Heinrich Rau - Knowledge

1473:, led also the Secretariat of the Central Committee. The CC Secretariat was the de facto second highest party body after the Politburo. Its task was, to lead the party apparatus according to the decisions by the Politburo. This included the important areas of agitation and propaganda and the party press. It was of particular importance, that the Secretariat was superior of the party cadres, including some – perhaps most – members of the Central Committee in their further party occupations. With the exception of a row of especially important positions, whose manning the Politburo expressively reserved, the Secretariat, in particular Ulbricht, could decide about the careers of the party cadres. The CC Secretariat was an important pillar of Ulbricht's power. Given his not very strong position in the Politburo, Ulbricht also managed in the early 1950s to expand the activities of the Secretariat – which was originally designed as a supporting body of the Politburo for typical party affairs – partly to government policy, a core responsibility of the Politburo. As a consequence, the Secretariat, which was now occasionally even by followers of Ulbricht nicknamed "Bureau Ulbricht", was increasingly seen as a rival of the Politburo. This situation led in 1953 within the Politburo to the demand to abolish the Secretariat. Shortly afterwards Ulbricht could consolidate his position in the Politburo and accepted, that the activities of the Secretariat, which had lost in value for Ulbricht, were widely narrowed to the original purpose again. (In later decades the character of the Secretariat changed once more. Since 1959 all CC Secretary posts were manned by members of the Politburo. Subsequently it became more and more usual, that the Politburo members were also CC Secretaries for their responsible areas, including the government policy. In these times most of the Politburo commissions for the diverse government areas, which were in part also discussion rounds, lost influence and the Politburo members often preferred now to use more the apparatus of the Secretariat for directives.) 1553:, and which saw sharp attacks by Ulbricht against some other Politburo members, especially against Herrnstadt and Zaisser, all was different and the members of the Central Committee didn't elect those rebels, who were especially a target of Ulbricht's attacks. Never before and never again in the SED history, it happened, that apparatchiks, nominated for election by the Politburo itself, were not subsequently also elected by the Central Committee!. In this Central Committee session Ulbricht could consolidate his position in the Politburo and the Central Committee confirmed also his rank as head of the party. It was merely cosmetics, that, according to the Soviet example, his post of 'General Secretary' was now renamed to 'First Secretary'. Btw., four years later Soviet leader Khrushchev could use the experiences from 1953 and succeeded in securing his own position in a 1535:, who practically was also a kind of supervisor of Ulbricht's counterpart, Stasi chief Wilhelm Zaisser, had been deposed and arrested a few days before. In the talk Ulbricht could easily mention this relationship, thus alluding to Zaisser as Beria's man. In consideration of Zaisser's rebellion it seems, that Ulbricht regarded the position of a strong Stasi chief now as a risk, which awoke in him the desire to lead and supervise the security organisations himself. Subsequently he initiated the foundation of a new Central Committee division for security, with the task of controlling the security forces and additionally the formation of a new superior security commission of the Politburo, which he led himself. In Ulbricht's time no other Stasi chief could become again member of the Politburo. In 1960 Ulbricht also converted his security commission into the 943: 859: 1090: 1038: 1073:(NES). This later reform was presaged by a reform in the middle of the 1950s; the economic historian Jörg Roesler considers the NES in the 1960s as a continuation of this reform. The origin of the reform in the 1950s was a scientific study, commissioned by Rau's ministry in 1953, to assess the need for greater economic efficiency in the factories. The subsequent results from this study promised enhanced economic efficiency by shifting more responsibility from the National Planning Commission to the enterprises themselves. Thenceforward, already in spring 1954, Rau advocated such a planning reform, while planning boss Bruno Leuschner quite consistently opposed it. In August 1954, Rau's ministry sent a concept for such a reform to Leuschner's 33: 901:, the future Chief Commissar of the USSR in Germany, who already in January 1948 correspondingly stated, that SMAD orders, (which accompanied DWK orders,) should have merely the purpose to back the authority of the German orders. One of Rau's aims during the meetings with the SMAD was, to come to agreements, which also obliged the Soviet side, including subordinate Soviet authorities, who still engaged in wild confiscations for reparation purposes. An important success in this direction was a half-year plan for the economic development in the second half of 1948, which was accepted by the SMAD in May 1948. It was followed by a likewise accepted two-year plan for 1949 and 1950. 669: 825: 3152: 1024:. At that moment however there was no viable candidate who could replace Ulbricht immediately. Suggested were first Rudolf Herrnstadt and then Heinrich Rau, but both were hesitant, thus a decision was postponed. The very next day after the meeting Ulbricht went by plane to Moscow and the Soviet leadership, who in part also feared that deposing Ulbricht might be construed as a sign of weakness, now secured Ulbricht's position. Subsequently, five members and candidate members of the Politburo lost their positions. 1603:

The person responsible for foreign policy was Rau. The decision-making body for day-to-day foreign policy was the Central Committee Division for Foreign Policy and International Relations (APIV), whose leading members were, beside experts from other fields, also members of Rau's superior Foreign Policy Commission of the SED Politburo (APK), which had the task of coordination of the diverse political responsibilities and preparation of material for decisions by the Politburo. The

492: 882:, leaving the eastern zone to use the old common currency. In order to avoid inflation, the DWK under Rau's leadership, was forced to follow quickly with its own reform and issued an own currency too. In doing so, the DWK also exploited the currency reform to redistribute capital by using different exchange rates for private and state-run companies. The disagreement, which of the two new currencies should be used in Berlin, triggered the 528:. The Spartacist Albert Schreiner, then chairman of a soldier council, initially assumed the key position of Minister of War in this quickly established first government, which for the time being shared power with the councils. However, he resigned already a few days later, after disputes about the future course of the government. While the Spartacists considered as their ideal aim the kinds of results achieved by the previous year's 1054:, a follower of Ulbricht and Rau's successor as chairman of the National Planning Commission, now became a new candidate member of the Politburo. During the ensuing period, Leuschner, often supported by Ulbricht, gradually superseded Rau as the senior leader for the economy as a whole. The official GDR press never mentioned the dissension between Rau and Leuschner and always described their cooperation as a success story. 628:(ECCI) in November 1922 and Rau succeeded him as division chief the following year. Afterwards, Rau also became a leading member of various national and international left wing farmer and peasant organisations. From 1923 onward, he was a member of the Secretariat of the International Committee of the Agricultural and Forest Workers and beginning in 1924 of the executive committee of the Reich Peasant Federation ( 1077:. Eventually this reform got under way, after Ulbricht, perhaps under the influence of his new personal economic adviser Wolfgang Berger, had approved such a policy at the end of 1954 too. Subsequently, the reform accelerated until 1956. It found however its early end in the generally aggravated political atmosphere in 1957. Unrests in other Eastern Bloc countries during the previous year 1956, in particular 544:- a general strike took place in the Stuttgart area. The government in Stuttgart imposed a state of emergency and 16 people died in street fights. At the time of these events, Rau used his position as chief of the military police in Zuffenhausen to shut down companies that remained operational while the strike was ongoing. However, when the strike collapsed, Rau was removed from office by the government. 1352:, who had fallen into disgrace in the meantime. Szinda himself was a temporary acting commander of the brigade after Rau's injury. East German communists later were struck by the enmity between Rau and Staimer, the origin of which was supposed to have originated in Spain. Speculation and accusations also emerged that Richard Staimer had murdered the brigade's early commissar 878:), which during this period became the centralised administrative organisation for the Soviet Occupation Zone and the predecessor of the future East German government. The organisation existed during a time of very difficult challenges coming from different sides. A particularly momentous event during this time was the currency reform of 1948. On 20 June 1948 the 1489:, Moscow's representative in East Germany, asked him on 19 June 1953 about Ulbricht and Rau. According to Schirdewan, he responded (diplomatically) by favouring Ulbricht, but declared that in case of a needed change Rau would be the most promising candidate. (A few years later, Schirdewan himself became a new rival of Ulbricht and failed.) 850:(SED), resulting in Rau's membership in the SED. Important 1946 events in Brandenburg were in November elections, which preceded an official status change from a province to a federal state in the following year. Afterwards, from 1946 until 1948, Rau was state parliament delegate and Minister for Economic Planning of Brandenburg. 1321:(Mercedes) in March 1920, the candidates of KPD and USPD together received about three quarters of the votes. Similar results had already occurred in January 1919 at elections to a forerunner body of the works council. The majority structure at Rau's firm, the Bosch factory works in Feuerbach, was comparable in these years. 1406:. Finally, on 5 May 1945, the 'International Camp Committee' triggered the rebellion. According to Woitinas, Rau played an essential role in the uprising: "Heinrich Rau was, as one of the organisers of the secret military organisation, crucially involved in the success of the liberation action." (" 1607:

