484:
40:
213:
738:
701:
525:. Whilst Däumig and Stoecker agreed with the International's 21 conditions of entry, Crispien and Dittmann opposed them, leading to a controversial debate over joining the Comintern to break out in the USPD. Many members felt that the necessary requirements for joining would lead to a loss of the party's independence and a perceived dictate from Moscow while others, especially younger members such as
820:
793:
766:
205:
395:
in
January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members. The USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the
548:. The USPD split up in the process, with both groups seeing themselves as the rightful USPD and the other one as being outcast. On 4 December 1920, the left wing of the USPD with about 400,000 members merged into the KPD, forming the United Communist Party of Germany (
580:
by right-wing extremists in June 1922, the two parties' factions in the
Reichstag formed a common working group on 14 July 1922. Two months later on 24 September, the parties officially merged again after a joint party convention in
461:) instead of a parliamentary democracy attracted many former SPD members and in spring 1920 the USPD had grown to more than 750,000 members, managing to increase their share of votes to 17.9% during the
455:
from which the SPD emerged as the strongest party with 37.9% of the votes, the USPD only managed to attract 7.6%. Nevertheless, the party's strong support for the introduction of a system of councils (
216:
On the edge of the
Leipzig congress of the USPD in December 1919 recorded group photo with members of the National Executive, other prominent party members and the guest delegates of the SDAP Austrian
1877:
366:
that the SAG was intent on dividing the SPD then led to the expulsion of the SAG members from the SPD on 18 January 1917. On 6 April 1917, the USPD was founded at a conference in
1094:
1545:
237:
552:, VKPD) while the other half of the party, with about 340,000 members-including three quarters of the USPD's 81 Reichstag members-continued under the name USPD. Led by
1066:
David W. Morgan (1975). The
Socialist Left and the German Revolution: A History of the German Independent Social Democratic Party, 1917-1922. Cornell University Press
1245:
834:
1660:
1655:
1072:
Talbot C. Imlay (2018). The
Practice of Socialist Internationalism. European Socialists and International Politics, 1914-1960. Oxford University Press
1892:
1882:
245:
160:
1897:
1538:
307:(SPD), from the left of the party as well as the centre and the right. The organization attempted to chart a course between electorally oriented
1887:
1276:
265:
257:
1902:
1862:
1238:
386:
was one of the main agitators in favor of a split in the party in 1917. She became a leader in the creation of the USPD's women's movement.
374:
also merged into the newly founded party, but it retained relative autonomy. To avoid confusion, the existing SPD was typically called the
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1617:
1291:
375:
1857:
1531:
1217:
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318:
on the other. After several splits and mergers, the last part of the organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the
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1622:
1576:
1341:
1271:
608:
319:
96:
1867:
1791:
1122:
1092:
Ottokar Luban (2008). "Die Rolle der
Spartakusgruppe bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der USPD Januar 1916 bis März 1919".
1063:
Albert S. Lindemann (1974). The 'Red Years': European
Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919-1921. University of California Press.
746:
1801:
1754:
1254:
188:
1069:
Carl E. Schorske (1955). German Social
Democracy, 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard University Press
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1816:
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405:
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1607:
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1180:
304:
86:
1739:
576:
Over time, the political differences between SPD and USPD dwindled. Following the assassination of foreign minister
1436:
1399:
709:
1811:
1523:
1346:
1075:
Gary P. Steenson (1991). Karl
Kautsky, 1854-1938: Marxism in Classical Years. University of Pittsburgh Press.
1223:
999:
1645:
1502:
1446:
800:
773:
676:
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604:
462:
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125:
408:), which was formed on 10 November 1918 and mutually led by Ebert and Haase during the German Revolution.
1371:
529:, argued that only the joining of the Comintern would allow the party to implement its socialist ideals.
466:
1833:
1683:
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1376:
432:
358:
To be able to continue their parliamentary work, the group formed the Social
Democratic Working Group (
217:
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448:
483:
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1418:
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561:
471:
1796:
1688:
1484:
1404:
1309:
303:. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of the
1112:
469:, second only to the SPD (21.7%). During that period, the USPD briefly published a newspaper,
1675:
1336:
1319:
1301:
420:
1599:
533:
419:
left the council on 29 December 1918 to protest the SPD's use of military force during the
193:
134:
1774:
8:
1650:
1464:
1391:
340:
183:
107:
565:
532:
Ultimately, the proposition to join the Comintern was approved at a party convention in
1721:
980:
718:
597:
347:, an incident that emphasized existing tensions between the party's leadership and the
150:
145:
989:
1366:
1328:
1186:
Kongress-Protokolle der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale – B. 3.1 Brüssel 1928
1118:
431:, separated from the USPD in order to merge with other left-wing groups and form the
397:
1202:
1014:
526:
1595:
1553:
1218:
The Manifesto of the German Independent Social Democratic Party Against Imperialism
926:
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894:
577:
545:
536:
in October 1920 by 237 votes to 156, with various international speakers including
514:
412:
233:
225:
130:
600:, who refused to work with the SPD, but it never attained any significance again.
