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be seen by all; and two rows of steps go up to him: by one he who carries his cup goes up, and by the other he comes down. The space which is in the middle between the tree and these steps by which they go up to him is empty; for here stands his cup-bearer, and also envoys bearing presents; and he himself sits up there like a divinity. On (his) right side, that is to the west, are the men, to the left the women." This was in line with the internal arrangement of a
Mongolian ger, as William of Rubruck states separately in his account: "When they have fixed their dwelling, the door turned to the south, they set up the couch of the master on the north side. The side for the women is always the east side, that is to say, on the left of the house of the master, he sitting on his couch his face turned to the south. The side for the men is the west side, that is, on the right." This arrangement, as well as the avoidance of touching the entrance threshold (mentioned by Rubruck), has continued down to the present-day among Mongols.
792:
the region since
Xiongnu times. There were three main palace buildings standing side by side in a parallel form as mentioned in Yelu Chucai's poem. The three main buildings of Erdene Zuu Monastery are also parallel and sit on an elevated platform like the earlier palace. Fragments of the Sino-Mongolian inscription of 1342 were found embedded in different places in the walls of Erdene Zuu Monastery, thereby giving further proof that the monastery was largely built using stones and bricks of Karakorum. A chief feature inside the main palace was the Silver Tree made by William of Paris.
172:
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Ming in 1388 there was still a moving palace in the region until 1585 when the senior
Genghisid of the central Mongolian region Abtai Sain Khan decided to restore the permanent palace area in the form of a monastery (Erdene Zuu) using the stones and bricks of Karakorum. Erdene Zuu also became the mother monastery of Urga (Ulaanbaatar). Urga was founded in 1639 by Tusheet Khan Gombodorj the grandson of Abtai Sain Khan (both of whose mausoleums are within Erdene Zuu) as a residence for his 5 year old son Zanabazar. Urga (Palace) was also called the
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387:(1190â1244), said the following poem during the ridge raising ceremony of the Tumen Amgalan Ord: "Installed ridge well fit and stone foundation, The parallel placed majestic palace has been raised, When the bells and drums of the Lord and officials sound pleasantly, The setting sun calls the horses of war to itself from the mountain peaks." The Mongolian version of the poem is as follows: "
744:(circular, mobile camp) arrangement the mobile palace of the Khan is usually located in the center with an open square or unhindered space to the south which was well-guarded. In the case of Karakorum the non-palatial part of the settlement grew only to the northern side of the palace with no settlement to the south of the palace. This not only followed the general principle of the
753:
which flowed north-westwards along the western side of the city from the southern mountains. A similar arrangement existed in Urga (present-day
Ulaanbaatar) where the southern part of the city close to the river and mountain was reserved for the Khan whereas the ger districts expanded to the north.
407:
temple completed. They had the enslaved
Parisian goldsmith Guillaume Bouchier design the Silver Tree of Karakorum for the city center. A large tree sculpted of silver and other precious metals rose up from the middle of the courtyard and loomed over the palace, with the branches of the tree extending
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that Ogedei Khan frequently invited people into the open yard of these treasure buildings where they were free to carry away all they could in a set time. The Khan also gave frequent donations from this treasure to the city's poor. The palace was built in
Chinese architectural style as was common in
757:
William of
Rubruck states that the Khan's Palace in Karakorum was "like a church, with a middle nave, and two sides beyond two rows of pillars, and with three doors to the south, and beyond the middle door on the inside stands the tree, and the Khan sits in a high place to the north, so that he can
412:
performing for the emperor's pleasure. When the khan wanted to summon the drinks for his guests, the mechanical angel raised the trumpet to his lips and sounded the horn, whereupon the mouths of the serpents began to gush out a fountain of alcoholic beverages into the large silver basin arranged at
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or circular enclosure) on its stops. William of
Rubruck served as a priest of the Khan (along with a healer monk from Jerusalem) for four months in this moving palace before entering Karakorum in April 1254 with the Khan and his moving palace. Despite the destruction of the permanent palace by the
730:
William of
Rubruck wrote that "Mangu had at Caracarum a great palace, situated next to the city walls, enclosed within a high wall like those which enclose monks' priories among us." An even older layer dating back to the 8th century has also been discovered under the 13th century walls. This has
447:
was ten times as magnificent as the Khan's palace. On the other hand, he also described the town as a very cosmopolitan and religiously tolerant place, and the silver tree he described as part of Möngke Khan's palace as having become the symbol of
Karakorum. He described the walled city as having
