1712:. He became known as Levon the Magnificent, due to his numerous contributions to Cilician Armenian statehood in the political, military, and economic spheres. Levon's growing power made him a particularly important ally for the neighbouring crusader state of Antioch, which resulted in intermarriage with noble families there, but his dynastic policies revealed ambition towards the overlordship of Antioch which the Latins ultimately could not countenance. They resulted in the Antiochene Wars of Succession between Levon's grand-nephew Raymond Roupen and Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli. The Rubenids consolidated their power by controlling strategic roads with fortifications that extended from the Taurus Mountains into the plain and along the borders, including the baronial and royal castles at
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119:
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1345:
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1249:. The Caliphate's occupation of Cilicia and of other areas in Asia Minor led many Armenians to seek refuge and protection further west in the Byzantine Empire, which created demographic imbalances in the region. In order to better protect their eastern territories after their reconquest, the Byzantines resorted largely to a policy of mass transfer and relocation of native populations within the Empire's borders. Nicephorus thus expelled the Muslims living in Cilicia, and encouraged Christians from Syria and Armenia to settle in the region. Emperor
1920:
1414:
101:
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2082:
1997:, who paid large annual tributes to the Mamluks. Even with the tributes, the Mamluks continued to attack Cilicia every few years. In 1275, an army led by the emirs of the sultan invaded the country without pretext and faced Armenians who had no means of resistance. The city of Tarsus was taken, the royal palace and the church of Saint Sophia was burned, the state treasury was looted, 15,000 civilians were killed, and 10,000 were taken captive to Egypt. Almost the entire population of
1850:
2213:
2484:
2395:
1337:
532:
141:
2545:. The latter, situated on two strategic caravan routes, was the last fully navigable port to the Mediterranean on the Pyramus River and the location of warehouses licensed by the Armenians to the Genoese. Important European merchant communities and colonies came into existence, with their own churches, courts of law, and trading houses. As French became the secondary language of Cilician nobility, the secondary language for Cilician commerce had become
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2183:
1838:
1608:
1563:, T'oros' brother and successor, started his reign in 1129. He integrated the Cilician coastal cities to the Armenian principality, thus consolidating Armenian commercial leadership in the region. During this period, there was continued hostility between Cilician Armenia and the Seljuk Turks, as well as occasional bickering between Armenians and the Principality of Antioch over forts located near southern
1784:
1767:, and the marriage of Bohemond's son Philip to Queen Zabel sealed this; however, Philip was too "Latin" for the Armenians' taste, as he refused to abide by the precepts of the Armenian Church. In 1224, Philip was imprisoned in Sis for stealing the crown jewels of Armenia, and after several months of confinement, he was poisoned and killed. Zabel decided to embrace a monastic life in the city of
1222:
2010:
1571:, who still considered Cilicia to be a Byzantine province, conquered most of the towns and cities located on the Cilician plains. They captured and imprisoned Levon in Constantinople with several other family members, including his sons Ruben and T'oros. Levon died in prison three years later. Ruben was blinded and killed while in prison, but Levon's second son and successor,
2029:, the Armenians had to sign a ten-year truce under harsh terms. The Armenians were obligated to cede many fortresses to the Mamluks and were prohibited to rebuild their defensive fortifications. Cilician Armenia was forced to trade with Egypt, thereby circumventing a trade embargo imposed by the pope. Moreover, the Mamluks were to receive an annual tribute of one million
1302:'s solicitation, the Armenians obtained a partial reprieve, but Malik's succeeding governors continued levying taxes. This led the Armenians to seek refuge in Byzantium and in Cilicia. Some Armenian leaders set themselves up as sovereign lords, while others remained, at least in name, loyal to the Empire. The most successful of these early Armenian warlords was
2453:
notably with their architectural traditions. Europeans incorporated elements of
Armenian castle-building, learned from Armenian masons in the Crusader states, as well as some elements of church architecture. Most Armenian castles made atypical usage of rocky heights, and featured curved walls and round towers, similar to those of the Hospitaller castles
1690:), he elevated the princedom's status to a kingdom. On January 6, 1198, the day Armenians celebrate Christmas, Prince Levon II was crowned with great solemnity in the cathedral of Tarsus, in the presence of the Syrian Jacobite patriarch, the Greek metropolitan of Tarsus, and numerous church dignitaries and military leaders. While he was crowned by the
1557:. The assassins of the latter, three Byzantine brothers who governed the castle, were thus brutally killed. Eventually, there emerged a type of centralized government in the area with the rise of the Rubenid princes. During the twelfth century, they were the closest thing to a ruling dynasty, and wrestled with the Byzantines for power over the region.
1444:, was considered a savior for the Armenians. Constantine saw the Crusaders' arrival as a one-time opportunity to consolidate his rule of Cilicia by eliminating the remaining Byzantine strongholds in the region. With the Crusaders' help, they secured Cilicia from the Byzantines and Turks, both by direct military actions in Cilicia and by establishing
2445:. European tradition was adopted for the knighting of Armenian nobles, while jousts and tournaments similar to those in Europe had become popular in Cilician Armenia. The extent of Western influence over Cilician Armenia is also reflected by the incorporation of two new letters (Ֆ ֆ = "f" and Օ օ = "o") and various Latin-based words into the
4390:
2647:, proclaimed a union between the Armenian Church and the Roman Catholic Church; however, this had no notable effect, as the local clergy and populace was strongly opposed to such a union. The Western Church sent numerous missions to Cilician Armenia to help with rapprochement, but had limited results. The
2452:
In other areas, there was more hostility to the new
Western trends. Above all, most ordinary Armenians frowned on conversion to Roman Catholicism or Greek Orthodoxy. Cultural influence was not merely one-way, however; Cilician Armenians had an important impact on Crusaders returning to the West, most
2414:
Demographically, Cilician
Armenia was heterogeneous with a population of Armenians who constituted the ruling class, and also Greeks, Jews, Muslims, and various Europeans. The multi-ethnic population, as well as commercial and political links with Europeans, particularly France, brought important new
2249:
From 1343 to 1344, a time when the
Armenian population and its feudal rulers refused to adapt to the new Lusignan leadership and its policy of Latinizing the Armenian Church, Cilicia was again invaded by the Mamluks, who were intent on territorial expansion. Frequent appeals for help and support were
2237:, who, by the 12th century, were already established in the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. Had it not been for their presence in Cyprus, the kingdom of Cilician Armenia may have, out of necessity, established itself on the island. In 1342, Levon's cousin Guy de Lusignan, was anointed king as
1915:
from 1259 to 1260. The involvement of Het'um at these two conquests is debated however, with the source for such information - Templar of Tyre - claiming his involvement in a deliberate attempt to integrate
Mongols into a Holy-War conquest narrative. This was to persuade Latin Christendom of the need
1269:
after the fall of
Bagratid Armenia, as it remained under foreign occupation. Following its conquest in 1045, and in the midst of Byzantine efforts to further repopulate the Empire's east, Armenian immigration into Cilicia intensified and turned into a major socio-political movement. Armenians came to
1476:
Among the good deeds which the
Armenian people has done towards the church and the Christian world, it should especially be stressed that, in those times when the Latin Christian princes and the warriors went to retake the Holy Land, no people or nation, with the same enthusiasm, joy and faith came
1368:
upon the
Byzantine emperor's request. Instead of negotiating peace, however, the king was forced to cede his Armenian lands and live in exile. Gagik was later assassinated by Greeks. In 1080, soon after this assassination, Ruben organized a band of Armenian troops and revolted against the Byzantine
2245:
were considered pro-Latin and deeply committed to the supremacy of the Roman
Catholic Church in the Levant. As kings, the Lusignans attempted to impose Catholicism and the European ways. The Armenian nobles largely accepted this, but the peasantry opposed the changes, which eventually led to civil
1893:
in 1247 to negotiate an alliance. He returned in 1250 with an agreement guaranteeing the integrity of
Cilicia, as well as the promise of Mongol aid to recapture forts seized by the Seljuks. Despite his sometimes-burdensome military commitments to the Mongols, Het’um had the financial resources and
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was located in distant Hromkla. He was assisted by fourteen bishops in administering the Armenian Church in the kingdom, a number which grew in later years. The archbishops' seats were located in Tarsus, Sis, Anazarba, Lambron, and Mamistra. There existed up to sixty monastic houses in Cilicia,
1956:
took the field in 1266 with the intention of wiping out the Crusader states from the Middle East. In the same year, he summoned Het'um I to change his allegiance from the Mongols to the Mamluks, and remit to the Mamluks the territories and fortresses the Armenian king had acquired through his
1818:
The apparent unification in marriage of the two main dynasties of Cilicia, Rubenid and Het'umid, ended a century of dynastic and territorial rivalry, while bringing the Het'umids to the forefront of political dominance in Cilician Armenia. Although the accession of Het'um I in 1226 marked the
2768:
is extensive and specific on the alliance (page numbers refer to the French edition): “The Armenians, in the person of their king Hetoum, sided with the Mongols, as well as Prince Bohemond, his son-in-law. The Franks of Acre however adopted a position of neutrality favourable to the muslims”
1935:
masters in Egypt. The Mamluks began as a cavalry corps established from Turkic and other slaves sold to the Egyptian sultan by Genghis Khan. They took control of Egypt and Palestine in 1250 and 1253, respectively, and filled the vacuum caused by the Mongol destruction of the pre-existing
2671:
Whence does the Church of Rome derive the power to pass judgment on the other Apostolic sees while she herself is not subject to their judgments? We ourselves have indeed the authority to bring you to trial, following the example of the Apostles, and you have no right to deny our
2117:), to join his attack on the Mamluks. The Mongols took the city of Aleppo, where they were joined by King Het'um. His forces included Templars and Hospitallers from the kingdom of Armenia, who participated in the rest of the offensive. The combined force defeated the Mamluks in the
2742:, p. 55, describes "the Mongol alliance" entered into by the king of Armenia and the Franks of Antioch ("the King of Armenia decided to engage into the Mongol alliance, an intelligence that the Latin barons lacked, except for Antioch"), and "the Franco-Mongol collaboration."