held a de facto subordinate position at this time and had follow the directives of the SED bodies. However, in consideration of the quite prestigious view of this office, and in order to display a democratic variety, the appointed foreign minister used to be until 1965 a member of the non-SED parties

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The Central Committee of the SED, the by name highest party body between the Party Congresses, but de facto usually an acclamation body of its Politburo, had also officially the right, to ballot the members of the Politburo and of the Secretariat between the Party Congresses. But given the widespread

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was 1:1. The exchange rate for saving accounts up to 1000 RM was 5:1 and for private companies and not so small saving accounts 10:1. Rau's attempt to apply this rule to all private organized firms, including the then important Soviet owned bank 'Garantie- und Kreditbank AG', which managed the Soviet

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Following a Soviet order in February 1948, the German Economic Commission became a "nascent state structure for all intents and purposes", with "competence ranging far beyond the economy proper" and it was granted power "to issue orders and directives to all German organs within the Soviet Occupation

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in the province. In spring 1946 he assumed responsibility for economy and transport in Brandenburg. In this capacity, he was, from June 1946 onwards, chairman of the newly established sequester commission in the province. 1946 was also the year of the forced merger of eastern KPD and eastern SPD into

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under the leadership of the 23-year-old Spartacist Fritz Rück had been established in Stuttgart. During the following days and weeks more spontaneously elected worker and soldier councils were formed, and took over a large part of Württemberg. Rau was elected leader of the military police in his home

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The de facto highest decision-making body for all kinds of affairs in the GDR was the Politburo, which usually followed the proposals of its respectively responsible member for a field (other members could also assume, that especially important proposals had been discussed with Ulbricht in advance.)

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The DWK's increasingly centralised administration resulted in a substantial increase in its staffing level, which grew from about 5000 employees in mid-1948 to 10,000 by the beginning of 1949. In March 1949, Rau, like the representative of a state, signed a first treaty with a foreign state, a trade

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As the king had demanded that no blood should be shed for his sake, and thus de facto had rejected the use of weapons, this event occurred nearly bloodless. The crowd was able to disarm a nearby stationed security troop, which was not given order, what to do, without resistance. At least one of the

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for the entire German people. In consequence of this, the GDR's official diplomatic relationships with other states were narrowed to the states of the Eastern Bloc. Practically no other states recognized the GDR. As a result, Rau's ministry established numerous new "trade missions" in other states,

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Likewise in 1949, the ruling SED implemented traditional leadership structures of communist parties and Rau became a member of the newly established Central Committee of the SED and candidate member of its Politburo; in 1950 he became a full member of the Politburo as well as deputy chairman of the

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There is some evidence, which at least in part hints in this direction: According to authors like Carlos Engel, Rau replaced Richard Staimer on 3 November 1937. According to an official report, written by the former leading brigade officer Gustav Szinda in 1940 in Moscow, Rau however followed

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The biggest obstacle to the plan's implementation soon proved to be the Berlin Blockade by the USSR, which was followed by a western counter-blockade of the Soviet occupation zone. As there were long-established economic ties between the western zone and the eastern, which was highly dependent on

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held also the post of the first deputy chairman. In cases, when both, Grotewohl and Ulbricht were abroad, for instance in Moscow, Rau, the 2nd deputy chairman, normally used to serve as the acting prime minister in this time. Beside Ulbricht and Rau there were three other deputy prime ministers,

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In spring 1917, Rau, by this time an elected trade union official in his firm, participated in the attempt to organise a strike against the war. His action led to a reprimand from his employer, and may have hastened his conscription into the army in August 1917. In the army he was trained in the

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In 1952–1953, Rau led the newly established Coordination Centre for Industry and Traffic at the East German Council of Ministers. The purpose of this office was effective control of the economy in order to overcome the difficulties, which were caused by a grown bureaucracy and unclear decision

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During the ensuing months the communists tried repeatedly to seize power in Stuttgart and other cities in Württemberg through armed rebellion, accompanied by large-scale strikes. They seized public buildings and print offices. During one such an attempt - at the beginning of April 1919 when the

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reported in April 1949, how Rau clearly criticized the blockade in a meeting of SED apparatchiks and there is reason to believe that he did the same in the meetings with the SMAD. According to the paper, Rau spoke of a "bad speculation" regarding the undervaluation of the dependence on western

1518:, which he received during a ceremony supervised by Rau. Ironically Richard Staimer, a quite prominent person in the GDR and also a target of some speculations which claimed him to be Beimler's murderer, received the same medal on this occasion as well out of necessity – and had to accept it.) 648:

After Hitler's rise to power in January 1933 and the subsequent suppression of the KPD, Rau became a Central Committee's party instructor for southwest Germany and was active in building an underground party organisation there. On 23 May 1933 Rau was arrested and on 11 December 1934

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Unlike some other rebels in the leadership, Rau kept most of his positions. He remained a member of the Politburo and deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers. In the Politburo he continued to be responsible for the industry of the GDR. However, his position had been weakened.

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It seems, however, that Rau also had influential friends. He was released from prison and expelled from Spain. He moved to France in May 1938. There, he was in charge of the emergency committee of the German and Austrian Spain fighters and member of the KPD country leadership in

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As early as 9 November, about 150 councillors gathered for a two-day meeting in Stuttgart. A majority of the councillors entrusted the leaders of the SPD and USPD political parties, who had been invited to the meeting, with the establishment of a provisional government in

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and flown a red flag above the building. On the very same day the demonstrators were also able to seize some of Stuttgart's barracks, where parts of the garrisons openly joined them. Rau took active part in the events in Stuttgart's streets on this and the following day.

