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inspire future generations. Our courage, our bravery would be remembered and copied. That has been the Indian way for centuries, since the invasions. Fight and tell the story so that those who come after or their descendants will rise up once again. It may take a thousand years, but that is how we continue and eventually prevail."
441:
were needed to harvest cotton. Burbank argues also that socialist ideas had found its mark in
Oklahoma, with many poor farmers earnestly believing from their experiences in daily life in the reality of "exploitation" and accepting the notion that the European war was little more than capitalist business enterprise writ large.
372:
and other parasites that they carried. The controversy was punctuated by a shotgun blast fired through the window of the
Pontotoc County Attorney early in 1916. Conservative voices declared the action to be an act of political terrorism, but radicals charged the shot to be a provocation as "part of a
261:
bill became law. The bill called for all eligible young men nationwide to register for the draft on a single day, June 5, 1917. Isolated hotspots of anti-conscription activity occurred in some urban centers, but the registration process was generally an orderly affair, with the vast majority of young
484:
A total of three people were killed in the Green Corn
Rebellion in August 1917, one of whom was Clifford Clark, a black tenant farmer. Nearly 450 people were detained in connection with the incident, 266 of whom were released without charges being filed. Charges were levied against 184 participants,
344:
to generate comparable yields. Disaffection was rife, and proposals for radical solutions found ready ears. The draft would have depleted much needed farm labor, and many farms would have been foreclosed, which would leave women and children destitute. There was no oil boom, little alternative work,
189:
of townsmen. Shots were exchanged and three people killed. In the aftermath of the incident, scores of arrests were made and the
Socialist Party of America, which had been strong in the region, was discredited in the public eye for allegedly having attempted to foment revolution. The incident became
440:
Unfortunately, no documents written by WCU members have survived, and the mentality of those taking up arms must be considered speculative by historians. The historian Garin
Burbank argues that the coming of conscription threatened to decimate family economies by removing able-bodied young men, who
451:
and made plans to head east and to live off the land as they marched. They would eat roasted "green corn" and barbecued beef on the way, it was later said, and eventually join up with countless thousands of likeminded comrades, who would together march on
Washington, DC, where they would overthrow
427:
On Friday, August 3, exactly two weeks after the draft lottery in
Washington, DC, an armed gathering assembled near the adjoining borders of Pontotoc, Seminole, and Hughes Counties, in southeastern Oklahoma. The uprising seems to have been spurred by the agitation of the Working Class Union, which
335:
Tenant farmers were predominantly young, the age group that was most impacted by conscription. Some 76% of
Oklahoma farmers under 24 rented their land, and 45% of those between 25 and 33 were tenants. Most tenant farmers were white or black. Many of the young "dirt farmers" found their economic
525:
that her uncle had been imprisoned after the rebellion: "The full moon of late July, early August it was, the Moon of the Green Corn. It was not easy to persuade our poor white and black brothers and sisters to rise up. We told them that rising up, standing up, whatever the consequences, would
376:
Town dwellers, who had been subject to perennial attacks as "robbers, thieves, and grafters" by radical public speakers, were thoroughly convinced that the
Socialists and the secret WCU were part of a single radical conspiracy to launch a long-desired revolution in their own locale.
336:
prospects hopeless since they were squeezed between a usurious credit system practiced by stores and substantial crop liens inflicted by landlords. The depleted condition of
Oklahoma's land forced the input of twice as much labor as the sharecroppers of
348:
Despite the WCU's highly-questionable membership claims, ballooning to 35,000 for the whole state of Oklahoma, it had by 1917 clearly established a solid foothold among the tenant farmers of Oklahoma. The organization was not tame and took the form of
514:
shared the brunt of popular indignation although the organization had taken no part in the Green Corn Rebellion and had been related to the WCU only by the latter group being formed in response to the IWW's refusal to organize tenant farmers.
