Baalbek - Knowledge

4015: 3943: 1275: 4073: 3979: 2111: 3955: 3967: 1144: 4046: 4031: 1152: 4061: 2373: 1704: 3991: 2534: 72: 10684: 2262: 8469: 9251: 9669: 4003: 3919: 8477: 1718: 9343: 9735: 2721:: it lies unused in a nearby quarry 800 m (2,600 ft) from the town. Its weight, often exaggerated, is estimated at 1,000 tonnes (1,100 tons). A fifth, still larger stone weighing approximately 1,200 tonnes (1,300 tons) lies in the same quarry. This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex, so no lifting was required to move the stones. Through the foundation there run three enormous passages the size of railway tunnels. 3893: 12055: 3906: 141: 3387:) with significant continental influences. It is located in one of the drier regions of the country, giving it an annual average of 450 millimetres or 18 inches of rainfall compared with 800 to 850 millimetres (31 to 33 in) in coastal areas, overwhelmingly concentrated in the months from November to April. Baalbek has hot rainless summers with cool (and occasionally snowy) winters. Autumn and spring are mild and fairly rainy. 3810: 2853: 59: 3880: 3867: 12048: 2165:

from various quarters as well as Zahlé's growing commercial attractiveness accounted for Baalbek's decline in the eighteenth century. What repression there was did not always target the Christian community per se. The Shiite 'Usayran family, for example, is also said to have left Baalbek in this period to avoid expropriation by the Harfushes, establishing itself as one of the premier commercial households of

79: 2649: 3093:-like strengthening of the southern entrance to around 1240. Qalawun relocated the two western curtains nearer to the western tower, which was rebuilt with great blocks of stone. The barbican was repaired and more turns added to its approach. From around 1300, no alterations were made to the fortifications apart from repairs such as Sultan 2738:) or Portico, consisting of a broad staircase rising 20 feet (6.1 m) to an arcade of 12 columns flanked by 2 towers. Most of the columns have been toppled and the stairs were entirely dismantled for use in the nearby later wall, but a Latin inscription remains on several of their bases stating that Longinus, a lifeguard of the 2018:. The generosity quieted unrest among Saladin's vassals through the rest of his reign but led his enemies to attempt to take advantage of his presumed weakness. He did not permit Turan Shah to retain Baalbek very long, though, instructing him to lead the Egyptian troops returning home in 1179 and appointing him to a sinecure in 2604:, just south of Baalbek, and by the subsequent attack on the car leaving the scene for the hospital. On 14 August just before the ceasefire took effect, two Lebanese police and five Lebanese soldiers were killed by a drone strike while driving their van around the still-damaged road through Jamaliyeh. 4202:

Daniel Lohmann wrote that, "due to the lack of remains of temple architecture, it can be assumed that the temple this terrace was built for was never completed or entirely destroyed before any new construction started..." "The unfinished pre-Roman sanctuary construction was incorporated into a master

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on the old road to Damascus, is built out of granite columns, apparently removed from Baalbek. Further, the jointed columns were once banded together with iron; many were gouged open or toppled by the emirs of Damascus to get at the metal. As late as the 16th century, the Temple of Jupiter still held

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was ignored on behalf of an existing treaty with Saladin. The siege was maintained peacefully through the snows of winter, with Saladin waiting for the "foolish" commander and his garrison of "ignorant scum" to come to terms. Sometime in spring, Ibn al-Muqaddam yielded and Saladin accepted his terms,

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community. In his speech he referred to Baalbek's lack of a secondary school and the state of local irrigation compared to the Roman era. His audience included several thousand armed men and the start of the event was delayed due to celebratory gunfire. He also announced the setting up of military

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on account of the Harfushes' oppression and rapacity, but more critical studies have questioned this interpretation, pointing out that the Harfushes were closely allied to the Orthodox Ma'luf family of Zahlé (where indeed Mustafa Harfush took refuge some years later) and showing that depredations

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were not capable of lifting stones this heavy. They may have simply been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry or multiple cranes may have been used in combination. They may also have alternated sides a little at a time, filling in supports underneath each time. The

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Conservation work at Lebanon's historic sites began in October. The ruins at Baalbek were not directly hit but the effects of blasts during the conflict toppled a block of stones at the Roman ruins and existing cracks in the temples of Jupiter and Bacchus were feared to have widened. Frederique

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and his wife passed through Baalbek on 1 November 1898, on their way to Jerusalem. He noted both the magnificence of the Roman remains and the drab condition of the modern settlement. It was expected at the time that natural disasters, winter frosts, and the raiding of building materials by the

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in 1984. When the committee inscribed the site, it expressed the wish that the protected area include the entire town within the Arab walls, as well as the southwestern extramural quarter between Bastan-al-Khan, the Roman site and the Mameluk mosque of Ras-al-Ain. Lebanon's representative gave

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was describing the city's "large and strong fortress". The revived settlement was again destroyed by a flood on 10 May 1318, when water from the east and northeast made holes 30 m (98 ft) wide in walls 4 m (13 ft) thick. 194 people were killed and 1500 houses, 131 shops, 44

3209:(1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Ecuador (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Peru and Bolivia (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Venezuela (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), 3077:. This includes the great southeast tower. The earliest round of fortifications were two walls to the southwest of the Temples of Jupiter and Bacchus. The original southern gateway with two small towers was filled in and replaced by a new large tower flanked by curtains, probably under 4014: 1943:. In 1171, these captives successfully overpowered their guards and took possession of the castle from its garrison. Muslims from the surrounding area gathered, however, and entered the castle through a secret passageway shown to them by a local. The Crusaders were then massacred. 2000:

for neglecting his duties in Damascus, however, he demanded his childhood home of Baalbek as compensation. Ibn al-Muqaddam did not consent and Saladin opted to invest the city in late 1178 to maintain peace within his own family. An attempt to pledge fealty to the Christians at

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radio station's offices in a four-storey building in Baalbek which was completely demolished. The attacks also hit Beirut's power stations and bridges on the roads to the south. An estimated $ 52 million damage was caused. Eleven Lebanese were killed as well as two Israelis in

2800:, and three underground passageways 17 ft (5.2 m) wide by 30 ft (9.1 m) high, two of which run east and west and the third connecting them north and south, all bearing inscriptions suggesting their occupation by Roman soldiers. These were surrounded by 2961:. The temple is surrounded by forty-two columns—8 along each end and 15 along each side—nearly 20 m (66 ft) in height. These were probably erected in a rough state and then rounded, polished, and decorated in position. The entrance was preserved as late as 2956:

in the 190s, as his coins are the first to show it beside the Temple of Jupiter. It is the best preserved of the sanctuary's structures, as the other rubble from its ruins protected it. It is enriched by some of the most refined reliefs and sculpture to survive from

2364:. The stone was found underneath and next to the Stone of the Pregnant Woman ("Hajjar al-Hibla") and measures around 19.6 m × 6 m × 5.5 m (64 ft × 20 ft × 18 ft). It is estimated to weigh 1,650 tonnes (1,820 tons). 8826:

Travels along the Mediterranean, and Parts Adjacent; in Company with the Earl of Belmore, during the Years 1816–17–18: Extending as far as the Second Cataract of the Nile, Jerusalem, Damascus, Balbec, &c. &c. Illustrated by Plans and other Engravings,

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hyperbolised "No ruins of antiquity have attracted more attention than those of Heliopolis, or been more frequently or accurately measured and described." Misunderstanding the temple of Bacchus as the "Temple of the Sun", they considered it the best-preserved

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and stepfather of Mahmud, besieged Baalbek with 14 catapults. The outer city held until 10 October and the citadel until the 21st, when Unur surrendered upon a promise of safe passage. In December, Zengi negotiated with Muhammad, offering to trade Baalbek or

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Travel of Marshal Marmont, the Duke of Ragusa, in Hungary, in Transylvania, within Southern Russia, in the Crimea, and on the Shores of the Sea of Azov, to Constantinople, within Certain Parts of Asia Minor, in Syria, in Palestine, and in Egypt (1834–1835),

3942: 1764: 16), either peacefully and by agreement or following a heroic defense and yielding 2,000 oz (57 kg) of gold, 4,000 oz (110 kg) of silver, 2000 silk vests, and 1000 swords. The ruined temple complex was fortified under the name 3017:

for the medieval Arab and Turkish fortifications, although its eastern steps were lost sometime after 1688. Much of the portico was incorporated into a huge wall directly before its gate, but this was demolished in July 1870 by Barker on orders from

2596:. The hospital had been empty for four days, the most unwell patients having been transferred and the rest sent home. No Israelis were killed; Five civilians were abducted and interrogated by the Israelis, presumably because one shared his name with 3813: 8178:

The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by Order of the British Government, in the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837; Preceded by Geographical and Historical Notices of the Regions Situated between the Rivers Nile and

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plan of monumentalisation. Apparently challenged by the already huge pre-Roman construction, the early imperial Jupiter sanctuary shows both an architectural megalomaniac design and construction technique in the first half of the first century AD."

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twice. The first time, he requested a written reply to his sealed and unopened question; he was favorably impressed by the god's blank reply as his own paper had been empty. He then inquired whether he would return alive from his wars against

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Voyage en Syrie et en Égypte, Pendant les anneés 1783, 1784, & 1785, avec deux Cartes Géographiques & deux Planches gravées, représentant les ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, & celles de la ville de Palmyre dans le Désert de

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Voyage du Maréchal Duc de Raguse en Hongrie, en Transylvanie, dans la Russie Méridionale, en Grimée, et sur les Bords de la Mer d'Azoff, a Constantinople, dans Quelques Parties de l'Asie-Mineure, en Syrie, en Palestine, et en Égypte.

1798:, it was said to have "gates of palaces sculptured in marble and lofty columns also of marble" and that it was the most "stupendous" and "considerable" location in the whole of Syria. It was sacked and razed by the Byzantines under 2240:

occupied the area in 1831, after which it again passed into the hands of the Harfushes. In 1835, the town's population was barely 200 people. In 1850, the Ottomans finally began direct administration of the area, making Baalbek a

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In the modern era, Baalbek is a relatively small city that enjoys economic advantages as a sought-after tourist destination. However, the tourism sector has encountered challenges due to conflicts in Lebanon, particularly the

2506:. The following year the Iranians established their headquarters in the Sheikh Abdullah barracks in Baalbek. Ultimately there were between 1,500 and 2,000 Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon, with outposts further south in the 2337:

assurances that the committee's wish would be honoured. Recent cleaning operations at the Temple of Jupiter discovered the deep trench at its edge, whose study pushed back the date of Tell Baalbek's settlement to the

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blocks, a process which he theorised could use 512 workers to move a 557 tonnes (614 tons) block. "Baalbek, with its colossal structures, is one of the finest examples of Imperial Roman architecture at its apogee",

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Nelles Guide Syria – Lebanon -Wolfgang Gockel, Helga Bruns – 1998 – Page 202 3886181057 "Ensconced under a white dome further towards town are the mortal remains of Kholat, daughter of Hussein and granddaughter

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The ancient walls of Heliopolis had a circumference of a little less than 4 mi (6 km). Much of the extant fortifications around the complex date to the 13th century reconstruction undertaken by the

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Travel in Syria and Egypt, during the Years 1783, 1784, & 1785, with two maps & two engravings, showing the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Baalbek & those of the city of Palmyra in the Syrian

1669:, attempted to have himself martyred by disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion. It became the seat of its own bishop as well. Under the reign of 2688:

The complex is located on an immense raised plaza erected 5 m (16 ft) over an earlier T-shaped base consisting of a podium, staircase, and foundation walls. These walls were built from about 24

2864:—lay at the western end of the Great Court, raised another 7 m (23 ft) on a 47.7 m × 87.75 m (156.5 ft × 287.9 ft) platform reached by a wide staircase. Under the 2291:

and his associates worked until 1904 and produced a meticulously researched and thoroughly illustrated series of volumes. Later excavations under the Roman flagstones in the Great Court unearthed three

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replaced that era's southwest tower with one of his own in 1213 and built another in the northwest in 1224; the west tower was probably strengthened around the same time. An inscription dates the

2872:" from the three massive stones in its foundation and, when taken together with the forecourt and Great Court, it is also known as the Great Temple. The Temple of Jupiter proper was circled by a 9135:

The Lands of the Bible Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy,

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Husseini, director-general of Lebanon's Department of Antiquities, requested $ 550,000 from Europeans to restore Baalbek's souk and another $ 900,000 for repairs to other damaged structures.

2900:. Three fell during the late 18th century. 6 columns, however, remain standing along its south side with their entablature. Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side, while the 7619:

Michel M. Alouf -History of Baalbek 1922 "After the defeat and murder of Hossein by the Ommiads, his family was led captive to Damascus; but Kholat died at Baalbek on her way into exile."

2085:, defeated the Mongols and placed Baalbek under the rule of their emir in Damascus. Most of the city's still-extant fine mosque and fortress architecture dates to the reign of the sultan 1920:

in 1154 after Ayyub had successfully intrigued against Abaq from his estates near Baalbek. Ayyub then administered the area from Damascus on Nur ad-Din's behalf. In the mid-12th century,

8987: 2236:, in the last half of the 18th century. All the same, Baalbek remained no destination for a traveller unaccompanied by an armed guard. Upon the pasha's death in 1804, chaos ensued until 2912:

blocks weigh up to 60 tonnes (66 tons) each, and one corner block over 100 tonnes (110 tons), all of them raised to a height of 19 m (62.34 ft) above the ground. Individual

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city's residents would shortly ruin the remaining ruins. The archaeological team he dispatched began work within a month. Despite finding nothing they could date prior to Baalbek's

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S. Ephraemi Syri Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni Balaei Aliorumque Opera Selecta e Codicibus Syriacis Manuscriptis in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana Asservatis Primus Edidit

8528:"'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem" 12521: 1514:, but it is uncertain how reliable his account is on the point.) By that time, the complex housed three temples on Tell Baalbek: one to Jupiter Heliopolitanus (Baʿal), one to 7958:(1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes" [About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths]. 7739: 1635:, though not yet a Christian, demolished the goddess' temple, raised a basilica in its place, and outlawed the locals' ancient custom of prostituting women before marriage. 2693:, at their lowest level weighing approximately 300 tonnes (330 tons) each. The tallest retaining wall, on the west, has a second course of monoliths containing the famous " 3218: 1946:

Three major earthquakes occurred in the 12th century, in 1139, 1157, and 1170. The one in 1170 ruined Baalbek's walls and, though Nur ad-Din repaired them, his young heir

2989:'s famed inscription of an eagle, which was entirely covered by the keystone's supporting column. The area around the inscription of the eagle was greatly damaged by the 4060: 745:. The importance of the solar cult is also attested in the name Biḳāʿ al-ʿAzīz borne by the plateau surrounding Baalbek, as it references an earlier solar deity named 494: 9723: 9240: 517:

and modern periods. The city is known for the ruins of the Baalbek temple complex from the Roman period, housing two of the largest and grandest Roman temples: the

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considered it the "gem of Baalbek". It lies about 150 yd (140 m) from the southeast corner of the Temple of Bacchus. It was known in the 19th century as

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in 1941 but colonial rule continued until 1943. Baalbek still has its railway station but service has been discontinued since the 1970s, originally owing to the

8802: 4286: 1128: 1862: 4358: 1877: 5570: 7706: 3302: 764:. Some of the best-preserved Roman ruins in Lebanon are located here, including one of the largest temples of the Roman empire. The gods worshipped there ( 4716:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 45–46. 4370:"Current survey and interpretation, show that a pre-Roman floor level about 5 m lower than the late Great Roman Courtyard floor existed underneath". 1909: 2158:. Like the Hamadas, the Harfush emirs were involved on more than one occasion in the selection of Church officials and the running of local monasteries. 1368:

and stalks of grain in his left; its image appeared on local coinage and it was borne through the streets during several festivals throughout the year.