2720: 1062:) in gold. Later, Ulbricht stated in a 1964 interview about the "introduction of socialism" in the GDR, that only three people were heavily involved in the economic development during that time, "namely Heinrich Rau, Bruno Leuschner and me. Others were not consulted!" 1057:

Concentrating on his tasks in the SED leadership and as a minister, Rau – despite occasional internal criticism – avoided giving the impression of any disagreement with Ulbricht, at least in public. In 1954, Rau received in the Order of Merit for the Fatherland

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custom, to see secret voting as a sign of dangerous bourgeois falderal, it was usual to accept always the proposals by the Politburo. But during the following 15th session of the Central Committee, which was also attended by high Soviet officials, among them

743:, was also an executor of the Great Purge in Spain. Following Rau's injury, Marty managed to imprison him under a pretext for a brief time. A report, written in Moscow in 1940, described Rau as a "political criminal", who had had contact with the Spanish 836:

with the title of a vice-president and responsibility for food, agriculture and forests. Rau succeeded Edwin Hoernle, who had held this position since the end of June and became chairman of the central administration for agriculture and forests in the

1510:, Ulbricht's main rival in the SED and since 1938 Rau's close fellow in Paris, Camp Vernet, Castres, the Prince Albrecht Street and the Mauthausen Concentration Camp, had already been deposed by Ulbricht a few months earlier, in connection with the 4681: 4605: 459:), visited the youth group in Zuffenhausen and gave lectures. In 1916, Rau joined the Spartacists as well and became a co-founder of their youth organisation. In accordance with the politics of the Spartacists, in 1917 he joined the left-wing 820:

for some weeks and helped the KPD representatives in the city gather liberated political prisoners from Germany. He left Vienna in July 1945, when he led a car convoy with 120 former Mauthausen inmates to the Soviet occupied part of Berlin.

897:(German: Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland or SMAD), quickly developed more and more into a partner of the SMAD with its own conceptions and intentions. This policy was also endorsed by the Soviet chief diplomat in Germany, 1531:, who was at that time on the way to become 'Number ONE' in the collective Soviet leadership. It was also a stroke of luck for Ulbricht, that the USSR's ambitious Minister of Internal Affairs and chief of the Soviet secrete service 547:

Rau resumed his employment at Bosch in Feuerbach. During another general strike in several Württemberg cities, from 28 August to 4 September 1920, he led the strike committee in his firm, which resulted in his dismissal.

2734: 439:) and a social democratic youth group in Zuffenhausen. During the following years, which saw the beginning of World War I, Rau's youth group, whose leader he became in 1916, was significantly influenced by the left wing of the 1110:

which served as a kind of surrogate for nonexistent embassies. It was a corollary, that Rau, in addition to his responsibility for the export-oriented industry, also chaired the Foreign Policy Commission of the SED Politburo (

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The three ministries, which merged into the Ministry for Machine Construction were the Ministries for Heavy Machine Construction, for General Machine Construction, and for Transport and Agricultural Machine Construction.

1081:, had awoken the desire for more central control again. The subsequent unsatisfying economic development, however, during the following years eventually led in the 1960s to the concept of a new planning reform, the NES. 593:. Her house, built in 1903 in Sillenbuch (now a part of Stuttgart), had become a meeting place of leading national and local left-wing and communist activists. It was also visited by international communist leaders like 1118:) since 1955, in this period the actual decision-making body for foreign affairs, and visited other states in different parts of the world in this capacity. Among the visited states were, beside the core states of the 1105:. In this time both German states still saw German reunification as their own aim, but both envisaging different political systems. The West German position was that they, as the only freely elected government, had an 771:" – they fought on Spain's northern border after the fall of Barcelona, protecting the stream of refugees escaping to France. Thus the Agrupación enabled the escape of perhaps some 470,000 civilians and soldiers. 1330:

In 1936 five international brigades were established, which, perhaps "for the purpose to make them appear more formidable to the enemy, were named the XIth, XIIth, XIIIth, XIVth and XVth International Brigades".

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and a deputy chairman of the East German Council of Ministers. He was a leading economic politician and diplomat of East Germany and led various ministries at different times. Within East Germany's ruling

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supplies, stating that the "broadminded Soviet help" turned out as insufficient and hinting that the blockade would soon be lifted. Finally the Berlin Blockade was lifted on 12 May 1949.

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in March 1943. While in the concentration camp he participated in conspiratorial prisoner activities, which led to a camp uprising in the final days before the end of World War II in Europe.

564:. Hoernle had visited Rau's youth group in Zuffenhausen and had become a long-standing friend; he was an influential teacher for Rau and made his voluminous library available to Rau to use. 4530:

Copied from collection Museum für Deutsche Geschichte. – The children's home "Ernst Thälmann" near Madrid was established in 1937 by the XI International Brigade as a home for war orphans.

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and Ulrich Fischer, the two USPD ministers in the cabinet, sympathised with the communists during a communist revolt in Stuttgart, in January 1919. Afterward they were removed from office.

3431: 420:, now also a part of Stuttgart. After finishing school in spring 1913, he started work as a press operator in a shoe factory. In November 1913 he changed his employer and moved to the 1000:. Moscow favored replacing East Germany's Stalinist party leader Walter Ulbricht and made inquiries about Rau as a potential candidate. In response, the leading SED party ideologist, 3634: 981:

against Rau. In a later letter to Pieck of 28 November 1951, Rau protested at the manner in which the Secretariat usurped the Politburo by censoring his speech on economic affairs.

1020:, who in Spain had been known as 'General Gómez', accused Ulbricht of having perverted the party. The majority was against Ulbricht. His only supporters were Hermann Matern and 1604: 1340:

Staimer at the beginning of January 1938, when Staimer left Spain for Moscow. Szinda wrote in accordance with the official version of the events desired by the Soviet and the

1234:". Thereupon Johannes Rau ironically commented on this lapse by observing that Heinrich Rau was a "Minister of Trade, a Swabian and a communist" and he was none of the three. 1065:

In 1953–1955 Rau led the new established Ministry for Machine Construction, which combined the responsibilities of three existing ministries. His deputy in this ministry was

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is said to have referred to her as the "worst witch in Germany". She had been living in a Stuttgart suburb since 1891 and, since then, been gathering a circle of Württemberg

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These happenings were a first cumulation of a civil commotion, that had started a few days earlier with large strikes and demonstrations. On 4 November 1918, a first

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During the past two years, inmates, under the leadership of imprisoned Soviet officers and Spain fighters like Rau, had built a secret military organisation in the camp.

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in Feuerbach. There he completed his training as metal presser and remained until autumn 1920, with interruptions due to war service during 1917-1918 and the subsequent

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After his death, firms, schools, recreation homes, numerous streets, and a fighter squadron were named after him. The GDR issued a stamp with his picture three times.

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in Berlin, until then the seat of Rau's organisation. Five days later, the DWK was formally abolished on 12 October 1949. Rau thereupon became a delegate of the

755:. These were serious allegations in this time, when accusations of Trotskyism frequently led to a death sentence if the accused was within reach of the authorities. 3122: 4671: 1196:

Rau was married twice and had three sons and a daughter. Like the other members of the Politburo, he lived until 1960 in a secured area of East Berlin's district

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The head of the Central Committee's Division for Agriculture initially was Edwin Hoernle, with whom Rau had come from Stuttgart. Hoernle had been elected to the

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affair and the subsequent trials. (Three years later, in 1956, Dahlem was rehabilitated and shortly afterward among the first recipients of the new established

354:, where he participated in the Spanish Civil War as a leader of one of the International Brigades. In 1939, he was arrested in France, and was delivered by the 71: 4493: 532:

in Russia, the position of the other USPD politicians was unclear and the SPD leaders supported a parliamentary democracy and early elections in Württemberg.

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After the war he played an important role in the political scene of East Germany. Before the establishment of an East German state he was the chairman of the

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as member of a machine gun company. In September 1918 a shell splinter penetrated his lungs. In the following weeks, he was treated in military hospitals in

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The term "trade mission" was a GDR invention, for the purpose of displaying a diplomatic touch and to delete the word 'trade' later easily, when possible.

