13th-century Armenian people
895:exacted from them" (p. 106).
438:at the western shore of the
251:to fight against the Muslim
187:Princess Alix Pahlavouni of
7:
1004:Edwards, Robert W. (1987).
983:; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
205:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
10:
1989:
1150:Stopka, Krzysztof (2016).
1133:Dobraczinski, Jan (1979).
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269:Isabella, Queen of Armenia
255:and also encouraged other
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1108:Rutgers University Press
1023:Boase, T. S. R. (1978).
969:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie
949:Beazley, Charles Raymond
614:. BRILL. pp. 670–.
585:
430:in Greater Armenia, the
1098:Grousset, René (1970).
960:Encyclopædia Britannica
573:Principality of Antioch
354:Armeno-Mongol relations
482:Bohemond VI of Antioch
399:. He sent his brother
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301:Bohemond VI of Antioch
273:Bohemond IV of Antioch
209:Constantine of Baberon
178:Constantine of Baberon
1057:Chahin, Mack (2001).
923:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven
426:, the Mongol camp at
339:
289:in 1266 fighting the
247:. He allied with the
1788:(prince, later king)
1061:. Richmond: Curzon.
1045:. Mazda Publishers.
784:Mediaeval Researches
285:Thoros (died at the
1716:1198–1375 (kingdom)
1691:Hovhannes-Smbat III
880:Mongols and Mamluks
729:Claude Mutafian in
663:Der Nersessian 1969
525:Battle of Ain Jalut
448:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
241:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
215:(a third-cousin of
1572:Tiridates III (IV)
1192:2016-03-03 at the
977:Setton, Kenneth M.
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780:Emil Bretschneider
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981:Wolff, Robert Lee
940:978-0-521-46226-6
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1769:
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1742:
1739:
1738:Constantine I
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1708:
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1608:
1607:Vologases III
1605:
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1598:
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1588:
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1512:Parthamasiris
1510:
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1432:
1430:
1429:Artavasdes IV
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
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1415:
1409:
1405:
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1400:
1399:Artavades III
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Artavasdes II
1373:
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1163:9788323395553
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1123:
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1109:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1090:2-262-02569-X
1086:
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1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1051:1-56859-141-1
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:0-7073-0145-9
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1015:0-88402-163-7
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
996:0-299-04844-6
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
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966:
962:
961:
955:
950:
946:
942:
936:
931:
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920:
919:
907:
904:Mack Chahin,
901:
894:
888:
881:
877:
871:
864:
858:
851:
845:
836:
830:
824:
822:
812:
806:, pp. 275–276
805:
799:
793:
792:1-4021-9303-3
789:
785:
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745:Les Croisades
740:
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719:
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461:and northern
460:
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433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
380:Kaykhusraw II
377:
373:
370:attacked the
369:
365:
364:Mongol Empire
361:
355:
347:
343:
338:
326:
323:
321:
317:
314:
312:
311:Lord of Sidon
308:
304:
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278:
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229:Mongol Empire
226:
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133:
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118:
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106:
102:
98:(1226 – 1252)
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1547:Tiridates II
1537:Vologases II
1444:Artaxias III
1424:Ariobarzanes
1417:Non-dynastic
1385:Tigranes III
1360:Artavasdes I
1229:
1206:
1172:
1152:
1134:
1101:
1080:
1058:
1042:
1024:
1005:
985:
958:
928:
905:
900:
887:
879:
870:
862:
857:
849:
844:
835:
828:
811:
803:
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783:
775:
766:
757:
752:
744:
739:
730:
725:
717:
712:
693:
687:
679:
670:
610:
603:
594:
581:
538:
518:
500:and Fall of
479:
475:Seljuq Turks
473:against the
456:
451:
417:
409:
357:
266:
244:
196:
195:
121:(1270-10-21)
1968:1213 births
1953:1271 deaths
1632:Artaxias IV
1577:Khosrov III
1517:Vologases I
1497:Tiridates I
1479:Tigranes VI
1474:Tiridates I
1469:Rhadamistus
1464:Mithridates
1454:Mithridates
1404:Tigranes IV
1390:Tigranes IV
1380:Artaxias II
1370:Tigranes II
1312:Orontes III
850:The Mongols
640:Stopka 2016
444:Möngke Khan
440:Caspian Sea
282:(died 1289)
71:Predecessor
66:1226 – 1270
1942:Categories
1786:Leo II (I)
1780:Roupen III
1617:Vramshapuh
1612:Khosrov IV
1602:Arshak III
1562:Khosrov II
1434:Tigranes V
1365:Tigranes I
1355:Artaxias I
1337:Orontes IV
1327:Arsames II
1307:Orontes II
1291:336 BC–428
1235:1226–1270
1187:Hethum Bio
1068:0700714529
916:References
716:Grousset,
535:Retirement
514:apocryphal
471:Asia Minor
432:Iron Gates
424:Asia Minor
397:suzerainty
389:Cappadocia
1849:Hethum II
1834:Hethum II
1824:Hethum II
1806:Hethumids
1768:Roupen II
1762:Thoros II
1676:Ashot III
1646:Bagratids
1622:Khosrov V
1587:Arshak II
1542:Khosrov I
1347:Artaxiads
1288:Antiquity
1203:Hethum I
971:(1969) .
