326:
749:
is extensive and specific on the alliance (page numbers refer to the French edition): "The
Armenians, in the person of their king Hetoum, sided with the Mongols, as well as Prince Bohemond, his son-in-law. The Franks of Acre however adopted a position of neutrality favourable to the muslims" (p.261),
816:"On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets", Runciman
722:
describes "the Mongol alliance" entered into by the king of
Armenia and the Franks of Antioch ("the King of Armenia decided to engage into the Mongol alliance, an intelligence that the Latin barons lacked, except for Antioch"), and "the Franco-Mongol collaboration" (Mutafian,
371:
called on Hethum to come to his aid. Faced with internal disagreements about the war and likely sensing that the
Mongols were the greater threat, Hethum delayed and Kaykhusraw's army left without the Armenians. After the Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat on the Seljuqs at
403:
were aided by Hethum's disloyal vassal, Constantine of
Lampron. Kaykhusraw was only able to seize a few forts which the Mongols forced him to return a few years later, while Constantine was captured and executed in 1250.
663:"Hethoum I receiving the homage of the Tatars: during his voyage to Mongolia in 1254, Hethoum I was received with honours by the Mongol Khan who 'ordered several of his noble subjects to honour and attend him'" in
736:
describes the alliance of the Franks of
Antioch and Tripoli with the Mongols: (in 1260) "the Frank barons refused an alliance with the Mongols, except for the Armenians and the Prince of Antioch and Tripoli".
443:. The Journey of Hethoum was later translated into Russian, French, English, and Chinese. The narrative is important for its observations of Mongol, Buddhist, and Chinese culture, geography, and wildlife.
399:
In 1245, Cilicia was attacked by the
Sultanate of Rum, prompted by Hethum's decision to hand over Sultan Kaykhusraw's wife and daughter (who had found refuge at his court after Kösedağ) to Baiju. The
867:
and even intended to ask Hulegu for possession of the town. (...) If this prince reached as far as
Baalbek, it is most probable that he also passed through Damascus." De Reuven Amitai-Preiss,
264:. However, Constantine had Philip disposed of, and instead forced Isabella to marry his own son, Hethum, on June 14, 1226, to make Isabella and Hethum co-rulers. The couple had six children:
1555:
863:"While this report cannot be taken literally, it may contain a grain of truth. Armenian troops were part of Ketbuqa's force, while some time during the Mongol occupation Bohemond visited
560:
was sacked and burnt. Thousands of
Armenians were massacred and 40,000 taken captive. Hethum was able to ransom his son by conceding territory to the Egyptians. In May 1268, the allied
31:
750:"Bohemond of Antioch and Hethoum of Armenia, principal allies of the Mongols" (p.265), "Hulagu (…) still had enough strength to prevent the punishment of his allies " (p.267).
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1610:
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Hethum strongly encouraged other
Frankish rulers to follow his example and submit to Mongol suzerainty, but the only one who did so was Hethum's son-in-law,
528:
During the last years of Hethum's reign, largely as a result of Hethum's active support of the
Mongols, the kingdom came under increasing attack by the
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1961:
351:, as the Armenians had ties with all sides. They were primarily aligned with the Europeans, but during Hethum's reign, the rapidly expanding
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396:, and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a vassal state of the Mongol Empire.
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Amitai-Preiss refers to the Armenians as "active allies of the Mongols" and speaks of "the subsequent retribution that
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as "Travels of Haithon, the Pious King of the Armenians, to Batu and Mangu Khans", the 58th chapter of Gandzaketsi's
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520:. The Mongols would not again capture Syria until 1299–1300, when again they would hold it only for a few months.
1870:
571:
Hethum abdicated in 1270 in favor of his son Leo, and lived out the rest of his life in a monastery, as a monk.
1832:
1679:
1276:
1055:
1142:
Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century)
709:, p. 263, "Hethum I (1226-69) was clever enough to place himself voluntarily under Mongol suzerainty in 1244."
1412:
501:) entering the city of Damascus together in triumph, though modern historians have questioned this story as
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978:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 630–659.