2278:, his cousin and king of Cyprus. The title of King of Armenia was thus united with the titles of King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem. The title has also been claimed indirectly by the House of Savoy by claiming the title King of Jerusalem and a number of other thrones.
1270:
serve the Byzantines as military officers or governors, and were given control of important cities on the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier. The Seljuks also played a significant role in the Armenian population movement into Cilicia. In 1064, the Seljuk Turks led by
2834:Կիլիկյան հայկական պետության ծաղկան ժամանակաշրջանում՝ XIII դարում, նրա տարածությունը կազմում էր 40.000 քառ. կմ, իսկ բնակչության թիվը անցնում էր մեկ միլիոնից։ Կիլիկիայի քաղաքներում ու նավահանգիստներում էր կենտրոնացված Կիլիկիայի մեկ միլիոն բնակչության համարյա կեսը։
1501:. The Armenians and Crusaders were part allies, part rivals for the two centuries to come. Often at the invitation of Armenian barons and kings the Crusaders maintained for varying periods castles in and along the borders of the Kingdom, including
1898:
at Karakorum. He was received with great honors and promised freedom from taxation of the Armenian churches and monasteries located in Mongol territory. Both during his trip to the Mongol court and in his 1256 return to Cilicia, he passed through
2514:, as well as livestock, hides, wool, and cotton. In addition, important products such as timber, grain, wine, raisins, and raw silk were also exported from the country and finished cloth and metal products from the West were made available.
1264:
The formal annexation of Greater Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and its conquest by the Seljuk Turks 19 years later caused two new waves of Armenian migration to Cilicia. The Armenians could not re-establish an independent state in
1369:
Empire. He was joined by many other Armenian lords and nobles. Thus, in 1080, the foundations of the independent Armenian princedom of Cilicia, and the future kingdom, were laid under Ruben's leadership. His descendants were called
3945:
The Catalan map does not make much of Ottoman power. The Cilician kingdom of Armenia Minor is more clearly indicated. Founded at the end of the twelfth century, it fell to the Turks in 1375, the very year in which the Atlas was
2662:
was a Franciscan and an advocate of union with the Latin Church. The papal claim of primacy did not contribute positively to the efforts for unity between the Churches. Mkhitar Skewratsi, the Armenian delegate at the council in
2622:
The Catholicosate of the Armenian Apostolic Church followed its people in taking refuge outside the Armenian highlands, which had turned into a battleground of Byzantine and Seljuk contenders. Its seat was first transferred to
1322:
in the east. He invited many Armenian nobles to settle in his territory, and gave them land and castles. But Philaretus's state began to crumble even before his death in 1090, and ultimately disintegrated into local lordships.
1916:
for a war against the Mamluks. According to Arab historians, during Hulagu's conquest of Aleppo, Het'um and his forces were responsible for a massacre and arsons in the main mosque and in the neighboring quarters and souks.
2533:, and granted them certain privileges such as tax exemptions in return for their business. The three primary harbours of the Armenian Kingdom, which were vital to its economy and defense, were the fortified coastal sites at
2676:
After the sacking of Hromkla by the Mamluks in 1293, the Catholicosate was transferred to Sis, the capital of the Cilician Kingdom. Again, in 1441, long after the fall of the kingdom, the Armenian Catholicos of Sis,
3502:"Hethoum I receiving the homage of the Tatars: during his voyage to Mongolia in 1254, Hethoum I was received with honours by the Mongol Khan who 'ordered several of his noble subjects to honour and attend him'" in
1819:
beginning of Cilician Armenia's united dynastic kingdom, the Armenians were confronted by many challenges from abroad. In order to enact revenge for his son's death, Bohemond sought an alliance with Seljuk sultan
1097:
disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies. After relentless attacks by the Mamluks in Egypt in the fourteenth century, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, then under the rule of the
2755:
describes the alliance of the Franks of Antioch and Tripoli with the Mongols: (in 1260) "the Frank barons refused an alliance with the Mongols, except for the Armenians and the Prince of Antioch and Tripoli".
2356:
in the 17th century. Cilicia was one of the most important regions for the Ottoman Armenians, because it managed to preserve Armenian character well throughout the years. In 1909, Cilician Armenians were
2769:(p. 261), “Bohemond of Antioch and Hethoum of Armenia, principal allies of the Mongols” (p. 265), “Hulagu (…) still had enough strength to prevent the punishment of his allies ” (p. 267).
1985:
was sacked and burnt, thousands of Armenians were massacred and 40,000 taken captive. Het'um ransomed Levon for a high price, giving the Mamluks control of many fortresses and a large sum of money. The
2128:, south of Damascus, on April 21, 1303. It is considered to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria. When Ghazan died on May 10, 1304, all hope of reconquest of the Holy Land died in conjunction.
2124:
In 1303, the Mongols tried to conquer Syria once again in larger numbers (approximately 80,000) along with the Armenians, but they were defeated at Homs on March 30, 1303, and during the decisive
1477:
to their aid as the Armenians did, who supplied the Crusaders with horses, provision and guidance. The Armenians assisted these warriors with their utter courage and loyalty during the Holy wars.
1105:
Commercial and military interactions with Europeans brought new Western influences to the Cilician Armenian society. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including
1549:, and expanded the Rubenid domain. He transferred the Cilician capital from Tarsus to Sis after having eliminated the small Byzantine garrison stationed there. In 1112, he took the castle of
1109:, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. Moreover, the organization of the Cilician society shifted from its traditional system to become closer to Western
1575:, escaped in 1141 and returned to Cilicia to lead the struggle with the Byzantines. Initially, he was successful in repelling Byzantine invasions; but, in 1158, he paid homage to Emperor
3493:
Natasha Hodgson, Conflict and Cohabitation Marriage and Diplomacy between Latins and Cilician Armenians c. 1150-1254’ in The Crusades and the Near East, ed. C Kostick (Routledge, 2010)
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Cilician Armenia had become a prosperous state due to its strategic position on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. It was located at the juncture of many trade routes linking
1113:. The European Crusaders themselves borrowed know-how, such as elements of Armenian castle-building and church architecture. Cilician Armenia thrived economically, with the port of
1952:, which further made the Armenian Kingdom a potential Mamluk target. Armenia also engaged in an economic battle with the Mamluks for control of the spice trade. The Mamluk leader
1885:
against the Seljuk Turks. The Mongol conquest was disastrous for Greater Armenia, but not Cilicia, as Het'um preemptively chose to cooperate with the Mongols. He sent his brother
1670:. Prince Levon II profited from the situation by improving relations with the Europeans. Cilician Armenia's prominence in the region is attested by letters sent in 1189 by Pope
3560:"The king of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch went to the military camp of the Tatars, and they all went off to take Damascus". Le Templier de Tyr. Quoted in Rene Grousset,
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made by the Armenians to their co-religionists in Europe, and the kingdom was also involved in planning new crusades. Amidst failed Armenian pleas for help from Europe, the
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at the death of John I and died in exile in Paris in 1393, after having called in vain for another crusade. In 1396, Levon's title and privileges were transferred to
2815:
1903:. On his return voyage, he remained much longer, receiving visits from local princes, bishops, and abbots. Het'um and his forces fought under the Mongol banner of
1675:
2517:
During the reign of King Levon, the economy of Cilician Armenia progressed greatly and became heavily integrated with Western Europe. He secured agreements with
1944:
governments. Cilician Armenia also expanded and recovered lands crossed by important trade routes on the Cappadocian, Mesopotamian, and Syrian borders, including
4467:
2631:, where had existed a significant Armenian population. Later, it moved to various locations in Cilicia; Tavbloor in 1062; Dzamendav in 1066; Dzovk in 1116; and
1393:. The Het'umids contended with the Rubenids for power and influence over Cilicia. Various Armenian lords and former generals of Philaretos were also present in
2121:, on December 23, 1299. The bulk of the Mongol army was then obligated to retreat. In their absence, the Mamluks regrouped, and regained the area in May 1300.
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4799:
2686:
2258:, his daughter Marie, and her husband Shahan had taken refuge, put an end to the kingdom. The final king, Levon V, was granted safe passage and arrived in
118:
6502:
2707:
1759:
was proclaimed the new ruler of Cilician Armenia and placed under the regency of Adam of Baghras. Baghras was assassinated and the regency passed to
1306:, a former Byzantine general who was alongside Romanus Diogenes at Manzikert. Between 1078 and 1085, Philaretus built a principality stretching from
4556:
1881:
and reached the Middle East, conquering Mesopotamia and Syria in their advance towards Egypt. On June 26, 1243, they secured a decisive victory at
1894:
political autonomy to build new and impressive fortifications, such as the castle at Tamrut. In 1253, Het'um himself visited the new Mongol ruler
4809:
4804:
2155:, brother of Het'um, immediately marched against Bularghu to retaliate and vanquished him, forcing him to leave Cilicia. Bulargu was executed by
5737:
3551:
Christianian, Jirair, “The Inscription at Tamrut Castle: The Case for a Revision of Armenian History,” Le Muséon 132 (1-2), 2019, pp.107-122.
1823:, who captured regions west of Seleucia. Het'um also struck coins with his figure on one side, and with the name of the sultan on the other.
3908:
2829:
2825:
1763:
from the Het'umid dynasty, a very influential Armenian family. In order to fend off the Seljuk threat, Constantine sought an alliance with
894:
1245:. However, the Caliphate failed to gain a permanent foothold in Anatolia, as Cilicia was reconquered in the year 965 by Byzantine Emperor
5046:
4460:
3181:(2008). "The Founding and the Coalescence of the Rubenian Principality, 1073–1129". In Hovannisian, Richard G.; Payaslian, Simon (eds.).