1263:, the "Ten Cities" of Coelesyria, while the 2nd-century Ptolemy did. The population likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the 11811: 7149: 1984:

from the west in the summer, suffering a slight defeat at Ibn al-Muqaddam's hands. He was then joined by the main army, riding north under Baldwin and

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Immediately behind the Propylaeum is a hexagonal forecourt reached through a threefold entrance that was added in the mid-3rd century by the emperor

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Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith, Vol. III

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orchards, 17 ovens, 11 mills, and 4 aqueducts were ruined, along with the town's mosque and 13 other religious and educational buildings. In 1400,

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Genz, Hermann (2010). "Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon". In Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro (eds.).

4899: 3347:(Italy) (1960.07.12 – 1962.01.01), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Benevento (1962.01.01 – 1982.05.24); previously Titular Archbishop of 3001:

or sanctuary on a platform raised 5 ft (2 m) above it and fronted by 13 steps. The screen between the two sections once held reliefs of

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7.08 m (23.2 ft) high. Six remain standing, out of an original 128. Inscriptions attest that the court was once adorned by portraits of

11310: 6768: 3042: 1898: 2600:, the secretary general of Hezbollah; they were released on August 21. Another 9 civilians were killed on 7 August by a strike in the middle of 9015: 8858:

Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852 by E. Robinson, E. Smith, and Others

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Les observations de plusieurs singularitez & choses memorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, & autres pays estranges

4045: 3255: 2831: 103: 1643:. The enraged locals responded by raping and torturing Christian virgins. They reacted violently again under the freedom permitted to them by 12486: 9716: 9233: 8675: 4334: 3156: 2490:'s acceptance of the American plan to evacuate Palestinians from West Beirut. A large number of dissidents, led by Amal's military commander 1050:

priests. The settlement's religious, commercial, and strategic importance was minor enough, however, that it is never mentioned in any known

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Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, "Sapienza", Università di Roma

4030: 12541: 10666: 2713:): a row of three stones, each over 19 m (62 ft) long, 4.3 m (14 ft) high, and 3.6 m (12 ft) broad, cut from 4737: 2478:

training camps to train villagers in southern Lebanon to protect their homes from Israeli attacks. These camps led to the creation of the

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for Damascus, but Unur convinced the atabeg to refuse. Zengi strengthened its fortifications and bestowed the territory on his lieutenant

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and says the bearers were the principal citizens of the town, who prepared for their role with abstinence, chastity, and shaved heads. In

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in AD 215; inscriptions in their honour at the site may date from that occasion; Julia was a Syrian native whose father had been an

1173: 7900: 4354: 2807:, one of which was never completed. The columns' bases and capitals were of limestone; the shafts were monoliths of highly polished red 2660:

The Tell Baalbek temple complex, fortified as the town's citadel during the Middle Ages, was constructed from local stone, mostly white

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Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades

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Observations on the Many Singularities & Memorable Things Found in Greece, Asia, Judea, Egypt, Arabia, & Other Strange Lands

4212:"It is apparent from a graffito on one of the columns of the Temple of Jupiter that that building was nearing completion in 60 A.D." 3179:, promoted back in 1932, with its name changed (avoiding Egyptian confusion) in 1933 to (non-Metropolitan) Titular archbishopric of 12496: 12491: 9709: 9226: 8599: 8309: 4342: 3328:) (1922.05.17 – 1931.03.30) succeeding as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1931.03.30 – 1940.02.03), Metropolitan Archbishop of 1023:), shows signs of almost continual habitation over the last 8–9000 years. It was well-watered both from a stream running from the 12481: 10659: 9294: 3344: 3313: 1651:

were banished to it as a special punishment. The Temple of Jupiter, already greatly damaged by earthquakes, was demolished under

1341:". The present Temple of Jupiter presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation; it was constructed during the mid- 8637:

Lohmann, Daniel (2010). "Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis".

1693:(560s & 570s), and, up to the time of its conquest by the Muslims, it was renowned for its palaces, monuments, and gardens. 11804: 7745: 6090: 6009: 2643: 1611:) repeatedly execrated the practices of the local pagans in their worship of the Heliopolitan Venus. In AD 297, the actor 6385: 6052: 3954: 1274: 9310: 9159: 9119: 9060: 8508: 8458: 8388: 8340: 8050: 7991: 7828: 7022: 4969: 4721: 3770: 3352: 2838:

was richly decorated but is now mostly ruined. A westward-facing basilica was constructed over the altar during the reign of

2361: 1955: 538: 514: 6794: 6125: 5601: 2880:: 10 in front and back and 19 along each side. The temple was ruined by earthquakes, destroyed and pillaged for stone under 2066:, seized Damascus and demanded Baalbek's surrender. Instead, its emir did homage and agreed to regular payments of tribute. 12511: 9198: 7236: 5079: 4098: 3312:

Titular Archbishop: Daniel Rivero Rivero (1951 – death 1960.05.23) (born Bolivia) on emeritate, formerly Titular Bishop of

2470: 1893:. Upon Zengi's assassination in 1146, Ayyub surrendered the territory to Unur, who was acting as regent for Muhammad's son 8585: 8472:[Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek] (in German). Berlin: 6285: 2160:

Tradition holds that many Christians quit the Baalbek region in the eighteenth century for the newer, more secure town of

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Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government during the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837

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VICTORIIS D. N. ANTONINI PII FEL. AVG. ET IVLIÆ AVG. MATRIS D. N. CAST. SENAT. PATR., AVR. ANT. LONGINVS SPECVL. LEG. I.

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of Christian and Muslim lords, and the reuse of the temples' stone for fortification and other construction. The nearby

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record, unless under another name. Its enviable position in a fertile valley, major watershed, and along the route from

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in 748, at which time it was dismantled and largely depopulated. It formed part of the district of Damascus under the

11797: 8932: 8894: 8665: 8627: 8409: 8364: 8162: 8078: 8029: 6998: 4691: 4322: 3355:(Italy) (1950.05.06 – 1952.07.10), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto (Italy) (1952.07.10 – 1960.07.12) 8007:

Damascus and Palmyra: A Journey to the East with a Sketch of the State and Prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha,

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and granddaughter of Ali, who died in Baalbek while Husayn's family was being transported as prisoners to Damascus.

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Remembrances, Impressions, Thoughts, and Passages concerning Travel in the Orient 1832–1833 or Notes from a Voyager

6771:. Austin: Center for American Architecture & Design, University of Texas School of Architecture. Archived from 4002: 3191: 3023: 2765:. Traces remain of the two series of columns which once encircled it, but its original function remains uncertain. 2031: 1661:

states he was also responsible for destroying all the lesser temples and shrines of the city. Around the year 400,

1600: 1491: 1223:, during which time it hosted a Roman garrison. From 15 BC to AD 193, it formed part of the territory of 7432: 3380: 12526: 11495: 9840: 8473: 8139:

Bouckaert, Peter; Houry, Nadim (2007). Whitson, Sarah Leah; Ross, James; Saunders, Joseph; Roth, Kenneth (eds.).

7758: 7749: 6141: 5817: 5296: 4093: 3226: 2459: 2353: 71: 7714: 7371: 10595: 9325: 8439: 7945: 7922: 6215: 2473:" in front of a rally in Baalbek attended by 75,000 men. Its objective was to stand up for Lebanon's neglected 2233: 2035: 792:. Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples, which differ from classic Roman design. 7592: 7552: 7536: 7505: 7489: 7473: 7448: 7403: 7387: 7300: 7273: 6929: 6338: 6250: 6178: 5750: 2780:

The rectangular Great Court to its west covers around 3 or 4 acres (1.2 or 1.6 ha) and included the main

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Titular Archbishop: Luigi Poggi (1876.09.29 – death 1877.01.22) on emeritate (promoted) as former Bishop of

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and other sources claimed the IDF was attempting to capture senior Hezbollah officials, particularly Sheikh

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Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples

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Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples

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Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensées, et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient 1832–1833 ou Notes d'un Voyageur

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Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999). "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon) ".

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Material from the ruins is incorporated into a ruined mosque north of downtown and probably also in the

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or simply called the "Great God of Heliopolis", but the name may refer to the Egyptians' association of

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for "Sun City"). The city flourished under Roman rule. However, it underwent transformations during the

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in 379 and replaced by another basilica (now lost), using stones scavenged from the pagan complex. The

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Baalbek has a history that dates back at least 11,000 years, encompassing significant periods such as

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and his dolphin, and other marine figures but these have been lost. The temple was used as a kind of

2966: 2194: 2186: 2026:, whose family ruled it for the next half-century. When Farrukh Shah died three years later, his son 1803: 1143: 742: 437: 8962: 8298:

Travel around the Dead Sea and within the Biblical Lands undertaken from December 1850 to April 1851

2051: 1924:

mentioned Baalbek's two temples and the legend of their origin under Solomon; it was visited by the

11545: 9925: 9900: 9129: 8768: 7010: 6332: 6135: 6119: 4350: 4108: 3804: 3746: 1947: 1858: 1853:. Upon Buri's succession to Damascus on his father's death in 1128, he granted the area to his son 1408: 317: 8788: 8140: 2717:. They weigh approximately 800 tonnes (880 tons) each. A fourth, still larger stone is called the 1857:. After Buri's murder, Muhammad successfully defended himself against the attacks of his brothers 1430:

shows a similar arrangement but enlarges Mercury into a full figure. Local cults also revered the

1151: 12249: 12129: 9589: 9044:] (in French). Lyons: Jean de Tournes (Ian de Tournes) & Guillaume Gazeau (Guil. Gazeav). 8705: 7870: 5546: 5528: 4395:

The inscriptions were distinct in the 18th century but becoming illegible by the end of the 19th:

3774: 3298: 2970: 2918: 2635: 2448: 1969: 1795: 1458:

site, whence the cult spread far afield, with inscriptions to the Heliopolitan god discovered in

1415: 1384: 445: 153: 8293:

Voyage Autour de la Mer Morte et dans les Terres Bibliques exécuté de Decembre 1850 a Avril 1851

12093: 11380: 10585: 10210: 9739: 9409: 9376: 8424: 8199: 8172: 7933: 7853: 6103: 5993: 5708: 4380: 4326: 3817: 3764: 2585: 2557: 2237: 1977: 1954:

by a 4-month siege in 1174. Having taken control of Damascus on the invitation of its governor

1495: 1342: 1327: 1317: 1248: 1160: 1156: 1035: 865: 645: 633: 592: 506: 441: 402: 9340: 8420: 7910: 7814: 7803: 7607: 7571: 7518: 7499: 7426: 7397: 7381: 7294: 6425: 6351: 6300: 6279: 6263: 6228: 6151: 6084: 6065: 5784: 5478: 5391: 5334: 5261: 5245: 5105: 5021: 4936: 3144:) was a bishopric under Roman and Byzantine rule, but it disappeared due to the Islamic rule. 2913: 11254: 10701: 10490: 10485: 10245: 10240: 10120: 9790: 9207: 9133: 8784: 8701: 8088: 6881: 6370: 6316: 6244: 6209: 6193: 6172: 5907: 5763: 5073: 5056: 4330: 4294: 4270: 4173:

The Egyptian priests' claims that Heliopolis represented a direct descendant of Ra's cult at

3376: 3363: 3232:

Titular Archbishop: Augustinus Accoramboni (1896.06.22 – death 1899.05.17), without prelature

3210: 3172: 3054: 3038: 2432: 2385: 2315:

made a brief study suggesting most of the large blocks could have been moved on rollers with

2030:

was only a child but he was permitted his inheritance and ruled til 1230. He was followed by

2019: 1854: 1632: 826: 746: 588: 526: 464: 449: 258: 8568: 8470:"Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek" 8333:

Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East

8125: 4683: 4677: 3844: 2560:

soldiers raided Baalbek and the Dar al-Hikma or Hikmeh Hospital in Jamaliyeh to its north ("

2517:

On 24/25 June 1999, following elections in Israel and the new administration undecided, the

2372: 1908:

as a reprisal for its role in a Turcoman raid on Banyas. Following Ata's murder, his nephew

1094:

was located at the hill's precise summit and the rest of the sanctuary raised to its level.

11490: 11320: 11195: 10851: 10760: 10610: 9990: 9690: 8587:

Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500

8214: 7885: 7849: 7546: 7483: 7467: 7442: 7317: 6001: 5980: 5949: 5843: 5827: 5811: 5728: 4963: 4889: 3340: 2819: 2777:

grove, but better specimens show that the coins displayed a single stalk of grain instead.

2766: 2499: 2177: 2055: 2002: 1985: 1976:, came of age the next year, ending the Crusaders' treaty with Saladin. His former regent, 1869: 1604: 1338: 1313: 1268: 957: 926: 777: 675: 621: 268: 165: 11510: 9342: 8503:, Vol. I. Leiden: translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill. 5121: 4630: 2193:

included carefully measured engravings that proved influential on British and Continental

8: 11045: 10515: 10500: 10295: 10235: 9500: 9254: 8679: 7813:

K., T. (2010). "Baalbek". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.).

5744: 5593: 4290: 4190: 2958: 2751: 2739: 2357: 2333: 2077:

took Baalbek in 1260 and dismantled its fortifications. Later in the same year, however,

1689:

claimed the golden idol of Heliopolitan Jupiter was still to be seen during the reign of

1644: 1527: 1515: 1404: 1299: 1169: 977: 914: 765: 757: 683: 641: 285: 8117:

On the Admirableness of the Works of the Ancients and a Presentation of Suspected Things

4785:"IDF strikes Hezbollah stronghold deep in Lebanon; 100 rockets fired at northern Israel" 1775: 1619:; his public profession of faith provoked the audience to drag him from the theater and 448:. The town is known for its historical sites and tourist attractions, including several 11928: 11910: 11874: 11846: 11434: 11065: 10681: 10540: 9850: 9546: 9218: 9090: 9007: 8950: 8886: 8657: 8257: 8249: 8224: 8154:

Early Eastern Christianity: St Margaret's Lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking Church

8001: 7890: 7794: 7071: 5564: 4338: 3832: 3294: 3275: 3271: 3202: 2538: 2452: 2320: 2272: 2216:

During the 18th century, the western approaches were covered with attractive groves of

2173: 1929: 1921: 1834: 1703: 1686: 1523: 1071: 1067: 1006: 946: 781: 750: 665: 605: 534: 472: 8191: 8186: 12269: 12225: 12109: 12083: 11946: 11681: 11564: 10984: 10892: 10856: 10570: 10330: 10325: 10255: 9795: 9115: 9056: 9031: 8938: 8928: 8890: 8725: 8661: 8623: 8514: 8504: 8454: 8405: 8384: 8360: 8336: 8319: 8261: 8158: 8074: 8046: 8025: 7987: 7941: 7918: 7824: 7763: 7639: 7018: 6994: 4717: 4687: 4618: 4278: 4222: 3923: 3336: 3259: 3176: 3082: 3078: 3034: 2953: 2949: 2877: 2846: 2823: 2747: 2623: 2589: 2577: 2533: 2518: 2376:

A detail from a 1911 map of Turkey in Asia, showing Baalbek's former rail connections

2297: 1973: 1894: 1886: 1873: 1850: 1838: 1815: 1753: 1628: 1608: 1563: 1479: 1334: 1292: 1098: 869: 769: 625: 574: 518: 453: 239: 3026:. Two spiral staircases in columns on either side of the entrance lead to the roof. 12220: 12159: 12088: 11652: 11601: 11525: 11136: 10776: 10575: 10195: 10185: 10125: 10080: 10035: 9965: 9935: 9915: 9640: 9630: 9615: 9610: 9346: 9182: 9107:

Baalbek: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905

8999: 8269: 8241: 7979: 7967: 7955: 7820: 5588: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5132: 4764:"Israel conducts air raid on Baalbek, Hezbollah stronghold in Lebanon, sources say" 4298: 3317: 3306: 3267: 3243: 3239: 3108:. In the 19th century, a "shell-topped canopy" from the ruins was used nearby as a 3070: 2865: 2801: 2597: 2494:

moved to Baalbek. Once established in the town the group, which was to evolve into

2483: 2312: 2070: 2063: 1940: 1842: 1807: 1799: 1750: 1674: 1666: 1657: 1427: 1381: 1281: 1278: 1240: 861: 845: 513:

and faced a series of earthquakes, resulting in a decline in importance during the

336: 170: 8777:

Observations on Palæstine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia

4037: 4020:

An 1873 German map of Asia Minor & Syria, with relief illustrating the Beqaa (

3948:

The Round Temple and the Temple of the Muses located outside the sanctuary complex

3235:

Titular Archbishop: Robert John Seton (1903.06.22 – 1927.03.22), without prelature

12174: 12119: 11977: 11820: 11094: 11004: 10969: 10600: 10495: 10445: 10415: 10395: 10365: 10340: 10335: 10285: 10250: 10165: 9940: 9635: 9516: 9447: 9105: 9050: 8918: 8876: 8764: 8721: 8647: 8617: 8494: 8448: 8399: 8378: 8354: 8273: 8176: 8152: 8110: 8092: 8061: 8040: 8019: 7880:, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 176–178 7805:

A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography

7784: 5605: 5598: 5541: 4903: 4471:

from visitors and for use of the olive oil lamps used to make vows to St Barbara.