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Hethum was a major player in the political struggles and shifting alliances around the
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Vol 1, Trubner Oriental Series 1888 London, facsimile reprint 2005 Elibron Classics
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435:(GĂĽyĂĽk's cousin). An account of his travels was recorded by a member of his suite,
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in 1260. Historical accounts, quoting from the writings of the medieval historian
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333:, "receiving the homage of the Mongols". Miniature from "Histoire des Tartars",
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tr., "The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back",
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237:
217:
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1432:
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A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present
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228:, a famous account of which is given by Hethum's companion, the historian
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540:, during which one of Hethum's sons, Thoros, was killed and another son,
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Despite the Mongols' territorial gains, in September 1260, the Egyptian
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From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi
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to renew the agreement, passing through the Turkish states of eastern
196:(also known as "Little Armenia") from 1226 to 1270. He was the son of
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1615:
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1310:
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997:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C.
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The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII
544:, was captured and imprisoned. Following this defeat, the cities of
30:
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
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to the Mongol court in Karakorum. There, Sempad met Great Khan
208:) and was the founder of the dynasty which bears his name: the
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634:
384:, King Hethum made a strategic decision to submit to Mongol
451:
416:
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Hethum's father Constantine had been regent for the young
407:
In 1254, Hethum himself traveled through Central Asia to
260:. Isabella originally married Philip (1222–1225), son of
918:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
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On his way back from Karakorum, Hethum passed through
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Rita of Armenia, married Constantine of Servantikar
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992:
915:
850:Peter Jackson, "Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260",
952:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 114–115.
220:, Hethum himself traveled to the Mongol court in
1928:
587:Also spelled Hethoum, Hetoum, Het'um, or Hayton.
1095:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. New Brunswick:
812:
810:
512:rallied, defeating the Mongols at the historic
956:
685:. Leiden & Boston: Brill. pp. 61–63.
651:
596:
192:: Հեթում Ա; 1213 – 21 October 1270) ruled the
1253:
1160:Toumanoff, C. (1966). "Armenia and Georgia".
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477:in 1258, and both Armenians and Antiochenes
355:became a concern. When the Mongol commander
320:
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200:(d. 1263) and Princess Alix Pahlavouni of
29:
1145:. KrakĂłw: Jagiellonian University Press.
922:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
683:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)
329:Hethum I (seated) in the Mongol court of
307:Maria, who married Guy of Ibelin, son of
1952:Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
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1064:
564:was overrun by the Egyptians who, under
324:
216:. Having accepted the suzerainty of the
1962:13th-century rulers of Armenian Cilicia
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46:King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
16:King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1929:
1138:
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1016:. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
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309:Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus
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1241:
1070:Histoire des Croisades III, 1188–1291
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294:Euphemie (died 1309), who married to
1162:Cambridge Medieval History, vol. IV
597:Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014).
13:
1126:. Praha: Nakladatelstvà Vyšehrad.
674:
671:, p.58, quoting Hayton of Corycus.
556:were assaulted and the capital of
454:, also visiting the Mongol leader
14:
1973:
1169:
1048:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
962:"The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia"
895:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
681:Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011).
516:and driving them back across the
282:) - Thoros had one child: Melkum.
481:fought in the Mongol Army under
1030:Bournoutian, George A. (2002).
1014:The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
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857:
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1072:(in French). Editions Perrin.
747:The Crusades through Arab eyes
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720:Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie
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699:
669:Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie
657:
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376:and approached the borders of
1:
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1947:13th-century Armenian people
884:exacted from them" (p. 106).
427:at the western shore of the
240:to fight against the Muslim
176:Princess Alix Pahlavouni of
7:
993:Edwards, Robert W. (1987).
972:; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
194:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
10:
1978:
1139:Stopka, Krzysztof (2016).
1122:Dobraczinski, Jan (1979).
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258:Isabella, Queen of Armenia
244:and also encouraged other
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288:(died 1290), who married
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1097:Rutgers University Press
1012:Boase, T. S. R. (1978).
958:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie
938:Beazley, Charles Raymond
603:. BRILL. pp. 670–.
574:
419:in Greater Armenia, the
1087:Grousset, René (1970).