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from the Armenians. The Mamluks, despite the above, continued to raid Cilician Armenia on numerous occasions. In 1292, it was invaded by
3895:
The Cilician kingdom of Armenia Minor is more clearly indicated. Founded at the end of the twelfth century, it fell to the Turks in 1375
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4904:
395:
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35:
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6512:
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In the thirteenth century, under the rule of Toros, Cilician Armenia already struck its own coins. Gold and silver coins, called
2317:. As a result, 30,000 wealthy Armenians left Cilicia and settled in Cyprus, still ruled by the Lusignan dynasty until 1489. Many
283:
3992:(in Armenian). Athens: Հրատարակութիւն ազգային ուսումնակաան խորհուրդի (Council of National Education Publishing). pp. 53–56.
3420:(in Armenian). Athens: Հրատարակութիւն ազգային ուսումնակաան խորհուրդի (Council of National Education Publishing). pp. 42–44.
3362:(in Armenian). Athens: Հրատարակութիւն ազգային ուսումնակաան խորհուրդի (Council of National Education Publishing). pp. 33–36.
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friar; however, he emerged from his monastic cell to help Levon defend Cilicia from a Mamluk army, which was thus defeated near
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The letter of love and concord : a revised diplomatic edition with historical and textual comments and English translation
4343:. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2008.
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in the east and Arab-held Syria towards the south. As a result of the Byzantine military campaigns, the Armenians spread into
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had taken over Cilicia, they were unable to hold it. Turkic tribes settled there, leading to the conquest of Cilicia led by
1678:, in which he asks Armenian military and financial assistance to the crusaders. Thanks to the support given to Levon by the
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The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
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for his crime at the request of the Armenians. Oshin was crowned new king of Cilician Armenia upon his return to Tarsus.
20:
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2419:, fashion, and the use of French Christian names. The structure of Cilician society became more synonymous with Western
1146:
Syria, weakened by a bloody civil war, offered their allegiance to the ambitious Armenian king. Tigranes then conquered
6492:
5489:
5168:
4653:
3236:
Bozoyan, Azat A. (2008). "Armenian Political Revival in Cilicia". In Hovannisian, Richard G.; Payaslian, Simon (eds.).
2377:. The lion, emblem of the Cilician Armenian state, remains a symbol of Armenian statehood to this day, featured on the
1489:. The friendly relationship between the Armenians and Crusaders was cemented by frequent intermarriages. For instance,
836:
4008:
The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
3960:
The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
3390:
The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
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The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
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The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)
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The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins, 1080-1393
1218:
territories. Many served in the Byzantine army as soldiers or as generals, and rose to prominent imperial positions.
2461:. The Cilician period also produced some important examples of Armenian art, notably the illuminated manuscripts of
1377:). After Ruben's death in 1095, the Rubenid principality, centered around their fortresses, was led by Ruben's son,
1278:
in Byzantine-held Armenia. Seven years later, they earned a decisive victory against Byzantium by defeating Emperor
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6016:
1425:
1378:
887:
3840:
5431:
5426:
4647:
2399:
2238:
841:
781:
771:
6255:
2862:"1080 A.D. Rhupen, cousin of the Bagratonian kings, sets up on Mount Taurus (overlooking the Mediterranean Sea)
1381:; however, there were several other Armenian principalities both inside and beyond Cilicia, such as that of the
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5743:
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5345:
5117:
4493:
3635:
2941:
2415:
influences on Armenian culture. The Cilician nobility adopted many aspects of Western European life, including
2073:
to the Turks. In 1293, he abdicated in favor of his brother T'oros III, and entered the monastery of Mamistra.
1965:
to obtain military support, but in his absence, the Mamluks invaded Cilician Armenia. Het'um's sons T'oros and
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19:
This article is about the Kingdom of Cilicia under Armenian rule. For a list of other Armenian Kingdoms, see
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3828:
Angus, Stewart, "The assassination of King Het'um II". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2005 pp. 45–61.
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2965:] (in Armenian). Vol. II. Athens: Հրատարակութիւն ազգային ուսումնակաան խորհուրդի . pp. 43–44.
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To show their appreciation to their Armenian allies, the Crusaders honored Constantine with the titles of
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1981:
overran the heavily outnumbered Armenians, killing T'oros and capturing Levon. Afterwards the capital of
1295:
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took place. An army of Western European Christians marched through Anatolia and Cilicia on their way to
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remained in Cilicia. They nevertheless maintained their foothold in the region throughout Turkic rule.
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2601:
2194:
2186:
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1772:
1771:, but she was later forced to marry Constantine's son Het'um in 1226. Het'um became co-ruler as King
1756:
1560:
1055:
831:
706:
232:
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A History of the Crusades, Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2897:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 630–659.
2193:. "Les chevaliers de Saint-Jean-de-Jerusalem rétablissant la religion en Arménie", 1844 painting by
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6005:
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1090:
236:
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The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)
3213:
The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)
531:
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A History of the Crusades – Volume II.: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East: 1100–1187
2876:
2378:
1994:
1987:
1966:
1882:
1832:
1592:
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1206:
After the 395 AD partition of the Roman Empire into halves, Cilicia became incorporated into the
866:
741:
556:
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1745:
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5690:
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3927:(1991). "Observations and Beliefs: The World of the Catalan Atlas". In Levenson, Jay A. (ed.).
3680:. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series (in French). France: CNRS Editions. pp. 74–75.
3185:. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series 8. United States: Mazda Publishers. pp. 79–83.
2936:. Washington D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. vii–xxxi, 3–288.
2678:
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1639:
1622:
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1417:
1086:
1062:
270:
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1042:, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focal point for
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Muslim military architecture in greater Syria: from the coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period
4113:
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2022:
1701:
1697:
1303:
776:
716:
4217:
1646:'s grandsons and brother of Ruben III, acceded the throne in 1187. He fought the Seljuks of
1625:. Levon II is considered the first king of Cilicia due to the Byzantine refusal of previous
1344:
6451:
5978:
5842:
5727:
5697:
5670:
5597:
5550:
4938:
4789:
4445:
3818:. United States of America: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. pp. 253–254.
3590:. United States of America: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. pp. 246–248.
3340:. United States of America: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. pp. 213–226.
2892:
2086:
1886:
1737:
1683:
1663:
1510:
1490:
1207:
1046:, since Armenia proper was under foreign occupation at the time. Cilicia's significance in
1016:
6330:
2025:, a truce was forced on Armenia. Further, in 1285, following a powerful offensive push by
1261:, and eastward from Cilicia into the mountainous areas of northern Syria and Mesopotamia.
8:
6436:
6431:
6295:
6027:
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5643:
5133:
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3240:. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series. United States: Mazda Publishers. p. 68.
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2611:
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2318:
2201:
2190:
2110:
1692:
1679:
1441:
1402:
1319:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1030:, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at
1008:
851:
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6250:
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5173:
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4823:
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3459:
2526:
2255:
2101:, for his support. In response, Ghâzân marched towards Syria and invited the Franks of
2058:
1982:
1957:
submission to the Mongols. After these threats, Het'um went to the Mongol court of the
1919:
1804:
1713:
1299:
1242:
1226:
1131:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1000:
731:
661:
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631:
520:
296:
180:
3305:. United States of America: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. p. 202.
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3087:
2564:, were struck at the royal mints of Sis and Tarsus. Foreign coins such as the Italian
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due to the three Italian city-states' extensive involvement in the Cilician economy.
2522:
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2013:
Little Armenia, a Christian exclave in Anatolia, and its surrounding states in 1300.
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Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects
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1386:
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988:
711:
694:
676:
571:
491:
Although the kingdom was established in 1198, its foundations were laid in 1080 by
422:
409:
303:
210:
4211:
4209:
3741:
The Last Templar: The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay, Last Grand Master of the Temple
3708:
The Last Templar: The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay, Last Grand Master of the Temple
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2097:, again facing threats of attack by the Mamluks, asked the Mongol khan of Persia,
1654:, and added new lands to Cilicia, doubling its Mediterranean coast. At the time,
1394:
1158:). Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to the new metropolis of
6320:
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Het'um II became a Franciscan friar after his abdication. The Armenian historian
2106:
1932:
1580:
1445:
1437:
1183:
1151:
1143:
1093:. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crusader states and the Mongol
1066:
912:
870:
791:
786:
736:
624:
247:
218:
5143:
5059:
4064:
2821:Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն, Հ. 3. [History of the Armenian People. Vol. 3]
1857:, "receiving the homage of the Mongols". Miniature from "Histoire des Tartars",
1579:
through a short-lived treaty. Around 1151, during T'oros' rule, the head of the
1069:, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom. In 1226, the crown was passed to the rival
6395:
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5451:
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5105:
4777:
4767:
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4386:
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3294:
3058:. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 283–290.
3027:
2884:
2530:
2429:
system of Armenia. In fact, during the Cilician period, Western titles such as
2358:
2349:
2321:
also fled westward and founded or joined with existing diaspora communities in
2281:
2266:
to recover his kingdom. While in Castille, he was granted the title of Lord of
2209:(1375) appears heavily fortified within green walls, with its ports and flags (
2054:
1970:
1812:
1808:
1752:
1518:
1390:
1365:
1163:
1139:
1085:
and the Middle East, Hethum and succeeding Hethumid rulers sought to create an
1031:
746:
636:
214:
172:
168:
4987:
2162:
The Het'umids continued ruling an unstable Cilicia until the assassination of
1895:
1874:
1708:. By securing his crown, he became the first King of Armenian Cilicia as King
1385:. This important Armenian dynasty was founded by the former Byzantine general
6466:
6260:
5900:
5797:
5446:
5441:
5386:
5350:
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4782:
4772:
4681:
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2361:. Descendants of the remaining Cilician Armenians have been dispersed in the
2353:
2293:
2206:
2098:
2081:
1974:
1866:
1667:
1429:
1246:
1230:
992:
651:
381:
50:
37:
4402:
2534:
2166:
in 1341, at the hands of an angry mob. Levon IV formed an alliance with the
1130:
Armenian presence in Cilicia dates back to the first century BC, when under
6441:
6370:
6350:
6108:
6103:
5886:
5622:
5562:
5436:
5421:
5004:
4996:
4711:
2664:
2507:
2503:
2462:
2407:
2286:
2156:
2151:. Bularghu, a recent convert to Islam, murdered the entire Armenian party.