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as well as the ger-temple of Abtai Sain Khan were given to Urga (Abtai Sain Khan's ger was dismantled in Ulaanbaatar in 1937). The circular ger-district surrounding Gandantegchenlin Monastery in Ulaanbaatar (itself an extension of the Zuun Khuree/Huriye) is the only remaining Huriye organically
739:
both state that Genghis Khan established his capital in Karakorum in 1220 and that Ogedei Khan later built a wall around the entire city in 1236. Some remnants of the smaller old wall may have already existed during Genghis Khan's time and his palace would have been stationed on the spot of the
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stands near Karakorum. Various construction materials were taken from the ruin to build this monastery. The actual location of Karakorum was long unclear. First hints that Karakorum was located at Erdene Zuu were already known in the 18th century, but until the 20th century there was a dispute
899:
Jagar, Bayar, Baatar, Och, Urtogtokh, Wang, Bayartogtokh, J.Saintsogt, Mongol nuudel soyoliin tuuhen murdul (Historical investigation of Mongolian nomadic culture), Uvur Mongoliin surgan humuujliin hevleliin horoo (Educational Printing Committee of Inner Mongolia), Hohhot,
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concluded that he had found the remains of Ăgödei's palace. However, this conclusion has been put into doubt by the findings of the 2000â2004 German-Mongolian excavations, which seem to identify them as belonging to the great stupa temple rather than to Ăgödei's palace.
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on its north-west side was thought to be the Khan's Palace. Later research revealed that the large building was actually the 300 feet (90m) tall Pavilion of the Rising Yuan. The Khan's Palace is now understood to have been located on the exact site of the
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looted its markets and the grain storehouses. However, the first half of the 14th century proved to be a second era of prosperity: in 1299, the town had been expanded eastwards, then in 1311, and again from 1342 to 1346, the stupa temples were renewed.
383:(ć
ćČ), it is written in the section for Taizong (ć€Șćź) Ăgedei Khan: "In the seventh year (1236), in the year of the blue sheep the Wan'angong (èŹćźćźź) was established in Helin (ćæ, Karakorum)." One of Genghis Khan's nine ministers,
786:
William of Rubruck said that within the palace of Karakorum "there are many buildings as long as barns, in which are stored his provisions and his treasures." Ata-Malik Juvayni, a one time resident of Karakorum, says in his
593:
The name Karakorum or "Kharkhorin" literally translates to 'black-twenty'. But linguists argue that the 'khorin' might have been a diversion of the word 'khurem', which means "castle" in Mongolian. Other translations vary.
748:
but also provided the Khan unhindered access to the nearby river and forested mountains to the south and south-west which were his hunting grounds. This also ensured that there was no settlement upstream the
727:. The northern wall of the Palace separated it from the city the outline of which can be clearly seen on satellite images. 13th century walls have been excavated under the current walls of the monastery.
709:
The Virtual Kharakhorum project of 2020 reconstructed the city in an explorable 360 degree format based on the latest archeological studies. The following are some of the notable buildings of the city.
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was located close to where later Karakorum would be erected (downstream the Orkhon River 27 km northâwest from Karakorum). This area is probably also one of the oldest farming areas in Mongolia.
389:
Tsogtslon tavih nuruu chuluun tulguur, Zeregtsen zogsoh surleg asriig bosgovoi, Ezen tushmediin honh hengereg ayataihan hanginan duursahad, Echih naran uuliin tolgoigoos dainii agtadiig ugtnam
718:
The Tumen Amgalan Ord (Palace of Myriad Peace), built in 1236, was located at the southern end of the city enclosed by a wall of its own. Previously the large building outside the
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into the building. Silver fruit hung from the limbs and it had four golden serpents braided around the trunk, while within the top of the tree was placed a trumpet angel, all as
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in a place called Karakorum, but the actual foundation of a city is usually said to have occurred only in 1220. Until 1235, Karakorum seems to have been little more than a
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decided to rebuild it, but no archaeological evidence for such a venture has been found yet. However, Karakorum was inhabited at the beginning of the 16th century, when
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reached Karakorum in 1254. He left one of the most detailed, though not always flattering, accounts of the city. He compared it rather unfavorably to the village of
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1535:
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Apart from the permanent palace of Karakorum there was the moving palace of the Khan which regularly moved around the city and settled in a ring shape (
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deeply affected the town. In 1260, Kublai disrupted the town's grain supply, while in 1277 Kaidu took Karakorum, only to be ousted by Yuan troops and
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been theorized to be the Takhai Balgas (Takhai City) mentioned in Mongolian chronicles relating to the foundation of the Erdene Zuu Monastery. The
1941:
1271:
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986:
783:), a circular fortress of the Avar khagan containing three centuries worth of gold and treasures, was taken by Pepin of Italy in 792.