483:. While in Ludwigsburg, Rau managed to get leave at short notice on 8 November 1918 and joined the in those days developing revolution in Stuttgart. 3227: 346:

regime in Germany he was imprisoned, in total, for more than half of the time of Hitler's rule. After his first imprisonment he emigrated in 1935 to the

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guards at the Wilhelm Palais was badly beaten before other revolutionaries intervened and tended his wounds. The still quite popular king was unharmed.

625: 4666: 2139: 724: 1146:). Between 1955 and 1957 he visited, as part of a diplomatic advertisement campaign in the Arab world, various Arabic states, among them repeatedly 4751: 3331: 2730: 1165:

Rau, in poor health during his final years, died of a heart attack in East Berlin, in March 1961. He was cremated and honoured with burial at the

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Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl, who seemed to keep out of the conflict, took some notes about a few single statements during the fevered meeting.

973:. In the face of an imminent economic collapse, Rau blamed the "Bureau Ulbricht" for the wrong policy. In response East Germany's old president 4716: 3553: 460: 214: 1012:(plus six candidate members) on 8 July 1953, Rau made a recommendation that Ulbricht be replaced, while Rau's Spanish Civil War comrade, 798:, where he remained until May 1945, when he participated in a camp rebellion as one of the organisers of a secret military camp organisation. 4726: 4691: 2815: 556:

From 1919 until 1920 Rau was head of the local KPD group in Zuffenhausen, and chaired the KPD organisation in Stuttgart. The party leader in

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The most outstanding ideological authority of the movement in Stuttgart, during the time of Rau's political involvement there, was however

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Between 1955 and 1961 Rau served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Inter-German Trade. The term "Inter-German Trade" meant the trade with

1008:, which was suppressed by the Soviet army on 17 June led to a backlash. Three weeks later, during a session of the then eight person 1004:, a candidate member of the Poliburo, with assistance from Rau drew up a concept for just such a New Course in East Germany. However, the 640:, the Prussian federal state parliament. There he joined the committee on agricultural affairs of the parliament and became its chairman. 3526: 1373:), ZPA (Central party archive of the SED), EA 1078. Meanwhile, the IML ceased to exist and the ZPA is part of the 'SAPMO' section of the 3911: 1708: 4761: 4275: 3607: 1408:

Heinrich Rau war als einer der Organisatoren der geheimen Militärorganisation am Gelingen der Befreiungsaktion entscheidend beteiligt.

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funds in the Soviet Occupation Zone, failed. After a sharp Soviet protest letter to Rau, this bank got an exchange rate of 1:1 too.

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Speech manuscript of a lecture by the Stuttgart local historian Dr. Hans-Georg Müller in Stuttgart-Sillenbuch on 16 November 1995.

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The time of Rau's German Economic Commission ended in October 1949 with the establishment of the East German state, the

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Group portrait Heinrich Rau ..: Heinrich Rau serving out bread to the children of the children's home "Ernst Thälmann"

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and in 1931 he became an office member of the European Peasant Committee. From 1928 to 1933 he was also member of the

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Ländliche Gesellschaft in der kommunistischen Diktatur: Zwangsmodernissierung und Tradition in Brandenburg 1945-1963

1069:, who would, in the early 1960s, become an initiator and architect of an economic reform, which became known as the 1037: 847: 379: 226: 3755:. Veröffentlichungen des Archivs der Stadt Stuttgart (in German). Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag. pp. 199–209. 3125:(Report). Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). 23 March 1984. p. 24. JPRS-LAM-84-037. Archived from 2083: 4215: 3774: 2346: 1178: 1074: 963: 503:

The revolution in November 1918 led in Württemberg, like everywhere in Germany, to the end of the monarchy. King

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Roesler, Jörg (2006). "Planungsreform unter günstigen und ungünstigen Bedingungen". In Prokop, Siegfried (ed.).

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In November 1920 Rau became a full-time party functionary and the secretary of the agricultural division of the

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about 1916. The upper parts of the then adjacent Wilhelm Palais can be seen behind the right wing of the castle.

3764:. Veröffentlichungen des Archivs der Stadt Stuttgart (in German). Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag. pp. 1–24. 763:

until 1939. At the beginning of 1939 Rau crossed the border to Spain again and subsequently led, together with

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of Germany. He was sentenced to two years imprisonment. After his release from custody, he emigrated to the

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In September 1945, the Soviets appointed Rau a member of the provisional chairmanship of the Province of

654: 598: 472: 3651:(Contemporary description of the New Economic System, published in 1966. The author received the 1966's 867: 464: 370: 335: 316: 269: 220: 4525: 3862: 507:

left Stuttgart on 9 November, shortly after a revolutionary crowd had stormed his residence, the

2537: 1824: 1802: 1394:. The other groups were 1 French speaking group and respectively one group from each of the areas of 709: 1539:, an organisation with vast security competences outside the direct responsibility of the Politburo. 996:

After the death of Stalin in March 1953, the new collective Soviet leadership started to advocate a

413: 162: 4721: 3231: 1574:, where he became a vehement critic of the SED rule. He depicted Leuschner's internal remarks then. 1353: 966:. In this position, as the key figure of the economic development, Rau came into conflict with SED 693: 537: 263: 4388:. Schriftenreihe zur Geschichte der FDJ (in German). Vol. 36. East Berlin: Junge Welt Verlag. 4127: 2825: 1649: 905:

supplies from the West, the blockade was more damaging to the East. The West Berlin SPD newspaper

4598: 4289: 4105:. Zeitgeschichte (in German). Vol. 41 (1st ed.). Berlin: Kai Homilius. pp. 88–95. 1989: 1872: 1258: 962:

Between 1949 and 1950, Rau was Minister for Planning of the GDR and in 1950–1952 chairman of the

791: 838: 681: 496: 308: 637: 326:, where early on he became active in socialist youth organizations. After military service in 3457: 932: 416:, the son of a peasant who later became a factory worker. He grew up in the adjacent city of 3697: 2183: 4656: 4651: 3652: 1227: 1216: 1131: 572: 1377:

in Berlin. The correct reference should be 'German Federal Archives, SAPMO, ZPA, EA 1078'.

704:'s troops were already on the road to victory. Rau's brigade saw combat in the battles of 668: 650: 342:

came to power. Shortly afterward Rau was thrown in jail for two years. As an enemy of the

8: 4682:

Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany

1657: 1070: 936: 723:

When Rau took charge of the XI Brigade, he might have been at odds with his predecessor,

697: 632:). In 1930 this was followed with a membership on the International Peasants' Council in 405: 158: 2240: 2056: 841:(SBZ). In his new position, Rau was a member of the commission for the execution of the 587:

around her, among them Rau's friend Hoernle, who had been editing with her the magazine

3795: 2969: 1515: 1470: 1253: 529: 373:, the precursor to the East German government. Subsequently, he became chairman of the 3195: 2846: 2666: 2087: 1831:(in German). Stuttgart: Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg / Hauptstaatsarchiv. March 1991 1809:(in German). Stuttgart: Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg / Hauptstaatsarchiv. March 1988 1759:

For detailed information about these events on 9 November 1918 in Stuttgart, see

4563: 4460: 4431: 4409: 4364: 4343: 4318: 4297: 4245: 4200: 4163: 4106: 4079: 4052: 4025: 3998: 3971: 3944: 3917: 3896: 3871: 3841: 3814: 3799: 3783: 3731: 3701: 3670: 3613: 3586: 3559: 3532: 3511: 3492: 3467: 3437: 3389: 3364: 3337: 3316: 3291: 3264: 3237: 1528: 1430: 1106: 1042: 1001: 967: 705: 677: 618: 614: 425: 421: 331: 304: 824: 4584:. His family moved into exile in Egypt after or shortly before his violent death. ) 4521: 3787: 1554: 1429:

The exchange rate for state-run companies and very small saving accounts up to 100

1309:

The communists had a strong presence in Stuttgart's factories. For example, at the

1248: 717: 713: 701: 576: 452: 3691: 2962:

Chronology of International Events and Documents (Supplement to 'The World Today')

931:(GDR). The GDR was proclaimed on 7 October 1949, at a ceremony in the former 665:, and became a deputy chairman of the International Agrarian Institute in Moscow. 621:

and Federal schools of the KPD, and edited a few left-wing agricultural journals.