2046:
1878:
1870:
1849:
1497:, brother of Godfrey, married Constantine's niece, daughter of his brother
1287:
1195:
1159:
1155:
1082:
228:
184:
152:
3910:
Historic Maps of Armenia - The Cartographic Heritage. Abridged and updated
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1294:
and levied repressive taxes on the Armenian inhabitants. After Catholicos
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299:
257:
26:"Kingdom of Cilicia" redirects here. For the ancient Luwian kingdom, see
4293:. vol. V. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1979, pp. 406–428.
1241:
invasions in the seventh century and was entirely incorporated into the
1198:
conquered Cilicia and transformed it into one of its eastern provinces.
1154:. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais (modern
6315:
6220:
5592:
5416:
4861:
4836:
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4716:
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3204:
3202:
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1820:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1051:
1022:
The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded c. 1080 by the
206:
3513:
1700:, Levon received a banner with the insignia of a lion from Archbishop
140:
6375:
6285:
5993:
5411:
5406:
4696:
4529:
2640:
although the exact locations of the majority of them remain unclear.
2420:
2342:
2234:
2182:
2148:
2017:
In 1281, following the defeat of the Mongols and the Armenians under
1890:
1854:
1837:
1792:
1741:
1717:
1596:
1572:
1542:
1532:
1506:
1433:
1201:
1147:
1134:, the Kingdom of Armenia expanded and conquered a vast region in the
1110:
1094:
1070:
984:
666:
129:
4391:
The Medieval Kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia: (Oct. 26 and 29, 1878.)
3199:
2934:
The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia, Dumbarton Oaks Studies No.23
2233:
There had always been close relations between the Armenians and the
1795:
had settled into western Cilicia, primarily in the highlands of the
6335:
6325:
6300:
6235:
6230:
5381:
5303:
5191:
5178:
4930:
4841:
4706:
4691:
4593:
4525:
4428:
4416:
2894:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
2615:
2425:
2416:
2370:
2304:
2144:
1912:
1651:
1617:
1588:
1554:
1550:
1541:, who succeeded him in around 1100. During his rule, he faced both
1538:
1382:
1361:
1250:
1187:
1106:
1102:
and mired in an internal religious conflict, finally fell in 1375.
1078:
1039:
1023:
701:
596:
496:
157:
107:
4882:
3841:
Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Armeniens I, p.664
2553:, for example, set out on his journey to China from Ayas in 1271.
1733:
1050:
and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the
6400:
6305:
6199:
6113:
5541:
5308:
5288:
5222:
4871:
4846:
4794:
4751:
4701:
4686:
4545:
4349:
Arméniens et autres Chrétiens d'Orient sous la domination Mongole
4109:
The Armenians: from kings and priests to merchants and commissars
3653:
Arméniens et autres Chrétiens d'Orient sous la domination mongole
2702:
2681:, proclaimed the union of the Armenian and Latin churches at the
2632:
2538:
2466:
2374:
2254:
to the Mamluks, followed by the fortress of Gaban in 1375, where
2147:, the Mongol representative in Cilicia, at his camp just outside
2062:
2030:
2026:
1978:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1842:
1800:
1768:
1655:
1631:
1584:
1553:
in order to avenge the death of the last Bagratid Armenian king,
1546:
1398:
1370:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1012:
996:
846:
586:
3812:"Chapter XXX: The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia — Mongol Invasion"
3584:"Chapter XXX: The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia — Mongol Invasion"
2045:, who had conquered the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in
6225:
5318:
5313:
5298:
4741:
4257:(in French). Vol. 464. France: Gallimard. pp. 71–72.
3436:. Pogossian, Zaroui. Leiden: Brill. 2010. p. 17, note 46.
2986:
Der Nersessian. "The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia", pp. 645–653.
2824:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences. pp.
2458:
2334:
2322:
2289:
2271:
2267:
2140:
2102:
2066:
2038:
2009:
1962:
1945:
1908:
1904:
1607:
1564:
1522:
1502:
1364:. Ruben was alongside the Armenian ruler Gagik when he went to
1182:
to the Mediterranean. Tigranes invaded as far southeast as the
1135:
611:
606:
591:
483:
475:
3603:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV: c. 1024-c. 1198
3574:
3572:
3570:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
1783:
1170:). At its height, Tigranes' Armenian Empire extended from the
6118:
5323:
4866:
4440:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3411:
3409:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2624:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2228:
2131:
Het'um II abdicated in favour of his sixteen-year-old nephew
2042:
1659:
1647:
1486:
1482:
1352:
One of the princes who came after Philaretos' invitation was
923:
601:
479:
202:
4475:
2510:
to the Mediterranean. The kingdom was thus important in the
1436:. The Armenians in Cilicia gained powerful allies among the
1221:
6215:
5278:
5155:
4746:
4736:
3567:
3309:
3299:"Chapter XXV: Magnificence to be soon followed by Calamity"
3273:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–201.
2494:
1826:
1721:
1460:. The Armenians also helped the Crusaders; as described by
1191:
1058:, spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region.
561:
3976:
3531:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 43–46.
3406:
3344:
3215:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 33–34.
2969:
2610:
The St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Cathedral at the
1599:, succeeded T'oros in 1169, 1170, and 1175, respectively.
1214:. In the sixth century AD, Armenian families relocated to
6518:
States and territories disestablished in the 14th century
2950:
2667:
in 1261, summed the Armenian frustration in these words:
1567:. In this context, in 1137, the Byzantines under Emperor
1275:
3856:(in French). France: Découvertes Gallimard. p. 77.
2869:
4144:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 293.
2296:, retained a substantial Armenian population until the
1120:
3802:
3800:
3605:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 634.
2143:. In 1307, both the current and former kings met with
2089:
to accompany Kutlushah on the 1303 attack on Damascus.
957:
943:
4033:
The later Crusades, 1 274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar
2498:
Coin of the Cilician Armenian kingdom, ca. 1080–1375.
2076:
916:
4224:. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing ltd. p.
1845:
in Cilician Armenia built c. the thirteenth century.
4318:
The Armenian kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades
4283:Poghosyan, S.; Katvalyan, M.; Grigoryan, G. et al.
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
3797:
3173:
3171:
2708:
List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1907:in the conquest of Muslim Syria and the capture of
1125:
3738:
3705:
3229:
1611:Little Armenia and its surrounding states in 1200.
1533:Armenian-Byzantine and Armenian-Seljuk contentions
1202:Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire
4035:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21.
3600:
2813:
2685:; this was countered by an Armenian schism under
2174:, but could not resist attacks from the Mamluks.
2004:
1993:In 1269, Het'um I abdicated in favour of his son
1602:
1274:made their advance towards Anatolia by capturing
6464:
4092:
4076:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
3990:Պատմութիւն Հայոց (History of Armenia), Volume II
3678:Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie, XIIe-XIVe siècle
3418:Պատմութիւն Հայոց (History of Armenia), Volume II
3360:Պատմութիւն Հայոց (History of Armenia), Volume II
3168:
3054:Bournoutian, Ani Atamian. "Cilician Armenia" in
2305:Dispersion of the Armenian population of Cilicia
1420:receiving the homage of the Armenians in Edessa.
1405:, the latter two being located outside Cilicia.
1331:
4220:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
4001:
3999:
3478:
3334:"Chapter XXVII: The Barony of Cilician Armenia"
3074:
3072:
4385:
4112:. London: Columbia University Press. pp.
4060:. New York: Kalaydjian Foundation. p. 12.
2875:
2758:
2745:
2729:
950:
6185:
5207:
4898:
4461:
3526:
3210:
2655:himself arrived in Cilician Armenia in 1288.
2177:
1286:, north of Lake Van. Alp Arslan's successor,
1089:against common Muslim foes, most notably the
888:
4078:. Germany: Textor Verlag. pp. 465–467.
3996:
3366:
3069:
2384:
2352:dominion and officially became known as the
2093:In the summer of 1299, Het'um I's grandson,
1969:were left to defend the country. During the
1038:. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European
5047:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
4163:
4161:
3987:
3699:
3697:
3415:
3357:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2956:
2479:Armenian merchantry § Cilician Armenia
1466:
1081:. As the Mongols conquered vast regions of
6503:States and territories established in 1080
6192:
6178:
5214:
5200:
4905:
4891:
4468:
4454:
3601:Luscombe, David; W. Hazard, Harry (2004).
2759:
2746:
2730:
2241:. Guy de Lusignan and his younger brother
2229:Decline and fall with the Lusignan dynasty
895:
881:
139:
4315:
4105:
4055:
4005:
3957:
3930:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
3906:
3880:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
3806:
3655:(in French). Geuthner. pp. 128–129.
3578:
3472:
3387:
3328:
3293:
3149:
3008:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2785:
2689:, who moved the See of the Catholicos to
2635:in 1149. During King Levon I's rule, the
1865:During the rule of Zabel and Het'um, the
1853:Hethum I (seated) in the Mongol court of
1807:, which commanded strategic roads to the
1493:married the daughter of Constantine, and
1348:The Barony of Cilician Armenia, 1080–1199
1253:(976–1025) tried to expand into Armenian
1117:serving as a center for East–West trade.
396:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty
4346:
4248:
4167:
4158:
3851:
3736:
3703:
3694:
3675:
3650:
3265:
3254:
2989:
2605:
2493:
2482:
2393:
2348:In the 16th century, Cilicia fell under
2280:
2200:
2181:
2080:
2008:
1918:
1848:
1836:
1827:Armeno-Mongol alliance and Mamluk threat
1799:. Their two great dynastic castles were
1782:
1606:
1412:
1343:
1335:
1220:
437:Kingdom of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia
4644:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822)
4249:Mahé, Annie; Mahé, Jean-Pierre (2005).
4136:
4030:
3923:
3877:Massing, Jean Michel (1 January 1991).
3876:
3852:Mahé, Annie; Mahé, Jean-Pierre (2005).