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Hans-Georg HĂŒttel, Der Palast des Ăgedei Khan â Die Ausgrabungen des Deutschen ArchĂ€ologischen Instituts im Palastbezirk von Karakorum, in:
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Micheal Walther, Ein idealer Ort fĂŒr ein festes Lager. Zur Geographie des Orchontals und der Umgebung von Charchorin (Karakorum), in:
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Ulambayar Erdenebat, Ernst Pohl, Aus der Mitte der Hauptstadt â Die Ausgrabungen der UniversitĂ€t Bonn im Zentrum von Karakorum, in:
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announced in 2023 a plan to rebuild the historical capital city of Karakorum (Kharkhorum) in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia.
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in 1370. In 1372, the Ming army under General Li Wenzhong occupied Karakorum, causing severe damage to the city. In 1380,
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built in 1270 during the Yuan dynasty closely resembles the lost palace architecture of Dadu (Beijing) and Karakorum.
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This article is about the city in Mongolia. For the mountain range in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and China, see
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916:[Clarification of the 'Tumen Peace' palace in Karakorum] (in Mongolian). hicheel.mn. Archived from
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770:(circular enclosure) and was initially staffed by monks from nearby Erdene Zuu. Gers from Gombodorj's own
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1967:
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The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof, Volume 1 (of 2)
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The model of the city Karakorum in the National Museum of Mongolian History in Ulaan-Baatar
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descended from Gombodorj's Huriye and arguably the only remaining Huriye in the world. A
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made it a capital once again. In the following years, the town changed hands between
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Under Ăgedei and his successors, Karakorum became a major site for world politics.
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1166:"Revitalizing Mongolia's Heritage: President Announces Plans to Rebuild Karakorum"
689:, evidence for the processing of copper, gold, silver, iron (including iron wheel
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four gates facing the four directions, two quarters of fixed houses, one for the "
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The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253â55
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1030:"Genghis Khan and the making of the Modern World " Jack Weatherford, p.170.
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public domain text posted on-line by The United States Library of Congress
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in the 14â15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the
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during the same expedition. Yadrintsev's conclusions were confirmed by
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Account of Tibetan visitor in 1256, spiritual advisor to Mongke Khan:
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Qara Qorum-City (Mongolia). 1: Preliminary Report of the Excavations
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Christina Franken, Die Brennöfen im Palastbezirk von Karakorum, in:
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1717:
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Rolf Trauzettel, Die YĂŒan-Dynastie, in: Michael Weiers (editor),
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Hans-Georg HĂŒttel, Der Silberbaum im Palast des Ăgedei Khan, in:
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1268:, posted at the web site of the University of Washington, 2004.
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troops occupied and later razed Karakorum again. According to
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The Silver Tree of Karakorum. 18th-century Dutch imagination.
1878:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
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HansâGeorg HĂŒttel, Karakorum â Eine historische Skizze, in:
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1757:
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Green glazed roof tile from a 64-pillar 13th-century palace
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several times, and was consequently given up permanently.
2483:
984:
1608:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1102:
Die Mongolen, BeitrÀge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur
657:. After his Soviet-Mongolian excavations of 1948â49,
913:Đ„Đ°ŃŃ
ĐŸŃŃĐŒ Ń
ĐŸŃŃĐœ 'ĐąÒŻĐŒŃĐœ Đ°ĐŒĐłĐ°Đ»Đ°Đœ' ĐŸŃĐŽĐœŃ ŃŃŃ
Đ°Đč ŃĐŸĐŽŃŃŃлга
653:The first excavations took place in 1933â34 under
1603:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
3079:
347:rallied his troops for the campaign against the
2023:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
677:Excavation findings include paved roads, some
312:13th-century brick-producing kiln in Karakorum
2561:
2547:
1326:
336:(the locus of power), and the Uyghur capital
1506:
985:Juan GonzĂĄlez de Mendoza (2 December 2021).