4628: 4577: 4221: 3640: 2820: 1617: 1613: 1532: 1482: 1448: 1360:(An important partisan of this thesis was Beimlers's close friend Antonia Stern.) 1297: 1170: 1150:. One of his last deals, which he closed as minister, was a trade agreement with 1051: 1017: 970: 883: 735:

which had its echos in Spain, and it could be perilous to have powerful enemies.

431:

From 1913 Rau also was active in the labour movement. In that year he joined the

300: 126: 2369:, pp. 67, 269 - On page 269 a plan by Rau for a camp uprising is described. 334:

of 1918–19. From 1920 onward, he was a leading agricultural policy maker of the

4159: 3791: 3769: 1550: 1444: 1395: 1209: 1021: 986: 947: 862:

Heinrich Rau (right) with Bruno Leuschner, one of his deputies at the DWK, 1951

662: 594: 589: 508: 82: 3669:] (in German). München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 101–102. 3406: 2855:(in German). No. 32. Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein. 1956. pp. 22–24 736: 597:, who stayed there overnight in 1907. In 1920, when Zetkin was elected to the 525: 4645: 1457: 1349: 1310: 990: 974: 939:, the newly established parliament of the GDR and joined the new government. 778:, an internment centre in France, and in November 1941 to a secret prison in 728: 561: 448: 166: 1570:, Bruno Leuschners personal assistant during this time, who fled in 1957 to 4183: 1571: 1567: 1507: 1387: 1348:

as the brigade's first commander while failing to mention his predecessor,

1219: 1201: 1119: 1102: 928: 787: 658: 568: 417: 355: 347: 339: 312: 186: 3200: 2851: 2675:(in German). No. 43. Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein. 1949. p. 6 2671: 1159: 1155: 1094: 956: 922: 887: 842: 833: 775: 774:

Rau was arrested by the French authorities in September 1939 and sent to

764: 732: 480: 467:(KPD), which had been founded mainly by members of the Spartacus League. 444: 327: 182: 3693:

The Fallen Sparrows: The International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War

2973: 4401: 3893:

Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works. Volume 50: Engels 1892–95

3236:(in German). Vol. 21. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 192. 2968:(23). London: Royal Institute of International Affairs: 760–769. 1953. 2866: 2414: 2045: 1511: 1403: 1369:

Erich Woitinas' reference from 1977 to Franz Dahlem's writing was IML (

1345: 1139: 1066: 997: 978: 752: 580: 491: 2611:. Vol. 23. Australia. Dept. of Foreign Affairs. 1952. p. 724 1447:, the symbol figure of the merger into the SED. SED General Secretary 4456:

Grossbritannien und die DDR 1955–1973 (Britain and the GDR 1955–1973)

3636:

The muted revolution: East Germany's challenge to Russia and the West

2563: 2551: 2041: 1341: 1009: 744: 643: 409: 383: 323: 296: 1820:

For Albert Schreiner and the soldiers' councils in Württemberg, see

3140: 2404: 2402: 1212:

no. 50. In 1963, Rau's widow Elisabeth moved to this street again.

1205: 1032: 740: 4612:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 4509:– Picture with Rau, Richard Staimer and Kurt Frank in Spain, 1937. 3659:

Hoffmann, Dierk (2000). Hoffmann, Dierk; Wentker, Hermann (eds.).

3461: 2760: 2721:"O. Grotewohl's Handwritten Notes on the SED CC Politburo Meeting" 2011:"The Communist International (1919–1943)/ORGANISATIONAL OFFICIALS" 790:

regime and was held until March 1943 in the Gestapo prison in the

471:

Zuffenhausen-garrisoned Infantry Regiment 126 and deployed to the

4048:

Das feldgraue Erbe: die Wehrmachteinflüsse im Militär der SBZ/DDR

1391: 1127: 783: 779: 584: 451:

and Albert Schreiner, who later became well-known members of the

447:

powers". A few local members of a far left SPD group, among them

359: 204: 4580:

children in Egypt. (Lumumba was the first Prime Minister of the

3913:

Regional interests in Europe: Wales and Saxony as modern regions

3555:

The Unheralded: Men and Women of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift

2399: 2196: 4542: 3067: 2220: 1566:

One base source for conflicts between Rau and Leuschner became

1399: 1223: 1197: 1182: 893:

Under Rau's leadership the DWK, still under supervision of the

817: 685: 633: 617:

of the KPD in Berlin. Between 1921 and 1930 he lectured at the

602: 541: 476: 200: 3204:(in German). No. 42. Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein. 1990 2503: 2501: 2313:"International Brigades – Battalions / international brigades" 1798:

For Fritz Rück and the workers' councils in Württemberg, see

1147: 1135: 1123: 1013: 760: 739:, the chief commissar of the International Brigades based at 689: 579:

once had written, that he liked her very much, while emperor

358:

regime back to Nazi Germany in 1942. After a few months in a

351: 4402:

Bohn, Robert; Jürgen Elvert; Karl Christian Lammers (2000).

3696:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. p. 3091: 2992: 2283: 2281: 2122: 2120: 2107: 2105: 1885: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 4606:"Conversations between Joseph V. Stalin and SED leadership" 4459:(in German). München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. 4340:

Deutsche Kommunisten. Biographisches Handbuch 1918 bis 1945

3164: 3033: 3031: 2498: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1452:

among them two representatives of the other parties in the

1357: 1151: 748: 672:

Heinrich Rau on a stamp commemorating the Spanish Civil War

443:(SPD). The leftists considered the war a conflict between " 343: 3463:

Ostalgie oder linke Alternative. Meine Reise durch die PDS

3330:

Bock, Siegfried; Ingrid, Muth; Hermann, Schwiesau (2004).

1741:

For the first days of the demonstrations and strikes, see

1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1485:, who became in 1953 member of the Politburo, wrote, that 946:

Leaders of the government: Rau (left) beside Ulbricht and

747:

and members of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (

3508:

Historia de las Brigadas Mixtas del E. P. de la República

3357:

Broszat, Martin; Herrmann, Weber; Gerhard, Braas (1993).

3016: 2938: 2926: 2587: 2377: 2375: 2278: 2117: 2102: 1897: 1728: 1215:

When the prominent West German SPD politician and future

3895:. New York: International Publishers. pp. 182–183. 3430:

Diedrich, Torsten; Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha, eds. (2005).

3055: 3028: 3004: 2784: 2140:"Brigadas Internacionales / XI Thaelmann o Hans Beimler" 1770: 520:

city of Zuffenhausen, a part of Stuttgart's urban area.