3769:
3235:
3177:
2931:
2270:and other cities. He left Castille for
1778:
326:40,000 km (15,000 sq mi)
6465:
4301:. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
3625:
2912:
2809:
2807:
1755:to claim the throne, Levon's daughter
1326:
16:State in southern Anatolia (1080–1375)
6173:
5195:
4886:
4449:
4296:
4215:
4073:
4056:Hadjilyra, Alexander-Michael (2009).
3933:. Yale University Press. p. 27.
3883:. Yale University Press. p. 27.
3779:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p.
3119:from the original on 21 February 2007
2651:were put in charge of this activity.
269:• Prince Leo II crowned as King
5221:
3845:
3372:
2723:
2437:replaced their Armenian equivalents
1389:, and was centered southwest of the
1150:and Cilicia, effectively ending the
1121:Early Armenian migrations to Cilicia
1026:, an alleged offshoot of the larger
499:principality of Cilicia was founded.
4912:
2804:
2001:, Armenian, and Frankish perished.
1787:Flag of Hetumid Dynasty (1226–1341)
1751:In 1219, after a failed attempt by
1356:, who had close ties with the last
13:
5738:President of the National Assembly
4375:(n° 464), Paris: Gallimard, 2005,
4274:
4173:The New Cambridge Medieval History
3913:. BENNETT & BLOOM. p. 59.
3510:, p.58, quoting Hayton of Corycus.
2077:Campaigns with Mongols (1299–1303)
1615:The Principality of Cilicia was a
530:
14:
6539:
4410:
4369:L'Arménie à l'épreuve des siècles
4251:L'Arménie à l'épreuve des Siècles
3854:L'Arménie à l'épreuve des Siècles
3745:. London: Profile Books. p.
3712:. London: Profile Books. p.
3630:. Richmond: Curzon. p. 253.
3628:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
2881:"The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia"
2588:were also accepted by merchants.
2262:seeking assistance from the King
1923:A young Cilician Armenian knight.
1298:'s assistant and representative,
991:by Armenian refugees fleeing the
69:Armenian Principality of Cilicia
6201:States in late medieval Anatolia
5540:
4986:
4555:
4512:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)
2643:In 1198, the Catholicos of Sis,
2529:, as well as the French and the
2218:
2211:
1990:further devastated the country.
1931:had been replacing their former
1621:kingdom before the ascension of
1408:
1190:, located in modern-day western
1126:Cilicia under Tigranes the Great
977:Armenian Principality of Cilicia
455:
441:
427:
402:
388:
374:
117:
99:
4648:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
4628:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
4299:The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
4242:
4193:
4049:
4010:. Routledge. pp. 159–161.
3951:
3917:
3900:
3870:
3831:
3822:
3763:
3730:
3669:
3644:
3619:
3594:
3554:
3545:
3496:
3487:
3424:
3392:. Routledge. pp. 118–120.
3381:
3287:
3101:
2847:"Landmarks in Armenian history"
2239:Constantine II, King of Armenia
2061:. Het'um was forced to abandon
1340:Coat of arms of Rubenid dynasty
842:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
6528:Former monarchies of West Asia
6513:1375 disestablishments in Asia
5118:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
5005:Latin Empire of Constantinople
4494:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
4441:Cilician Armenian Architecture
3508:Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie
3481:The Crusader States, 1192–1243
2839:
2779:
2766:The Crusades through Arab eyes
2740:Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie
2005:Truce with Mamluks (1281–1295)
1603:Principality becomes a kingdom
1061:In 1198, with the crowning of
981:Կիլիկիայի հայկական իշխանութիւն
1:
6483:Former countries in West Asia
5052:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
4201:Arméniens et autres Chrétiens
3527:Donal Stewart, Angus (2001).
3211:Donal Stewart, Angus (2001).
3154:. Routledge. pp. 39–42.
3013:. Routledge. pp. 54–55.
2957:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
2170:, then ruled by the Frankish
2053:was also sacked, forcing the
1332:Emergence of Cilician Armenia
925:Kiligio Hayoc’ T’akavorut’iun
4316:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
4290:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
4006:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
3988:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
3958:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
3416:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
3388:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
3358:Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996).
3150:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
3109:"King Tigran II – The Great"
3009:Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000).
2773:
2541:, and the river emporium of
1706:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1044:Armenian cultural production
975:, and formerly known as the
924:
918:Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն
85:Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն
77:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
28:Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)
7:
6523:1198 establishments in Asia
6508:1080 establishments in Asia
6488:States in medieval Anatolia
6473:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6422:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6051:Armenian Brotherhood Church
6046:Armenian Evangelical Church
5397:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
5100:State of the Teutonic Order
4973:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
4522:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
4347:Luisetto, Frédéric (2007).
4339:and Simon Payaslian (eds.)
3651:Luisetto, Frédéric (2007).
3479:Nickerson Hardwicke, Mary.
2932:Edwards, Robert W. (1987).
2891:; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
2696:
2591:
2469:in the thirteenth century.
2119:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
1973:, the Mamluks under Sultan
1674:to Levon and to Catholicos
1537:The son of Constantine was
1296:Gregory II the Martyrophile
958:
944:
909:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
657:Christianization of Armenia
10:
6544:
5521:Armenian national movement
4606:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
4429:"Kilikia" song with lyrics
4320:. Routledge. p. 256.
4177:Cambridge University Press
4106:Panossian, Razmik (2006).
3962:. Routledge. p. 150.
3907:Galichian, Rouben (2014).
2864:the kingdom of New Armenia
2595:
2476:
2472:
2389:
2178:Demise of Cilician Armenia
1830:
1635:kings, rather than dukes.
917:
722:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
682:Muslim conquest of Armenia
25:
18:
6493:History of Adana Province
6409:
6208:
6136:
6076:
6036:Armenian Apostolic Church
6026:
5959:
5872:
5863:
5841:
5773:
5764:
5713:National Security Service
5651:
5642:
5558:
5549:
5538:
5516:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
5503:
5485:First Republic of Armenia
5477:
5432:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia
5374:
5251:
5233:
5164:
5085:
4995:
4984:
4929:
4920:
4820:
4760:
4669:
4662:(1991–2023, unrecognized)
4640:(Beglarians, Israelians,
4584:Principality of Hamamshen
4564:
4553:
4484:
4351:. Geuthner. p. 262.
3676:Mutafian, Claude (2002).
2786:Ghazarian, Jacob (2018).
2602:Roman Catholicism in Asia
2385:Cilician Armenian society
2187:Constantin III of Armenia
2105:(the King of Cyprus, the
1056:Armenian Apostolic Church
1011:, it was centered in the
980:
951:
938:
832:First Republic of Armenia
707:Principality of Hamamshen
577:Lchashen–Metsamor culture
567:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
489:
471:
353:
349:
339:
335:
330:
322:
317:
313:
293:
280:
267:
263:
253:
243:
224:
194:
164:
147:
138:
95:
90:
67:
6041:Armenian Catholic Church
5656:Administrative divisions
5037:Duchy of the Archipelago
4297:Boase, T. S. R. (1978).
4074:Bryce, Viscount (2008).
4031:Housley, Norman (1992).
3737:Demurger, Alain (2005).
3704:Demurger, Alain (2005).
2958:
2877:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie
2693:, and marginalized Sis.
2423:than to the traditional
2205:Armenian Cilicia on the
1927:Meanwhile, the Egyptian
1791:By the 11th century the
1379:Constantine I of Armenia
1015:region northwest of the
987:state formed during the
282:• Tributary to the
5618:Shikahogh State Reserve
5269:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
5017:Kingdom of Thessalonica
4951:Principality of Antioch
4923:List of Crusader states
4417:Cilician Armenian Coins
4337:Hovannisian, Richard G.
4058:The Armenians of Cyprus
2866:which lasts 300 years."
2379:Coat of arms of Armenia
2189:on his throne with the
1988:1269 Cilicia earthquake
1889:to the Mongol court of
1833:Armeno-Mongol relations
1583:transferred his see to
1314:in the south, and from
1290:, further expanded the
1073:through Leo's daughter
742:Principality of Khachen
607:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
552:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
535:Coat of Arms of Armenia
6089:Armenian eternity sign
5851:South Caucasus Railway
5139:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
5042:Triarchy of Negroponte
5022:Principality of Achaea
5010:Duchy of Philippopolis
4821:Other provinces under
4761:Other Armenian regions
4608:(Kiurikians, 979–1118)
4476:Historical states and
3464:: CS1 maint: others (
2679:Grigor IX Musabekiants
2674:
2619:
2499:
2491:
2411:
2400:illuminated manuscript
2301:
2285:Cilicia, particularly
2225:
2198:
2090:
2021:by the Mamluks at the
2014:
1924:
1877:rapidly expanded from
1862:
1846:
1788:
1765:Bohemond IV of Antioch
1761:Constantine of Baberon
1612:
1479:
1467:
1421:
1349:
1341:
1234:
1167:
1087:Armeno-Mongol alliance
1063:Leo I, King of Armenia
1003:and distinct from the
999:. Located outside the
536:
6447:Philaretos Brachamios
5462:Treaty of Turkmenchay
5129:Bishopric of Courland
5124:Archbishopric of Riga
4638:Melikdoms of Karabakh
4590:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
4373:Découvertes Gallimard
4287:("Cilician Armenia")
4255:Découvertes Gallimard
3626:Chahin, Mack (2001).