737:Karakorum Sino-Mongolian Inscription of 1342
1282:William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols
1272:Treasures of Mongolia â Karakorum, Mongolia
801:President of Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh
551:in 1368, Karakorum became the residence of
506:of China in 1271. Furthermore, the ensuing
363:erect city walls and build a fixed palace.
2554:
2540:
1333:
1319:
64:
3029:Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577â1652)
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
740:Palace of Myriad Peace. In a traditional
522:in the following year. In 1298â99 prince
355:town; only then, after the defeat of the
1208:
1084:
1055:
1039:
664:
637:
601:
534:
443:near Paris, and was of the opinion that
307:
299:
291:
279:
275:
188:
795:
403:had the palace enlarged, and the great
3080:
1953:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
1912:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
938:
871:
779:called the Ring of the Avars (written
377:. It was finished in one year. In the
316:The Orkhon valley was a center of the
16:1235â1260 capital of the Mongol Empire
2535:
2272:
1783:
1505:
1352:
1314:
1163:
961:
416:
328:empires. To the GöktĂŒrks, the nearby
1784:
1536:Administrative divisions and vassals
1278:, by Namsrain Ser-Odjav, March 1986.
1236:(exhibition catalogue), MĂŒnchen 2005
486:in 1260âas did his younger brother,
3098:Former populated places in Mongolia
1803:
13:
1227:
909:
685:buildings, floor heating systems,
14:
3119:
2968:Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608â1636)
1340:
1255:
939:Tucker, Abigail (24 March 2009).
627:, who discovered examples of the
240:between 1235 and 1260 and of the
179:Location of Karakorum in Mongolia
171:
3093:Archaeological sites in Mongolia
2966:Namudai Sechen Khan (1586â1607)
2964:Sengge DĂŒĂŒreng Khan (1583â1585)
713:
669:Model of the Khan Palace called
170:
163:
3003:Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654â1698)
2999:Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589â?)
2982:Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573â1576)
1353:
1248:Karma Pakshi:Tibetan Mahasiddha
1164:Adiya, Amar (24 January 2023).
1157:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1107:
1094:
1065:
1024:
359:empire, did Genghis' successor
3015:Norbu BisireltĂŒ Khan (d. 1661)
1234:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
1152:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
1139:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
1126:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
1073:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
1012:
978:
955:
932:
903:
893:
888:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
858:
853:Dschingis Khan und seine Erben
845:
789:History of the World Conqueror
597:
467:
1:
2980:Noyandara Jinong (1543â1572)
2523:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2220:Division of the Mongol Empire
1262:Silk Road Seattle â Karakorum
1019:Mongolia, Land of Inspiration
838:
693:), glass, jewels, bones, and
490:âhe relocated his capital to
456:", twelve pagan temples, two
394:
369:gave the decree to build the
332:had been the location of the
2986:Erinchen Jinong (1624â1636)
2984:Boshugtu Jinong (1577â1624)
1287:Mongolian-German excavations
1021:. Irmuun Press, 2008, p. 81.
704:
673:, Wanangong (èŹćźćź«) in Chinese
615:whether or not the ruins of
588:
7:
2833:Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha
1470:Manghit / Mangudai
1220:Rockhill, William Woodville
1210:Rockhill, William Woodville
806:
284:13th-century stone turtle (
252:, near the present town of
10:
3124:
3001:Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
2773:Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur
2273:
2249:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
1266:Cities along the Silk Road
1222:. London: Hayklut Society.
1202:
1189:This article incorporates
941:"Genghis Khan's Treasures"
701:have also been unearthed.
547:After the collapse of the
530:
482:claimed the throne of the
471:
270:
27:
20:
3103:Sites along the Silk Road
3047:Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji
3031:Baba Sechen Khan (1653â?)