4383: 4306: 4302: 4066:

The ruins of Baalbek facing west from the hexagonal forecourt in the 19th century

3792: 3359: 3222: 3214: 3175:

of Heliopolis (Latin) / Eliopoli (Curiate Italian), demoted in 1925 to Episcopal

2962: 2815: 2762: 2656:

excavations. (Facing SW, with the Temple of Jupiter labelled "Temple of the Sun")

2593: 2565: 2444: 2417: 2246: 2082: 1787: 1783: 1418:. In these statues, the bust of Mercury is made particularly prominent; a marble 1392: 1232: 1212: 1185: 1051: 1047: 1031: 903: 898: 853: 810: 725: 657: 617: 498: 413: 393: 20: 9211: 9074: 8988:"On the Rise and Fall of Canaanite Religion at Baalbek: A Tale of Five Toponyms" 5191: 4404:

ONINIANÆ CAPITA COLVMNARVM DVA ÆREA AVRO INLVMINATA SVA PECVNIA EX VOTO L. A. S.

2981:; a column of rough masonry was erected in the 1860s or '70s to support it. The 1746: 12347: 11859: 11747: 11429: 11365: 11315: 11279: 11225: 11035: 10897: 10630: 10565: 10545: 10480: 10450: 10400: 10380: 10375: 10355: 10345: 10320: 10200: 10160: 10070: 9960: 9810: 9620: 9579: 9490: 9462: 9427: 9284: 9269: 9035: 8558: 8374: 7075: 5186: 4052: 3758: 3148: 3129: 2885: 2698: 2653: 2491: 2393: 2288: 2284: 2261: 2198: 2145: 2133: 2129: 2059: 2047: 1841:, in 1083; after its recovery, it was ruled in the Seljuks' name by the eunuch 1678: 1511: 1459: 1284: 1264: 1189: 1112: 1027: 1014: 965: 930: 739: 705: 490: 10835: 5403: 5217: 5175: 4573:[West Baalbeck Municipalities Union] (in Arabic). 2013. Archived from 2668:. Over the years, it has suffered from the region's numerous earthquakes, the 1066:

should have made it a wealthy and splendid site from an early age. During the

12475: 12353: 12154: 11936: 11692: 11455: 11186: 11166: 11025: 11000: 10605: 10535: 10470: 10425: 10390: 10215: 9980: 9975: 9920: 9905: 9815: 9442: 9299: 9288: 9250: 8942: 8518: 8380:

A Dictionary of the Bible Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents

8350: 7895: 7657: 5229: 4187: 4186:

Commonly mistaken by European visitors to have been the one described in the

3786: 3740: 3654: 3286: 3198: 3019: 3002: 2770: 2527: 2503: 2413: 2389: 2279: 2197:. For example, details of the Temple of Bacchus's ceiling inspired a bed and 2125: 2102:

pillaged the town, and there was further destruction from a 1459 earthquake.

1791: 1734: 1522:. On a nearby hill, a fourth temple was dedicated to the third figure of the 1483: 1447: 1244: 1204: 1055: 1043: 562: 510: 479:

eras. After Alexander the Great conquered the city in 334 BCE, he renamed it

118: 105: 9668: 8119:] (in Latin). Paris (Parisius): Guillaume Cavellat (Gulielmus Cavellat). 7971: 4654: 2015: 1353: 12383: 12263: 12184: 11824: 11789: 11687: 11677: 11560: 11395: 11215: 11211: 10974: 10949: 10877: 10716: 10560: 10550: 10520: 10510: 10475: 10465: 10460: 10435: 10420: 10410: 10385: 10360: 10115: 10100: 10030: 10015: 10010: 10005: 9890: 9880: 9112:

Baalbek: Results of the Excavations and Surveys from the Years 1898 to 1905

8106: 5903: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5347: 5345: 5343: 4274: 4161: 3827: 3780: 3168: 3128:

Under a white dome further towards town is the tomb of Khawla, daughter of

3101: 3006: 2901: 2897: 2881: 2843: 2839: 2789: 2774: 2681:

27 standing columns out of an original 58; there were only nine before the

2673: 2479: 2466: 2229: 2182: 2155: 2141: 2023: 1981: 1913: 1826: 1726: 1682: 1652: 1636: 1568: 1499: 1463: 1373: 1303: 1197: 1193: 1083: 1059: 1010: 989: 942: 922: 754: 584: 554: 425: 417: 3171:, the Ancient diocese was only nominally restored (no later than 1876) as 2588:

was acting on information that Goldwasser and Regev were at the hospital.

2521:

launched two massive air raids across Lebanon. One of the targets was the

11987: 11892: 11854: 11647: 11459: 11080: 11070: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10620: 10555: 10525: 10455: 10405: 10225: 10155: 10055: 9805: 9597: 9574: 9485: 8920:

State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs, and Fallahun

7940:. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 1224–1225. 7904:, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–90 7232: 6990: 6982: 6798: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 5300: 4485: 3884: 3348: 3140:

Heliopolis (in Phoenicia; not to be confused with the Egyptian bishopric

2942: 2893: 2835: 2808: 2773:. Badly preserved coins of the era led some to believe this was a sacred 2755: 2569: 2487: 2440: 2421: 2228:, who again feuded with other Lebanese tribes. Their power was broken by 2217: 2202: 2027: 1993: 1670: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1535: 1400: 1365: 1208: 837: 609: 541:

since 2011. Today, the city is a stronghold of the militant organization

12431: 11416: 11284: 9011: 8818:(in Latin). Braniewo (Brunsberga): Georg Schönfels (Georgius Schonfels). 7869: 7260: 7258: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 5611: 5446: 5340: 4548: 4546: 12033: 12010: 11657: 11621: 11616: 11354: 10959: 10811: 10710: 10635: 10615: 10505: 10430: 10350: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10270: 10220: 10110: 10025: 9950: 9855: 9830: 9825: 9780: 9775: 9685: 8435: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 5504: 5502: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4454:

in the northwest corner remains partially sculpted and partially plain.

4414:

TIMI BAS AVG. LIB. CAPVT COLVMNÆ ÆNEUM AVRO INLVM VOTVM SVA PECVNIA L.

3836:(1911), the first English novel by an Arab-American, is set in Baalbek. 3086: 2905: 2797: 2793: 2669: 2416:—all traffic had to be unloaded and reloaded at Riyaq. Just before the 2349: 2210: 2137: 1997: 1989: 1717: 1648: 1593: 1559: 1486:. The Roman temple complex grew up from the early part of the reign of 1455: 1439: 1216: 1019: 981: 950: 938: 577: 8303:] (in French). Paris: J. Claye & Co. for Gide & J. Baudry. 8253: 6444: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4846: 2993:. The interior of the temple is divided into a 98 ft (30 m) 2576:

on 12 July 2006. They were transported by helicopter and supported by

12257: 12200: 11864: 11778: 11773: 11763: 11672: 11570: 11549: 11400: 11360: 11305: 11085: 10913: 10771: 10741: 10706: 10440: 10370: 10315: 10175: 10170: 10150: 10140: 10090: 10060: 10040: 9955: 9875: 9865: 9653: 9569: 9531: 9526: 9495: 9003: 8383:. Vol. IV, Pt. II. University Press of the Pacific in Honolulu. 8013:. Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins for E.L. Carey & A. Hart. 7255: 6874: 6020: 5887: 5740: 5703: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5272: 5270: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4257: 3927: 3918: 3290: 3030: 2925:

built the tower-altar opposite the temple. In the early 2nd century,

2873: 2869: 2827: 2785: 2725: 2714: 2709: 2694: 2573: 2495: 2436: 2341: 2305: 2293: 1936: 1846: 1779: 1690: 1612: 1577: 1555: 1531: 1369: 1361: 1260: 1256: 1039: 910: 789: 661: 613: 558: 542: 306: 249: 12054: 11555: 11514: 11010: 7917:. Vol. I (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 543–544. 5499: 5154: 4523: 4082:" in the early 20th century, the Temple of Jupiter in the background 2007: 12378: 12304: 12139: 12015: 12005: 11995: 11969: 11918: 11882: 11737: 11540: 11479: 11475: 11375: 11335: 11300: 11248: 11231: 11049: 11040: 10820: 10790: 10781: 10731: 10625: 10130: 10085: 10065: 9930: 9770: 9559: 9541: 9437: 9399: 9176: 8806: 8527: 8245: 8141:"Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War" 8112:

De Admirabili Operum Antiquorum et Rerum Suspiciendarum Praestantia

7577: 5523: 5051: 4468: 4464: 3305:(Turkey) (1945–1947) and Apostolic Delegate to Turkey (1945–1947), 3279: 3206: 3105: 3090: 2889: 2690: 2522: 2250: 2225: 2090: 2043: 2039: 2011: 1822: 1757: 1738: 1640: 1624: 1487: 1467: 1431: 1423: 1346: 1228: 1220: 1181: 985: 821: 637: 570: 11505: 11485: 10831: 10640: 5409: 5267: 5139: 4738:"Israeli Airstrike Hits Hezbollah Stronghold in Northeast Lebanon" 3809: 2161: 1435: 1307: 1075: 918: 687: 668: 12425: 12394: 12321: 12205: 12134: 12114: 12078: 11741: 11732: 11717: 11707: 11667: 11642: 11596: 11534: 11530: 11390: 11370: 11344: 11330: 11324: 11176: 11156: 11146: 11105: 11100: 11055: 11019: 11015: 10954: 10886: 10841: 10786: 10750: 10746: 10725: 10721: 10290: 10275: 10230: 10205: 10145: 10135: 10105: 10050: 10045: 10000: 9970: 9885: 9860: 9785: 9750: 9734: 9658: 9475: 9470: 9404: 9258: 8978:

A Thorough Description: The Places of Pilgrimage in the Holy Land

8795:

A Historical, Theological, and Moral Elucidation of the Holy Land

7015:

Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.

5871: 4768: 4447: 4253: 3897: 3325: 3293:(1936.03.07 – death 1950.09.18), mainly as papal diplomat : 3074: 3066: 2934: 2930: 2852: 2811: 2804: 2661: 2511: 2425: 2316: 2150: 2086: 2074: 1951: 1925: 1890: 1662: 1647:. The city was so noted for its hostility to the Christians that 1623:. In the early 4th century, the deacon Cyril defaced many of the 1620: 1616: 1551: 1519: 1503: 1411: 1396: 1357: 1330: 1320: 1224: 1102: 1079: 1063: 973: 969: 961: 841: 802: 773: 421: 146: 58: 12047: 9148:

The Shiite Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th–Mid-18th Century)

8906:

Linzer Archäologische Forschungen (Linz Archaeological Research)

8646:

Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, David Edward Pritchett (1982).

8401:

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260

6845: 6843: 6076: 6074: 4574: 2952:—once wrongly credited to Jupiter—may have been completed under 2038:, who received it in 1237 as compensation for being deprived of 1821:

In 1075, it was finally lost to the Fatimids on its conquest by

1639:

also credited him with ending the locals' continued practice of

12417: 12406: 12400: 12335: 12310: 12291: 12280: 12244: 12215: 12210: 12179: 12164: 12063: 12025: 11768: 11722: 11712: 11696: 11661: 11626: 11611: 11606: 11520: 11438: 11424: 11385: 11340: 11274: 11161: 11150: 11121: 10944: 10923: 10882: 10861: 10845: 10826: 10806: 10766: 10260: 10095: 9945: 9910: 9895: 9870: 9800: 9760: 9625: 9605: 9554: 9521: 9480: 9457: 9452: 9432: 9414: 9381: 9279: 9204: 8803:

Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Krzystof (Nicolaus Christophorus Radzivilus)

6878: 5855: 5559: 4430: 4426: 3910: 3905: 3892: 3250:(Pennsylvania, USA) (1929.04.26 – 1935.11.26), later Bishop of 3109: 3097:'s restoration of the moat in preparation for Timur's arrival. 3094: 3062: 3014: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2926: 2909: 2861: 2743: 2665: 2601: 2401: 2329: 2324: 1905: 1866: 1722: 1546: 1542: 1471: 1451: 1388: 1377: 1350: 1323: 1288: 1236: 649: 629: 468: 429: 254: 8973:

Gründtliche Beschreibung: Der Wallfart nach dem heyligen Lande

8208:. London: Spttiswoode & Co. for Longmans, Green, & Co. 7889: 7768: 7359: 7347: 6292: 6290: 6288: 4379:

The staircase is shown intact on a coin from the reign of the

3824:, and was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839. 2904:'s winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare. The 2541:. Baalbek was a major target, with more than 70 bombs dropped. 1778:") but was sacked with great violence by the Damascene caliph 12372: 12364: 12299: 12274: 12169: 12149: 12124: 12000: 11959: 11726: 11702: 11591: 11586: 11499: 11469: 11465: 11258: 11181: 11126: 11090: 11075: 11060: 11029: 10978: 10964: 10928: 10756: 10735: 10590: 10265: 9765: 9755: 9645: 9564: 9536: 9422: 9386: 8866:

Rowland, Benjamin Jr. (1956). "The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra".

8232:

Coulton, J.J. (1974). "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture".

8089:

Baumgarten, Martin von (Martinus à Baumgarten in Braitenbach)

6987:

The vanished Imam : Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon

6840: 3879: 3866: 3117: 3113: 3010: 2938: 2781: 2729: 2702: 2677: 2405: 2397: 2345: 2301: 2166: 2099: 2078: 1589: 1443: 1419: 1310: 1252: 1107: 1091: 785: 671: 599: 484: 345: 8882:

The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–run1187

8094:

Peregrinatio in Aegyptum, Arabiam, Palaestinam, & Syriam

7802:

Smith, William; Anthon, Charles, eds. (1862). "Heliopolis".

3186:

The title has not been assigned since 1965. It was held by:

2842:; it was later altered to make it eastward-facing like most 2648: 580:

discovered in the 1920s and a separate serpent incantation.