3562:Histoire des Croisade
2718:Order of Saint Blaise
2669:
2653:John of Monte Corvino
2609:
2497:
2486:
2465:, who was at work in
2397:
2284:
2204:
2185:
2085:Ghazan ordering King
2084:
2023:Second Battle of Homs
2012:
1922:
1852:
1840:
1786:
1610:
1474:
1416:
1347:
1339:
1304:Philaretos Brachamios
1267:their native highland
1224:
1034:, and later moved to
717:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
534:
195:Common languages
5783:AMX (stock exchange)
4939:Kingdom of Jerusalem
4790:Armenian Mesopotamia
4650:(1921, unrecognized)
4624:(Khachen, 1000–1261)
4485:Independent Armenian
4285:«Կիլիկյան Հայաստան»
3925:Massing, Jean Michel
1779:The Het'umid dynasty
1744:, and Gaban (modern
1684:Frederick Barbarossa
1664:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1491:Joscelin I of Edessa
1424:During the reign of
1247:Nicephorus II Phocas
1208:Eastern Roman Empire
1017:Gulf of Alexandretta
847:Contemporary Armenia
341:• 13th century
6437:Knights Hospitaller
6432:Empire of Trebizond
5793:Central Depository
5495:Independent Armenia
5274:Kura–Araxes culture
5134:Bishopric of Dorpat
5065:Knights Hospitaller
4546:Republic of Armenia
4540:Republic of Armenia
4367:Mahé, Jean-Pierre.
4216:Parry, Ken (2010).
2687:Kirakos I Virapetsi
2683:Council of Florence
2612:Holy See of Cilicia
2598:Holy See of Cilicia
2455:Krak des Chevaliers
2367:Holy See of Cilicia
2341:. Only the humbler
1680:Holy Roman Emperors
1666:, which led to the
1442:Godfrey of Bouillon
1418:Baldwin of Boulogne
1327:The Rubenid dynasty
1280:Romanus IV Diogenes
852:Republic of Artsakh
602:Nairi Confederation
557:Kura–Araxes culture
201:(native language),
47: /
6311:Kadi Burhan al-Din
5823:Telecommunications
5744:more on government
5568:Armenian highlands
5346:Kingdom of Armenia
5339:Satrapy of Armenia
5174:Crusading movement
5070:Hospitaller Rhodes
5032:Duchy of Neopatras
4824:Tigranes the Great
4622:Kingdom of Artsakh
4574:Satrapy of Armenia
4565:Minor or dependent
4478:regions of Armenia
4434:2011-06-28 at the
4422:2021-01-25 at the
3816:History of Armenia
3588:History of Armenia
3373:Runciman, Steven.
3338:History of Armenia
3303:History of Armenia
3080:"Cilician Kingdom"
2963:History of Armenia
2885:Setton, Kenneth M.
2814:Bornozyan, S. V.;
2751:Claude Lebedel in
2620:
2500:
2492:
2412:
2410:completed in 1268.
2359:massacred in Adana
2302:
2226:
2224:) clearly visible.
2199:
2091:
2015:
1977:and the commander
1925:
1873:and his successor
1863:
1847:
1789:
1613:
1438:Frankish Crusaders
1422:
1350:
1342:
1300:Parsegh of Cilicia
1243:Rashidun Caliphate
1235:
1227:Armenian highlands
1210:, also called the
1132:Tigranes the Great
1005:Kingdom of Armenia
1001:Armenian Highlands
752:Kingdom of Cilicia
732:Kingdom of Artsakh
712:Kingdom of Armenia
702:Emirate of Armenia
662:Kingdom of Sophene
642:Kingdom of Armenia
632:Satrapy of Armenia
537:
276:January 6, 1198/99
233:Armenian Apostolic
21:Kingdom of Armenia
6478:Armenian kingdoms
6460:
6459:
6167:
6166:
6132:
6131:
5984:Ethnic minorities
5859:
5858:
5760:
5759:
5723:Political parties
5708:National Assembly
5676:Foreign relations
5638:
5637:
5536:
5535:
5511:Armenian genocide
5392:Bagratuni Armenia
5361:Byzantine Armenia
5334:Achaemenid Empire
5319:Kingdom of Urartu
5189:
5188:
5156:Free City of Riga
4978:Kingdom of Cyprus
4968:County of Tripoli
4880:
4879:
4612:Kingdom of Syunik
4600:Kingdom of Vanand
4381:978-2-07-031409-6
4358:978-2-7053-3791-9
4235:978-0-631-23423-4
4151:978-90-04-14713-3
4123:978-0-231-13926-7
4085:978-3-938402-15-3
3940:978-0-300-05167-4
3890:978-0-300-05167-4
3662:978-2-7053-3791-9
3443:978-90-04-19189-1
3247:978-1-56859-154-4
3222:978-90-04-12292-5
3192:978-1-56859-154-4
3084:Globe Weekly News
2889:Wolff, Robert Lee
2724:Explanatory notes
2584:, and the French
2447:Armenian language
2363:Armenian diaspora
2319:merchant families
2298:Armenian genocide
2264:John I of Castile
2168:Kingdom of Cyprus
2126:Battle of Shaqhab
2049:the year before.
1859:Hayton of Corycus
1698:Gregory VI Abirad
1629:kings as genuine
1462:Pope Gregory XIII
1225:Situation in the
1028:Bagratuni dynasty
945:Kilikyan Hayastan
939:Կիլիկեան Հայաստան
929:), also known as
905:
904:
812:National movement
802:Armenian genocide
797:Armenian question
727:Kingdom of Syunik
672:Byzantine Armenia
504:
503:
467:
466:
463:
462:
451:Ramadanid Emirate
415:
414:
237:Armenian Catholic
81:
73:
6535:
6498:Christian states
6427:Empire of Nicaea
6417:Byzantine Empire
6410:Christian states
6366:Sultanate of Rum
6194:
6187:
6180:
6171:
6170:
6152:
6145:
5870:
5869:
5833:Waste management
5771:
5770:
5649:
5648:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5457:Karabakh Khanate
5366:Sasanian Armenia
5249:
5248:
5245:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5149:Order of Dobrzyń
5077:Genoese colonies
4990:
4956:County of Edessa
4907:
4900:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4675:of Armenia Major
4559:
4508:, 553 BC–428 AD)
4470:
4463:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4406:
4362:
4341:Armenian Cilicia
4331:
4312:
4282:
4269:
4268:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4223:
4213:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4138:Kennedy, Hugh N.
4134:
4128:
4127:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3974:
3973:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3808:Kurkdjian, Vahan
3804:
3795:
3794:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3711:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3580:Kurkdjian, Vahan
3576:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3538:978-90-0412292-5
3524:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3330:Kurkdjian, Vahan
3326:
3307:
3306:
3295:Kurkdjian, Vahan
3291:
3285:
3284:
3267:Runciman, Steven
3263:
3252:
3251:
3238:Armenian Cilicia
3233:
3227:
3226:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3183:Armenian Cilicia
3175:
3166:
3165:
3147:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3086:. Archived from
3076:
3067:
3052:
3025:
3024:
3006:
2987:
2984:
2967:
2966:
2959:Պատմութիւն Հայոց
2954:
2948:
2947:
2929:
2910:
2908:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2851:Internet Archive
2843:
2837:
2836:
2816:Zulalyan, Manvel
2811:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2764:Amin Maalouf in
2763:
2750:
2734:
2645:Grigor VI Apirat
2404:John the Apostle
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2172:Lusignan dynasty
2115:Teutonic Knights
2035:Al-Ashraf Khalil
1971:Disaster of Mari
1797:Taurus Mountains
1470:
1440:, whose leader,
1401:(Melitene), and
1310:in the north to
1237:Cilicia fell to
1212:Byzantine Empire
1194:. In 27 BC, the
1138:. In 83 BC, the
1100:Lusignan dynasty
1077:second husband,
1071:Hethumid dynasty
1048:Armenian history
989:High Middle Ages
982:
961:
959:Haykakan Kilikia
954:
953:
952:Հայկական Կիլիկիա
947:
940:
931:Cilician Armenia
927:
920:
919:
897:
890:
883:
765:Early modern age
677:Sasanian Armenia
524:
506:
505:
459:
458:
445:
444:
431:
430:
423:Mamluk Sultanate
419:
418:
410:Bagratid Armenia
406:
405:
392:
391:
378:
377:
371:
370:
355:
354:
304:Egyptian Mamluks
190:
178:
143:
130:Hethumid dynasty
121:
112:
103:
82:
79:
74:
71:
65:
64:
62:
61:
59:
58:
57:
52:
48:
45:
44:
43:
40:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6452:Zaccaria family
6405:
6204:
6198:
6168:
6163:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6128:
6109:National anthem
6072:
6022:
5955:
5855:
5837:
5798:Dram (currency)
5756:
5634:
5545:
5532:
5499:
5473:
5469:Russian Armenia
5427:Ottoman Armenia
5370:
5356:Parthian Empire
5329:Orontid dynasty
5239:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5190:
5185:
5169:Military orders
5160:
5089:
5081:
5027:Duchy of Athens
4991:
4982:
4925:
4916:
4914:Crusader states
4911:
4881:
4876:
4822:
4816:
4756:
4674:
4665:
4642:Hasan-Jalalians
4567:Armenian states
4566:
4560:
4551:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4436:Wayback Machine
4424:Wayback Machine
4413:
4359:
4328:
4309:
4280:
4277:
4275:Further reading
4272:
4265:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4214:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:. p. 440.
4169:Abulafia, David
4166:
4159:
4152:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4104:
4093:
4086:
4072:
4065:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4004:
3997:
3986:
3977:
3970:
3956:
3952:
3941:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3599:
3595:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3525:
3514:
3504:Claude Mutafian
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3477:
3473:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3327:
3310:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3179:Dédéyan, Gérard
3176:
3169:
3162:
3148:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3053:
3028:
3021:
3007:
2990:
2985:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2930:
2913:
2905:
2874:
2870:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2736:Claude Mutafian
2726:
2713:Rubenid dynasty
2699:
2660:Nerses Balients
2604:
2594:
2481:
2475:
2392:
2387:
2307:
2231:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2195:Henri Delaborde
2180:
2079:
2007:
1901:Greater Armenia
1835:
1829:
1805:Papeŕōn/Baberon
1781:
1704:in the name of
1702:Conrad of Mainz
1686:, and his son,
1605:
1581:Armenian Church
1535:
1468:Ecclesia Romana
1446:Crusader states
1411:
1360:Armenian king,
1334:
1329:
1318:in the west to
1204:
1178:, and from the
1152:Seleucid Empire
1142:aristocracy of
1128:
1123:
1067:Rubenid dynasty
1024:Rubenid dynasty
913:Middle Armenian
901:
857:
856:
837:Armenian S.S.R.