2923:
2778:BiligtĂŒ Khan Ayushiridara
2754:
2592:
2570:
2520:
2431:
2350:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2212:
2161:
2064:(1223 / 1236â40)
2010:
1987:
1970:(1257 / 1284â88)
1940:
1865:
1810:
1799:
1779:
1670:
1616:
1593:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
1528:
1524:
1501:
1416:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1195:A Country Study: Mongolia
962:Waugh, Daniel C. (2000).
229:
158:
154:
146:
109:
99:
85:
81:Ruins of a former capital
77:
63:
51:
42:
37:
2978:Mergen Jinong (d. 1542)
1114:http://tashuur.mn/?p=631
1104:, Darmstadt 1986, p. 230
912:
813:Architecture of Mongolia
474:Mongolia under Yuan rule
28:Not to be confused with
3052:Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji
2815:Bunyashiri (1403â1412)
2798:Elbeg NigĂŒlesĂŒgchi Khan
2783:Uskhal Khan TögĂŒs TemĂŒr
1546:Invasions and conquests
1465:Paiza / Gerege
1303:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
868:, Stuttgart 2004, p. 76
866:Geschichte der Mongolen
2976:Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
2884:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
2576:Political organization
2203:(1260 / 1301)
1931:(1274 / 1281)
1598:Franco-Mongol alliance
1306:(11th ed.). 1911.
991:. Litres. p. 11.
674:
650:
607:
575:Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan
544:
413:the base of the tree.
313:
305:
297:
289:
198:
131:47.21028°N 102.84778°E
3033:Sechen Khan (d. 1686)
3017:Chambun Khan (1670?â)
2850:(ĂkegtĂŒ) (1454â1465)
2788:Jorightu Khan YesĂŒder
668:
641:
605:
538:
510:with Ariq Böke and a
445:the royal abbey there
311:
303:
295:
283:
276:Foundation of empires
242:Northern Yuan dynasty
192:
2810:Gulichi (1402â1408)
2638:Three Western Tumens
2622:Three Eastern Tumens
2094:Serbia and Bulgaria
796:Rebuilding Karakorum
725:Erdene Zuu Monastery
720:Erdene Zuu Monastery
612:Erdene Zuu Monastery
258:Erdene Zuu Monastery
256:and adjacent to the
246:Ăvörkhangai Province
195:Erdene Zuu Monastery
90:Ăvörkhangai Province
71:Erdene Zuu Monastery
2889:TĂŒmen Jasaghtu Khan
2341:Khagans of the Yuan
2070:Poland and Bohemia
1846:Khwarazmian Empire
1571:Society and economy
964:"The Pax Mongolica"
520:Bayan of the Baarin
452:" and one for the "
262:World Heritage Site
136:47.21028; 102.84778
127: /
3042:Ubasi Khong Tayiji
2086:Holy Roman Empire
1541:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
675:
651:
625:Nikolai Yadrintsev
608:
545:
422:William of Rubruck
417:William of Rubruck
349:Khwarazmian Empire
314:
306:
298:
290:
199:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2894:Buyan Sechen Khan
2874:Bars Bolud Jinong
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2584:Independent khans
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2241:KaiduâKublai war
2233:BerkeâHulagu war
2225:Toluid Civil War
2006:
2005:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1578:House of Borjigin
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1297:"Karakorum"
998:978-5-04-088667-8
943:. Smithsonian.com
671:Tumen Amgalan Ord
371:Tumen Amgalan Ord
330:Khangai Mountains
206:Khalkha Mongolian
187:
186:
3115:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2813:Ăljei TemĂŒr Khan
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2327:
2314:
2311:Töregene Khatun
2301:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2024:
1998:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1932:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1781:
1780:
1743:Shangdu (Xanadu)
1733:Sarai Batu/Berke
1638:Chagatai Khanate
1526:
1525:
1503:
1502:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1223:
1218:. Translated by
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
920:on 30 March 2014
907:
901:
897:
891:
884:
869:
864:Micheal Weiers,
862:
856:
849:
566:Erdeni-yin TobÄi
508:Toluid Civil War
231:
219:
214:Mongolian script
174:
173:
167:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
68:
59:
56:
35:
34:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3021:Shara (d. 1687)
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2995:Abtai Sain Khan
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2879:Bodi Alagh Khan
2877:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2808:ĂrĂŒg TemĂŒr Khan
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2566:
2560:
2530:
2525:
2508:
2427:
2346:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2275:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2046:Volga Bulgaria
2039:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1901:Southern China
1894:
1886:
1885:Northern China
1877:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1829:
1821:
1795:
1794:
1767:
1666:
1643:House of Ăgedei
1612:
1583:House of Ăgedei
1551:Destructiveness
1520:
1519:
1489:
1426:
1412:
1355:
1344:
1339:
1294:
1289:
1258:
1230:
1228:Further reading
1205:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1170:Mongolia Weekly
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
999:
983:
979:
969:
967:
966:. Silk-road.com
960:
956:
946:
944:
937:
933:
923:
921:
914:
908:
904:
898:
894:
885:
872:
863:
859:
850:
846:
841:
809:
798:
716:
707:
659:Sergei Kiselyov
633:Wilhelm Radloff
600:
591:
533:
498:(Dadu, today's
494:, and later to
476:
470:
460:, as well as a
431:missionary and
419:
397:
380:History of Yuan
278:
273:
217:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
135:
133:
129:
126:
121:
118:
116:
114:
113:
73:
57:
54:
53:
46:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3013:Subandai Khan
3009:
3007:
2992:
2990:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2866:
2864:
2848:Markörgis Khan
2803:GĂŒn TemĂŒr Khan
2770:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2696:
2694:
2678:
2676:
2656:
2654:
2650:Yunshebu TĂŒmen
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:Notable cities
2607:
2602:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2324:Oghul Qaimish
2321:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:Mongol Armenia
1585:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1276:UNESCO Courier
1269:
1257:
1256:External links
1254:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1212:, ed. (1900).
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1106:
1093:
1077:
1064:
1048:
1032:
1023:
1011:
997:
977:
954:
931:
902:
892:
870:
857:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
808:
805:
797:
794:
715:
712:
706:
703:
599:
596:
590:
587:
561:Saghang Sechen
532:
529:
469:
466:
418:
415:
396:
393:
343:In 1218â1219,
277:
274:
272:
269:
248:of modern-day
193:Stupas around
185:
184:
178:
169:
168:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:
61:
60:
40:
39:
30:Karakum Desert
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3120:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Mongol Empire
3086:
3085:
3083:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:(c.1609â1623)
3043:
3038:
3035:
3026:
3023:
3011:Laikhur Khan
3008:
3005:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2973:
2970:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:Oyiradai Khan
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:List of Khans
2578:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:Northern Yuan
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Chagatai Khan
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:Latin Empire
2100:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:Northern Yuan
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Imperial Seal
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:Pax Mongolica
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
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1342:Mongol Empire
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1085:Rockhill 1900
1081:
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1056:Rockhill 1900
1052:
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1040:Rockhill 1900
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721:
714:Khan's Palace
711:
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688:
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672:
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663:
660:
656:
648:
647:Beiyue Temple
644:
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636:
634:
630:
629:Orkhon script
626:
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613:
604:
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584:
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539:Old, damaged
537:
528:
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497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Mongol Empire
481:
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437:Mongol Empire
435:envoy to the
434:
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265:Orkhon Valley
263:
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238:Mongol Empire
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49:
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36:
31:
24:
19:
3040:
3028:
3010:
2997:(1567â1588)
2993:
2975:
2962:(1521â1582)
2958:
2906:(1634â1635)
2901:(1604â1634)
2896:(1592â1604)
2891:(1557â1592)
2886:(1547â1557)
2881:(1516â1547)
2871:(1480â1516)
2867:
2860:(1475â1479)
2858:Manduul Khan
2855:(1465â1466)
2845:(1453â1454)
2835:(1433â1452)
2830:(1425â1438)
2825:(1415â1425)
2820:(1411â1415)
2805:(1399â1402)
2800:(1394â1399)
2795:(1391â1394)
2790:(1388â1391)
2785:(1378â1388)
2780:(1370â1378)
2775:(1368â1370)
2771:
2719:Khong Tayiji
2697:
2684:
2679:
2671:Dörbet Oirat
2657:
2637:
2621:
2620:
2293:Genghis Khan
2062:Kievan Rus'
2040:(1237â1300s)
2032:(1237â1300s)
1876:Western Xia
1838:Qara Khitai
1702:
1671:Major cities
1650:Golden Horde
1626:Yuan dynasty
1513:Organization
1447:
1398:Khong Tayiji
1301:
1275:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1214:
1188:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1154:, p. 168â175
1151:
1146:
1141:, p. 147â149
1138:
1133:
1128:, p. 140â146
1125:
1120:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1051:
1035:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
987:
980:
968:. Retrieved
957:
945:. Retrieved
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
910:Baatar, Sh.