315:
The Socialist Party was not the only active organizers in the area since in 1916, a radical tenant farmers' organization, the "Working Class Union (WCU)," claimed a membership of as much as 20,000 in Eastern Oklahoma alone. The group's
170:. The name "Green Corn Rebellion" was a reference to the purported plans of the rebels to march across the country and to eat "green corn" on the way for sustenance. They hoped to be joined by thousands of sympathizers, march to
419:
The so-called Green Corn Rebellion may be said to have started on Thursday, August 2, 1917, when a Seminole County sheriff, Frank Grall, and a visiting deputy sheriff, Bill Cross, were ambushed near the
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Catching sight of the advancing townsmen, the country people fired a few desultory shots and fled in disorder. This was the pathetic end of their overt resistance to the incursions of outside political
2711:
2582:
503:, which was blamed for the incident, whose origins were, however, largely spontaneous and external. That was one in a series of events that undermined the American socialist movement and fueled the
304:
In the 1916 election, despite Wilson's siphoning a portion of the anti war vote for the Democratic ticket, the Socialist Party garnered more than a quarter of the votes cast in the 1916 election in
485:
about 150 of whom were convicted or pleaded guilty and received jail and prison terms ranging from 60 days to 10 years. Those identified as leaders of the uprising received the heaviest sentences.
277:, drew numbers choosing certain registered young men for mandatory military service. Opponents of the war continued their efforts to change America's course by holding meetings and distributing
900:
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The IWW was still blamed for every action of the WCU, however, and the bogey Green Corn Rebellion was ultimately used as a justification for further national measures against the IWW.
285:, whose April 1917 National Convention had declared its "unalterable opposition" to the war and urged the workers of the world to "refuse support to the governments in their wars."
639:
2543:
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View of Roasting Ear Ridge (left side of the road) from south of the intersection of EW 1390 and NS 3630, facing South. North of Sasakwa, Seminole County, Oklahoma, August 4, 2017
552:
In 2017, the centennial of the Green Corn Rebellion was marked by media coverage and the launch of a website to archive both historical and current interpretations of the event.
432:
Now is the time to rebel against this war with Germany, boys. Boys, get together and don't go. Rich man's war. Poor man's fight. The war is over with Germany if you don't go and
459:
of townsmen was formed and headed to the river banks to meet the ostensible revolutionaries. The so-called rebellion proved anticlimactic, as the historian Garin Burbank notes:
380:
The Muscogee Creek Nation during the rebellion was controlled by only 61 mixed blood Creek and intermarried white individuals. August 3 marked the end of the Muscogee Creek
387:
In early August 1917, before the rebellion, large numbers of African-American, European-American, and Native American men gathered at the farm of Joe and John Spears in
2111:
2314:
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The country people in short saw military conscription as an invasion of their rights and rebelled in an attempt to keep the government from taking away their sons.
2160:
2350:
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222:, who had recently sworn into a second term of office for which he had run behind the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War," appeared between a joint session of the
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1999:
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concocted plan on the part of the officials and two or three newspapers to wreck the Socialist Party by pulling off a fake attempted assassination."
1332:
549:, upheld the Green Corn Rebellion as the ideal working-class antiwar struggle in his book "The Bolsheviks and War," which was published in 1985.
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2441:
2333:
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1212:
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with traditional southern forms of countervigilantism, self-defense, and opposition to conscription" and arose as a complement to the radical
3357:
3342:
2833:
2307:
2014:
2749:
2218:
2192:
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Although it was a young state and had been admitted into the union only in November 1907, there was already a strong radical tradition in
2811:
25:
3250:
2926:
2789:
2691:
2150:
2706:
2431:
2396:
2155:
1967:
174:, overthrow the federal government, abolish the draft, and end U.S. involvement in the war. Many of the rebels were aligned with the
3367:
3287:
2300:
2116:
2081:
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Hostilities between the radical rural supporters of the WCU and the conservative forces of the towns of the region ran high, with
2258:
2187:
1195:
489:
424:, a tributary of the Canadian River. Raiding parties followed this action, cutting telephone lines and burning railroad bridges.
421:
3085:
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2233:
1785:
1699:
239:
1150:
3372:
2381:
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1222:
1205:
1188:
3187:
3153:
2238:
2091:
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1280:
752:
3397:
3077:
3026:
3402:
3060:
2502:
2268:
2248:
1834:
1730:
1376:
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Arming themselves, an estimated 800 to 1000 rebels, "the vast majority of old American stock," met on the banks of the
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of its southeast seized upon the millenarian fervor of the early Socialist Party in an attempt to improve their lives.