12388: 12329: 12144: 11350: 11264: 11190: 11171: 11131: 10918: 10020: 9995: 9985: 9835: 9820: 9505: 8790:

Historica, Theologica, et Moralis Terrae Sanctae Elucidatio

7688:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration".

7070:

Middle East International. No 603, 2 July 1999; Publishers

6013: 5680: 4174: 3972:

Remains of the Propylaeum, the eastern entrance to the site

3871: 3254:(USA) (1935.11.26 – 1937.01.05), restyled (only) Bishop of 2994: 2922: 2507: 2474: 2458:

The Roman ruins have been the setting for the long running

2420:, the population was still around 5000, about 2000 each of 2338: 2242: 2094: 1882: 1811: 1475: 679: 381: 372: 369: 354: 6958:

Ludvigsen, Børre (2008). "Lebanon: Railways: Riyaq–Homs".

6928:

Ludvigsen, Børre (2008). "Lebanon: Railways: Background".

4675: 3777:

scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer

2360:

discovered a sixth, much larger stone suggested to be the

11221: 10190: 9584: 8797:] (in Latin). Antwerp (Antuerpia): Balthasar Moretus. 8060:

Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969). "The Rise of Saladin".

6576: 6574: 4603: 3362:(1962.04.18 – death 1965.08.23) as papal diplomat : 3270:(papal ambassador) to Ireland (1951.11.27 – 1954.06.08), 3069:

following the devastation of the earlier defenses by the

3029:

The Temple of Venus—also known as the Circular Temple or

2724:

The temple complex was entered from the east through the

2581: 2300:

pottery dated to the 6th–4th centuries BC. The

653: 9248: 6559: 6185: 6183: 6181: 5658: 5656: 5489: 5487: 5436: 5434: 4873: 4871: 4858: 4856: 4783:

Amun, Fadi; Hashmonai, Adi; Peleg, Bar (12 March 2024).

4682:(illustrated ed.). Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 2921:

enriched its sanctuary in turn. In the mid-1st century,

2742:, and Septimius, a freedman, gilded their capitals with 1845:

until he was deposed for conspiring against the usurper

7208: 7184: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6748: 6678: 6676: 6613: 6591: 6589: 6472: 6220: 6218: 2564:"). Their mission was to rescue two captured soldiers, 1101:, the temple complex was said to have been a palace of 809:(שום בעלבכי). It also appears in two early 5th-century 805:, a second-century rabbinic text, as a kind of garlic, 691: 9161:

The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Cœlosyria

8755:(in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 159–209. 7599: 7597: 7595: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7524: 7510: 7508: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 6736: 6649: 6571: 6535: 6513: 6511: 6343: 6341: 6255: 6253: 5369: 4909: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 2856:

The Great Court of ancient Heliopolis's temple complex

2640:

List of ancient architectural records § Monoliths

1176:

in the 330s BC, Baalbek (under its Hellenic name

1070:

period, the local temples were largely devoted to the

1009:

Baalbek, part of a valley to the east of the northern

960:

proposed the association of Baalbek with the town of

436:. In 1998, Baalbek had a population of 82,608, mostly 12522:

Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC

8773:

A Description of the East, and Some other Countries,

7335: 6712: 6700: 6547: 6362: 6360: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5755: 5753: 5653: 5484: 5431: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4868: 4853: 4712:

Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).

4637:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020. 3351:(1950.05.06 – 1952.07.10) as Coadjutor Archbishop of 3274:

to Great Britain (1954.06.08 – death 1963.07.16) and

2408:) to its north. This Aleppo Railway connected to the 1538:

as the two largest sanctuaries in the Western world.

384: 357: 9071:

Volney, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, comte de

8335:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 205–218. 7844:. London: T. Cook & Son. 1876. pp. 359–365. 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 6813: 6688: 6673: 6661: 6637: 6625: 6586: 6523: 6439:

The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788

6164: 6162: 6160: 5941: 4711: 4635:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3303:

Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople

2046:. It was seized in 1246 after a year of assaults by 1259:. The 1st-century Pliny did not number it among the 1042:

later credited the site's foundation to a colony of

913:

of Baalbek has been debated since the 18th century.