274:

Leading economic politician and diplomat of East Germany

4268:

Anatomie der Staatssicherheit/MfS-Handbuch, Teil III/20

3528:

Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland (SMAD)

3103: 2914: 2698: 2254: 1671: 3813:. Stanford: Hoover Institution – Stanford University. 3356: 3313:

Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19: Quellen und Dokumente

2878: 2772: 2622: 2569: 2557: 2513: 2474: 2462: 2438: 2420: 2387: 2372: 2266: 1935: 1715:(in German). Stuttgart: Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg 1469:

Ulbricht, who led the Politburo in this time still as

923:

Establishment and difficult first years of a new state

3489:

Resistance in the Nazi concentration camps, 1933–1945

3043: 2686: 2486: 2426: 2293: 2208: 389: 4317:(in German). Münschen: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. 4102:

Zwischen Aufbruch und Abbruch: Die DDR im Jahre 1956

2642:"Kabinettsprotokolle Online "Rau, Heinrich" (5.16:)" 2575: 2450: 1952: 1950: 1230:, he was introduced as "Prime Minister 'Heinrich Rau 4148: 3806: 3260:

Politik und Organisation der SED-Zentrale 1949–1963

3146: 2980: 2902: 2890: 2796: 2748: 2157: 1974: 1084: 684:, Rau attended a school for military commanders in 653:, for "preparations to commit high treason" by the 4757:Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold 4430: 3807:Lazitch, Branko; Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (1986). 3079: 2955: 2953: 2339:"La prison de Castres de 1941 à l'évasion de 1943" 1045:and Ulbricht at the SED's 5th Party Congress, 1958 644:Imprisonment, International Brigades, World War II 4238:Das Pankower Städtchen: Ein historischer Rundgang 3870:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Athäneum Verlag. 3762:Chronik der Stadt Stuttgart. Volume 17: 1918–1933 3753:Chronik der Stadt Stuttgart. Volume 16: 1913–1918 3429: 3423:The Communist International, 1919–1943: Documents 3363:(in German). München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH. 3329: 3073: 2766: 2536:(in German). Verkehrswerkstatt.de. Archived from 2002:For Hoernle as member of the ECCI in 1922, see: 1986:Akten der Reichskanzlei. Weimarer Republik online 1947: 1624:(CDU), had been arrested for suspected espionage. 1122:, also then Eastern Bloc peripheral states, like 692:. After his arrival in April 1937, he joined the 4643: 4128:"Zwei Währungsreformen im besetzten Deutschland" 2731:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 1222:visited an SPD rally in the East German city of 1033:Competition in the Politburo and economic reform 399: 4672:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians 4078:. New York: Central European University Press. 3425:. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press. 2950: 886:by the USSR and the western airborne supply of 4732:Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union 4554:– Picture with Rau and Guevara in East Berlin. 4408:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 3486: 2366: 2077: 2075: 1924:For the situation at the Daimler company, see 1869:Kabinettsprotokolle der Bundesregierung online 880:western German zones introduced a new currency 461:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 215:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 4539:Horst Sturm – Historische Auktions Ergebnisse 4244:(in German). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. 4051:(in German). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. 4024:(in German). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. 3916:. London: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 65. 3383: 2202: 1654:Internationales Biographisches Archiv 15/1961 1456:, who, according to Grotewohl in a talk with 853: 4494:"Heinrich Rau, Richard Staimer y Kurt Frank" 4405:Deutsch-skandinavische Beziehungen nach 1945 4190:(in German). Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch. 3718:Moreover Trotsky's followers 500 executions. 2531: 1915:For the situation at the Bosch company, see 1704:For documents on Infantry Regiment 126' see 375:National Planning Commission of East Germany 295:(2 April 1899 – 23 March 1961) was a German 4337: 4217:Revolutionärer Prozess und Staatsentstehung 3991:Michel, Alexander (1996). Hans Pohl (ed.). 3667:The last year of the Soviet Occupation Zone 3612:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3466:(in German). Köln: Kiepenheuer und Witsch. 3283: 3170: 2408: 2072: 2048:, where he writes about Clara Zetkin, see 1971:For Edwin Hoernle (short biographies), see 1967: 1965: 1344:leadership at the time, and also described 811: 605:, Hoernle and Rau moved to Berlin as well. 350:(USSR). From there, in 1937, he went on to 4526:10622/08BAECF8-5F5E-4524-A3BC-68F9F65B4DF3 4363:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 4276:Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records 4213: 4194: 3890: 2960:"Ministerial Appointments: East Germany". 2790: 2593: 2051: 1909: 782:. In June 1942, he was handed over to the 31: 4559:"Lumumba children get gifts from Germany" 4518:International Institute of Social History 4428: 3940:The German Democratic Republic since 1945 2238: 2084:"Clara Zetkin und ihre Sillenbucher Zeit" 1622:Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) 1112:Außenpolitische Kommission beim Politbüro 895:Soviet Military Administration in Germany 866:In March 1948 Rau became chairman of the 4535:"Ernesto Che Guevara visits East Berlin" 4383: 4338:Weber, Hermann; Herbst, Andreas (2008). 4264: 4199:(in German). Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag. 4071: 3994:Von der Fabrikzeitung zum Führungsmittel 3963: 3936: 3860: 3810:BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE COMINTERN 3759: 3750: 3658: 3510:(in Spanish). Madrid: Almena Ediciones. 3456: 2944: 2884: 2778: 2628: 2507: 2444: 2393: 2381: 2287: 2260: 2174: 2172: 2126: 2111: 1962: 1941: 1903: 1783: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1692: 1537:National Defense Council of East Germany 1130:and leading states of the crystallizing 1088: 1036: 941: 857: 823: 667: 490: 4752:Mauthausen concentration camp survivors 4576:– Picture of Rau's wife Elisabeth with 4234: 4125: 4098: 4044: 3909: 3768: 3723: 3689: 3605: 3524: 3436:(in German). Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. 3182: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2692: 2519: 2480: 2468: 2432: 2272: 2214: 2163: 2034: 1794: 1792: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1612:. The exception during this period was 1605:Minister for Foreign Affairs of the GDR 1356:on behalf of the Soviet secret service 1269: 1188: 16:German Communist politician (1899–1961) 4737:German people of the Spanish Civil War 4697:Members of the Provisional Volkskammer 4687:Deputy prime ministers of East Germany 4677:Communist Party of Germany politicians 4667:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg 4644: 4629:Newspaper clippings about Heinrich Rau 4610:Cold War International History Project 4288: 4182: 3990: 3967:Antifascism and memory in East Germany 3891:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (2004). 3632: 3585:. University of North Carolina Press. 3531:(in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 3420: 3310: 2986: 2932: 2726:Cold War International History Project 2715: 2713: 2608:Current notes on international affairs 2299: 2226: 2081: 2005: 1927: 1918: 1891: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1244:International Brigades order of battle 828:Stamp advertising the 1945 land reform 727:, the future son-in-law of KPD leader 65:8 November 1950 – 23 May 1952 4717:Members of the Landtag of Brandenburg 4356: 4310: 3505: 3225: 3158: 2581: 2456: 2178: 2169: 1956: 1527:Ulbricht found especially support by 1041:Displayed harmony: Rau (left) beside 696:and participated in the civil war as 479:and in Stuttgart's neighbouring town 382:(SED) he was a member of the party's 4727:German Army personnel of World War I 4692:Government ministers of East Germany 4452: 4360:Creating German communism, 1890–1990 4214:Schöneburg, Karl-Heinz, ed. (1976). 