1184:
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950:
916:
881:
862:
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510:
506:
428:
363:
300:
288:
276:
221:
921:
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and ultimately led to the expulsion of the group from the SPD on 24 March 1916.
1821:
1024:
1004:
994:
965:
850:
714:
593:
553:
424:
261:
1051:
Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State
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537:
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344:
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906:
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416:
352:
312:
249:
229:
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1563:
1263:
970:
522:
308:
348:
138:
585:, adopting the name of United Social Democratic Party of Germany (
478:
39:
292:
400:
began and even became part of the government in the form of the
212:
1778:
1114:
Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
592:
Elements of the USPD continued as an independent party led by
893:
Jan. 1922 – Sep. 1922: Arthur Crispien, Georg Ledebour &
1656:
Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)
1095:
Jahrbuch fĂĽr Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
204:
489:
173:
835:
List of Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
423:
in Berlin. At the same time, the Spartakusbund, led by
1661:
Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)
1150:
1148:
1613:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
1287:
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
370:, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman. The
1053:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
465:
and becoming one of the largest factions in the new
1878:
Organizations of the German Revolution of 1918–1919
1145:
1142:, Vol. 161. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1988. p. 110
1110:
564:. The USPD was instrumental in the creation of the
411:However, the agreement did not last long as Haase,
281:
Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
29:
Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
1618:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
1292:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)
1277:Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP)
589:, VSPD) which was shortened again to SPD in 1924.
587:Vereinigte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
1844:
1807:National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
1189:. GlashĂĽtten im Taunus: D. Auvermann. p. IV. 41.
335:On 21 December 1915, several SPD members in the
161:International Working Union of Socialist Parties
1106:
1104:
479:Debate over joining the Communist International
273:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
24:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
1623:Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)
1557:in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
1539:
1239:
1212:Appeal of the Executive Committee of the USDP
870:Dec. 1919 – Oct. 1920: Arthur Crispien &
550:Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
362:, SAG). Concerns from the SPD leadership and
1101:
27:
376:Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany
339:, the German parliament, voted against the
1817:National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)
1628:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)
1546:
1532:
1272:General German Workers' Association (ADAV)
1246:
1232:
607:, but it won no seats. It merged into the
38:
1577:Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)
1207:International Institute of Social History
1139:Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis: Prawo
613:Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschland
325:
1893:Political parties in the Weimar Republic
1883:Political parties disestablished in 1931
1755:Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)
1608:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
1282:Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)
713:
482:
211:
203:
1802:Greater German People's Community (GVG)
828:
501:In 1920, four delegates from the USPD (
360:Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft
1898:Political parties of the German Empire
1845:
1117:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 755–.
1111:Joseph A. Biesinger (1 January 2006).
463:parliamentary elections on 6 June 1920
1888:Political parties established in 1917
1740:German National People's Party (DnVp)
1527:
1227:
382:or MSPD, majority-SPD) from then on.
1903:Social democratic parties in Germany
1863:Defunct socialist parties in Germany
1812:German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)
900:
890:Arthur Crispien & Georg Ledebour
861:Mar. – Nov. 1919: Hugo Haase†&
618:
1171:. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 442.
1158:. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 435.
609:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
519:2nd World Congress of the Comintern
320:Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
13:
1181:Labour and Socialist International
1043:
603:The party got 20,275 votes in the
437:Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
305:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
1919:
1858:1931 disestablishments in Germany
1760:Conservative People's Party (KVP)
1475:German Social Reform Party (DSRP)
1372:National-Social Association (NSV)
1196:
1058:Red Flag: A History of Communism
571:
16:Former political party in Germany
1582:Communist Party Opposition (KPO)
1572:Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
1382:Progressive People's Party (FVP)
1362:Free-minded People's Party (FVP)
1203:USPD Reichstagsfraktion Archives
1169:The German Revolution: 1917–1923
1156:The German Revolution: 1917–1923
818:
791:
764:
737:
736:
700:
699:
521:to discuss participating in the
487:Cover of the satirical magazine
406:Council of the People's Deputies
341:authorization of further credits
1432:German Conservative Party (DkP)
1357:German Free-minded Party (DFsP)
1342:Democratic People's Party (DVP)
497:depicting the split in the USPD
1853:1917 establishments in Germany
1694:Christian People's Party (CVP)
1646:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
1503:Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)
1174:
1161:
1131:
1086:
819:
792:
765:
442:
220:(fourth from left), including
1:
1765:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
1712:German Democratic Party (DDP)
1684:Bavarian People's Party (BVP)
1498:German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)
1427:Free Conservative Party (FKP)
447:During the elections for the
1868:German Empire in World War I
1797:German Socialist Party (DSP)
1750:People's Justice Party (VRP)
1447:Conservative Party (Prussia)
1437:Christian Social Party (CSP)
1405:Imperial Liberal Party (LRP)
1400:National Liberal Party (NLP)
1347:German People's Party (DtVP)
1257:until the end of World War I
1255:Political parties in Germany
1079:
858:Jan. – Mar. 1919: Hugo Haase
680:
650:
330:
52:; 107 years ago
7:
1787:German Workers' Party (DAP)
1717:German People's Party (DVP)
1666:German Farmers' Party (DBP)
1337:German Progress Party (DFP)
807:
780:
753:
725:
688:
658:
70:; 92 years ago
10:
1924:
1908:Marxist parties in Germany
1834:Weimar paramilitary groups
867:Nov. 1919: Arthur Crispien
839:
832:
493:featuring illustration by
433:Communist Party of Germany
1873:Opposition to World War I
1830:
1792:German Social Party (DSP)
1773:
1730:
1722:German State Party (DStP)
1702:
1674:
1636:
1590:
1562:
1483:
1470:German Social Party (DSP)
1465:German Reform Party (DRP)
1455:
1417:
1390:
1327:
1318:
1300:
1262:
402:Rat der Volksbeauftragten
208:1919 USPD election poster
179:
166:
157:International affiliation
156:
144:
124:
114:
102:
92:
82:
64:
46:
37:
21:
1060:. New York: Grove Press.
1056:David Priestand (2009).
1442:German Fatherland Party
886:Oct. 1920 – Jan. 1922:
845:Apr. 1917 – Jan. 1919:
605:1928 Reichstag election
562:parliamentary democracy
146:Political position
1689:Centre Party (Zentrum)
1367:Free-minded Union (FV)
1310:Centre Party (Zentrum)
1049:Eric D. Weitz (1997).
498:
326:Organizational history
280:
268:
209:
118:120,000 (January 1918)
28:
1822:Tannenberg Union (TB)
1377:Democratic Union (DV)
1167:Pierre Broué (2006).
1154:Pierre Broué (2006).
486:
215:
207:
120:750,000 (Spring 1920)
1600:Democratic Socialist
1493:Saxon People's Party
829:Notable USPD members
311:on the one hand and
287:) was a short-lived
135:Democratic socialism
1745:Economic Party (WP)
1651:Agricultural League
880:Ernst Däumig &
560:, they advocated a
184:Politics of Germany
1352:Liberal Union (LV)
981:Theodor Liebknecht
876:Oct. – Dec. 1920:
719:Theodor Liebknecht
598:Theodor Liebknecht
499:
269:
210:
68:November 1931
1840:
1839:
1596:Social Democratic
1555:Political parties
1521:
1520:
1413:
1412:
1124:978-0-8160-7471-6
1040:
1039:
826:
825:
619:Electoral results
615:, SAPD) in 1931.