827:
817:
816:
807:Western Armenia
792:Armenian Oblast
787:Russian Armenia
782:Ottoman Armenia
772:Iranian Armenia
767:
757:
756:
737:Zakarid Armenia
697:
687:
686:
647:Armenian Empire
627:
617:
616:
547:
522:
515:
500:
482:
478:
456:
442:
428:
403:
389:
375:
342:
306:
286:
273:
248:Feudal monarchy
188:
179:
176:
156:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
114:
113:
110:
108:Rubenid dynasty
104:
86:
83:
78:
76:
75:
70:
55:
53:
49:
46:
41:
38:
36:
34:
33:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6541:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6341:Ottoman Empire
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:Candaroğulları
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6084:Armenian Cross
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5813:Pension reform
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5733:Prime Minister
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5603:Municipalities
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Extreme points
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5490:Soviet Armenia
5487:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:Erivan Khanate
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5324:Median kingdom
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5246:
5231:
5230:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5111:Livonian Order
5108:
5106:Teutonic Order
5096:
5094:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4768:Lesser Armenia
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4654:Soviet Armenia
4651:
4645:
4635:
4625:
4619:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4587:
4581:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4548:(1991–present)
4543:
4537:
4519:
4509:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4426:
4412:
4411:External links
4409:
4408:
4407:
4387:William Stubbs
4383:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4344:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4313:
4307:
4294:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4241:
4234:
4205:
4192:
4185:
4157:
4150:
4129:
4122:
4091:
4084:
4063:
4048:
4041:
4023:
4016:
3995:
3975:
3968:
3950:
3939:
3916:
3899:
3889:
3869:
3862:
3844:
3830:
3821:
3796:
3789:
3771:Nicolle, David
3762:
3755:
3729:
3722:
3693:
3686:
3668:
3661:
3643:
3636:
3618:
3611:
3593:
3566:
3564:, III, p. 586.
3553:
3544:
3537:
3512:
3495:
3486:
3471:
3442:
3423:
3405:
3398:
3380:
3365:
3343:
3308:
3286:
3279:
3253:
3246:
3228:
3221:
3198:
3191:
3167:
3160:
3129:
3100:
3068:
3026:
3019:
2988:
2968:
2949:
2942:
2911:
2909:, pp. 630–631.
2903:
2868:
2838:
2803:
2796:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2743:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2593:
2590:
2474:
2471:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2306:
2303:
2230:
2227:
2179:
2176:
2095:King Het'um II
2078:
2075:
2055:Catholicossate
2006:
2003:
1828:
1825:
1809:Cilician Gates
1780:
1777:
1753:Raymond-Roupen
1650:, Aleppo, and
1604:
1601:
1561:Prince Levon I
1534:
1531:
1410:
1407:
1391:Cilician Gates
1366:Constantinople
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1203:
1200:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
969:Little Armenia
965:Lesser Armenia
903:
902:
900:
899:
892:
885:
877:
874:
873:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:Five Melikdoms
774:
768:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
749:
747:Mongol Armenia
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Legend of Hayk
559:
554:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
527:
526:
517:
516:
509:
502:
501:
490:
487:
486:
473:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
453:
447:
446:
439:
433:
432:
425:
416:
413:
412:
407:
399:
398:
393:
385:
384:
379:
367:
366:
361:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
328:
327:
324:
320:
319:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
294:
291:
290:
287:
281:
278:
277:
274:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
254:Historical era
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
226:
222:
221:
196:
192:
191:
173:Tarsus, Mersin
166:
162:
161:
149:
145:
144:
136:
135:
123:
116:
115:
105:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6540:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:Danishmendids
6259:
6257:
6256:Çubukoğulları
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:Muslim states
6207:
6202:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Social issues
6004:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Afsharid Iran
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Roman Armenia
5349:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Upper Armenia
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:Provinces or
4668:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4580:, 522–331 BC)
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4558:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4327:0-7007-1418-9
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4308:0-7073-0145-9
4304:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:(In Armenian)
4279:
4278:
4266:
4264:2-07-031409-X
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4186:0-521-36289-X
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:0-19-822136-3
4038:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:0-7007-1418-9
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3969:0-7007-1418-9
3965:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3863:2-07-031409-X
3859:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3834:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3790:1-84176-179-6
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3756:1-86197-529-5
3752:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3725:
3723:1-86197-529-5
3719:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3687:2-271-05105-3
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3614:
3612:0-521-41411-3
3608:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3490:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3399:0-7007-1418-9
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3280:0-521-35997-X
3276:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3161:0-7007-1418-9
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3090:on 2010-11-23
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:1-4039-6421-1
3061:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3020:0-7007-1418-9
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2904:0-299-04844-6
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2797:9781136124181
2793:
2790:. Routledge.
2789:
2782:
2778:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:Les Croisades
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2487:Coin of King
2485:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2354:Adana Vilayet
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:Although the
2299:
2295:
2294:Adana Vilayet
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2208:
2207:Catalan Atlas
2203:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:and became a
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Al-Mansur Ali
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:Third Crusade
1665:
1662:defeated the
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:First Crusade
1427:
1426:Constantine I
1419:
1415:
1409:First Crusade
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Seljuk Empire
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1231:Seljuk Empire
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
960:
948:
946:
936:
932:
928:
926:
914:
910:
898:
893:
891:
886:
884:
879:
878:
876:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
826:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
761:
760:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
691:
690:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:Roman Armenia
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
637:Armenia Minor
635:
633:
630:
629:
626:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
541:
540:
533:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
513:
508:
507:
498:
494:
488:
485:
481:
477:
474:
472:Today part of
470:
454:
452:
449:
448:
440:
438:
435:
434:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
411:
408:
401:
400:
397:
394:
387:
386:
383:
382:Seljuk Empire
380:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
348:
344:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
292:
288:
285:
279:
275:
272:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
186:
182:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
131:
126:
120:
109:
102:
94:
89:
66:
63:
60:
51:37.0°N 35.5°E
29:
22:
6442:Latin Empire
6421:
6371:Sahib Ataids
6351:Qara Qoyunlu
6203:(after 1071)
6104:Mount Ararat
6094:Coat of arms
6065:
6015:
5961:Demographics
5948:
5882:Architecture
5788:Central Bank
5749:
5742:
5686:Human rights
5661:Constitution
5627:
5623:Shirak Plain
5563:Ararat Plain
5525:
5437:Safavid Iran
5422:Kara Koyunlu
5396:
5144:Dobrzyń Land
5060:Stato da Màr
4972:
4712:Nor Shirakan
4671:
4634:, 1201–1335)
4536:, 1080–1375)
4521:
4394:
4368:
4348:
4340:
4317:
4298:
4288:
4284:
4250:
4244:
4219:
4200:
4195:
4172:
4141:
4132:
4108:
4075:
4057:
4051:
4032:
4026:
4007:
3989:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3879:
3872:
3853:
3847:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3776:The Crusades
3775:
3765:
3740:
3732:
3707:
3677:
3671:
3652:
3646:
3627:
3621:
3602:
3596:
3587:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3528:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3474:
3432:
3426:
3417:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3359:
3337:
3302:
3289:
3270:
3237:
3231:
3212:
3182:
3151:
3121:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3092:. Retrieved
3088:the original
3083:
3055:
3010:
2962:
2952:
2933:
2893:
2871:
2863:
2854:. Retrieved
2850:
2841:
2833:
2820:
2787:
2781:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2642:
2621:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:, the Greek
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2516:
2508:Persian Gulf
2504:Central Asia
2501:
2463:Toros Roslin
2451:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2413:
2408:Toros Roslin
2369:is based in
2347:
2308:
2256:King Levon V
2248:
2232:
2191:Hospitallers
2161:
2130:
2123:
2111:Hospitallers
2092:
2019:Möngke Temur
2016:
1992:
1926:
1879:Central Asia
1871:Genghis Khan
1864:
1841:Fortress of
1817:
1790:
1750:
1726:Vaner/Kovara
1691:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1559:
1536:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1423:
1374:
1351:
1288:Malik-Shah I
1263:
1236:
1205:
1196:Roman Empire
1168:Tigranocerta
1129:
1104:
1083:Central Asia
1060:
1021:
995:invasion of
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
942:
930:
922:
908:
906:
751:
587:Arme–Shupria
364:Succeeded by
363:
358:
323:13th century
300:conquered by
229:Christianity
185:Kozan, Adana
153:principality
151:Independent
125:Coat of arms
106:Flag of the
91:1198/99–1375
32:
6391:Tanrıbermiş
6386:Tacettinids
6381:Sarukhanids
6361:Shah-Armens
6346:Pervâneoğlu
6331:Mengüjekids
6291:Germiyanids
6271:Dulkadirids
6124:Pomegranate
5778:Agriculture
5751:on politics
5691:LGBT rights
5583:Earthquakes
5284:Hayasa-Azzi
4800:Mountainous
4656:(1920–1991)
4618:, 987–1170)
4596:, 908–1021)
4542:(1918–1920)
4518:, 884–1045)
4397:: 156–207.
3838:(in French)
2672:competency.
2649:Franciscans
2627:in 1058 in
2580:, the Arab
2512:spice trade
2331:Netherlands
2252:fall of Sis
2071:Tel Hamdoun
2057:to move to
1896:Möngke Khan
1875:Ögedei Khan
1738:T‛il Hamtun
1730:Sarvandikar
1672:Clement III
1527:Sarvandikar
1511:T‛il Hamtun
1229:during the
1186:capital of
1176:Mesopotamia
1172:Pontic Alps
1160:Tigranakert
979:(Armenian:
973:New Armenia
695:Middle Ages
582:Hayasa-Azzi
521:History of
359:Preceded by
258:Middle Ages
189:(1198–1375)
177:(1080–1198)
160:(1198–1375)
155:(1080–1198)
111:(1198–1219)
80:(1198–1375)
72:(1080–1198)
54: /
6467:Categories
6356:Ramadanids
6316:Karamanids
6266:Dilmachids
6221:Aq Qoyunlu
5929:Literature
5681:Government
5666:Corruption
5593:Lake Sevan
5447:Qajar Iran
5417:Aq Qoyunlu
4862:Cappadocia
4837:Atropatene
4732:Paytakaran
4717:Vaspurakan
4602:(963–1064)
4586:(790–1486)
4516:Bagratunis
4403:Q107247875
4199:Luisetto.