2826:
2739:
2096:
1760:
1418:
1319:
Sherry H. Warrick, "Antiwar Reaction in the Southwest During World War I." M.A. thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1973.
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2512:
2492:
2466:
2323:
1548:
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511:
329:
191:
3392:
2497:
2123:
1463:
1413:
566:
274:
2355:
2263:
2138:
1725:
211:
167:
2819:
2784:
2376:
1869:
1790:
1770:
1553:
1473:
1458:
1423:
1302:
James R. Green, "Socialism and the Southwestern Class Struggle." Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1972.
538:
456:
186:
29:
2841:
3387:
3090:
2528:
2213:
2037:
1755:
1438:
1017:
500:
3362:
2281:
2128:
2106:
1805:
1765:
1483:
1403:
1329:
901:"WWI Uprising: Green Corn Rebellion: Dissident farmers marched to protest the draft" by Leigh Woosley,
282:
175:
3377:
3095:
2920:
2507:
2421:
2406:
2180:
2133:
2101:
1795:
1740:
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The Canadian River, in southeastern Oklahoma, near the location of the abortive Green Corn Rebellion.
309:
305:
63:
3316:
2897:
2774:
2696:
2056:
1989:
1859:
1839:
1822:
1478:
1289:
Wickware, Francis, ed. The American Year Book: 1918. Volume 8. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1918.
1087:
604:
3123:
3113:
2800:
2721:
2716:
2662:
2607:
2538:
2049:
1735:
1538:
1468:
546:
353:, with activities including night riding and the use of physical violence against its opponents.
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3053:
2903:
2863:
2592:
2487:
2461:
2426:
2026:
2020:
1849:
1750:
1433:
1369:
1312:
Sellars, Nigel Anthony. "'With Folded Arms? Or With Squirrel Guns?' The Green Corn Rebellion,"
1260:"Treasonous Tenant Farmers and Seditious Sharecroppers: The 1917 Green Corn Rebellion Trials,"
1197:
The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Policies of Land Ownership in Oklahoma, 1832—1929.
3133:
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1994:
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1151:"Get Up Stand up: Recalling the Green Corn Rebellion of 1917" by Andrew W. Griffith from the
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American men accepting their fate with what has been characterized as "a calm resignation."
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A fictionalized account of the abortive revolt can be found in William Cunningham's novel,
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448:
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243:
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by William Cunningham. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010. OCLC no. 427704506.
8:
3224:
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2602:
2223:
2197:
1937:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1874:
1664:
1659:
1597:
640:“Socialist gets 20 years for draft resistance” from The Los Angeles Herald, June 12, 1918
493:
381:
321:
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The words and the estimate for the number of participants are those of James Weinstein,
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was reported in one newspaper as having called its supporters to arms with a manifesto:
42:
The Green Corn Rebellion was centered in rural Seminole County in southeastern Oklahoma.
2938:
2891:
2886:
2769:
2446:
2391:
1983:
1957:
1912:
1745:
1704:
1624:
1181:
When Farmers Voted Red: The Gospel of Socialism in the Oklahoma Countryside, 1910-1924.
468:
The incident was over within a few hours, and mass arrests of participants were begun.
281:. Among the leading organized forces in opposition to conscription and the war was the
227:
2228:
3352:
3347:
3171:
3166:
3143:
3046:
2961:
2243:
1629:
1408:
1385:
1362:
1248:
1245:
Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies: The Industrial Workers of the World in Oklahoma, 1905-1930.
1233:
1218:
1201:
1184:
412:
388:
258:
147:
1299:
Charles Bush, "The Green Corn Rebellion." M.A. thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1932.
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2932:
2914:
2436:
2411:
2253:
1977:
1932:
1810:
1604:
1587:
1523:
1503:
1498:
1443:
1130:
231:
171:
163:
2292:
3197:
2617:
2416:
1513:
1336:
1307:
American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts.
667:
504:
476:
266:
3260:
3229:
2944:
2909:
2587:
2533:
2062:
1881:
1644:
1614:
1518:
1508:
1493:
1448:
1389:
534:
361:
350:
298:
219:
159:
151:
105:
1354:
391:, at Roasting Ear Ridge, to plan a march upon Washington, DC, to end the war.