905:
895:
890:, p. 133â137
887:
865:
860:
852:
847:
799:
788:
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776:
771:
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762:
760:
756:
751:Orkhon River
745:
741:
736:
732:
729:
717:
708:
676:
670:
652:
620:
617:Karabalgasun
609:
592:
569:, in 1415 a
564:
553:BiligtĂŒ Khan
549:Yuan dynasty
546:
504:Yuan dynasty
477:
420:
398:
388:
378:
370:
365:
345:Genghis Khan
342:
338:Karabalgasun
315:
221:
209:
208:: Đ„Đ°ŃŃ
ĐŸŃŃĐŒ,
201:
200:
197:in Karakorum
100:Nearest city
43:
18:
3108:Ăgedei Khan
3054:(1652â1667)
3049:(1623â1652)
2899:Ligdan Khan
2843:Esen Taishi
2818:Delbeg Khan
2565:(1368â1635)
2368:Sartaq Khan
2337:Kublai Khan
2332:Möngke Khan
2306:Ăgedei Khan
2285:Great Khans
2251:(1314â1318)
2243:(1268â1301)
2195:(1260â1323)
2179:(1253â1256)
2162:Middle East
2056:(1238â1239)
1997:(1221â1327)
1856:(1219â1256)
1848:(1219â1221)
1830:(1264â1308)
1822:(1207-1308)
1688:Azov (Azaq)
1354:Terminology
1290:(in German)
1242:, Bonn 2002
823:Khara-Khoto
655:D. Bukinich
643:Dening Hall
598:Excavations
583:Chinggisids
480:Kublai Khan
468:Later times
441:Saint-Denis
401:Möngke Khan
385:YelĂŒ Chucai
375:Jin dynasty
367:Ăgedei Khan
134: /
122:102°50âČ52âłE
110:Coordinates
44:Native name
3082:Categories
2960:Altan Khan
2869:Dayan Khan
2853:Molon Khan
2793:Engke Khan
2731:Councellor
2605:Four Oirat
2598:Six Tumen
2504:Nogai Khan
2388:Ăzbeg Khan
2319:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
2213:Civil wars
2201:Palestine
2110:Lithuania
2030:Circassia
1763:Xacitarxan
1748:Soltaniyeh
1485:Darughachi
1087:, p.
1058:, p.
1042:, p.
970:8 December
947:8 December
839:References
818:Ordu-Baliq
695:birch bark
687:bed-stoves
621:Ordu-Baliq
543:of Nirvana
472:See also:
429:Franciscan
395:Prosperity
254:Kharkhorin
232:) was the
210:Kharkhorum
119:47°12âČ37âłN
104:Kharkhorin
2951:Khotogoid
2904:Ejei Khan
2876:(deputy)
2828:Adai Khan
2685:Karakorum
2681:Yingchang
2634:Uriankhai
2373:Orda Khan
2363:Batu Khan
2227:(1260â64)
2171:(1241â43)
2169:Anatolia
2144:(1287â88)
2136:(1285â86)
2128:(1264â65)
2120:(1259â60)
2112:(1258â59)
2088:(1241â42)
2080:(1241â42)
2072:(1240â41)
2048:(1229â36)
2038:Chechnya
1978:(1300â02)
1942:Southeast
1921:(1253â56)
1903:(1235â79)
1895:(1231â60)
1887:(1211â34)
1840:(1216â18)
1828:Sakhalin
1788:Campaigns
1738:Saray-JĂŒk
1728:Samarkand
1703:Karakorum
1662:Ilkhanate
1420:Political
1175:26 August
1004:6 January
705:Buildings
681:and many
589:Etymology
571:khurultai
524:Ulus Buqa
512:later war
496:Khanbaliq
488:Ariq Böke
462:Nestorian
450:Saracenes
222:Qaraqorum
218:á Źá á ·á á Źá Łá ·á Łá ź
202:Karakorum
58:Qaraqorum
55:á Źá á ·á á Źá Łá ·á Łá ź
48:Mongolian
38:Karakorum
23:Karakoram
3019:ZenggĂŒn
2838:Agbarjin
2499:Boroldai
2479:Khubilai
2459:Bo'orchu
2432:Military
2326:(regent)
2313:(regent)
2300:(regent)
2185:Baghdad
2134:Hungary
2078:Hungary
2021:Georgia
1968:Vietnam
1820:Siberia
1718:Maragheh
1618:Khanates
1566:Religion
1561:Military
1510:Politics
1460:Kurultai
1423:Military
1075:, p. 152
924:30 March
855:, p. 128
807:See also
735:and the
464:church.