3637:0700714529
3123:2007-01-17
3094:2009-12-28
2943:0884021637
2691:Echmiadzin
2637:Catholicos
2629:Cappadocia
2618:, Lebanon.
2596:See also:
2551:Marco Polo
2543:Mopsuestia
2477:See also:
2365:, and the
2137:Franciscan
2113:, and the
2041:sultan of
1831:See also:
1821:Kayqubad I
1693:catholicos
1676:Gregory IV
1543:Byzantines
1282:' army at
1272:Alp Arslan
1259:Cappadocia
1255:Vaspurakan
1075:Isabella's
1052:Catholicos
983:), was an
825:Modern age
545:Prehistory
345:1,000,000+
331:Population
244:Government
207:Old French
56:37.0; 35.5
6376:Saltukids
6286:Eshrefids
6251:Chobanids
5979:Education
5843:Transport
5728:President
5698:Judiciary
5671:Elections
5598:Mountains
5551:Geography
5412:Chobanids
5407:Ilkhanate
5402:Sallarids
4697:Turuberan
4632:Zakarians
4594:Artsrunis
4534:Lusignans
4530:Hethumids
4502:Artaxiads
4389:(1886). "
3460:cite book
3452:729872723
2879:(1969) .
2774:Citations
2625:Sebasteia
2435:constable
2421:feudalism
2343:Armenians
2235:Lusignans
2133:Levon III
1891:Karakorum
1855:Karakorum
1793:Het‘umids
1642:, one of
1597:Ruben III
1573:Thoros II
1507:Trapessac
1434:Jerusalem
1383:Het'umids
1375:Rubenians
1284:Manzikert
1216:Byzantine
1148:Phoenicia
1111:feudalism
1095:Ilkhanate
1040:Crusaders
1009:antiquity
871:Etymology
667:Commagene
625:Antiquity
495:when the
225:Religion
6336:Menteshe
6321:Karasids
6301:Hamidids
6296:Hacıemir
6281:Erzincan
6276:Eretnids
6236:Aydinids
6231:Artuqids
6159:Category
6028:Religion
5999:diaspora
5912:Language
5877:Alphabet
5818:Taxation
5703:Military
5644:Politics
5504:By topic
5382:Arminiya
5304:Urumeans
5242:timeline
5227:articles
5179:Crusades
5057:Venetian
4842:Adiabene
4707:Corduene
4692:Arzanene
4672:Ashkhars
4578:Orontids
4526:Rubenids
4506:Arsacids
4498:Orontids
4432:Archived
4420:Archived
4399:Wikidata
4371:, coll.
4203:, p. 98.
4171:(1999).
4140:(2006).
3810:(1958).
3773:(2001).
3582:(1958).
3332:(1958).
3297:(1958).
3269:(1951).
3117:Archived
3113:Hye Etch
2856:June 22,
2818:(1976).
2697:See also
2616:Antelias
2592:Religion
2574:zecchino
2562:tagvorin
2531:Catalans
2506:and the
2443:sparapet
2439:nakharar
2426:nakharar
2417:chivalry
2371:Antelias
2260:Castille
2246:strife.
2164:Levon IV
2149:Anazarba
2145:Bularghu
2107:Templars
2087:Hetum II
1995:Levon II
1913:Damascus
1883:Köse Dağ
1773:Het'um I
1769:Seleucia
1718:Anavarza
1688:Henry VI
1652:Damascus
1640:Levon II
1627:de facto
1623:Levon II
1618:de facto
1589:Ruben II
1577:Manuel I
1555:Gagik II
1551:Cyzistra
1539:Thoros I
1519:Selefkia
1371:Rubenids
1362:Gagik II
1358:Bagratid
1251:Basil II
1188:Ecbatana
1184:Parthian
1144:Seleucid
1107:chivalry
1079:Hethum I
985:Armenian
935:Armenian
863:Timeline
512:a series
510:Part of
199:Armenian
6401:Tzachas
6306:Inalids
6143:Outline
6114:Apricot
6077:Symbols
6067:more...
6056:Judaism
6017:more...
5950:more...
5944:Theatre
5922:Western
5917:Eastern
5897:Cuisine
5865:Culture
5828:Tourism
5766:Economy
5629:more...
5578:Climate
5527:more...
5309:Diauehi
5289:Mitanni
5259:Origins
5235:History
5223:Armenia
5092:Livonia
5087:Prussia
4944:vassals
4872:Osroene
4857:Albania
4847:Assyria
4795:Cilicia
4752:Ayrarat
4727:Artsakh
4702:Moxoene
4687:Sophene
4660:Artsakh
2703:Cilicia
2633:Hromkla
2547:Italian
2539:Korikos
2473:Economy
2467:Hromkla
2390:Culture
2375:Lebanon
2350:Ottoman
2311:Mamluks
2276:James I
2157:Oljeitu
2141:Baghras
2063:Behesni
2051:Hromkla
2031:dirhams
2027:Qalawun
1979:Qalawun
1959:Il-Khan
1954:Baibars
1950:Behesni
1942:Abbasid
1938:Ayyubid
1933:Ayyubid
1929:Mamluks
1867:Mongols
1861:, 1307.
1843:Korikos
1811:and to
1801:Lampron
1710:Levon I
1656:Saladin
1648:Iconium
1644:Levon I
1638:Prince
1632:de jure
1585:Hromkla
1569:John II
1547:Seljuks
1515:Harunia
1495:Baldwin
1464:in his
1458:Tripoli
1450:Antioch
1399:Malatia
1316:Cilicia
1312:Antioch
1308:Malatia
1180:Caspian
1091:Mamluks
1065:of the
1054:of the
1013:Cilicia
997:Armenia
867:Origins
523:Armenia
497:Rubenid
493:Ruben I
295:•
284:Mongols
211:Italian
165:Capital
158:Kingdom
128:of the
42:35°30′E
39:37°00′N
6226:Alaiye
5994:People
5989:Health
5969:Census
5892:Cinema
5808:Mining
5803:Energy
5718:Police
5608:Rivers
5573:Cities
5478:Modern
5387:Sajids
5375:Middle
5314:Etiuni
5299:Mushki
5237:
5225:
4997:Greece
4961:Marash
4931:Levant
4852:Iberia
4778:Second
4742:Gugark
4722:Syunik
4616:Siunis
4487:states
4401:
4379:
4355:
4324:
4305:
4261:
4232:
4183:
4148:
4120:
4082:
4039:
4014:
3966:
3946:made.8
3937:
3887:
3860:
3787:
3753:
3720:
3684:
3659:
3634:
3609:
3535:
3450:
3440:
3396:
3277:
3244:
3219:
3189:
3158:
3062:
3017:
2940:
2901:
2794:
2582:dirham
2578:besant
2572:, and
2570:florin
2527:Venice
2525:, and
2489:Leo II
2459:Marqab
2337:, and
2335:Poland
2329:, the
2323:France
2290:sanjak
2272:France
2268:Madrid
2109:, the
2103:Cyprus
2099:Ghâzân
2069:, and
2067:Marash
2039:Mamluk
2037:, the
1963:Persia
1946:Marash
1909:Aleppo
1905:Hulagu
1869:under
1813:Tarsus
1742:Hadjin
1734:Kuklak
1595:, and
1565:Amanus
1525:, and
1523:Amouda
1503:Bagras
1499:T'oros
1456:, and
1454:Edessa
1428:, the
1403:Edessa
1395:Marash
1320:Edessa
1136:Levant
1032:Tarsus
993:Seljuk
612:Etiuni
592:Mushki
572:Armani
514:on the
484:Cyprus
476:Turkey
219:Syriac
169:Tarson
148:Status
6326:Ladik
6246:Canik
6150:Index
6119:Grape
6061:Islam
6011:Women
5974:Crime
5939:Sport
5934:Music
5907:Dance
5613:Lakes
5294:Nairi
5252:Early
4867:Judea
4832:Syria
4810:Rocky
4805:Plain
4783:Third
4773:First
4114:63–66
2961:[
2883:. In
2586:livre
2566:ducat
2523:Genoa
2431:baron
2339:Spain
2327:Italy
2315:Timur
2287:Kozan
2153:Oshin
2043:Egypt
1967:Levon
1887:Smbat
1757:Zabel
1746:Geben
1722:Vahka
1660:Egypt
1487:Baron
1483:Comes
1387:Oshin
1354:Ruben
1164:Latin
1140:Greek
949:, or
597:Urumu
480:Syria
271:Leo I
215:Greek
203:Latin
6396:Teke
6216:Ahis
6099:Flag
5901:wine
5279:Hayk
5264:Name
5090:and
4747:Tayk
4737:Utik
4532:and
4504:and
4377:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4303:ISBN
4259:ISBN
4230:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4146:ISBN
4118:ISBN
4080:ISBN
4037:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3964:ISBN
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3885:ISBN
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3751:ISBN
3718:ISBN
3682:ISBN
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3632:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3533:ISBN
3466:link
3448:OCLC
3438:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3217:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3060:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2858:2010
2792:ISBN
2665:Acre
2600:and
2560:and
2558:dram
2537:and
2535:Ayas
2519:Pisa
2457:and
2441:and
2433:and
2243:John
2047:Acre
1999:Ayas
1948:and
1940:and
1911:and
1803:and
1593:Mleh
1545:and
1485:and
1373:(or
1239:Arab
1192:Iran
1156:Acre
1115:Ayas
907:The
318:Area
309:1375
302:the
289:1236
5887:Art
4393:".
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1983:Sis
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1658:of
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1036:Sis
1007:of
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