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675:. At the crisis of that struggle, Stein may have been one of the influences that kept the tsar determined never to treat with Napoleon. When the miserable remains of the Grand Army reeled back into Prussia at the close of the year, Stein urged the Russian emperor to go on and free Europe from the French domination.
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for neutralization of the
Prussian corps at and near Tilsit and for the free passage of the Russians through that part of the king's dominions. The Russian emperor requested Stein to act as provisional administrator of the provinces of East and West Prussia. In that capacity, he convened an assembly
425:
Stein in 1804 took office as minister of state for trade in
Prussia. This made him responsible for indirect imposts, taxes, manufactures, and commerce. While in office he introduced useful reforms in his department, particularly by abolishing various restrictions on the internal trade of the nation,
639:
in triumph, declared (16 December) Stein to be an enemy of France and the
Confederation of the Rhine and ordered the confiscation of all his property in the Confederation. Stein saw that his life was in danger and fled from Berlin (5 January 1809). Thanks to the help of his former colleague, Count
490:
refused to act upon
Hardenberg's recommendations and Hardenberg thereupon retired. Surprisingly, Napoleon, who had as yet no idea of Stein's deep and earnest patriotism, suggested Stein as a possible successor. No other strong man was at hand who could save the ship of state, and on 8 October 1807
442:
to take that office and bring into effect, with Stein's own help, the necessary administrative changes. The
Prussian king refused to accept Hardenberg and, greatly irritated by Stein's unusually outspoken letters, dismissed Stein altogether because he was "a refractory, insolent, obstinate and
741:
He recovered, however, in time to take part in the drafting of a Russo-Prussian convention (19 March 1813) respecting the administration of the districts that should be delivered from French occupation. During the varying phases of the campaign of 1813 Stein continued to urge the need of war
539:. Stein in December 1807 wrote to Hardenberg, contemplating that it "is essential that the nation become accustomed to managing its own affairs, so that it will emerge from this state of infancy in which an anxious and officious government attempts to keep the people".
768:, who gained the alliance of the rulers of south and central Germany for his empire, on the understanding that they were to retain their old powers. Austria and the secondary German states resisted all unifying proposals, and Stein blamed the Prussian chancellor
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There it lies, then, the monstrous fabric cemented by the blood and tears of so many millions and reared by an insane and accursed tyranny. From one end of
Germany to the other we may venture to say aloud that Napoleon is a villain and the enemy of the human
630:
Shortly afterwards, the reformer had to flee from
Prussia. In August 1808, the French agents, who swarmed throughout the land, had seized one of his letters, in which he spoke of his hope that Germany would soon be ready for a national rising like that of
635:. On 10 September, Napoleon gave orders that Stein's property in the new kingdom of Westphalia should be confiscated, and he likewise put pressure on Frederick William to dismiss him. The king evaded compliance, but the French emperor, on entering
737:
between Russia and
Prussia cannot be claimed as due to Stein's actions, which were reprehended in court circles as those of a fanatic. At that time, the great patriot fell ill of a fever and complained of total neglect by the king and court.
437:
Stein was offered the portfolio for foreign affairs, which Stein declined to accept on the ground of his incompetence to manage that department unless there was a complete change in the system of government. Stein desired for
374:. He disliked the methods of the revolutionaries which he saw as an interruption to the orderly development of peoples. Nevertheless, he carefully noted the new sources of national strength that arrose from reforms in France.
221:
My view of the world and of human affairs I gathered as a boy and youth, in the solitude of a country life, from ancient and modern history, and in particular I was attracted by the incidents of the eventful history of
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530:
supported the
October Edict. At the heart of the reform efforts was the conviction that the Prussian state could be reinvigorated if the most talented people in Prussia's society were actively involved in the work of
174:. Prussian conservatism hampered him in his efforts to bring about changes. In 1807, he was removed from office by the King for refusing to accept the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs but was recalled after the
209:
Stein was the ninth child of Karl
Philipp Freiherr vom Stein, and Henriette Karoline Langwerth von Simmern. Stein is the descendant of an ancient imperial family. Like many of his generation, he greatly admired
725:
The energy that Stein infused into all around him contributed not a little to this important decision, which pushed on the king's government to more decided action than then seemed possible. Stein now went to
779:; in that too, he was doomed to disappointment. On 24 May 1815, he sent to his patron, the emperor Alexander, a detailed criticism of the federal arrangements proposed for Germany. He retired after the
17:
751:
The Allies, after the entry of England and Austria into the coalition, conferred on Stein the important duties of superintending the administration of the liberated territories. After the
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His chief interest was in the study of history, and from 1818 to 1820, he worked hard to establish the society for the encouragement of historical research and the publication of the
511:. The circumstances of the time and his own convictions, gained from study and experience, led him to press on drastic reforms in a way that could not otherwise have been followed.