3331:
3255:
2647:
2456:
2009:
1947:
1927:
1854:
1829:
1634:
90:
85:
37:
2869:
2622:
2612:
2597:
1962:
1800:
1654:
1592:
1558:
1528:
727:
When Farmers Voted Red: The Gospel of Socialism in the Oklahoma Countryside
257:
in America to staff the nation's wartime Army and Navy. On May 18, 1917, a
207:
1115:
3234:
2471:
2386:
1972:
1709:
1674:
1639:
1619:
1533:
1006:
New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967; pg. 139. Other estimates are lower.
455:
The plans were instantly betrayed to local authorities by an informer. A
365:
337:
325:
250:
223:
1345:, an archive of historical and contemporary reflections on the Rebellion
2627:
2004:
1816:
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1679:
1669:
1488:
3214:
2997:
1942:
1428:
542:
341:
278:
202:
182:
3202:
3069:
2967:
2844:
2031:
1684:
394:
357:
317:
294:
155:
143:
407:
3209:
488:
Most were soon paroled or pardoned, but five men remained in the
1349:
When the Socialist Revolution Came to Oklahoma - and Was Crushed
415:, the site of an ambush of a Seminole County sheriff and deputy.
1952:
1902:
1649:
1579:
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is lost. Their great speculation is the only cause of the war.
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draws the first number of the lottery that was created by the
1689:
332:, an organization that barred membership by tenant farmers.
3038:
1214:
Alternative Oklahoma: contrarian views of the Sooner State.
1164:
499:
The so-called "rebellion" was used as a cudgel against the
452:"Big Slick" Wilson, repeal the Draft Act, and end the war.
369:
368:, which some felt was as lethal to dipped cattle as to the
2567:
364:
vats late in 1915 in protest of a mandatory use of costly
185:
in their midst, the country rebels met with a well-armed
146:
on August 2 and 3, 1917. The uprising was a reaction by
1342:
1286:
Milwaukee. Vol. 4, no. 9, whole no. 91 (March 4, 1922).
1200:
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
654:
Volume 8. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1918; pg. 10.
674:
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957; pg. 23.
758:, v. 4, no. 9, whole no. 91 (March 4, 1922), pg. 68.
521:
An elderly Seminole-Muscogee Creek woman relayed to
2322:
2000:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
253:was backed up with additional legislation imposing
1564:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
320:blended what one historian has called "a muddled
3329:
1232:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.
1384:
234:. Congress readily obliged Wilson's request by
142:was an armed uprising that took place in rural
3054:
2827:
2308:
2015:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
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1023:. The University of Oklahoma. pp. 23–25.
1004:The Decline of American Socialism, 1912-1925.
959:
957:
845:
843:
841:
608:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
190:a pretext for national reprisals against the
2750:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
1339:, article by the Oklahoma Historical Society
1247:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
1217:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
1091:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
622:
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3383:United States home front during World War I
3338:Industrial Workers of the World in Oklahoma
1018:"A HISTORY OF THE KU KLUX KLAN IN OKLAHOMA"
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3251:Indigenous people of the Everglades region
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2692:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
2442:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
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714:The Socialist Party of America: A History.
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2712:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union
2707:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
1968:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
1274:The Socialist Party of America: A History
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3288:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
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1281:"The Green Corn Rebellion in Oklahoma."
753:"The Green Corn Rebellion in Oklahoma,"
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3086:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1700:Soviet influence on the peace movement
537:in 1935. The novel was republished by
249:The US government's decision to enter
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2815:
2432:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916
2397:1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike
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1887:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1358:
1351:, article in the Smithsonian Magazine
1183:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976.
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3358:African-American history of Oklahoma
3343:Riots and civil disorder in Oklahoma
2583:List of General Secretary-Treasurers
2044:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
1309:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.
1265:Vol. 27, no. 3 (Fall 2002), via the
1262:Oklahoma City University Law Review.
1228:Peterson, H.C. and Gilbert C. Fite.
1211:Joyce, Davis D. and Fred R. Harris.
947:August 15, 1917. Quoted in Burbank,
194:and the Socialist Party of America.