4017: 3833: 3578: 3551: 3491:. PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers. 3315:(in German). Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein. 3256: 3109: 3097: 3085: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2872: 2802: 2754: 2704: 2570:Broszat, Herrmann & Gerhard 1993 2558:Broszat, Herrmann & Gerhard 1993 2492: 2421:Broszat, Herrmann & Gerhard 1993 1789: 1637: 626:Executive Committee of the Comintern 4747:Communists in the German Resistance 4625:Collection: Stalin and the Cold War 4429:Bouscaren, Anthony Trawick (1953). 3970:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3388:(in German). Berlin: Trafo Verlag. 2875:, pp. 255, 257, 258, 265, 311. 2816:"East Germany: Rehabilitated Rival" 2710: 2336: 1844: 816:When the war was over, Rau went to 680:and following the formation of the 571:. She was a founding member of the 13: 4394: 3609:The East German leadership 1946–73 3487:Dunin-Wąsowicz, Krzysztof (1982). 3336:(in German). Münster: Lit Verlag. 3263:(in German). Münster: Lit Verlag. 1264:Medal for Fighters Against Fascism 688:(USSR), and subsequently went to 441:Social Democratic Party of Germany 390:Origins and early political career 362:prison, he was transferred to the 299:politician during the time of the 14: 4773: 4762:Recipients of the Banner of Labor 4481: 4342:(in German). Berlin: Karl Dietz. 3772:(1969). "The Thaelmann Brigade". 2054:, pp. 182–183 / Extraction: 2008:, pp. 453–455 / Extraction: 1865:"Biographien M–Z – Rau, Heinrich" 1371:Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus 307:, he was a leading member of the 4742:International Brigades personnel 4449:(Shows an American view in 1953) 4446:Heinrich Rau Ulbricht 1948-1952. 4126:Roesler, Jörg (September 2008). 3840:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3403:"Manfred Stern – General Kleber" 3333:DDR-Aussenpolitik im Rückspiegel 3188: 3176: 3115: 2824:. 13 August 1956. Archived from 1982:"Biographien H – Hoernle, Edwin" 1750:For the king's declaration, see 1596: 1179:Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery 1085:Foreign trade and foreign policy 957:East German Council of Ministers 848:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 794:. Afterwards he was sent to the 380:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 338:(KPD). This ended in 1933, when 227:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 4021:Die DDR-Aussenpolitik 1949–1972 3775:Journal of Contemporary History 3730:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag. 3384:Brun-Zechovoj, Valerij (1999). 3218: 3074:Bock, Ingrid & Hermann 2004 2839: 2808: 2659: 2634: 2599: 2525: 2360: 2330: 2305: 2232: 2132: 1975:Lazitch & Drachkovitch 1986 1587: 1577: 1560: 1542: 1521: 1501: 1492: 1476: 1463: 1437: 1423: 1413: 1380: 1363: 1333: 1324: 1303: 1291: 801: 437:Deutscher Metallarbeiterverband 197:Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde 4712:Members of the 3rd Volkskammer 4707:Members of the 2nd Volkskammer 4702:Members of the 1st Volkskammer 4235:Schulze, Hans-Michael (2010). 4150:Schalck-Golodkowski, Alexander 4075:Uprising in East Germany, 1953 3943:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3386:Manfred Stern – General Kleber 2644:. 6 March 2016. Archived from 1698: 1443:Chairman (prime minister) was 1375:German Federal Archives(SAPMO) 1281: 1060:Vaterländischer Verdienstorden 989:described this in a talk with 977:renewed the old accusation of 872:Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission 1: 4433:America faces world communism 4155:Deutsch-deutsche Erinnerungen 2767:Diedrich & Kowalczuk 2005 2532:Meschenmoser, Helmut (2006). 1631: 796:Mauthausen Concentration Camp 551: 486: 400:Early years until World War I 364:Mauthausen Concentration Camp 4296:. New York: Harper and Row. 4072:Osterman, Christian (2001). 3690:Jackson, Michael W. (1994). 3579:Gray, William Glenn (2003). 2534:"Blockade und Gegenblockade" 2142:(in Spanish). Archived from 1319:Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft 1208:. In Pankow he had lived in 1175:Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten 1154:, signed by Cuba's minister 1027: 964:National Planning Commission 917: 806: 731:. This was the time of the 394: 7: 4633:20th Century Press Archives 4496:. Europeana. Archived from 3290:(in German). Köln: Böhlau. 2345:(in French). Archived from 2086:(in German). Archived from 2082:Müller, Hans-Georg (1995). 1237: 540:was formally proclaimed in 322:Rau grew up in a suburb of 303:; subsequently, during the 10: 4778: 4662:Politicians from Stuttgart 4220:(in German). East Berlin: 3837:Stalin's unwanted children 3792:10.1177/002200946900400204 3760:Kohlhaas, Wilhelm (1964). 3751:Kohlhaas, Wilhelm (1967). 3421:Degras, Jane, ed. (1956). 3311:Berlin, Jörg, ed. (1979). 3284:Bauerkämper, Arnd (2002). 2184:"XI Brigada Internacional" 1167:Memorial to the Socialists 1093:Heinrich Rau (right) with 929:German Democratic Republic 868:German Economic Commission 854:German Economic Commission 751:), which was demonized as 676:After the outbreak of the 465:Communist Party of Germany 371:German Economic Commission 336:Communist Party of Germany 270:German Economic Commission 221:Communist Party of Germany 115:(as Minister for Planning) 4437:. New York: Vantage Press 4195:Schirdewan, Karl (1994). 4188:Im Vorzimmer der Diktatur 3937:McCauley, Martin (1983). 3433:Staatsgründung auf Raten? 2229:, pp. 366, 482, 488. 1656:(in German). Ravensburg: 1200:and moved in 1960 to the 1158:, on 17 December 1960 in 1075:State Planning Commission 720:, where Rau was wounded. 649:convicted, together with 608: 330:, he participated in the 278: 258: 250: 233: 210: 192: 172: 141: 136: 132: 120: 107: 91: 69: 58: 53:State Planning Commission 46: 42: 30: 23: 4384:Woitinas, Erich (1977). 4265:Schumann, Silke (2003). 4045:Niemetz, Daniel (2006). 3964:McLellan, Josie (2004). 3724:Karlsch, Rainer (1993). 3233:Neue deutsche Biographie 3147:Schalck-Golodkowski 2000 3100:, pp. 398–401, 487. 1274: 812:New start in Brandenburg 769:Agrupación Internacional 694:XI International Brigade 538:Bavarian Soviet Republic 264:XI International Brigade 4599:German National Library 4357:Weitz, Eric D. (1997). 4311:Weber, Hermann (1999). 4197:Aufstand gegen Ulbricht 3861:Lustiger, Arno (1989). 3834:Loth, Wilfried (2002). 3662:Das letzte Jahr der SBZ 3633:Hangen, Welles (1966). 3606:Grieder, Peter (1999). 3458:von Ditfurth, Christian 3171:Weber & Herbst 2008 2667:"Dreimal gleiche Treue" 1990:German Federal Archives 1894:, pp. 98–100, 125. 1873:German Federal Archives 1259:History of East Germany 914:agreement with Poland. 463:(USPD) and in 1919 the 4453:Hoff, Henning (2003). 4137:(in German) (215): 821 3910:Mathias, Jörg (2004). 3558:. Victoria: Trafford. 3506:Engel, Carlos (1999). 2052:Marx & Engels 2004 2040:For Engels' letter to 2015:Early American Marxism 1988:(in German). Koblenz: 1871:(in German). Koblenz: 1174: 1098: 1046: 985:paths. Prime Minister 951: 863: 839:Soviet Occupation Zone 829: 792:Prince Albrecht Street 682:International Brigades 673: 500: 414:Kingdom of Württemberg 309:International Brigades 163:Kingdom of Württemberg 4294:The Spanish Civil War 4274:(in German). Berlin: 4158:(in German). Berlin: 4018:Muth, Ingrid (2001). 3525:Foitzik, Jan (1999). 3226:Amos, Heike (2003a). 