410:automata
250:Mongolia
94:Mongolia
86:Location
52:Đ„Đ°ŃŃ
ĐŸŃŃĐŒ
2944:Jasagtu
2940:TĂŒsheet
2840:(1453)
2760:Unified
2727:Tarkhan
2663:Torghut
2626:Khalkha
2600:Mongols
2469:Boroqul
2464:Guo Kan
2454:Negudar
2439:Subutai
2339: (
2177:Alamut
2150:Serbia
2142:Poland
2126:Thrace
2118:Poland
2054:Alania
1919:Yunnan
1854:Persia
1812:Central
1791:Battles
1698:Bolghar
1693:Bukhara
1678:Almalik
1480:Kheshig
1408:Tarkhan
1203:Sources
828:Shangdu
733:Yuanshi
645:of the
531:Decline
500:Beijing
492:Shangdu
458:mosques
426:Flemish
322:GöktĂŒrk
318:Xiongnu
271:History
236:of the
234:capital
226:Chinese
147:Founded
2947:Sechen
2764:Chahar
2715:Jinong
2711:Taishi
2707:Khatun
2699:Khagan
2689:Hohhot
2659:Choros
2630:Chahar
2613:Titles
2449:Muqali
2423:Ghazan
2418:Arghun
2408:Hulegu
2298:Tolui
2274:People
2235:(1262)
2193:Syria
2187:(1258)
2152:(1291)
2104:(1242)
2096:(1242)
2012:Europe
1995:India
1976:Burma
1962:(1293)
1951:Burma
1929:Japan
1910:Tibet
1893:Korea
1753:Tabriz
1723:Qarshi
1683:Avarga
1529:Topics
1433:Jarlig
1393:Jinong
1388:Khanum
1383:Khatun
1373:Khagan
1365:Titles
995:
833:Otuken
777:Huriye
772:Huriye
768:Huriye
763:Huriye
746:Khuree
742:Khuree
579:Oirads
454:Cathai
361:Ăgedei
334:ĂtĂŒken
326:Uyghur
324:, and
228::
2935:Ordos
2930:Tumed
2723:Noyan
2667:Khoid
2646:Tumed
2642:Ordos
2494:Kadan
2489:Bayan
2474:Jelme
2413:Abaqa
2403:Kebek
2383:Toqta
2378:Berke
2358:Jochi
2351:Khans
1988:South
1960:Java
1713:Majar
1655:Wings
1475:TĂŒmen
1455:Yassa
1438:Ărtöö
1403:Noyan
781:Hring
699:kilns
691:naves
683:adobe
679:brick
619:, or
541:stupa
516:Kaidu
514:with
478:When
433:papal
405:stupa
2735:Wang
2703:Khan
2444:Jebe
2398:Duwa
1867:East
1804:Asia
1758:Ukek
1708:Dadu
1516:Life
1443:Orda
1378:Khan
1264:and
1177:2023
1006:2022
993:ISBN
972:2017
949:2017
926:2014
900:2001
610:The
581:and
557:Ming
424:, a
353:yurt
286:bixi
230:ćæćæ
150:1220
78:Type
2484:Aju
1089:221
1060:208
1044:220
563:'s
357:Jin
3084::
1300:.
1274:,
1193::
1168:.
873:^
635:.
391:.
320:,
267:.
224:;
220:,
212:;
92:,
50::
2555:e
2548:t
2541:v
2343:)
1334:e
1327:t
1320:v
1251:.
1197:.
1179:.
1091:.
1062:.
1046:.
1008:.
974:.
951:.
928:.
288:)
216::
204:(
32:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