13:
2702:Education Workers Industrial Union
2382:1912 New York City waiters' strike
2269:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2166:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1454:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1293:
1117:The Green Corn Rebellion: A Novel,
716:New York: Macmillan, 1955; pg. 95.
14:
3414:
2740:Agricultural Workers Organization
1761:International Day of Non-Violence
1419:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1323:
1267:National Agricultural Law Center,
3295:Seminole Nation v. United States
2843:
2566:
2361:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
2171:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
265:On July 20, 1917, a blindfolded
236:voting to declare war on Germany
84:
3368:Rebellions in the United States
2745:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
2513:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
2493:1922 New England Textile Strike
2325:Industrial Workers of the World
1544:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
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1093:, 2009. Accessed March 1, 2015.
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512:Industrial Workers of the World
330:Industrial Workers of the World
218:On April 6, 1917, US President
192:Industrial Workers of the World
26:American Theater of World War I
2503:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
2498:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
1464:List of pacifist organisations
706:
644:
633:
579:
1:
2402:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
2356:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
1173:
652:The American Year Book: 1918.
238:by a margin of 373–50 in the
212:Selective Service Act of 1917
197:
166:to an attempt to enforce the
3068:
2785:Western Federation of Miners
2377:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1870:World Peace Bell Association
1771:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1474:New Socialist Party of Japan
1459:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1424:Coalition of Women for Peace
672:Opponents of War, 1917-1918.
572:
539:University of Oklahoma Press
471:
402:
7:
3091:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
3078:Federally recognized tribes
2544:2018–2019 Education strikes
2529:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
2351:First Convention of the IWW
2038:The whole world is watching
1806:Peace & Love (festival)
1756:Imagine Piano Peace Project
1314:The Chronicles of Oklahoma,
1276:. New York: Macmillan, 1955
1230:Opponents of War, 1917-1918
1016:CLARK, CARTER BLUE (1976).
555:
501:Socialist Party of Oklahoma
168:Selective Draft Act of 1917
10:
3419:
3398:Labor disputes in Oklahoma
2161:2011 intervention in Libya
1781:List of places named Peace
1766:International Day of Peace
1484:Peace and conflict studies
1404:Anti-nuclear organizations
1279:White, Bertha Hale White.
864:Treasonous Tenant Farmers,
807:Treasonous Tenant Farmers,
283:Socialist Party of America
176:Socialist Party of America
3403:Opposition to World War I
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3096:Seminole Tribe of Florida
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2921:Antelope Hills Expedition
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2697:Burgerville Workers Union
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2508:1933 Yakima Valley strike
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2422:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
2407:1913 Paterson silk strike
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2071:
1895:
1796:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
1791:Mother's Day Proclamation
1741:Dances of Universal Peace
1718:
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1554:The Women's Peace Crusade
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1104:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
1075:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
1062:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
1040:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
920:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
889:Treasonous Tenant Farmers
794:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
772:Oil, Wheat, and Wobblies,
533:, which was published by
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96:
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64:Seminole County, Oklahoma
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35:
23:
18:
3373:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3317:Miccosukee Indian School
2775:Glossary of Wobbly terms
2057:Violence begets violence
1990:Non-aggression principle
1860:The Non-Violence Project
1840:Promoting Enduring Peace
1823:Promoting Enduring Peace
1479:Pacifist Socialist Party
1258:Sellars, Nigel Anthony.
1243:Sellars, Nigel Anthony.
650:Francis Wickware (ed.),
603:Sellars, Nigel Anthony.
531:The Green Corn Rebellion
240:House of Representatives
30:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2802:Organized Labour portal
2722:United Campaign Workers
2717:Starbucks Workers Union
2539:2011 Wisconsin protests
2151:Military action in Iran
1786:Monuments and memorials
1736:Concert Yutel for Peace
1539:React, Include, Recycle
1469:List of peace activists
1434:Conscientious objectors
1135:World View Forum, 1985.
1132:The Bolsheviks and War.
991:When Farmers Voted Red,
978:When Farmers Voted Red,
965:When Farmers Voted Red,
949:When Farmers Voted Red,
933:When Farmers Voted Red,
851:When Farmers Voted Red,
833:When Farmers Voted Red,
820:When Farmers Voted Red,
740:When Farmers Voted Red,
628:When Farmers Voted Red,
610:Accessed March 1, 2015.