591:
While Stein's efforts were directed more towards civil affairs, he also furthered the progress of the military reforms, which are connected more especially with the name of
426:
but he was hampered in his endeavors by the spirit of Prussian conservatism. Stein was not at ease with the effects of the Francophile policy by the chief minister
755:(16–19 October 1813), Stein entered that city the day after its occupation by the Allies and thus expressed his feelings on the fall of Napoleon's domination:
1715:
370:
Stein's early training and his sternly, practical mentality made him completely impervious to the enthusiasm that his contemporaries had shown for the
397:
in November 1797. Unfortunately, Frederick William III listened to the advice of secret and irresponsible counsellors and persisted to undermine the
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1740:
430:. Little came of Stein's protests, but he continued to protest. Prussian policy continued to progress on the path that led to the disaster at
730:, to where the King of Prussia had proceeded, but the annoyance that Frederick William felt at his irregular action lessened his influence.
1130:
1730:
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and disliked the postponement of the representative system of government that Frederick William had promised to Prussia in May 1815.
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also abrogated all class distinctions respecting occupations and callings of any and every kind, thus striking another blow at the
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who had been called to office in April 1807. Important reforms were effected in the cabinet system. During the negotiations at
624:
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326:. Between 1786 and 1787, Stein went on a tour in England where he pursued his research into commercial and mining affairs.
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On 8 June 1793 he married the Countess Wilhelmine Magdalene von Wallmoden (22 June 1772 – 15 September 1819), daughter of
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to territorial lords; subjection of the nobles to manorial imposts; and the establishment of a modern municipal system.
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Research has shown that Stein's credit for originating many of the far-reaching reforms of 1807/8 must be shared with
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663:, but in May 1812, in danger of being surrendered by Austria to Napoleon, he received an invitation to visit
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Stein's enlightenment, insight into the needs of the time, and energy gave momentum to the reform movement.
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302:. He gained a position in the department of mines and manufactures. At the head of that department was
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in 1813, Stein became head of the council for the administration of the reconquered German countries.
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Stein wanted to see Germany reconstituted as a nation but was frustrated by Austrian diplomat Prince
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1067:(1907), Ward, Sir Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Sir Stanley Mordaunt (eds.),
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of representatives of the local estates, which on 5 February 1813, ordered the establishment of a
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on modern lines, with a reserve system. Military service was made obligatory for all classes.
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and southern Germany continued the struggle against France for most of that time. In Prussia,
350:. One of the chief benefits he conferred on these districts was the canalization of the river
217:
In his old age, Stein would express his gratitude to his parents for the influence. He added:
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The town of Nassau with the castle and family seat of the Stein family, copper engraving by
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338:, director of the chamber of war and domains, for the king's possessions west of the river
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852:. They had three daughters, including Henriette Luise (2 August 1796 – 11 October 1855).
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Events now brought Stein rapidly to the front. On 30 December 1812, the Prussian general
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262:. He observed the workings of its institutions and prepare himself for a career in
185:, Stein was obliged to resign, which he did on 24 November 1808 and retired to the
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671:, who saw that Austria was certain to be on the side of France in the forthcoming
314:. In June 1785, Stein was sent for a time as Prussian ambassador to the courts of
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Stein was now for a time virtually dictator of the reduced and nearly-bankrupt
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chambers dealing with the commerce and mines of Prussian lands with a seat in
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1134:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 871–873.
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266:. Next, after a stay at each of the chief south German cities, he settled at
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251:. He also found time to pursue his studies in English history and politics.
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After it became known that he had written a letter in which he criticised
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Life and times of Stein: or, Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic age
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A 1923 50 million mark coin with Vom Stein's likeness from the era of
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in April 1795. The two nations remained at peace until 1806. However,
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Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein (painting by
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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and many others. A popular legend named him as the founder of the
499:, called Stein to office and entrusted him with very wide powers.