949:Encyclopædia Britannica
562:Principality of Antioch
343:Armeno-Mongol relations
471:Bohemond VI of Antioch
388:. He sent his brother
338:
290:Bohemond VI of Antioch
262:Bohemond IV of Antioch
198:Constantine of Baberon
167:Constantine of Baberon
1046:Chahin, Mack (2001).
912:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven
415:, the Mongol camp at
328:
278:in 1266 fighting the
236:. He allied with the
1777:(prince, later king)
1050:. Richmond: Curzon.
1034:. Mazda Publishers.
773:Mediaeval Researches
274:Thoros (died at the
1705:1198–1375 (kingdom)
1680:Hovhannes-Smbat III
869:Mongols and Mamluks
718:Claude Mutafian in
652:Der Nersessian 1969
514:Battle of Ain Jalut
437:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
230:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
204:(a third-cousin of
1561:Tiridates III (IV)
1181:2016-03-03 at the
966:Setton, Kenneth M.
793:Pre-Ottoman Turkey
769:Emil Bretschneider
759:Bournotian, p. 101
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1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:Constantine I
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Vologases III
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Parthamasiris
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Artavasdes IV
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:Artavades III
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Artavasdes II
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1152:9788323395553
1148:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1079:2-262-02569-X
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:1-56859-141-1
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:0-7073-0145-9
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1004:0-88402-163-7
1000:
996:
991:
987:
985:0-299-04844-6
981:
977:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
944:
939:
935:
931:
925:
920:
919:
913:
909:
908:
896:
893:Mack Chahin,
890:
883:
877:
870:
866:
860:
853:
847:
840:
834:
825:
819:
813:
811:
801:
795:, pp. 275–276
794:
788:
782:
781:1-4021-9303-3
778:
774:
770:
765:
756:
748:
742:
735:
734:Les Croisades
729:
721:
715:
708:
702:
694:
688:
684:
677:
670:
666:
660:
653:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
630:
625:
623:
621:
612:
606:
602:
601:
593:
584:
580:
572:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:and northern
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
369:Kaykhusraw II
366:
362:
359:attacked the
358:
354:
353:Mongol Empire
350:
344:
336:
332:
327:
315:
312:
310:
306:
303:
301:
300:Lord of Sidon
297:
293:
291:
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
267:
266:
265:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Mongol Empire
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
144:
138:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:(1226 – 1252)
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1536:Tiridates II
1526:Vologases II
1433:Artaxias III
1413:Ariobarzanes
1406:Non-dynastic
1374:Tigranes III
1349:Artavasdes I
1218:
1195:
1161:
1141:
1123:
1090:
1069:
1047:
1031:
1013:
994:
974:
947:
917:
894:
889:
876:
868:
859:
851:
846:
838:
833:
824:
817:
800:
792:
787:
772:
764:
755:
746:
741:
733:
728:
719:
714:
706:
701:
682:
676:
668:
659:
599:
592:
583:
570:
527:
507:
489:and Fall of
468:
464:Seljuq Turks
462:against the
445:
440:
406:
398:
346:
255:
233:
185:
184:
110:(1270-10-21)
1957:1213 births
1942:1271 deaths
1621:Artaxias IV
1566:Khosrov III
1506:Vologases I
1486:Tiridates I
1468:Tigranes VI
1463:Tiridates I
1458:Rhadamistus
1453:Mithridates
1443:Mithridates
1393:Tigranes IV
1379:Tigranes IV
1369:Artaxias II
1359:Tigranes II
1301:Orontes III
839:The Mongols
629:Stopka 2016
433:Möngke Khan
429:Caspian Sea
271:(died 1289)
60:Predecessor
55:1226 – 1270
1931:Categories
1775:Leo II (I)
1769:Roupen III
1606:Vramshapuh
1601:Khosrov IV
1591:Arshak III
1551:Khosrov II
1423:Tigranes V
1354:Tigranes I
1344:Artaxias I
1326:Orontes IV
1316:Arsames II
1296:Orontes II
1280:336 BC–428
1224:1226–1270
1176:Hethum Bio
1057:0700714529
905:References
705:Grousset,
524:Retirement
503:apocryphal
460:Asia Minor
421:Iron Gates
413:Asia Minor
386:suzerainty
378:Cappadocia
1838:Hethum II
1823:Hethum II
1813:Hethum II
1795:Hethumids
1757:Roupen II
1751:Thoros II
1665:Ashot III
1635:Bagratids
1611:Khosrov V
1576:Arshak II
1531:Khosrov I
1336:Artaxiads
1277:Antiquity
1192:Hethum I
960:(1969) .