407: 378: 375: 366: 351: 348: 342: 8716:. Lyon: Horace Boissat & George Remeus: 296 ff. 8553:] (in French). Brussels (Bruxelles): L. Hauman. 7323: 7196: 7172: 7081: 7078:; Michael Jansen pp.4-5; Reinoud Leendes pp.5&7 6909: 6724: 6601: 6508: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5720: 5718: 5668: 5641: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4820: 3201:(1877.07.24 – 1893.01.16) as papal diplomat : 2176:began to visit the colossal and picturesque ruins. 1916:, ruled Baalbek. He was forced to relinquish it to 1904:In December 1151, it was raided by the garrison of 1510:", credited most of the complex to the 2nd-century 1034:, from numerous rills formed by meltwater from the 363: 339: 8639:Bolletino di Archaologia (Bulletin of Archaeology) 8434:. New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by 6496: 6484: 4782: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4235:Colonia Heliopolis Iovi Optimo Maximo Helipolitano 3822:Six detached pillars of the Great Temple at Balbec 1530:(Adon or Seimios). Ultimately, the site vied with 1090:was probably the focus of earlier worship, as its 632:towns continued to be used alongside the official 9048: 8493:Köhler, Michael (2013). Hirschler, Konrad (ed.). 7841:Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria 7650: 6897: 6855: 6328: 6131: 6115: 6080: 1849:in 1110. Toghtekin then gave the town to his son 12473: 8182:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans. 8045:. Dearborn: Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya. 7801: 7640:"Titular See of Heliopolis in Phœnicia, Lebanon" 7109: 7107: 7105: 5202: 2412:but—because that line was built to a 1.05-meter 2220:, but the town itself suffered badly during the 1438:. One of these was taken to Rome by the emperor 8903: 8645: 8525: 8099:A Trip to Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, & Syria 7365: 7353: 6296: 5686: 4500: 2860:The Temple of Jupiter—once wrongly credited to 2834:, dedicated by the city's Roman colonists. The 2136:. In recognition of their prominence among the 1490:in the late 1st century BC until the 1196:during their eastern wars. The settlers of the 553:A few kilometres from the swamp from which the 509:. In later periods, the city was sacked by the 8622:. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. 8526:Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011). 8404:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 7978: 6849: 5992: 2392:, on 19 June 1902. It formed a station on the 1996:and plundered Baalbek. Upon the deposition of 1345:and probably completed around AD 60. His 11805: 10667: 9717: 9326: 9234: 8605:Letters from Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land, 7733: 7679:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture". 7102: 4152:The name also appears in the Hellenized form 3213:to Brazil (1882.03.28 – 1882.10.18), created 3157:Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Baalbek 3112:, propped up to show locals the direction of 3037:in the early 3rd century but destroyed under 2556:On the evening of 1 August 2006, hundreds of 1627:in Heliopolis; he was killed and (allegedly) 1155:Roman Heliopolis and its surroundings in the 953:Bacchus", from the classical temple complex. 933:asserts that it is probably a contraction of 428:, about 67 km (42 mi) northeast of 11819: 9095:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8785:Quaresmio, Francisco (Franciscus Quaresmius) 3783:(1880s–1939), American lecturer from Baalbek 3155:, which in 1964 was promoted to the present 3123: 2977:had slid 2 ft (1 m) following the 1434:, black conical stones considered sacred to 891: 877: 38: 9085:] (in French). Paris: Volland; Desenne. 9049:Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015). 8710:Journal des Voyages de Monsieur de Monconys 8501:The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades 8268: 7858:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 7808:. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 349. 7707:"Yogyakarta dan Libanon Bentuk Kota Kembar" 6769:"Adam's Bed: 16 Varieties of (Im)propriety" 6565: 4233: 2169:and later even serving as consuls of Iran. 1615:converted in the middle of a scene mocking 1147:Reconstruction of Temple of Jupiter/Baalbek 714: 583:Baalbek was called "Heliopolis" during the 569:("Source of the Two Rivers"), the abode of 11812: 11798: 10674: 10660: 9724: 9710: 9333: 9319: 9241: 9227: 8822: 8583: 8307: 8134:] (in French). Paris: Gilles Corrozet. 8107:Belon, Pierre (Petrus Bellonius Cenomanus) 8087: 8073:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 7863:. London: John Murray. pp. 1036–1038. 7837: 7704: 7237:"Cleanup to Start at Old Sites in Lebanon" 6754: 6619: 6478: 5699: 5697: 5695: 4491: 3258:(USA) (1937.01.05 – 1950.07.12), promoted 1901:, who also served as viceroy of Damascus. 8801: 8783: 8720: 8676:Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de 8557: 8542: 8429:Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, 8397: 8288:De Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart 8286: 8282:] (in French). Paris: André Cailleau. 7823:: Harvard University Press. p. 115. 6957: 6927: 6742: 6655: 6580: 6541: 6189: 5493: 4862: 3135: 2352:. In the summer of 2014, a team from the 2089:in the 1280s. By the early 14th century, 2022:. Baalbek was then granted to his nephew 1442:, a former priest "of the sun" at nearby 1203:may have arrived as early as the time of 1201:Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana 1123:as late as the 16th-century visit of the 608:, meaning "Sun City" in reference to the 9295:Rachid Karami International Fair–Tripoli 9287:(the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the 8874: 8851: 8837: 8746: 8700: 8446: 8373: 7984:Roman Building: Materials and Techniques 7377: 7227: 7225: 7223: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6834: 6718: 6706: 6553: 6224: 5375: 5116: 5114: 5085: 4915: 4877: 4597: 4177:, however, is almost certainly mistaken. 4008:Massive columns of the Temple of Jupiter 2851: 2647: 2532: 2371: 2260: 2124:In 1516, Baalbek was conquered with the 2109: 1988:; they defeated Saladin's elder brother 1716: 1702: 1599:The town became a battleground upon the 1273: 1150: 1142: 11833:With correspondence to modern geography 9150:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 9103: 8985: 8969: 8865: 8763: 8674: 8636: 8619:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 8598: 8231: 8198: 8171: 8150: 8101:] (in Latin). Nürnberg (Noriberga). 8059: 8000: 7530: 7143: 7141: 7113: 6822: 6694: 6682: 6667: 6643: 6631: 6595: 6529: 6441:. Cambridge University Press, Page 166. 6259: 5692: 5674: 5662: 5647: 5584: 5582: 5069: 4833: 3761:(820–912), mathematician and translator 3749:(c. 600 – c. 680), chemist and inventor 3366:to Indonesia (1962.04.18 – 1965.08.23). 1935:Baalbek's citadel served as a jail for 565:) flow, Baalbek may be the same as the 416:: ܒܥܠܒܟ) is a city located east of the 12474: 9145: 9128: 9114:] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. 9069: 9030: 8779:. London: W. Bowyer. pp. 106–113. 8492: 8467: 8450:Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun" 8418: 8359:. Vol. I. London: Penguin Books. 8349: 8038: 7691:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 7687: 7682:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 7678: 7603: 7567: 7514: 7495: 7422: 7393: 7290: 6915: 6730: 6607: 6517: 6347: 6275: 6147: 6010:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 5780: 5759: 5474: 5440: 5387: 5330: 5257: 5241: 5101: 4932: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4051:Baalbek in 1910, after the arrival of 3053:(St Barbara's), having been used as a 3041:, who raised a basilica in its place. 2644:List of largest monoliths in the world 2348:including a spout dating to the early 612:there. The name is attested under the 11793: 10655: 9705: 9314: 9222: 9178:The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter 8769:"Of Baalbeck, the antient Heliopolis" 8649:Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War 8453:. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers. 8123: 8105: 8017: 7341: 7231: 7220: 7147: 7114:Butters, Andrew Lee (2 August 2006). 6946: 6921: 6502: 6490: 6366: 6168: 5111: 4676:Wolfgang Gockel; Helga Bruns (1998). 3798: 1446:, who erected a temple for it on the 897: 12487:Populated places in Baalbek District 9154: 9141:. Edinburgh: William Whyte & Co. 8916: 8615: 8326: 8212: 7954: 7848: 7542: 7479: 7463: 7438: 7329: 7313: 7138: 6903: 6861: 6312: 6240: 6205: 5976: 5945: 5839: 5823: 5807: 5724: 5632: 5579: 5459: 5351: 5160: 4959: 4517: 4099:List of Catholic dioceses in Lebanon 3221:(1893.01.19 – 1894.05.18), promoted 2652:1911 diagram of the ruins after the 2537:A map of Israeli bombing during the 2486:, Amal split into two factions over 1966:Ayyubid victory at the Horns of Hama 1562:, broken to pieces. In AD 193, 12542:Sunni Muslim communities in Lebanon 8747:Overbeck, J. Josephus, ed. (1865). 8696:] (in French). Paris: Ladvocat. 8468:Kehrer, Nicole (21 November 2014). 8138: 7782: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7096: 6058: 6016:: Impensis ed. Weberi. p. 561. 6012:(in Greek and Latin). Vol. I. 4700: 4104:List of colossal sculptures in situ 2929:added the temple's forecourt, with 2545: 2356:led by Jeanine Abdul Massih of the 2034:, who was succeeded by his brother 1721:The probable remains of a medieval 1119:remained obscured by the citadel's 1111:and given as a wedding gift to the 892: 878: 857: 397: 39: 13: 11955:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 9667: 9193:– via World Digital Library. 9185:: Library of Congress. 29 May 2013 9169: 8151:Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1904). 7931: 7908: 7884: 7867: 7812: 7755:Archaeological research in Baalbek 7705:Syaifullah, M. (26 October 2008). 7583: 7264: 6463: 6418: 6096: 6043: 5508: 5422: 5276: 5145: 5014: 4552: 4425:It has also been misattributed to 4160:in records describing the acts of 3984:The Great Court of Temples Complex 2105: 2054:. When as-Salih Ayyub's successor 1603:. Early Christian writers such as 1372:compared the rituals to those for 1030:SE of the citadel and, during the 14: 12558: 8986:Steiner, Richard C. (Fall 2009). 8870:. Vol. 19. pp. 353–361. 8861:. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. 8847:. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. 8280:Travel to Syria and Mount Lebanon 8216:Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion 6766: 4433:. The locals once knew it as the 3734: 3194:(Italy) (1871.10.27 – 1876.09.29) 2985:also damaged the area around the 2796:basins to its north and south, a 2224:, after which it was held by the 2205:and its portico inspired that of 1771: 1681:for incorporation in the rebuilt 1677:were disassembled and shipped to 1498:. (The 6th-century chronicles of 1416:sun, moon, and five known planets 1403:, he was encased in a pillarlike 525:. It was inscribed in 1984 as an 12537:7th-millennium BC establishments 12053: 12046: 10682: 9733: 9341: 9249: 8925:Islamic History and Civilization 8275:Voyage de Syrie et du Mont-Leban 7698: 7672: 7632: 7622: 7613: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7004: 6976: 6867: 6787: 6760: 6431: 6376: 4714:Historical Dictionary of Lebanon 4598:Olausson, Lena (2 August 2006). 4467:caretaker Um Kasim would demand 4457: 4440: 4419: 4389: 4373: 4364: 4263: 4071: 4059: 4044: 4029: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3865: 3808: 3789:(1872–1949), poet and journalist 3266:(1950.07.12 – 1959.11.12), also 2482:. In 1982, at the height of the 2469:announced the launching of the " 2172:From the 16th century, European 1958:, Saladin rewarded him with the 1120: 949:proposes a Semitic adaption of " 694:. It was sometimes described as 557:(the classical Leontes) and the 456:, and a Roman quarry site named 335: 139: 77: 70: 57: 12497:Archaeological sites in Lebanon 12492:World Heritage Sites in Lebanon 11316:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir) 9740:Archaeological sites in Lebanon 8927:, Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill. 8543:Lamartine, Alphonse de (1835). 8474:German Archaeological Institute 8042:God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus 7769:Baalbeck International Festival 7759:German Archaeological Institute 7116:"Behind the Battle for Baalbek" 6873: 6795:"St George's Church Bloomsbury" 6437:Stefan Winter (11 March 2010). 5986: 5897: 5881: 5865: 5849: 5734: 5553: 5535: 5517: 5397: 5360: 5297:German Archaeological Institute 5285: 5223: 5211: 5180: 5169: 5045: 5036: 5027: 4883: 4849:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 4839: 4811: 4802: 4776: 4756: 4730: 4242: 4215: 4206: 4196: 4180: 4167: 4146: 4094:Cities of the ancient Near East 3229:(1894.05.18 – death 1904.11.14) 2746:in gratitude for the safety of 2367: 2354:German Archaeological Institute 1897:. It was granted to the eunuch 1407:and surrounded (like the Greco- 1364:raised in his right hand and a 78: 28:City in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon 16:City in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon 12482:Tourist attractions in Lebanon 10688:Phoenician cities and colonies 10596:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) 9146:Winter, Stefan Helmut (2002). 8992:Journal of Biblical Literature 8970:Sedlitz, Melchior von (1580). 8889:: Cambridge University Press. 8660:: Cambridge University Press. 8398:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). 4669: 4643: 4589: 4561: 4121: 3309:to Lebanon (1947 – 1950.09.18) 3162: 3057:church into the 18th century. 2884:, and 8 columns were taken to 2460:Baalbek International Festival 2256: 1707:The ruins of a Baalbek mosque 1698: 1685:sometime between 532 and 537. 1506:, which claimed Baalbek as a " 1316:first with the worship of the 1116: 209:16 km (6 sq mi) 1: 8982:Reprinted at Görlitz in 1591. 8808:Hierosolymitana Peregrinatio 8308:Frauberger, Heinrich (1892). 8227:: Cambridge University Press. 8213:Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914). 7797:: Cambridge University Press. 7764:GCatholic – Latin titular see 7150:"Minute by Minute:: August 2" 4897:, Bk XIV, Ch. 8, §6 4651:"Mohafazah de Baalbek-Hermel" 4478: 3851: 3839:The events of the 1984 novel 3381:Köppen climate classification 3339:(1960.07.12 – 1962.01.01) as 3332:(Bolivia) (1940.02.03 – 1951) 3316:(1922.05.17 – 1931.03.30) as 3297:to Iran (1936.03.07 – 1945), 3242:(1929.04.26 – 1935.11.26) as 2997:and a 36 ft (11 m) 2498:, began to work with Iranian 2388:-owned railway concession in 2380:Baalbek was connected to the 2362:world's largest ancient block 2332:reported in making Baalbek a 2185:in the world. The Englishman 2115: 1708: 1105:'s which was put together by 1000: 988:, and the "Plain of Aven" in 831: 814: 201:7 km (3 sq mi) 9052:A Chronology of the Crusades 8002:Addison, Charles Greenstreet 7744:Panoramas of the temples at 6964:. Halden: Østfold University 6934:. Halden: Østfold University 5599:Bk. V, Ch. 15, §22 5571:Bk. 14, Ch. 2, §10 5135:: Library of Congress. 2015. 3147:In 1701, Eastern Catholics ( 2868:, it was also known as the " 2558:Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) 2266:The largest stone at Baalbek 1745: 13), in 636, or under 1733:Baalbek was occupied by the 1414:) by busts representing the 1326:and then with the Greek and 1136: 217:1,170 m (3,840 ft) 7: 12512:Phoenician sites in Lebanon 12454:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 11901:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 10281:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 10241:Roman hippodrome of Berytus 9042:A Cosmography of the Levant 8980:] (in German). Fritsch. 8878:A History of the Crusades, 8823:Richardson, Robert (1822). 8234:Journal of Hellenic Studies 8063:A History of the Crusades, 7982:; Mathews, Anthony (1999). 7909:Sobernheim, Moritz (1913). 7868:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), 7856:. In Smith, William (ed.). 6382:le Strange, 1890, p. xxiii. 5712:, Vol. I, Ch. 23. 4653:. Localiban. Archived from 4463:In the 1870s and '80s, its 4412:M. PRO SAL D. IMP. ANTONIN 4087: 4080:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 3583:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3443:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2896:for incorporation into the 2719:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 2632:Temples of the Beqaa Valley 2628:Stone of the Pregnant Woman 2144:, the Ottomans awarded the 1271:to the coast and interior. 1207:but were more probably the 1086:). The site of the present 408: 10: 12563: 12461:Legacy of the Roman Empire 11668:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte) 9438:Chmestar - Gharbi Baalbeck 9351:Baalbek-Hermel Governorate 8592:Palestine Exploration Fund 8221:Zeus God of the Bright Sky 8024:. Beirut: American Press. 7932:Zettersteen, K.V. (1936). 7791:Cambridge Medieval History 7783:Hussey, J.M., ed. (1966). 7740:Google Maps satellite view 7734:Sources and external links 5129:ALA-LC Romanization Tables 4400:M. DIIS HELIVPOL. PRO SAL. 4269:Notable visitors included 4036:Panorama, around 1870, by 3934: 3726: 3393: 3370: 3142:Heliopolis in Augustamnica 2769:reckoned it as the town's 2730: 2703: 2620:Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek 2617: 2562:Operation Sharp and Smooth 2552:Operation Sharp and Smooth 2549: 1790:before being conquered by 1518:(Ashtart), and a third to 995: 600: 485: 452:, a Great Mosque from the 434:Baalbek-Hermel Governorate 286:UNESCO World Heritage Site 18: 12449: 12416: 12363: 12320: 12290: 12243: 12234: 12193: 12102: 12071: 12062: 12044: 12024: 11986: 11968: 11945: 11927: 11909: 11891: 11873: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11756: 11635: 11579: 11448: 11421:Portus Magonis (Portimão) 11409: 11293: 11240: 11204: 11114: 10993: 10985:Strato's Tower (Caesarea) 10937: 10906: 10870: 10694: 10531:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai 10181:Phoenician port of Beirut 10101:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) 9746: 9678: 9665: 9369: 9357: 9265: 9104:Wiegand, Theodor (1925). 8875:Runciman, Steven (1951). 8708:[Syrian Travel]. 8311:Die Akropolis von Baalbek 8067:The First Hundred Years, 8018:Alouf, Michel M. (1944). 