605:"Green Corn Rebellion,"
411:The Little River, near
345:and no welfare system.
308:and 22% in neighboring
102:Working Class Union (?)
2904:Cutthroat Gap Massacre
2593:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2488:Anaconda Road massacre
2462:Seattle General Strike
2427:1913 Studebaker strike
2072:Opposition to specific
2027:Swords to ploughshares
2021:Soldiers are murderers
1414:Anti-war organizations
481:
466:
438:
416:
399:
215:
97:Commanders and leaders
3393:Socialism in Oklahoma
3010:Oklahoma City bombing
2974:Crazy Snake Rebellion
2872:(9th–15th century CE)
2866:(11th millennium BCE)
2857:Prior to 19th century
2554:2021 Frito-Lay strike
2549:Lyft and Uber strikes
2074:wars or their aspects
1995:Nonviolent resistance
1845:Show of Peace Concert
1610:Anti-nuclear movement
1316:no. 77 (Summer 1999).
878:Joyce and Harris, 224
545:, the founder of the
479:
461:
434:J.P. Morgan & Co.
430:
410:
397:
297:, whose impoverished
289:Situation in Oklahoma
271:Wilson administration
255:military conscription
205:
125:Casualties and losses
3266:Green Corn Rebellion
3220:Four Mothers Society
3188:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum
3162:Afro-Seminole Creole
3004:Red River Bridge War
2986:Osage Indian murders
2980:Green Corn Rebellion
2898:Comanche–Mexico Wars
2653:Industrial democracy
2452:Green Corn Rebellion
2156:Sri Lankan Civil War
2050:Turn the other cheek
1865:University for Peace
1776:List of peace prizes
1330:Green Corn Rebellion
547:Workers' World Party
523:Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
496:, in February 1922.
449:South Canadian River
140:Green Corn Rebellion
19:Green Corn Rebellion
3225:Green Corn Ceremony
3193:Alligator wrestling
2992:Tulsa race massacre
2850:History of Oklahoma
2780:Little Red Songbook
2668:Solidarity unionism
2658:Industrial unionism
2198:Nuclear disarmament
2181:in Russian Far East
1938:Department of Peace
1923:Counter-recruitment
1918:Conflict resolution
1908:Central Park be-ins
1896:Slogans and tactics
1875:Japanese Peace Bell
1665:Non-interventionism
1660:Modern-war pacifism
1598:Christian anarchism
1269:pp. 1097–1141.
751:Bertha Hale White,
699:Peterson and Fite,
686:Peterson and Fite,
494:Leavenworth, Kansas
382:Green Corn Ceremony
322:industrial unionism
3388:August 1917 events
2939:Oklahoma Territory
2892:Arkansas Territory
2887:Louisiana Purchase
2770:Free speech fights
2467:Centralia massacre
2447:Bisbee Deportation
2392:Wheatland hop riot
2092:American Civil War
1984:Make love, not war
1958:Economic sanctions
1913:Civil disobedience
1746:Festival for Peace
1719:Media and cultural
1705:Testimony of peace
1625:Christian pacifism
1335:2014-10-10 at the
1272:Shannon, David A.
1088:"Communist Party,"
712:David A. Shannon,
666:H.C. Peterson and
482:
417:
400:
228:declaration of war
216:
148:European-Americans
3363:Conflicts in 1917
3325:
3324:
3172:Muscogee language
3167:Mikasuki language
3036:
3035:
2968:State of Oklahoma
2962:State of Sequoyah
2864:Cooper Bison Kill
2809:
2808:
2758:
2757:
2562:
2561:
2481:1920s & 1930s
2290:
2289:
2193:Military taxation
2063:War tax resisters
1630:Deterrence theory
1409:Anti-war movement
1305:Stephen M. Kohn,
1253:978-0-8061-3005-7
1238:978-0-313-25132-0
1223:978-0-8061-3819-0
1206:978-0-8078-7106-5
1189:978-0-8371-8903-1
701:Opponents of War,
688:Opponents of War,
567:Populist movement
562:Farmers' Alliance
413:Sasakwa, Oklahoma
164:African-Americans
136:
135:
70:
69:
3410:
3378:1917 in Oklahoma
3312:Ahfachkee School
3275:Politics and law
3063:
3056:
3049:
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2933:Washita Massacre
2915:Indian Territory
2848:
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2437:Everett massacre
2412:Paterson pageant
2341:
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2303:
2294:
2293:
2117:list of protests
1978:Lesson of Munich
1933:Demilitarisation
1811:Peace journalism
1605:Anti-imperialism
1588:Anarcho-pacifism
1524:Peace psychology
1504:Peace conference
1499:Peace commission
1444:Culture of Peace
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1194:Chang, David A.