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Stein's next step was to strengthen the cabinet by wise changes.
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came to terms with the new revolutionary government in France at
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342:. From 1796 until 1803, he was supreme president of all the
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Stein shared in the desire of Prussian statesmen to absorb
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908:
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
263:
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470:, and Frederick William III in Tilsit, 1807. Painted by
18:
Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein
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disobedient official". Stein spent the months in which
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of that region. He also improved the navigation of the
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on 9 October 1807, which abolished the institution of
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on 29 June 1831. His burial ground is in the city of
535:. In June 1807 Stein expanded on this thesis in the
128:(25 October 1757 – 29 June 1831), commonly known as
580:on enlightened yet practical lines to all Prussian
298:, compelled him to take service in the monarchy of
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866:
1122:Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron vom und zum
979:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism
957:"Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron vom"
905:
495:, utterly depressed by the terrible terms of the
1692:
1007:
377:After being at war with France in 1792 to 1795,
950:
576:reform on 19 November 1808 which granted local
644:, who gave him an asylum in his castle in the
554:' land, were swept away and the principle of
254:In 1777 Stein left Göttingen and proceeded to
162:family. He was born on the family estate near
1167:
976:
648:, he succeeded in crossing the frontier into
447:completed the ruin of Prussia in retirement.
1073:, vol. 9, Cambridge: University Press,
833:, an institution that he always distrusted.
421:), Stein's residence as a Prussian Minister
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1174:
1160:
1063:
954:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
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47:
1716:German politicians of the Napoleonic Wars
354:which became an important outlet for the
126:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein
36:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein
685:
677:
618:
611:Statue of von Stein at the town hall in
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526:throughout Prussia from 8 October 1810.
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718:), a militia reserve and a final levy (
566:that had been so rigorous in Prussia.
14:
1741:Participants to the Congress of Vienna
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1090:"Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl"
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690:Bust of von Stein in front of the old
588:possessing more than 800 inhabitants.
334:In November 1787, Stein was appointed
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966:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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944:
942:
839:
625:hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
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1036:
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893:
655:For three years, Stein lived in the
593:Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst
404:
285:
189:, from which he was summoned to the
846:Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn
502:
450:
24:
1234:States of the German Confederation
939:
797:, of which his future biographer,
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25:
1752:
1087:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1675:
1139:Seeley, Sir John Robert (1969),
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493:Frederick William III of Prussia
1726:People from the Duchy of Nassau
682:Freiherr von und zum Stein 1821
542:All distinctions affecting the
329:
147:. He promoted the abolition of
1731:University of Göttingen alumni
970:
963:New International Encyclopedia
899:
848:, an illegitimate son of King
546:, including land owned by the
290:In Berlin, his admiration for
270:to observe the methods of the
143:, which paved the way for the
27:Prussian statesman (1757-1831)
13:
1:
1509:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
860:
794:Monumenta Germaniae historica
786:
766:Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
558:in land was established. The
434:starting on 14 October 1806.
204:
1070:The Cambridge modern history
226:
7:
1657:Schleswig–Holstein question
1504:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
981:. OUP Oxford. p. 139.
977:John Breuilly, ed. (2013).
699:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg
642:Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden
572:Stein issued a measure for
428:Christian Graf von Haugwitz
304:Friedrich Anton von Heynitz
10:
1757:
1539:Karl August von Hardenberg
1277:North German Confederation
1250:Confederation of the Rhine
1147:, vol. 1, CUP Archive
1141:"Stein and the Tugendbund"
1057:
906:Christopher Clark (2007).
850:George II of Great Britain
528:Karl August von Hardenberg
480:Karl August von Hardenberg
440:Karl August von Hardenberg
258:, the legal centre of the
243:In 1773 Stein went to the
55:Johann Christoph Rincklake
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1456:
1290:
1267:German Empire (1848–1849)
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1189:
910:. Penguin Books Limited.
705:with the Russian general
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91:
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41:
34:
1652:Greater Austria proposal
855:
615:, North Rhine-Westphalia
602:
419:Palais am Festungsgraben
1595:Austro-Prussian rivalry
1408:"Blood and Iron" speech
1379:Greater Poland uprising
1350:Frankfurter Wachensturm
1131:Encyclopædia Britannica
801:, became the director.