5604:29 September 2018 at the 3807:'s poetical illustration 3652: 3582: 3512: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394:Climate data for Baalbek 3282:(1959.11.12 – 1963.07.16) 3124:Tomb of Husayn's daughter 2344:. Finds included pottery 2154:concessions to Baalbek's 1833:. It was briefly held by 1806:in 1000, and occupied by 1673:, eight of the complex's 1592:priest "of the sun" like 1450:. Heliopolis was a noted 1177: 720:) to distinguish it from 640:, who were successors of 324: 312: 302: 292: 283: 279: 265: 248: 237: 226: 221: 213: 205: 194: 189: 181: 176: 164: 152: 134: 119:34.0063361°N 36.2073222°E 99: 65: 56: 47: 33: 11167:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak) 9901:Canalizations of Zenobia 8917:Sato, Tsugitaka (1997). 8775:Vol. II, Pt. I 8611:. London: Henry Colburn. 8584:le Strange, Guy (1890). 8567:. Livius. Archived from 6132:Venning & al. (2015) 6116:Venning & al. (2015) 6081:Venning & al. (2015) 4569: 4437:or "Court of Happiness". 4114: 4109:List of megalithic sites 3805:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 3747:Callinicus of Heliopolis 2613: 2471:Movement of the Deprived 2232:, the rebel governor of 2114:Baalbek & environs, 1950:was made to yield it to 1939:taken by the Zengids as 1865:and gave Baalbek to his 1725:in front of some of the 1631:. Around the same time, 1554:and received in reply a 1192:. It was annexed by the 19:Not to be confused with 12547:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 12456:; Proposed; in Danger 12250:Palestinian territories 10086:Kouachra megalith field 9976:Heliopolis in Phoenicia 9055:. Abingdon: Routledge. 8447:Jidejian, Nina (1975). 8425:Wilson, Charles William 8419:Jessup, Samuel (1881). 8200:Chesney, Francis Rawdon 8173:Chesney, Francis Rawdon 8157:. London: John Murray. 8039:Arastu, Rizwan (2014). 7972:10.3406/syria.1977.6623 7901:Encyclopædia Britannica 7877:Encyclopædia Britannica 7816:The Classical Tradition 7774:Baalbek Railway Station 7694:. Fisher, Son & Co. 7685:. Fisher, Son & Co. 7148:Nahla (2 August 2006). 5994:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg 4902:1 November 2022 at the 4570:إتحاد بلديات غربي بعلبك 3753:Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i 3322:Santa Cruz de la Sierra 3299:Apostolic Administrator 3219:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola 3181:Heliopolis in Phoenicia 2941:at the southern end of 2919:Julio-Claudian emperors 2636:List of Roman monoliths 2572:, who were abducted by 2449:independence of Lebanon 2410:Beirut–Damascus Railway 2195:Neoclassical architects 2050:, who bestowed it upon 1121:medieval fortifications 958:Biblical archaeologists 848:. It was pronounced as 735:Heliopolis in Phoenicia 548: 495:Christianization period 432:. It is the capital of 23:, in the United States. 12527:Roman sites in Lebanon 11996:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 10586:Temple of the Obelisks 10236:Roman Forum of Berytus 10136:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) 9886:Berytus (Roman Beirut) 9672: 9410:Beit Chama - Aaqidiyeh 9037:Cosmographie de Levant 8702:Monconys, Balthasar de 8124:Belon, Pierre (1554). 7366:Ruprechtsberger (1999) 7354:Ruprechtsberger (1999) 7034:David Hirst pp.187-188 6961:Al Mashriq: The Levant 6931:Al Mashriq: The Levant 6329:Venning & al. 2015 6297:Lyons & al. (1982) 5909:Hist. Compend. Dynast. 5687:Kropp & al. (2011) 5299:. 2004. Archived from 5042:Brit. Mus. Add. 12150. 4234: 3847:take place in Baalbek. 3818:William Henry Bartlett 3816:. is on a painting by 3771:Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī 3765:Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir 3151:) established anew an 3136:Ecclesiastical history 2857: 2657: 2542: 2377: 2269: 2238:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt 2121: 2058:was murdered in 1250, 2052:Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi 1730: 1714: 1295: 1163: 1148: 1018: 941:of the Source" of the 929:as "City of the Sun". 866:Modern Standard Arabic 715: 709: 124:34.0063361; 36.2073222 11011:Cape Melqart (Cefalù) 10246:Roman temple of Bziza 9791:Akkar plain foothills 9671: 9214:on 12 September 2007. 9208:World Heritage Centre 8759:(in Classical Syriac) 8654:Oriental Publications 8316:The Baalbek Acropolis 8146:. Human Rights Watch. 7886:Hogarth, David George 7850:Donne, William Bodham 6882:World Heritage Centre 6850:Adam & al. (1999) 5033:Mishnah, Maaserot 5:8 4600:"How to Say: Baalbek" 3377:mediterranean climate 3364:Apostolic Internuncio 3211:Apostolic Internuncio 3173:Titular archbishopric 2855: 2651: 2536: 2375: 2264: 2113: 1720: 1706: 1545:consulted the site's 1356:god in the pose of a 1277: 1227:. It is mentioned in 1180:) formed part of the 1154: 1146: 722:its namesake in Egypt 690:with their great god 527:UNESCO World Heritage 450:ancient Roman temples 267: • Summer ( 11688:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga) 11526:Carthage (Cartagena) 10914:Callista (Santorini) 10852:Tipasa in Mauretania 10812:Rusippisir (Taksebt) 9255:World Heritage Sites 8833:. London: T. Cadell. 8616:Lock, Peter (2013). 8564:Baalbek (Heliopolis) 7854:"Helio′polis Syriae" 7786:The Byzantine Empire 6004:[CCLXXXIX]. 5894:, III.7 & IV.22. 3358:Titular Archbishop: 3341:Coadjutor Archbishop 3335:Titular Archbishop: 3285:Titular Archbishop: 3197:Titular Archbishop: 2798:subterranean chamber 2500:Revolutionary Guards 1601:rise of Christianity 1492:rise of Christianity 984:where Solomon had a 732:is distinguished as 636:ones imposed by the 622:Ammianus Marcellinus 11425:Olissipona (Lisbon) 10501:Tell Rasm El Hadeth 9501:Haouch Tall Safiyeh 8590:. Committee of the 8480:on 12 December 2014 8442:. pp. 453–476. 8318:] (in German). 7241:The Washington Post 6775:on 2 September 2010 4657:on 21 February 2017 4349:(1838 & 1852), 4191:First Book of Kings 3841:Les fous de Baalbek 3513:Daily mean °C (°F) 2752:Antoninus Caracalla 2740:1st Parthian Legion 2358:Lebanese University 2334:World Heritage Site 2268:, uncovered in 2014 2249:and its governor a 1645:Julian the Apostate 1516:Venus Heliopolitana 1508:wonder of the world 1300:Classical Antiquity 1170:Alexander the Great 978:First Book of Kings 697:Heliopolis in Syria 656:in the sky and its 642:Alexander the Great 624:notes that earlier 535:1975–1990 civil war 497:and the subsequent 115: / 91:Location in Lebanon 12532:Tourism in Lebanon 12277:: Emmaus Nicopolis 12260:: Aelia Capitolina 12072:Of legion veterans 11929:Gallia Narbonensis 11911:Gallia Lugdunensis 11875:Britannia Inferior 11847:Britannia Superior 11597:Balanaea (Baniyas) 10827:Rusuccuru (Dellys) 10541:Tell Sultan Yakoub 10491:Tell Neba'a Litani 10486:Tell Neba'a Chaate 9851:Baidar ech Chamout 9673: 9370:Towns and villages 9291:(Horsh Arz el-Rab) 8600:Lindsay, Alexander 8021:History of Baalbek 7660:. Climate-Data.org 7658:"Climate: Baalbek" 7243:. Associated Press 7235:(4 October 2006). 7217:, p. 164–165. 7193:, p. 127–128. 7160:on 3 November 2020 7126:on 24 October 2012 7072:Christopher Mayhew 6801:on 4 November 2007 6566:de la Roque (1722) 6006:Chronicon Paschale 5303:on 11 October 2004 5293:"Lebanon, Baalbek" 5218:Song of Songs 8:11 3845:Gérard de Villiers 3833:The Book of Khalid 3799:In popular culture 3295:Apostolic Delegate 3276:Titular Archbishop 3272:Apostolic Delegate 3203:Apostolic Delegate 3153:Eparchy of Baalbek 3051:Barbarat el-Atikah 2878:Corinthian columns 2858: 2664:and a rough white 2658: 2578:Apache helicopters 2543: 2539:Second Lebanon War 2510:villages, such as 2502:, veterans of the 2453:Lebanese Civil War 2378: 2296:and a fragment of 2270: 2122: 1978:Raymond of Tripoli 1972:, the young leper 1961:emirate of Baalbek 1930:Benjamin of Tudela 1835:Muslim ibn Quraysh 1802:in 974, raided by 1731: 1715: 1687:Michael the Syrian 1675:Corinthian columns 1621:stone him to death 1524:Heliopolitan Triad 1296: 1174:conquest of Persia 1164: 1149: 1082:), and their son ( 1072:Heliopolitan Triad 899:[ˈbʕalbik] 760:, it was known as 738:, from its former 710:Heliopolis Syriaca 606:Hellenistic period 604:) used during the 537:, and the ongoing 206: • Metro 182: • Mayor 12507:Phoenician cities 12502:Great Rift Valley 12469: 12468: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12270:Caesarea Maritima 12194:Possible colonies 12084:Caesarea Maritima 12042: 12041: 12001:Castra Taurinorum 11947:Germania Inferior 11787: 11786: 11417:Portus Hannibalis 11306:Arambys (Mogador) 11191:Ushu (Palaetyrus) 11172:Porphyreon (Jieh) 11041:Kapara (Soluntum) 10857:Tipasa in Numidia 10807:Rusicade (Skikda) 10649: 10648: 10581:Temple of Jupiter 10571:Temple of Bacchus 10331:Tell Ain Ghessali 10326:Tell Ain el Meten 10256:Saraain El Faouqa 9699: 9698: 9308: 9307: 9121:978-3-11-002370-1 9062:978-1-138-80269-8 8706:"Voyage de Syrie" 8641:. Special: 29–30. 8510:978-90-04-24857-1 8460:978-2-7214-5884-1 8390:978-1-4102-1729-5 8342:978-3-447-06216-9 8270:de la Roque, Jean 8052:978-0-692-21411-4 7993:978-0-415-20866-6 7980:Adam, Jean-Pierre 7956:Adam, Jean-Pierre 7830:978-0-674-03572-0 7717:on 18 August 2009 7644:www.gcatholic.org 7061:David Hirst p.235 7052:David Hirst p.186 7043:David Hirst p.190 7023:978-0-571-23741-8 7017:Faber and Faber. 6755:Frauberger (1892) 6620:Richardson (1822) 6479:Baumgarten (1594) 4723:978-1-5381-2043-9 4248:It is mentioned, 4223:Septimius Severus 3960:Temple of Bacchus 3731: 3730: 3337:Raffaele Calabria 3260:Archbishop-Bishop 3177:Titular bishopric 3035:Septimius Severus 3033:—was added under 2954:Septimius Severus 2950:Temple of Bacchus 2824:Septimius Severus 2748:Septimius Severus 2676:, a 13th-century 2624:Temple of Bacchus 2400:to its south and 2042:by their brother 1986:Humphrey of Toron 1974:king of Jerusalem 1754:defeat at Yarmouk 1572:rights. His wife 1566:granted the city 1564:Septimius Severus 1335:Heliopolitan Zeus 1293:Temple of Bacchus 1099:Islamic mythology 1088:Temple of Jupiter 976:'s cities in the 917:took it to mean " 870:vowels are marked 567:manbaa al-nahrayn 523:Temple of Jupiter 519:Temple of Bacchus 406: 328: 327: 12554: 12517:Coloniae (Roman) 12241: 12240: 12221:Emmaus Nicopolis 12089:Aelia Capitolina 12069: 12068: 12057: 12050: 11843: 11842: 11814: 11807: 11800: 11791: 11790: 11556:Tagilit (Tíjola) 11331:Shalat (Chellah) 11301:Azama (Azemmour) 10686: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10653: 10652: 10576:Temple of Eshmun 10186:Plain of Zgharta 10126:Maronite mummies 10081:Khirbet El-Knese 10036:Kamouh el Hermel 9966:Haret ech Cheikh 9936:Douris (Baalbek) 9916:Deir El Aachayer 9738: 9737: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9703: 9702: 9641:Temnine Et Tahta 9616:Seriine el Tahta 9611:Seriine el Fawka 9453:Fakiha - Jdeydeh 9347:Baalbek District 9345: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9253: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9210:. Archived from 9194: 9192: 9190: 9165: 9151: 9142: 9125: 9100: 9094: 9086: 9066: 9045: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9014:. Archived from 9004:10.2307/25610200 8981: 8966: 8960: 8956: 8954: 8946: 8913: 8900: 8871: 8862: 8853:Robinson, Edward 8848: 8839:Robinson, Edward 8834: 8819: 8812:A Jerusalem Trip 8798: 8780: 8765:Pococke, Richard 8760: 8756: 8743: 8722:Maundrell, Henry 8717: 8697: 8671: 8642: 8633: 8612: 8595: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8554: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8530:. pp. 38–50 8522: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8476:. Archived from 8464: 8443: 8415: 8394: 8370: 8346: 8323: 8304: 8283: 8265: 8228: 8209: 8183: 8168: 8147: 8145: 8135: 8120: 8102: 8084: 8056: 8035: 8014: 7997: 7975: 7951: 7928: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7873: 7864: 7845: 7834: 7809: 7798: 7793:, Vol. IV. 7750:Discover Lebanon 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7713:. Archived from 7711:Tempo Interaktif 7702: 7696: 7695: 7686: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7611: 7601: 7590: 7581: 7575: 7565: 7550: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7512: 7503: 7493: 7487: 7477: 7471: 7461: 7446: 7436: 7430: 7420: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7311: 7298: 7288: 7271: 7262: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7229: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156:. Archived from 7145: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7122:. Archived from 7111: 7100: 7094: 7079: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7008: 7002: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6955: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6797:. Archived from 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6743:De Saulcy (1853) 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6656:Lamartine (1835) 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6584: 6581:Maundrell (1703) 6578: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6542:Quaresmio (1639) 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6461: 6442: 6435: 6429: 6416: 6383: 6380: 6374: 6364: 6355: 6345: 6336: 6326: 6320: 6310: 6304: 6294: 6283: 6273: 6267: 6257: 6248: 6238: 6232: 6222: 6213: 6203: 6197: 6190:Humphreys (1977) 6187: 6176: 6166: 6155: 6145: 6139: 6129: 6123: 6113: 6107: 6094: 6088: 6078: 6069: 6056: 6050: 6041: 6018: 6017: 5990: 5984: 5974: 5953: 5943: 5916: 5915: 5901: 5895: 5885: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5853: 5847: 5837: 5831: 5821: 5815: 5805: 5788: 5778: 5767: 5757: 5748: 5743:, translated in 5738: 5732: 5722: 5713: 5701: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5630: 5609: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5557: 5551: 5539: 5533: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5494:Radziwiłł (1601) 5491: 5482: 5472: 5466: 5457: 5444: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5349: 5338: 5328: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5289: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5204:New Class. Dict. 5200: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5118: 5109: 5099: 5093: 5083: 5077: 5067: 5061: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5012: 4967: 4957: 4940: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4863:Lendering (2013) 4860: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4772:. 23 April 2024. 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4742:Voice of America 4734: 4728: 4727: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4521: 4515: 4498: 4489: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4444: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4393: 4387: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4267: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4230: 4229: 4225:bear the legend 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4150: 4144: 4125: 4075: 4063: 4048: 4033: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3908: 3896: 3895: 3883: 3882: 3870: 3869: 3812: 3775:Lebanese-Iranian 3391: 3390: 3318:Coadjutor Bishop 3307:Apostolic Nuncio 3268:Apostolic Nuncio 3256:Savannah–Atlanta 3244:Auxiliary Bishop 3238:Titular Bishop: 2983:1759 earthquakes 2979:1759 earthquakes 2733: 2732: 2706: 2705: 2683:1759 earthquakes 2598:Hassan Nasrallah 2546:2006 Lebanon War 2484:Israeli invasion 2313:Jean-Pierre Adam 2222:1759 earthquakes 2120: 2117: 2064:sultan of Aleppo 1963: 1941:prisoners of war 1872:. In July 1139, 1808:Salih ibn Mirdas 1796:mid-10th century 1773: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1743: 1742: 1737:in AD 634 ( 1713: 1710: 1667:bishop of Edessa 1658:Easter Chronicle 1496:4th century 1428:Transalpine Gaul 1343:1st century 1333:under the name " 1247:of nearly every 1078:), his consort ( 901: 895: 894: 881: 880: 862:Classical Arabic 859: 846:bishop of Edessa 836: 833: 819: 816: 800: 799: 736: 718: 699: 603: 602: 539:Syrian civil war 488: 487: 411: 401: 399: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 360: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 272: 145: 143: 142: 130: 129: 127: 126: 125: 120: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 81: 80: 74: 61: 42: 41: 31: 30: 12562: 12561: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12437: 12412: 12403:: Philippopolis 12359: 12332:: Arca Caesarea 12316: 12286: 12248: 12236: 12230: 12189: 12098: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12038: 12020: 11982: 11978:Augusta Emerita 11964: 11941: 11923: 11905: 11887: 11869: 11834: 11827: 11818: 11788: 11783: 11752: 11643:Aspis (Kelibia) 11631: 11575: 11444: 11430:Ossonoba (Faro) 11405: 11289: 11236: 11200: 11137:Athar (Tripoli) 11110: 10989: 10933: 10902: 10866: 10742:Iol (Cherchell) 10690: 10680: 10650: 10645: 10601:Tyre Necropolis 10496:Tell Qasr Labwe 10446:Tell Kabb Elias 10416:Tell Hoch Rafqa 10396:Tell El Ghassil 10366:Tell Bir Dakoue 10341:Tell Ain Saouda 10336:Tell Ain Nfaikh 10286:Tahun ben Aissa 10251:Sands of Beirut 9991:Jabal es Saaïdé 9941:Elaea (Lebanon) 9926:Deir Mar Maroun 9742: 9732: 9730: 9700: 9695: 9691:Jabal es Saaïdé 9674: 9663: 9636:Temnin el Fawka 9594:Ram - Jbenniyeh 9365: 9353: 9339: 9309: 9304: 9261: 9247: 9197: 9188: 9186: 9175: 9172: 9170:Further reading 9122: 9088: 9087: 9063: 9021: 9019: 9018:on 4 March 2016 8958: 8957: 8948: 8947: 8935: 8897: 8758: 8727:A Journey from 8668: 8656:, No. 30. 8630: 8574: 8572: 8559:Lendering, Jona 8533: 8531: 8511: 8483: 8481: 8461: 8412: 8391: 8375:Hastings, James 8367: 8356:The Greek Myths 8343: 8331:. Vol. 2: 8300:], Vol. II 8219:. Vol. I: 8165: 8143: 8081: 8053: 8032: 7994: 7948: 7925: 7891:"Baalbek" 7871:"Baalbec" 7831: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7602: 7593: 7582: 7578: 7566: 7553: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7513: 7506: 7494: 7490: 7478: 7474: 7462: 7449: 7437: 7433: 7421: 7404: 7392: 7388: 7378:Hastings (2004) 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7312: 7301: 7289: 7274: 7263: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7230: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7154:Lebanon Updates 7146: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7112: 7103: 7095: 7082: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7009: 7005: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6887: 6885: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6835:Jidejian (1975) 6833: 6829: 6821: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6719:Robinson (1856) 6717: 6713: 6707:Robinson (1841) 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6554:Monconys (1665) 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6462: 6445: 6436: 6432: 6417: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6365: 6358: 6346: 6339: 6327: 6323: 6311: 6307: 6295: 6286: 6274: 6270: 6258: 6251: 6239: 6235: 6225:Runciman (1951) 6223: 6216: 6204: 6200: 6188: 6179: 6167: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6130: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6095: 6091: 6079: 6072: 6057: 6053: 6042: 6021: 6002:"σπθʹ Ὀλυμπιάς" 6000:, eds. (1832). 