1179:Burbank, Garin.
1167:
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945:Harlow's Weekly,
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918:Sellars (1998),
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907:
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887:Sellars (2002),
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275:Secretary of War
242:and 82–6 in the
232:Imperial Germany
172:Washington, D.C.
89:
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54:August 2–3, 1917
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2146:Afghanistan War
2097:Second Boer War
2073:
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1568:
1514:Peace education
1397:Peace advocates
1392:
1383:
1337:Wayback Machine
1326:
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1294:Further reading
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1153:Red Dirt Report
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1060:Sellars (1998)
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905:January 8, 2007
903:The Tulsa World
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725:Garin Burbank,
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668:Gilbert C. Fite
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505:First Red Scare
474:
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310:Pontotoc County
306:Seminole County
291:
267:Newton D. Baker
200:
181:Betrayed by an
160:Muscogee Creeks
131:
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80:Pontotoc Rebels
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3282:List of chiefs
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3261:Trail of Tears
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2910:Indian Removal
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2763:Related topics
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1509:Peace congress
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1494:Peace churches
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1449:ECOPEACE Party
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1390:peace movement
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351:secret society
299:tenant farmers
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2264:United States
2262:
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2125:
2124:War on Terror
2122:
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2110:
2108:
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2100:
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2080:War of 1812 (
2079:
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2025:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Peacebuilding
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Draft evasion
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:De-escalation
1926:
1924:
1921:
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1911:
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1831:
1830:Peace One Day
1828:
1824:
1821:
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1814:
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1802:
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1636:
1635:Direct action
1633:
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1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
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1611:
1608:
1606:
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1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Anarcho-punks
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:War resisters
1557:
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1343:GreenCorn.org
1341:
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1165:GreenCorn.org
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429:
425:
423:
414:
409:
396:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
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371:
367:
363:
360:used against
359:
354:
352:
346:
343:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:to ask for a
225:
221:
213:
209:
204:
195:
193:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
128:
123:
119:
117:800 to 1,000?
116:
115:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
92:
91:United States
87:
82:
79:
78:
73:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
17:
3293:
3286:
3265:
3106:Reservations
3020:21st century
2979:
2955:20th century
2900:(1821–1870s)
2880:19th century
2870:Spiro Mounds
2731:
2623:Carlo Tresca
2613:Lucy Parsons
2608:Frank Little
2598:Bill Haywood
2451:
2107:World War II
1963:Flower power
1815:
1655:Isolationism
1529:Peace treaty
1313:
1306:
1284:The New Day.
1283:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1244:
1229:
1213:
1196:
1180:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1129:Marcy, Sam.
1125:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1011:
1003:
998:
993:pp. 144-145.
990:
985:
977:
972:
964:
948:
944:
940:
932:
927:
919:
902:
896:
888:
883:
866:p. 13 (1108)
863:
858:
850:
832:
827:
819:
814:
806:
801:
793:
771:
755:
747:
739:
734:
729:, 1910-1924.