852:(2nd ed.)
490:Crusaders
459:Samarkand
342:Karakorum
243:, in his
233:Karakorum
221:Hethumids
81:Successor
50:on a coin
1915:Lusignan
1874:Lusignan
1839:Smbat IV
1814:Hethum I
1792:Isabella
1782:(prince)
1776:(prince)
1770:(prince)
1764:(prince)
1758:(prince)
1752:(prince)
1746:(prince)
1744:Thoros I
1740:(prince)
1734:(prince)
1732:Roupen I
1724:Rubenids
1701:Gagik II
1696:Ashot IV
1681:Smbat II
1666:Ashot II
1649:884–1045
1597:Varazdat
1532:Sohaemus
1522:Sohaemus
1507:Axidares
1502:Sanatruk
1489:Arsacids
1449:Arshak I
1299:Orontids
1224:Isabella
1190:Archived
1143:37577195
1079:(1935).
951:(1911).
925:(1995).
908:, p. 253
502:Damascus
420:Mongolia
237:Mongolia
201:Armenian
197:Hethum I
143:Euphemia
132:Isabella
95:Isabella
91:Co-ruler
75:Isabella
35:Ő€ŐĄŐ©Ő¸Ö‚Ő´ Ô±
33:Hethum I
1854:Leo III
1711:Cilicia
1686:Gagik I
1661:Smbat I
1656:Ashot I
1439:Vonones
1322:Arsames
893:Baybars
876:Baalbek
829:, p.307
577:Baybars
545:Baybars
541:Mamluks
521:Mamluks
510:Kitbuqa
496:at the
486:Baghdad
436:Derbent
412:Seljuks
393:Cilicia
385:Kösedağ
378:sultan
348:, 1307.
297:Sibylla
291:Mamluks
253:Mamluks
249:Mongols
213:Lampron
189:Lampron
163:Dynasty
148:Sybille
1892:Neghir
1864:Leo IV
1829:Thoros
1819:Leo II
1796:Philip
1794:&
1671:Abas I
1627:Shapur
1557:Narseh
1459:Orodes
1406:&
1392:&
1332:Xerxes
1241:Leo II
1160:
1141:
1124:
1114:
1087:
1065:
1049:
1031:
1012:
993:
937:
882:, p.31
790:
734:p.55).
718:Empire
700:
618:
563:, and
561:Tarsus
543:under
494:Hulagu
463:Persia
401:Sempad
376:Seljuq
374:, the
327:Vasak.
324:Rouben
280:Leo II
263:Family
184:Mother
174:Father
157:Thoros
154:Leo II
128:Spouse
85:Leo II
1923:Leo V
1859:Oshin
1756:Leo I
1582:Tiran
1408:Erato
1394:Erato
1317:Sames
1126:90972
975:. In
586:Notes
557:Adana
467:Baiju
405:GĂĽyĂĽk
368:Baiju
217:Leo I
145:Maria
139:Issue
63:Reign
1774:Mleh
1158:ISBN
1139:OCLC
1122:OCLC
1112:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1010:ISBN
991:ISBN
935:ISBN
788:ISBN
698:ISBN
616:ISBN
565:Ayas
428:Kars
391:and
151:Rita
116:Died
111:1213
108:Born
1592:Pap
569:Sis
553:Leo
434:of
1944::
1120:.
1110:.
979:;
957:.
820:^
678:,
647:^
630:^
559:,
516:.
477:.
309:,
235:,
1272:e
1265:t
1258:v
1175:.
1166:.
1145:.
1128:.
1093:.
1071:.
1053:.
1037:.
1018:.
999:.
943:.
706:.
624:.
199:(
20:)
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