5998:Dindorf, Ludwig 5991: 5987: 5975: 5956: 5944: 5919: 5913: 5902: 5898: 5886: 5882: 5870: 5866: 5854: 5850: 5838: 5834: 5822: 5818: 5806: 5791: 5779: 5770: 5758: 5751: 5739: 5735: 5723: 5716: 5702: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5638:, p. 1037. 5631: 5612: 5606:Wayback Machine 5587: 5580: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5540: 5536: 5522: 5518: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5485: 5473: 5469: 5465:, p. 1038. 5458: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5421: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5386: 5382: 5376:Jidejian (1975) 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357:, p. 1036. 5350: 5341: 5329: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5275: 5268: 5256: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5201: 5192: 5187:1 Kings 9:17–18 5185: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5159: 5155: 5144: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5100: 5096: 5086:Overbeck (1865) 5084: 5080: 5068: 5064: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5013: 4970: 4958: 4943: 4931: 4922: 4916:Jidejian (1975) 4914: 4910: 4904:Wayback Machine 4888: 4884: 4878:Jidejian (1975) 4876: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4777: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4744:. 23 March 2024 4736: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4710: 4701: 4694: 4679:Syria – Lebanon 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4629: 4623:Merriam–Webster 4617: 4608: 4606: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4577:on 23 July 2021 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4551: 4524: 4516: 4501: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4462: 4458: 4445: 4441: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4384:Philip the Arab 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4268: 4264: 4247: 4243: 4228:COL·HEL·I·O·M·H 4227: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4151: 4147: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4067: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4018: 4009: 4006: 3997: 3996:Temple of Venus 3994: 3985: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3961: 3958: 3949: 3946: 3937: 3916: 3903: 3890: 3877: 3864: 3854: 3814:Ruins at Balbec 3801: 3793:Harfush dynasty 3737: 3732: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3373: 3360:Ottavio De Liva 3223:Cardinal-Bishop 3215:Cardinal-Priest 3165: 3138: 3126: 3104:on the road to 2991:1759 earthquake 2876:of 54 unfluted 2816:Marcus Aurelius 2763:Philip the Arab 2685:and six today. 2646: 2616: 2594:Mohammad Yazbek 2582:unmanned drones 2566:Ehud Goldwasser 2554: 2548: 2465:In March 1974, 2447:proclaimed the 2445:Georges Catroux 2418:First World War 2370: 2276:Wilhelm II 2259: 2247:Damascus Eyalet 2191:Ruins of Balbec 2159: 2118: 2108: 2106:Early modernity 2083:sultan of Egypt 2036:as-Salih Ismail 1959: 1956:Ibn al-Muqaddam 1794:in 942. In the 1765: 1759: 1758: 1740: 1739: 1711: 1701: 1478:, and near the 1166: 1165: 1139: 1005:The hilltop of 1003: 998: 904:Lebanese Arabic 834: 820:translation of 817: 813:manuscripts, a 801:appears in the 797: 796: 734: 695: 674:was more often 658:personification 551: 362: 338: 334: 298:Cultural: i, iv 288: 266: 140: 138: 123: 121: 117: 114: 109: 106: 104: 102: 101: 95: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 82: 52: 43: 36: 29: 24: 21:Balbec, Indiana 17: 12: 11: 5: 12560: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12457: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12429: 12422: 12420: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12404: 12398: 12392: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12326: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12296: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12254: 12252: 12238: 12235:Locations with 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12197: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12103:Of late Empire 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12075: 12073: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11974: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11957: 11951: 11949: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11933: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11921: 11915: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11879: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11860:Lindum Colonia 11857: 11851: 11849: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11817: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11794: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11760: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11735: 11730: 11720: 11715: 11713:Sicca (El Kef) 11710: 11705: 11700: 11690: 11685: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11543: 11538: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11508: 11503: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11473: 11463: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11348: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11280:Ras il-Wardija 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11252: 11244: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11219: 11208: 11206: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11193: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11162:Gebal (Byblos) 11159: 11157:Botrys (Teros) 11154: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11043: 11038: 11036:Heraclea Minoa 11033: 11023: 11013: 11008: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10941: 10939: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10880: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10839: 10829: 10824: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10794: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10767:Kissi (Djinet) 10764: 10754: 10744: 10739: 10729: 10719: 10714: 10704: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10679: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10656: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10566:Temnin el-Foka 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10546:Tell Taalabaya 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10481:Tell Nahariyah 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10451:Tell Majdaloun 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10401:Tell El Hadeth 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10381:Tell Derzenoun 10378: 10376:Tell Delhamieh 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10356:Tell Bar Elias 10353: 10348: 10346:Tell Ain Sofar 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10321:Tell Ain Cerif 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10201:Qalaat Tannour 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10161:Nahle, Lebanon 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10071:Khallet Michte 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9811:Anjar, Lebanon 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9729: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9600: 9595: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9491:Hosh el Rafika 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9465: 9463:Hadath Baalbek 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9338: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9246: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9195: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9152: 9143: 9126: 9120: 9101: 9067: 9061: 9046: 9028: 8998:(3): 507–525. 8983: 8967: 8959:|journal= 8933: 8914: 8901: 8895: 8872: 8863: 8849: 8835: 8820: 8799: 8781: 8761: 8749:"Rabulae Vita" 8744: 8718: 8698: 8690:Vol. III: 8672: 8666: 8643: 8634: 8628: 8613: 8596: 8581: 8571:on 2 July 2015 8555: 8540: 8523: 8509: 8490: 8465: 8459: 8444: 8416: 8410: 8395: 8389: 8371: 8365: 8351:Graves, Robert 8347: 8341: 8324: 8305: 8284: 8266: 8246:10.2307/630416 8229: 8210: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8169: 8163: 8148: 8136: 8121: 8103: 8085: 8079: 8057: 8051: 8036: 8030: 8015: 7998: 7992: 7976: 7966:(1/2): 31–63. 7952: 7946: 7929: 7923: 7906: 7896:Chisholm, Hugh 7882: 7865: 7846: 7835: 7829: 7810: 7799: 7780: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7752: 7742: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7697: 7671: 7649: 7631: 7621: 7612: 7591: 7576: 7551: 7535: 7531:Coulton (1974) 7523: 7504: 7488: 7472: 7447: 7431: 7402: 7386: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7344:, p. 139. 7334: 7322: 7299: 7272: 7254: 7219: 7207: 7205:, p. 137. 7195: 7183: 7181:, p. 127. 7171: 7137: 7101: 7099:, p. 124. 7080: 7076:Dennis Walters 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7003: 6975: 6945: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6866: 6854: 6839: 6827: 6823:Wiegand (1925) 6812: 6786: 6767:Coote, James. 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6695:Lindsay (1838) 6687: 6683:Addison (1838) 6672: 6668:Marmont (1837) 6660: 6648: 6644:Chesney (1868) 6636: 6632:Chesney (1850) 6624: 6612: 6600: 6596:Pococke (1745) 6585: 6570: 6558: 6546: 6534: 6530:Sedlitz (1580) 6522: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6469:, p. 178. 6443: 6430: 6384: 6375: 6356: 6337: 6321: 6305: 6284: 6268: 6260:Baldwin (1969) 6249: 6233: 6214: 6198: 6177: 6156: 6140: 6124: 6108: 6089: 6070: 6051: 6049:, p. 177. 6019: 5985: 5954: 5917: 5896: 5880: 5864: 5848: 5832: 5816: 5789: 5768: 5749: 5733: 5714: 5691: 5679: 5675:Rowland (1956) 5667: 5663:Lohmann (2010) 5652: 5648:Lohmann (2010) 5640: 5610: 5578: 5552: 5534: 5516: 5498: 5483: 5467: 5445: 5443:, p. 224. 5430: 5408: 5396: 5380: 5368: 5359: 5339: 5314: 5284: 5266: 5250: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5190: 5179: 5168: 5153: 5138: 5110: 5094: 5078: 5070:Burkitt (1904) 5062: 5044: 5035: 5026: 4968: 4941: 4920: 4908: 4882: 4867: 4852: 4838: 4834:Steiner (2009) 4819: 4810: 4808:KTU 1.4 IV 21. 4801: 4775: 4755: 4729: 4722: 4699: 4692: 4668: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4588: 4560: 4558:, p. 176. 4522: 4499: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4456: 4439: 4435:Dar es-Sa'adeh 4418: 4388: 4372: 4363: 4262: 4241: 4214: 4205: 4195: 4179: 4166: 4145: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3914: 3901: 3888: 3875: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3843:(SAS, #74) by 3837: 3825: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3768: 3762: 3759:Qusta ibn Luqa 3756: 3750: 3744: 3736: 3735:Notable people 3733: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3375:Baalbek has a 3372: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3333: 3310: 3283: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3195: 3164: 3161: 3149:Byzantine Rite 3137: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3055:Greek Orthodox 2886:Constantinople 2786:burnt offering 2615: 2612: 2550:Main article: 2547: 2544: 2492:Hussein Musawi 2394:standard-gauge 2369: 2366: 2289:Otto Puchstein 2258: 2255: 2156:Harfush family 2146:sanjak of Homs 2134:Selim the Grim 2107: 2104: 2060:al-Nasir Yusuf 2048:as-Salih Ayyub 2032:al-Ashraf Musa 1964:following the 1912:, emir of the 1780:Marwan II 1749:following the 1729:fortifications 1700: 1697: 1691:Justin II 1679:Constantinople 1512:Antoninus Pius 1387:attested from 1265:Indian monsoon 1141: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1113:Queen of Sheba 1074:: a male god ( 1002: 999: 997: 994: 968:, the town of 966:Book of Joshua 921:(Lord) of the 807:shum ba'albeki 740:Roman province 646:Greek religion 550: 547: 501:following the 458:Hajar al-Hibla 454:Umayyad period 440:, followed by 414:Syriac-Aramaic 326: 325: 322: 321: 314: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 263: 262: 252: 246: 245: 242: 235: 234: 231: 224: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 199: 192: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 159:Baalbek-Hermel 156: 150: 149: 136: 132: 131: 97: 96: 90: 84: 83: 76: 75: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 48: 45: 44: 37: 34: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12559: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12462: 12458: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12433: 12430: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12399: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12346: 12343: 12340: 12337: 12334: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12282: 12279: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12233: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12180:Philippopolis 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12145:Arca Caesarea 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12056: 12049: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11937:Narbo Martius 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11815: 11810: 11808: 11803: 11801: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11746: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11592:Marat (Amrit) 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11486:Gadir (Cadiz) 11484: 11481: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11326: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11311:Caricus Murus 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11265:Gaulos (Gozo) 11263: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11233: 11230: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11107: 11106:Ṣiṣ (Palermo) 11104: 11102: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11006: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10677: 10672: 10670: 10665: 10663: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10536:Tell Shamsine 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10471:Tell Mureibit 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10426:Tell Khardane 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10391:Tell el-Burak 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10216:Ras Baalbek I 10214: 10212: 10211:Qasr el Banat 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Qal'at Bustra 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9981:Hermel plains 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9921:Deir Al-Ahmar 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9906:Dahr El Ahmar 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9841:Augusti Pagus 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Antelias cave 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9727: 9722: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443:Deir el Ahmar 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9331: 9329: 9324: 9322: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9289:Cedars of God 9286: 9285:Ouadi Qadisha 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9244: 9239: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9032:Thevet, André 9029: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8934:90-04-10649-9 8930: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8915: 8911: 8908:(in German). 8907: 8902: 8898: 8896:0-521-34771-8 8892: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8880:Vol. II: 8879: 8873: 8869: 8868:Artibus Asiae 8864: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8712:(in French). 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8667:0-521-31739-8 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8631: 8629:9781135131371 8625: 8621: 8620: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8582: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8529: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8440:J.D. Woodward 8437: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8411:0-87395-263-4 8407: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8366:9780141959658 8362: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8164:9781593331016 8160: 8156: 8155: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8080:9780299048341 8076: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8031:9781585090631 8027: 8023: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986:. Routledge. 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7962:(in French). 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7675: 7659: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7625: 7616: 7609: 7605: 7604:Jessup (1881) 7600: 7598: 7596: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7569: 7568:Jessup (1881) 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7533:, p. 16. 7532: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7515:Jessup (1881) 7511: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7496:Jessup (1881) 7492: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7424: 7423:Jessup (1881) 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7394:Jessup (1881) 7390: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7368:, p. 17. 7367: 7362: 7356:, p. 15. 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7332:, p. 52. 7331: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7291:Jessup (1881) 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7270:, p. 90. 7269: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7058: 7049: 7040: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6999:1-85043-025-X 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6963: 6962: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6917: 6916:Kehrer (2014) 6912: 6905: 6900: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6852:, p. 35. 6851: 6846: 6844: 6837:, p. 15. 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6731:Wilson (1847) 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6608:Volney (1787) 6604: 6597: 6592: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6575: 6567: 6562: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6518:Thevet (1554) 6514: 6512: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6348:Jessup (1881) 6344: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6276:Köhler (2013) 6272: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6148:Jessup (1881) 6144: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5912: 5911:, p. 85. 5910: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5892:Hist. Eccles. 5889: 5884: 5877: 5876:Hist. Eccles. 5873: 5868: 5862:, Bk. I. 5861: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5781:Jessup (1881) 5777: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5760:Graves (1955) 5756: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5665:, p. 29. 5664: 5659: 5657: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5514:, p. 89. 