726:
721:
713:
708:
700:
695:
687:
671:
651:
646:
635:
627:
607:
581:
551:
530:
528:
520:
517:
509:
498:
487:
483:
467:
462:
454:
446:
443:
439:
431:
426:
422:Little River
418:
386:
379:
375:
355:
347:
334:
314:
303:
292:
264:
248:
217:
208:Newton Baker
180:
139:
137:
132:450 arrested
75:Belligerents
24:Part of the
3235:Stomp dance
3124:Fort Pierce
3114:Big Cypress
2941:(1890–1907)
2929:(1861–1865)
2917:(1834–1907)
2894:(1819−1824)
2472:Bisbee Riot
2387:Grabow riot
2254:Switzerland
2239:Netherlands
2112:Vietnam War
2102:World War I
1973:Human Be-In
1710:World peace
1675:Nonviolence
1640:Finvenkismo
1620:Appeasement
1534:Peaceworker
756:The New Day
366:insecticide
338:Mississippi
326:syndicalism
251:World War I
224:US Congress
3332:Categories
3139:Miccosukee
3027:OU Bombing
2639:Philosophy
2628:Ben Legere
2522:After 1940
2219:Costa Rica
2005:Peace walk
1817:Peace News
1695:Satyagraha
1680:Pacificism
1670:Nonkilling
1584:Anarchism
1573:Ideologies
1489:Peace camp
1174:References
1106:pp. 78-79.
464:authority.
198:Background
3305:Education
3215:Fastachee
3154:Languages
3134:Immokalee
3129:Hollywood
2998:Dust Bowl
2945:Land runs
2927:Civil War
2207:Countries
2188:Landmines
2176:in Russia
2134:Criticism
1943:Desertion
1429:Code Pink
1102:Sellars,
1073:Sellars,
1064:p. 90-91.
1051:Chang 186
1038:Sellars,
989:Burbank,
976:Burbank,
963:Burbank,
931:Burbank,
849:Burbank,
831:Burbank,
818:Burbank,
738:Burbank,
626:Burbank,
585:Chang 187
573:Footnotes
543:Sam Marcy
541:in 2010.
472:Aftermath
403:Rebellion
342:Louisiana
279:pamphlets
156:Seminoles
130:3 killed
120:Thousands
3353:Seminole
3348:Muscogee
3203:Mascogos
3119:Brighton
3070:Seminole
2679:Sections
2603:Joe Hill
2282:Category
2139:Protests
2129:Iraq War
2032:Teach-in
1685:Pacifism
1386:Anti-war
1333:Archived
980:pg. 146.
967:pg. 145.
951:pg. 145.
935:pg. 144.
853:pg. 140.
835:pg. 136.
822:pg. 135.
630:pg. 134.
556:See also
358:dynamite
318:ideology
295:Oklahoma
230:against
183:informer
144:Oklahoma
112:Strength
59:Location
28:and the
3244:History
3210:Chickee
3181:Culture
3000:(1930s)
2988:(1920s)
2947:(1890s)
2732:Extinct
2335:History
2224:Germany
1855:Symbols
1801:Museums
1042:pg. 90.
922:pg. 77.
809:pp. 2-3
796:pg. 80.
774:pg. 78.
742:p. 303.
703:pg. 31.
690:pg. 24.
389:Sasakwa
328:of the
3029:(2005)
3012:(1995)
3006:(1931)
2994:(1921)
2982:(1917)
2976:(1909)
2970:(1907)
2964:(1905)
2935:(1868)
2923:(1858)
2906:(1833)
2576:People
2229:Israel
2214:Canada
1953:Die-in
1903:Bed-in
1650:Hippie
1580:Ahimsa
1251:
1236:
1221:
1204:
1187:
1077:p. 91.
891:, p. 3
269:, the
244:Senate
162:, and
3144:Tampa
2370:1910s
2344:1900s
2249:Sudan
2244:Spain
2234:Japan
1850:Songs
1835:Plays
1751:Films
1731:Books
1690:Peace
1549:Unity
1021:(PDF)
457:posse
370:ticks
259:draft
187:posse
1388:and
1249:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1185:ISBN
510:The
340:and
138:The
51:Date
1726:Art
492:in
273:'s
3334::
2086:US
2084:;
2082:UK
1029:^
956:^
911:^
871:^
840:^
779:^
763:^
679:^
670:,
659:^
615:^
590:^
507:.
384:.
312:.
246:.
178:.
158:,
154:,
150:,
3062:e
3055:t
3048:v
2835:e
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2316:e
2309:t
2302:v
2088:)
2059:"
2055:"
2052:"
2048:"
2040:"
2036:"
2023:"
2019:"
1986:"
1982:"
1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
1255:.
1240:.
1225:.
1208:.
1191:.
214:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