707:Hans Karl von Diebitsch
703:Convention of Tauroggen
595:. They refashioned the
468:Queen Louise of Prussia
245:University of Göttingen
1608:Das Lied der Deutschen
1544:Klemens von Metternich
1519:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
1229:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
1183:Unification of Germany
1096:Encyclopedia Americana
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158:Stein was from an old
145:unification of Germany
106:Province of Westphalia
1524:Johann Gustav Droysen
1494:Frederick William III
757:
692:University of Marburg
689:
681:
669:Alexander I of Russia
622:
610:
464:Alexander I of Russia
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391:Frederick William III
274:. In 1779 he went to
234:
219:
1721:Prussian politicians
1647:German reunification
1569:Wilhelm von Humboldt
1534:John, King of Saxony
1499:Frederick William IV
1448:Treaty of Versailles
1417:Second Schleswig War
1388:Punctation of OlmĂĽtz
1370:Frankfurt Parliament
1255:German Confederation
799:Georg Heinrich Pertz
537:Nassauer Denkschrift
395:Frederick William II
306:who was a master of
119:Politician; Minister
1514:Heinrich von Gagern
1439:Franco-Prussian War
1426:Austro-Prussian War
1004:, pp. 781–782.
292:Frederick the Great
212:Frederick the Great
197:in 1812. After the
139:who introduced the
1682:Germany portal
1615:Die Wacht am Rhein
1399:Dresden Conference
1302:Congress of Vienna
1219:Kingdom of Prussia
1214:Kingdom of Hanover
1209:Kingdom of Bavaria
1118:Rose, John Holland
1051:, p. 76, ff..
840:Marriage and issue
806:Schloss Cappenberg
781:Congress of Vienna
748:against Napoleon.
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673:Franco-Russian War
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415:Donnersches Palais
278:. He proceeded to
241:
170:, and entered the
110:Kingdom of Prussia
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1626:LĂĽtzow Free Corps
1559:Otto von Bismarck
1479:Eduard von Simson
1322:Wartburg Festival
1224:Kingdom of Saxony
825:Theodor von Schön
772:for vacillation.
753:Battle of Leipzig
478:Stein got to see
405:Minister of State
372:French Revolution
286:Career in Prussia
260:Holy Roman Empire
199:Battle of Leipzig
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102:Cappenberg Castle
85:Holy Roman Empire
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153:indemnification
130:Baron vom Stein
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1706:1831 deaths
1701:1757 births
1564:Robert Blum
1361:Revolutions
1049:Seeley 1969
701:signed the
544:land tenure
344:Westphalian
320:ZweibrĂĽcken
195:Alexander I
1695:Categories
1261:Zollverein
1065:Lord Acton
1014:Rines 1920
861:References
830:Tugendbund
810:Westphalia
787:Later life
770:Hardenberg
745:Ă outrance
556:free trade
533:government
393:succeeded
268:Regensburg
205:Early life
160:Franconian
116:Occupation
69:1757-10-25
1663:Sonderweg
1574:Wilhelm I
1549:Ludwig II
1469:Charles I
1435:1870–1871
1395:1850-1851
1366:1848–1849
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1298:1814–1815
1120:(1911). "
1037:Rose 1911
1002:Rose 1911
894:Rose 1911
733:The 1813
720:Landsturm
574:municipal
474:, c. 1900
324:Darmstadt
308:economics
247:to study
227:Education
168:Göttingen
137:statesman
716:Landwehr
586:villages
552:peasants
548:nobility
488:Napoleon
460:Napoleon
445:Napoleon
222:England.
193:by Tsar
183:Napoleon
134:Prussian
132:, was a
1583:Related
1484:Franz I
1312:Vormärz
1200:(later
1128:(ed.).
1115::
1058:Sources
818:Koblenz
814:Bad Ems
728:Breslau
712:militia
650:Bohemia
524:serfdom
417:(today
387:Austria
379:Prussia
300:Prussia
296:Wetzlar
256:Wetzlar
151:, with
149:serfdom
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348:Minden
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276:Vienna
164:Nassau
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856:Notes
816:near
760:race.
633:Spain
603:Exile
582:towns
520:Memel
383:Basel
360:Weser
340:Weser
316:Mainz
1444:1871
1422:1866
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1075:ISBN
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912:ISBN
661:Brno
550:and
413:The
356:coal
352:Ruhr
310:and
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63:Born
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264:law
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