5513: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5475:Jessup (1881) 5471: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441:Volney (1787) 5437: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5404:1 Kings 7:2–7 5400: 5393: 5389: 5388:Jessup (1881) 5384: 5378:, p. 47. 5377: 5372: 5366:Hélène Sader. 5363: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5331:Jessup (1881) 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5258:Jessup (1881) 5254: 5247: 5243: 5242:Jessup (1881) 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5102:Arastu (2014) 5098: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4933:Jessup (1881) 4929: 4927: 4925: 4918:, p. 57. 4917: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4814: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4693:9783886181056 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127:Also spelled 4124: 4120: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4038:Félix Bonfils 4032: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3787:Khalil Mutran 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773:(1547–1621), 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741:Saint Barbara 3739: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3655:precipitation 3651: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:Alcide Marina 3284: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Gerald O'Hara 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199:Mario Mocenni 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3118:daily prayers 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2937:shipped from 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2678:Muslim shrine 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2528:Kiryat Shmona 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504:Iran Iraq War 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396:line between 2395: 2391: 2390:Ottoman Syria 2387: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:rest of Syria 2112: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006:granting him 2004: 1999: 1995: 1992:in August at 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980:, raided the 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1899:Ata al-Khadim 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:Tutush I 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Basil II 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Fatimid Egypt 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1763: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665:, the future 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607:(from nearby 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Palatine Hill 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314:was conflated 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302:, the city's 1301: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1145: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115:; its actual 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Anti-Lebanons 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 956:19th-century 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 900: 889: 885: 875: 871: 867: 863: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 829: 828: 823: 812: 808: 804: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 756: 752: 748: 744: 741: 737: 731: 727: 723: 719: 717: 711: 707: 703: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652:was both the 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 597: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 546: 544: 540: 536: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:Arab conquest 500: 499:rise of Islam 496: 492: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:Sunni Muslims 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 404: 395: 389: 332: 323: 319: 315: 311: 308: 305: 301: 297: 295: 291: 287: 282: 278: 274: 270: 264: 260: 256: 253: 251: 247: 243: 241: 238: • 236: 232: 230: 227: • 225: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 198: 195: • 193: 188: 184: 180: 175: 172: 169: 167: 163: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 137: 133: 128: 110:36°12′26.36″E 100:Coordinates: 98: 73: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 32: 26: 22: 12384:Dura-Europos 12344:: Heliopolis 12341: 12237:modern names 12185:Dura-Europos 11825:Ancient Rome 11396:Thymiaterium 11270:Għajn Qajjet 11141: 11095:Sant'Antioco 10717:Hippo Regius 10561:Tell Zeitoun 10551:Tell Wardeen 10521:Tell Saoudhi 10516:Tell Safiyeh 10511:Tell Saatiya 10476:Tell Murtafa 10466:Tell Meouchi 10461:Tell Mekhada 10436:Tell Jezireh 10421:Tell Karmita 10411:Tell Hazzine 10386:Tell Dibbine 10361:Tell Beshara 10166:Neba'a Faour 10116:Majdal Anjar 10031:Kamid el-Loz 10016:Joub Jannine 10011:Jeita Grotto 10006:Jebel Aabeby 9961:Hadeth south 9891:Bustan Birke 9881:Belat temple 9845: 9602:Ras el Hadis 9391: 9361: 9360: 9274: 9212:the original 9203:. New York: 9199: 9187:. Retrieved 9177: 9160: 9156:Wood, Robert 9147: 9138: 9137:Vol. II 9134: 9130:Wilson, John 9111: 9106: 9081: 9075: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9020:. Retrieved 9016:the original 8995: 8991: 8977: 8972: 8924: 8919: 8909: 8905: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8857: 8843: 8830: 8829:Vol. II 8825: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8794: 8789: 8776: 8772: 8757: & 8752: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8713: 8709: 8694: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8653: 8648: 8638: 8618: 8608: 8607:Vol. II 8604: 8586: 8573:. Retrieved 8569:the original 8563: 8550: 8545: 8532:. Retrieved 8500: 8495: 8482:. Retrieved 8478:the original 8449: 8432: 8431:Div. II 8428: 8400: 8379: 8355: 8332: 8328: 8322:: H. Keller. 8315: 8310: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8279: 8274: 8237: 8233: 8220: 8215: 8204: 8177: 8153: 8131: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8098: 8093: 8070: 8069:2nd ed. 8066: 8065:Vol. I: 8062: 8041: 8020: 8010: 8009:Vol. II 8006: 7983: 7963: 7959: 7937: 7914: 7899: 7875: 7861: 7857: 7840: 7838:"Ba'albek". 7815: 7804: 7790: 7785: 7777: 7719:. Retrieved 7715:the original 7710: 7700: 7690: 7681: 7674: 7662:. Retrieved 7652: 7643: 7634: 7624: 7615: 7584: 7579: 7538: 7526: 7491: 7475: 7434: 7389: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7342:Alouf (1944) 7337: 7325: 7265: 7245:. Retrieved 7240: 7233:Karam, Zeina 7210: 7198: 7186: 7174: 7162:. Retrieved 7158:the original 7153: 7128:. Retrieved 7124:the original 7119: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7030: 7014: 7011:Hirst, David 7006: 6986: 6983:Ajami, Fouad 6978: 6968:16 September 6966:. Retrieved 6960: 6938:16 September 6936:. Retrieved 6930: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6886:. Retrieved 6877:. New York: 6869: 6857: 6830: 6803:. Retrieved 6799:the original 6789: 6777:. Retrieved 6773:the original 6762: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6503:Belon (1554) 6498: 6491:Belon (1553) 6486: 6474: 6464: 6438: 6433: 6419: 6378: 6367:Alouf (1944) 6324: 6308: 6271: 6236: 6201: 6169:Alouf (1944) 6143: 6127: 6111: 6097: 6092: 6059: 6054: 6044: 6005: 5988: 5908: 5904:Bar Hebraeus 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5851: 5835: 5819: 5736: 5707: 5682: 5670: 5643: 5633: 5592: 5563: 5555: 5545: 5537: 5527: 5519: 5509: 5470: 5460: 5423: 5399: 5383: 5371: 5362: 5352: 5305:. Retrieved 5301:the original 5287: 5277: 5253: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5203: 5182: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5128: 5097: 5081: 5065: 5055: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5015: 4911: 4894: 4885: 4880:, p. 5. 4841: 4817:KTU 1.100.3. 4813: 4804: 4792:. Retrieved 4788: 4778: 4767: 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4741: 4732: 4713: 4678: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4655:the original 4645: 4634: 4622: 4607:. Retrieved 4591: 4579:. Retrieved 4575:the original 4563: 4553: 4492: 4487: 4459: 4442: 4434: 4421: 4391: 4375: 4366: 4357:(1851), and 4283:von Seydlitz 4265: 4249: 4244: 4232: 4217: 4208: 4198: 4182: 4169: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4021: 3855: 3840: 3831: 3828:Ameen Rihani 3821: 3781:Rahme Haider 3767:(1070s–1162) 3657:mm (inches) 3384: 3374: 3248:Philadelphia 3185: 3180: 3169:Latin Church 3166: 3146: 3139: 3127: 3102:Qubbat Duris 3099: 3059: 3050: 3046: 3028: 3024:Rashid Pasha 3022:'s governor 2947: 2935:pink granite 2914:Roman cranes 2898:Hagia Sophia 2859: 2832:Velius Rufus 2818:'s daughter 2779: 2760: 2754:and empress 2735: 2723: 2708: 2695:Three Stones 2687: 2674:Qubbat Duris 2659: 2610: 2606: 2555: 2516: 2480:Amal Militia 2467:Musa al-Sadr 2464: 2457: 2379: 2368:20th century 2310: 2287:occupation, 2271: 2230:Jezzar Pasha 2218:walnut trees 2215: 2190: 2183:Roman temple 2171: 2149: 2142:Beqaa Valley 2123: 2068: 2024:Farrukh Shah 1982:Beqaa Valley 1960: 1945: 1934: 1914:Wadi al-Taym 1903: 1889:, father of 1876:, atabeg of 1820: 1776:The Fortress 1766: 1747:Abu ʿUbaidah 1732: 1695: 1683:Hagia Sophia 1656: 1649:Alexandrians 1637:Bar Hebraeus 1629:cannibalised 1598: 1569:ius Italicum 1567: 1541:The emperor 1540: 1500:John Malalas 1374:Diva Fortuna 1297: 1200: 1198:Roman colony 1184:kingdoms of 1167: 1161:3rd century. 1133: 1117:Roman origin 1106: 1096: 1024: 1011:Beqaa Valley 1004: 990:Book of Amos 955: 943:Litani River 934: 908: 887: 883: 873: 849: 825: 806: 794: 761: 733: 713: 701: 696: 664:. The local 595: 589:latinisation 585:Roman Empire 582: 566: 552: 531: 480: 462: 457: 438:Shia Muslims 426:Beqaa Valley 418:Litani River 330: 329: 185:Bachir Khodr 107:34°0′22.81″N 25: 12266:: Ptolemais 11960:Mogontiacum 11893:Roman Dacia 11855:Camulodunum 11648:Bulla Regia 11196:Umm al-Amad 11081:Pantelleria 10950:Akka (Acre) 10836:Aïn Oulmene 10817:Rusubbicari 10801:Tamentfoust 10761:Constantine 10621:Wadi Yaroun 10611:Umm al-Amad 10556:Tell Zenoub 10526:Tell Serhan 10456:Tell Masoud 10406:Tell Fadous 10226:Ras El Kelb 10156:Nachcharini 10056:Kafr Tebnit 9806:Amlaq Qatih 9598:Ras Baalbek 9575:Nabi Othman 9486:Hosh Barada 9189:8 September 9022:8 September 8575:8 September 8484:30 November 7860:Vol. I 7746:Lebanon 360 7543:Cook (1914) 7480:Cook (1914) 7464:Cook (1914) 7439:Cook (1914) 7330:Adam (1977) 7314:Cook (1914) 7247:8 September 7130:8 September 6991:I.B. Tauris 6904:Genz (2010) 6888:8 September 6862:Adam (1977) 6313:Sato (1997) 6299:, pp. 6241:Sato (1997) 5977:Cook (1914) 5946:Cook (1914) 5860:De Censibus 5840:Cook (1914) 5824:Cook (1914) 5808:Cook (1914) 5725:Cook (1914) 5307:8 September 5176:Josh. 11:17 4960:Cook (1914) 4661:20 February 4609:8 September 4581:8 September 4518:Wood (1757) 4299:de la Roque 4158:Baal Helion 3856:Baalbek is 3349:Soteropolis 3163:Titular see 3073:army under 3039:Constantine 2836:entablature 2756:Julia Domna 2570:Eldad Regev 2488:Nabih Berri 2257:Excavations 2207:St George's 2203:Robert Adam 2187:Robert Wood 2119: 1856 2028:Bahram Shah 1994:Ayn al-Jarr 1843:Gümüshtegin 1818:, in 1025. 1800:John I 1735:Muslim army 1712: 1900 1699:Middle Ages 1633:Constantine 1574:Julia Domna 1366:thunderbolt 1285:ornamenting 1217:8th Legions 1025:Rās-el-ʿAin 935:Baʿal Nebeq 778:equivalents 730:titular see 726:Catholicism 666:Semitic god 620:. However, 596:Hēlioúpolis 561:(the upper 507:7th century 473:Hellenistic 465:Prehistoric 313:Inscription 154:Governorate 122: / 12476:Categories 12459:See also: 12434:: Seleucia 12397:: Laodicea 12283:: Neronias 12130:Heliopolis 12034:Singidunum 12011:Mediolanum 11658:Hadrumetum 11476:Akra Leuka 11355:Casablanca 11187:Sur (Tyre) 10636:Ain W Zain 10616:Wadi Koura 10506:Tell Rayak 10431:Tell Kirri 10351:Tell Ayoub 10311:Tell Addus 10306:Tell Ablah 10301:Tell Aalaq 10271:Sin el Fil 10221:Ras Beirut 10121:Mansourieh 10111:Lion Tower 10026:Kafr Zabad 9951:Fadous Sud 9856:Batroumine 9831:Ard Tlaili 9826:Ard Saouda 9781:Ain Harcha 9776:Ain Choaab 9686:Ard Tlaili 9650:Wadi Faara 9183:Washington 8735:at Easter 8682:1834.–1835 8436:Henry Fenn 8421:"Ba'albek" 7947:9004097961 7924:9004082654 7778:Al Mashriq 7776:(2006) at 7721:25 January 7606:, p. 7570:, p. 7545:, p. 7517:, p. 7498:, p. 7482:, p. 7466:, p. 7441:, p. 7425:, p. 7396:, p. 7380:, p. 7316:, p. 7293:, p. 7215:HRW (2007) 7203:HRW (2007) 7191:HRW (2007) 7179:HRW (2007) 7097:HRW (2007) 6424:, p. 6369:, p. 6350:, p. 6331:, p. 6315:, p. 6278:, p. 6262:, p. 6243:, p. 6227:, p. 6208:, p. 6192:, p. 6171:, p. 6150:, p. 6134:, p. 6118:, p. 6102:, p. 6083:, p. 6064:, p. 5979:, p. 5948:, p. 5914:(in Latin) 5842:, p. 5826:, p. 5810:, p. 5783:, p. 5762:, p. 5727:, p. 5709:Saturnalia 5575:(in Greek) 5547:Nat. Hist. 5532:, XIV.3–4. 5477:, p. 5390:, p. 5333:, p. 5295:. Berlin: 5260:, p. 5244:, p. 5133:Washington 5104:, p. 5088:, p. 5072:, p. 5057:Theophania 5020:, p. 4962:, p. 4935:, p. 4890:Amm. Marc. 4602:. London: 4479:References 4361:(19th c.). 4359:Frauberger 4323:Richardson 4271:Baumgarten 4250:inter alia 4162:Theodosius 3924:Yogyakarta 3852:Twin towns 3116:for their 3087:Bahramshah 3047:El Barbara 2969:, but the 2906:architrave 2882:Theodosius 2866:Byzantines 2840:Theodosius 2802:Corinthian 2794:lustration 2736:propýlaion 2731:προπύλαιον 2670:iconoclasm 2618:See also: 2590:al-Jazeera 2350:Bronze Age 2245:under the 2211:Bloomsbury 2148:and local 2056:Turan Shah 2020:Alexandria 2016:al-Maʿarra 1998:Turan Shah 1990:Turan Shah 1918:Nur ad-Din 1837:, emir of 1653:Theodosius 1594:Elagabalus 1560:vine staff 1456:pilgrimage 1440:Elagabalus 1358:charioteer 1279:Corinthian 1178:Heliopolis 1020:Coelesyria 1001:Prehistory 982:Baal-hamon 858:بَعْلَبَكّ 835: 435 827:Theophania 818: 411 762:Heliopolis 702:Coelesyria 610:solar cult 601:Ἡλιούπολις 578:Baal Cycle 486:Ἡλιούπολις 481:Heliopolis 446:Christians 398:بَعْلَبَكّ 316:1984 (8th 222:Population 177:Government 40:بَعْلَبَكّ 12428:: Antioch 12409:: Palmyra 12338:: Berytus 12258:Jerusalem 12094:Ptolemais 12016:Placentia 12006:Florentia 11865:Londinium 11779:Tahpanhes 11774:Gibraltar 11769:Phoenicus 11764:Myriandus 11673:Kerkouane 11550:Almunecar 11361:Volubilis 11232:Tsabratan 11086:Selinunte 11056:Lilybaeum 10823:El Bahri) 10797:Rusguniae 10772:Macomades 10707:Cartennae 10441:Tell Jisr 10371:Tell Deir 10316:Tell Ahle 10176:Hosn Niha 10171:Nebi Safa 10151:Nabi Zair 10141:Moukhtara 10091:Ksar Akil 10061:Kfar Qouq 10041:Karak Nuh 9956:Hebbariye 9876:Beit Mery 9866:Bechamoun 9654:Yammouneh 9570:Nabi Chit 9532:Kasarnaba 9527:Kfar Dane 9510:Jabbouleh 9496:Hosh Snid 9467:Hallanieh 9359:Capital: 9164:. London. 9091:cite book 8961:ignored ( 8951:cite book 8943:0929-2403 8887:Cambridge 8742:. Oxford. 8733:Jerusalem 8658:Cambridge 8519:2213-1043 8377:(2004) . 8320:Frankfurt 8262:162973494 8225:Cambridge 8192:volume II 7911:"Baalbek" 7821:Cambridge 7795:Cambridge 7757:from the 7664:25 August 6875:"Baalbek" 6206:Lock 2013 5888:Theodoret 5741:Macrobius 5704:Macrobius 4847:"Baalbek" 4631:"Baalbek" 4619:"Baalbek" 4355:De Saulcy 4331:Lamartine 4303:Maundrell 4291:Quaresmio 4287:Radziwiłł 4258:Theodoret 4221:Coins of 4164:'s reign. 3928:Indonesia 3820:entitled 3755:(707–774) 3743:(273–306) 3727:Source: 3345:Benevento 3031:Nymphaeum 2959:antiquity 2894:Justinian 2874:peristyle 2870:Trilithon 2844:Christian 2805:porticoes 2792:-floored 2726:Propylaea 2715:limestone 2710:Trílithon 2691:monoliths 2654:Puchstein 2574:Hezbollah 2496:Hizbollah 2437:Maronites 2431:and 1000 2429:Mutawalis 2342:Neolithic 2311:In 1977, 2308:letters. 2306:cuneiform 2304:featured 2294:skeletons 2095:Hamathite 2071:Mongolian 2003:Jerusalem 1968:in 1175. 1937:Crusaders 1932:in 1170. 1928:traveler 1847:Toghtekin 1751:Byzantine 1671:Justinian 1613:Gelasinus 1578:Caracalla 1556:centurion 1532:Praeneste 1393:Phoenicia 1370:Macrobius 1360:, with a 1351:beardless 1261:Decapolis 1257:Gallienus 1137:Antiquity 1129:Radziwiłł 1068:Canaanite 1040:Macrobius 972:, one of 931:Lendering 911:etymology 893:بْعَلْبِك 884:Baʿlabekk 879:بَعْلَبَك 850:Baʿlabakk 795:The name 790:Atargatis 782:Canaanite 758:antiquity 630:Levantine 628:names of 618:Ptolemies 614:Seleucids 543:Hezbollah 469:Canaanite 409:Baʿlabakk 403:romanized 303:Reference 250:Time zone 214:Elevation 12432:Samandağ 12379:Damascus 12375:: Bostra 12313:: Gerasa 12307:: Gadara 12305:Umm Qais 12226:Neronias 12175:Neapolis 12140:Damascus 12120:Seleucia 12110:Laodicea 11970:Hispania 11919:Lugdunum 11883:Eboracum 11821:Colonies 11738:Thysdrus 11682:Monastir 11653:Carthage 11561:Toscanos 11541:Saguntum 11531:Rushadir 11480:Alicante 11410:Portugal 11376:Oualidia 11336:Tamusida 11285:Tas-Silġ 11249:Cospicua 11247:Maleth ( 11066:Neapolis 11050:Cagliari 11016:Drepanum 10975:Shikmona 10893:Lapathus 10821:Zemmouri 10791:Azeffoun 10782:Rachgoun 10732:Igilgili 10702:Camarata 10626:Yammoune 10131:Mayrouba 10076:Kharayeb 10066:Kfarhata 9931:Dekwaneh 9796:Al-Bireh 9771:Ain Aata 9560:Majdloun 9547:Kneisseh 9542:Khraibeh 9400:Bednayel 9158:(1757). 9132:(1847). 9073:(1787). 9034:(1554). 9012:25610200 8855:(1856). 8841:(1841). 8805:(1601). 8787:(1639). 8767:(1745). 8724:(1703). 8704:(1665). 8678:(1837). 8602:(1838). 8561:(2013). 8534:13 March 8353:(1955). 8290:(1853). 8272:(1722). 8240:: 1–19. 8202:(1868). 8187:volume I 8175:(1850). 8109:(1553). 8091:(1594). 8004:(1838). 7888:(1911), 7852:(1878). 7164:2 August 5602:Archived 5524:Josephus 5230:Amos 1:5 5122:"Arabic" 5052:Eusebius 4900:Archived 4469:bakshish 4465:Metawali 4452:exaedrum 4353:(1843), 4347:Robinson 4345:(1837), 4341:(1835), 4337:(1834), 4333:(1833), 4329:(1830), 4325:(1818), 4321:(1784), 4317:(1751), 4309:(1738), 4305:(1699), 4301:(1688), 4297:(1647), 4295:Monconys 4293:(1620), 4289:(1583), 4285:(1557), 4281:(1550), 4277:(1548), 4273:(1507), 4188:Biblical 4154:Balanios 4141:Baalbeck 4129:Ba'labek 4088:See also 4024:) valley 4022:El Bekaa 3913:, Greece 3900:, Turkey 3885:L'Aquila 3653:Average 3280:Pessinus 3264:Savannah 3252:Savannah 3207:Colombia 3106:Damascus 3091:barbican 2971:keystone 2931:porticos 2892:) under 2890:Istanbul 2847:churches 2809:Egyptian 2704:Τρίλιθον 2523:al Manar 2443:general 2433:Orthodox 2404:(now in 2321:capstans 2317:machines 2251:kaymakam 2226:Metawali 2189:'s 1757 2174:tourists 2091:Abulfeda 2073:general 2044:al-Kamil 2040:Damascus 2012:Kafr Tab 1855:Muhammad 1831:Damascus 1829:emir of 1788:Abbasids 1784:Umayyads 1767:al-Qala' 1756:in 637 ( 1641:polygamy 1609:Caesarea 1605:Eusebius 1576:and son 1488:Augustus 1468:Pannonia 1432:Baetylia 1424:Massilia 1385:statuary 1282:capitals 1269:caravans 1229:Josephus 1221:Augustus 1209:veterans 1182:Diadochi 1159:and the 1056:Egyptian 1052:Assyrian 1048:Assyrian 1044:Egyptian 986:vineyard 886:. 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