3001:, pp. 91, 94–95. 2411:, pp. 68–69, 88. 1658:Munzinger-Archiv (de) 1156:Ernesto 'Che' Guevara 1097:, 1960 in East Berlin 1092: 1040: 945: 933:Air Ministry Building 861: 827: 671: 494: 3653:Cornelius Ryan Award 3552:Gere, Edwin (2003). 3257:Amos, Heike (2003). 3123:Latin America Report 1270:Notes and references 1228:German reunification 1217:President of Germany 1189:Aftermath and legacy 1132:Non-Aligned Movement 661:in August 1935, via 573:Second International 433:metal workers' union 146:Heinrich Gottlob Rau 74:Council of Ministers 2935:, pp. 111–114. 2923:, pp. 340–341. 2707:, pp. 105–107. 2510:, pp. 101–102. 2367:Dunin-Wąsowicz 1982 1226:during the time of 1071:New Economic System 698:political commissar 638:Preußischer Landtag 422:Bosch factory works 4567:. 13 February 1961 4314:Geschichte der DDR 3582:Germany's cold war 3112:, pp. 59, 88. 3025:, pp. 91, 94. 2317:Axis History Forum 2203:Brun-Zechovoj 1999 2057:"girl girls girls" 1977:, pp. 177–178 1930:, pp. 219–220 1921:, pp. 217–219 1765:, pp. 201–209 1756:, pp. 201–203 1747:, pp. 199–201 1620:, a member of the 1516:Hans Beimler Medal 1471:Primus inter pares 1254:Hallstein Doctrine 1144:Bandung Conference 1099: 1047: 952: 864: 830: 674: 530:October Revolution 501: 254:3 sons, 1 daughter 4578:Patrice Lumumba's 4564:The Straits Times 4349:978-3-320-02130-6 4251:978-3-86153-599-7 3784:SAGE Publications 3064:, pp. 93–94. 3040:, pp. 91–94. 3013:, pp. 88–95. 2947:, pp. 38–39. 2847:"Verirrte Kugeln" 2769:, pp. 66–69. 2495:, pp. 45–46. 2423:, pp. 96–97. 2337:Granzow, Johnny. 2290:, pp. 35–36. 2129:, pp. 21–22. 2114:, pp. 19–20. 1906:, pp. 16–17. 1786:, pp. 12–13. 1709:"Bestand M 740/6" 1529:Nikita Khrushchev 1487:Vladimir Semyonov 1107:exclusive mandate 1006:workers' uprising 1002:Rudolf Herrnstadt 968:General Secretary 899:Vladimir Semyonov 678:Spanish Civil War 651:Bernhard Bästlein 615:Central Committee 560:at this time was 426:German Revolution 332:German Revolution 305:Spanish Civil War 282: 281: 100:Friedrich Behrens 4769: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4529: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4353: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4307: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4273: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4243: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4210: 4191: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4014: 4012: 4011: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3906: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3869: 3864:Shalom Libertad! 3857: 3855: 3854: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3803: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3521: 3502: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3405:. 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Knopf 3624: 3622: 3620: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3518: 3499: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3396: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3323: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3228:"Rau, Heinrich" 3221: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2791:Schirdewan 1994 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2594:Schöneburg 1976 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2543: 2541: 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1483:Karl Schirdewan 1481: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1449:Walter Ulbricht 1442: 1438: 1431:Reichsmark (RM) 1428: 1424: 1418: 1414: 1385: 1381: 1368: 1364: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1308: 1304: 1298:Arthur Crispien 1296: 1292: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1240: 1231: 1191: 1087: 1052:Bruno Leuschner 1035: 1030: 1018:Wilhelm Zaisser 971:Walter Ulbricht 925: 920: 884:Berlin Blockade 856: 814: 809: 804: 725:Richard Staimer 646: 611: 554: 489: 402: 397: 392: 301:Weimar Republic 272: 266: 246: 224: 218: 211:Political party 181: 177: 157: 151: 149: 148: 147: 127:Bruno Leuschner 121: 114: 108: 103: 92: 87: 73: 72:Chairman of the 70: 64: 59: 51: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4640: 4639: 4626: 4602: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4555: 4531: 4510: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4482:External links 4480: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4450: 4426: 4414: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4381: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4335: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4262: 4250: 4232: 4211: 4205: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4146: 4135:UTOPIE Kreativ 4123: 4111: 4096: 4084: 4069: 4057: 4042: 4030: 4015: 4003: 3988: 3976: 3961: 3949: 3934: 3922: 3907: 3901: 3888: 3876: 3858: 3846: 3831: 3819: 3804: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3736: 3721: 3706: 3687: 3675: 3656: 3630: 3618: 3603: 3591: 3576: 3564: 3549: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3472: 3454: 3442: 3427: 3418: 3394: 3381: 3369: 3354: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3308: 3296: 3281: 3269: 3254: 3242: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3196:"Johannes Rau" 3187: 3175: 3173:, p. 704. 3163: 3151: 3149:, p. 107. 3139: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2911:, p. 396. 2901: 2899:, p. 292. 2889: 2877: 2865: 2838: 2807: 2805:, p. 157. 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2757:, p. 346. 2747: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2658: 2633: 2621: 2598: 2596:, p. 149. 2586: 2584:, p. 123. 2574: 2572:, p. 272. 2562: 2560:, p. 266. 2550: 2524: 2522:, p. 369. 2512: 2497: 2485: 2483:, p. 211. 2473: 2471:, p. 821. 2461: 2459:, p. 350. 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2386: 2371: 2359: 2329: 2304: 2302:, p. 878. 2292: 2277: 2275:, p. 107. 2265: 2263:, p. 182. 2253: 2241:"Hans Beimler" 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2181:/ Extraction: 2168: 2156: 2131: 2116: 2101: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2046:Laura Lafargue 2033: 2031: 2030: 2001: 2000: 1978: 1961: 1946: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1922: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1819: 1818: 1788: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1697: 1670: 1660:. 3 April 1961 1650:"Heinrich Rau" 1635: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1610:National Front 1595: 1586: 1576: 1559: 1551:Mikhail Suslov 1541: 1520: 1500: 1491: 1475: 1462: 1454:National Front 1445:Otto Grotewohl 1436: 1422: 1412: 1396:Czechoslovakia 1379: 1362: 1332: 1323: 1302: 1290: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1210:Majakowskiring 1190: 1187: 1086: 1083: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022:Erich Honecker 987:Otto Grotewohl 924: 921: 919: 916: 907:Sozialdemokrat 855: 852: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 663:Czechoslovakia 655:People's Court 645: 642: 610: 607: 595:Vladimir Lenin 590:Die Gleichheit 553: 550: 509:Wilhelm Palais 488: 485: 428:of 1918–1919. 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 280: 279: 276: 275: 262:Leader of the 260: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 245: 244: 243:Elisabeth Bihr 241: 237: 235: 231: 230: 212: 208: 207: 194: 190: 189: 180:(aged 61) 174: 170: 169: 145: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 111: 105: 104: 102: 101: 97: 95: 89: 88: 86: 85: 83:Otto Grotewohl 79: 77: 67: 66: 56: 55: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4774: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4616:on 2012-03-30 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 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