841:(2nd ed.)
479:Crusaders
448:Samarkand
331:Karakorum
232:, in his
222:Karakorum
210:Hethumids
70:Successor
39:on a coin
1904:Lusignan
1863:Lusignan
1828:Smbat IV
1803:Hethum I
1781:Isabella
1771:(prince)
1765:(prince)
1759:(prince)
1753:(prince)
1747:(prince)
1741:(prince)
1735:(prince)
1733:Thoros I
1729:(prince)
1723:(prince)
1721:Roupen I
1713:Rubenids
1690:Gagik II
1685:Ashot IV
1670:Smbat II
1655:Ashot II
1638:884–1045
1586:Varazdat
1521:Sohaemus
1511:Sohaemus
1496:Axidares
1491:Sanatruk
1478:Arsacids
1438:Arshak I
1288:Orontids
1213:Isabella
1179:Archived
1132:37577195
1068:(1935).
940:(1911).
914:(1995).
897:, p. 253
491:Damascus
409:Mongolia
226:Mongolia
190:Armenian
186:Hethum I
132:Euphemia
121:Isabella
84:Isabella
80:Co-ruler
64:Isabella
24:Ő€ŐĄŐ©Ő¸Ö‚Ő´ Ô±
22:Hethum I
1843:Leo III
1700:Cilicia
1675:Gagik I
1650:Smbat I
1645:Ashot I
1428:Vonones
1311:Arsames
882:Baybars
865:Baalbek
818:, p.307
566:Baybars
534:Baybars
530:Mamluks
510:Mamluks
499:Kitbuqa
485:at the
475:Baghdad
425:Derbent
401:Seljuks
382:Cilicia
374:Kösedağ
367:sultan
337:, 1307.
286:Sibylla
280:Mamluks
242:Mamluks
238:Mongols
202:Lampron
178:Lampron
152:Dynasty
137:Sybille
1881:Neghir
1853:Leo IV
1818:Thoros
1808:Leo II
1785:Philip
1783:&
1660:Abas I
1616:Shapur
1546:Narseh
1448:Orodes
1395:&
1381:&
1321:Xerxes
1230:Leo II
1149:
1130:
1113:
1103:
1076:
1054:
1038:
1020:
1001:
982:
926:
871:, p.31
779:
723:p.55).
707:Empire
689:
607:
552:, and
550:Tarsus
532:under
483:Hulagu
452:Persia
390:Sempad
365:Seljuq
363:, the
316:Vasak.
313:Rouben
269:Leo II
252:Family
173:Mother
163:Father
146:Thoros
143:Leo II
117:Spouse
74:Leo II
1912:Leo V
1848:Oshin
1745:Leo I
1571:Tiran
1397:Erato
1383:Erato
1306:Sames
1115:90972
964:. In
575:Notes
546:Adana
456:Baiju
394:GĂĽyĂĽk
357:Baiju
206:Leo I
134:Maria
128:Issue
52:Reign
1763:Mleh
1147:ISBN
1128:OCLC
1111:OCLC
1101:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1018:ISBN
999:ISBN
980:ISBN
924:ISBN
777:ISBN
687:ISBN
605:ISBN
554:Ayas
417:Kars
380:and
140:Rita
105:Died
100:1213
97:Born
1581:Pap
558:Sis
542:Leo
423:of
1933::
1109:.
1099:.
968:;
946:.
809:^
667:,
636:^
619:^
548:,
505:.
466:.
298:,
224:,
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1164:.
1155:.
1134:.
1117:.
1082:.
1060:.
1042:.
1026:.
1007:.
988:.
932:.
695:.
613:.
188:(
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