449:National Assembly
421:sailors' uprising
398:German Revolution
202:
201:
189:Political parties
93:Succeeded by
1915:
1832:Related topics:
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1524:
1392:National liberal
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927:Wilhelm Dittmann
912:Eduard Bernstein
901:
895:Wilhelm Dittmann
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686:5,046,813 (2nd)
665:
656:2,317,290 (5th)
623:
622:
578:Walther Rathenau
566:2½ International
546:Grigory Zinoviev
515:Wilhelm Dittmann
413:Wilhelm Dittmann
234:Richard Lipinski
226:Wilhelm Dittmann
172:
131:Centrist Marxism
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1044:Further reading
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990:Kurt Löwenstein
976:Karl Liebknecht
951:Adolph Hoffmann
917:Arthur Crispien
882:Adolph Hoffmann
863:Arthur Crispien
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723:235,145 (13th)
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682:Arthur Crispien
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558:Arthur Crispien
517:) attended the
511:Walter Stoecker
507:Arthur Crispien
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453:19 January 1919
445:
429:Karl Liebknecht
364:Friedrich Ebert
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301:Weimar Republic
289:political party
246:Frederick Geyer
222:Arthur Crispien
218:Friedrich Adler
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83:Split from
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9:
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1920:
1909:
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1126:
1120:
1116:
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1107:
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986:
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964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
938:
935:
933:
932:Hugo Eberlein
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
896:
892:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
866:
864:
860:
857:
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848:
844:
843:
836:
817:
810:
804:
802:
799:
798:
790:
783:
777:
775:
772:
771:
763:
756:
750:
748:
747:December 1924
745:
744:
735:
728:
722:
720:
716:
711:
708:
707:
698:
691:
685:
683:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
661:
655:
653:
648:
645:
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637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
579:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Julius Martov
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
492:
491:
485:
476:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
393:
387:
385:
381:
380:Mehrheits-SPD
377:
373:
372:Spartakusbund
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
323:
321:
317:
316:revolutionism
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:German Empire
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
206:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
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140:
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
117:
113:
110:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
67:
63:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
20:
1732:Conservative
1612:
1513:Danish Party
1508:Polish Party
1419:Conservative
1286:
1220:, 27.5.1918.
1185:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1137:
1133:
1113:
1093:
1088:
1057:
1050:
1034:
1030:Clara Zetkin
1020:Ernst Toller
956:Karl Kautsky
922:Ernst Däumig
888:(Right USPD)
887:
877:
872:Ernst Däumig
853:
669:
612:
602:
591:
586:
575:
549:
542:Jean Longuet
531:
503:Ernst Däumig
500:
488:
472:Arbeiterpost
470:
458:Räterepublik
456:
446:
436:
410:
401:
392:Januarstreik
390:
388:
379:
359:
357:
351:surrounding
334:
284:
272:
270:
266:Emanuel Wurm
258:Fritz Kunert
254:Fritz Zubeil
242:Alfred Henke
238:William Bock
108:Die Freiheit
106:
1485:Regionalist
1457:Antisemitic
1214:, 12.4.1917
1010:Toni Sender
961:Karl Korsch
937:Kurt Eisner
878:(Left USPD)
443:Development
384:Luise Zietz
345:World War I
343:to finance
295:during the
1847:Categories
946:Hugo Haase
907:Emil Barth
854:(resigned)
847:Hugo Haase
833:See also:
652:Hugo Haase
495:Paul Halke
417:Emil Barth
353:Hugo Haase
313:Bolshevist
250:Curt Geyer
230:Lore Agnes
115:Membership
1775:Völkische
1592:Socialist
1564:Communist
1264:Socialist
1080:Footnotes
971:Paul Levi
568:in 1921.
523:Comintern
467:Reichstag
349:pacifists
337:Reichstag
331:Formation
309:reformism
194:Elections
151:Left-wing
103:Newspaper
65:Dissolved
1676:Catholic
1638:Agrarian
1302:Catholic
1183:(1974).
710:May 1924
694:84 / 459
664:22 / 423
583:NĂĽrnberg
439:, KPD).
322:(SAPD).
299:and the
139:Pacifism
126:Ideology
1704:Liberal
1320:Liberal
1205:at the
840:Leaders
813:0 / 577
786:0 / 491
759:0 / 493
731:0 / 472
629:Leader
293:Germany
75:1931-11
73: (
57:1917-04
55: (
47:Founded
1121:
1035:
849:&
689:17.90
638:Seats
632:Votes
277:German
171:
167:Colors
1098:(II).
808:0.03
781:0.06
754:0.32
726:0.79
659:7.62
626:Year
534:Halle
368:Gotha
1779:Nazi
1777:and
1598:and
1119:ISBN
801:1930
774:1928
677:1920
647:1919
641:+/–
596:and
556:and
544:and
513:and
427:and
415:and
285:USPD
271:The
264:and
97:SAPD
741:84
704:62
670:New
490:Ulk
451:on
291:in
174:Red
87:SPD
1849::
1594:,
1147:^
1103:^
635:%
540:,
509:,
505:,
475:.
283:,
279::
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
1547:e
1540:t
1533:v
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1127:.
611:(
435:(
404:(
378:(
275:(
77:)
59:)
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