African Americans - Knowledge

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school graduation rate of Blacks in the United States has steadily increased to 71% in 2013. Separating this statistic into component parts shows it varies greatly depending upon the state and the school district examined. 38% of Black males graduated in the state of New York but in Maine 97% graduated and exceeded the White male graduation rate by 11 percentage points. In much of the southeastern United States and some parts of the southwestern United States the graduation rate of White males was in fact below 70% such as in Florida where 62% of White males graduated from high school. Examining specific school districts paints an even more complex picture. In the Detroit school district, the graduation rate of Black males was 20% but 7% for White males. In the New York City school district 28% of Black males graduate from high school compared to 57% of White males. In Newark County 76% of Black males graduated compared to 67% for White males. Further academic improvement has occurred in 2015. Roughly 23% of all Blacks have bachelor's degrees. In 1988, 21% of Whites had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 11% of Blacks. In 2015, 23% of Blacks had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 36% of Whites. Foreign born Blacks, 9% of the Black population, made even greater strides. They exceed native born Blacks by 10 percentage points.

3099: 2867: 6237: 7395: 5767:, around 58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5% European ancestry (equivalent to one European great-grandparent and their forebears), 19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25% European ancestry (equivalent to one European grandparent and their forebears), and 1 percent of African Americans have at least 50% European ancestry (equivalent to one European parent and their forebears). According to Shriver, around 5 percent of African Americans also have at least 12.5% Native American ancestry (equivalent to one Native American great-grandparent and their forebears). Research suggests that Native American ancestry among people who identify as African American is a result of relationships that occurred soon after slave ships arrived in the American colonies, and European ancestry is of more recent origin, often from the decades before the Civil War. 3452: 5444: 5687: 3428: 3239: 2828: 7586: 7214: 2765: 6118: 3381: 6834: 4972: 4163: 7862:(ADOS) movement coalesces around this view, arguing that Black descendants of American slavery deserve a separate ethnic category that distinguishes them from other Black groups in the United States. Their terminology has gained popularity in some circles, but others have criticized the movement for a perceived bias against (especially poor and Black) immigrants, and for its often inflammatory rhetoric. Politicians such as Obama and Harris have received especially pointed criticism from the movement, as neither are ADOS and have spoken out at times against policies specific to them. 2526: 7818:

all people of African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendants, in addition to denying Black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumping us all together", Dickerson wrote, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress." Similar comments have been made concerning Kamala Harris, the daughter of a Caribbean immigrant, who was elected vice president in 2020.

7441: 2922: 2382: 4857: 184: 3178: 6509: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4253: 4241: 4214:, about 13.5% of the U.S. population self-identified as Black or "mixed with Black". However, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, evidence from the 2000 census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they wrote in their own respective ethnic groups in the "Some Other Race" write-in entry. As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans. 4265: 6029:, the president of Columbia Pictures, with whom Novak was under contract, gave in to his concerns that a racist backlash against the relationship could hurt the studio. Davis briefly married Black dancer Loray White in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence. Inebriated at the wedding ceremony, Davis despairingly said to his best friend, Arthur Silber Jr., "Why won't they let me live my life?" The couple never lived together, and commenced divorce proceedings in September 1958. In 1958, officers in 3389: 2335: 43: 4830:, demands for unity and racial tolerance on the home front provided an opening for the first Black history curriculum in the country. For example, during the early 1940s, Madeline Morgan, a Black teacher in the Chicago public schools, created a curriculum for students in grades one through eight highlighting the contributions of Black people to the history of the United States. At the close of the war, Chicago's Board of Education downgraded the curriculum's status from mandatory to optional. 5916: 22387: 8048: 1941: 3399: 3032: 5573:

despite making up less than 20% of the population. In 2024, all of the top 5 most dangerous U.S. cities have a significant black population and disturbing black-on-black violent crime rate. Black males age 15–44 are the only race/sex category for which homicide is a top 5 cause of death. Black women are 3 times more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than white women. Black children are 3 times more likely to die due to parental abuse and neglect than white children.

7096: 7080: 6845: 2265: 6055:, African Americans voted 58% in favor of it while 42% voted against Proposition 8. On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama, the first Black president, became the first U.S. president to support same-sex marriage. Since Obama's endorsement there has been a rapid growth in support for same-sex marriage among African Americans. As of 2012, 59% of African Americans support same-sex marriage, which is higher than support among the national average (53%) and White Americans (50%). 4210:

represented less than 0.1% of the population. Mixed-race Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans who identified as being part Black, represented 0.9% of the population. Of the 12.6% of United States residents who identified as Black, around 10.3% were "native Black American" or ethnic African Americans, who are direct descendants of West/Central Africans brought to the U.S. as slaves. These individuals make up well over 80% of all Blacks in the country. When including

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disobedience or running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or was bought out, their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and a small cash payment called "freedom dues". Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They raised families, married other Africans and sometimes

201: 6952: 7185:. African American genres are the most important ethnic vernacular tradition in America, as they have developed independent of African traditions from which they arise more so than any other immigrant groups, including Europeans; make up the broadest and longest lasting range of styles in America; and have, historically, been more influential, interculturally, geographically, and economically, than other American vernacular traditions. 2467: 167: 8645:, Census Bureau, September 2011. "Black or African Americans" refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The Black racial category includes people who marked the "Black, African Am., or Negro" checkbox. It also includes respondents who reported entries such as African American; Sub-Saharan African entries, such as Kenyan and Nigerian; and Afro-Caribbean entries, such as Haitian and Jamaican." 2608: 5546:

had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by White, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men. Among women, White women had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women. African Americans also have higher prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease compared to the overall average.

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late 1870s, Blacks were disenfranchised and segregated across the American South. White politicians in Mississippi and other states withheld financial resources and supplies from Black schools. Nevertheless, the presence of Black teachers, and their engagement with their communities both inside and outside the classroom, ensured that Black students had access to education despite these external constraints.

23743: 5727:, reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade. The next most frequent ancestral component found among African Americans was derived from Great Britain, in keeping with historical records. It constitutes a little over 10% of their overall ancestry and is most similar to the Northwest European ancestral component also carried by 5868:, writes, "Political rights have been circumscribed by race, class and gender since the founding of the United States, when the right to vote was restricted to White men of property. Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by Whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion." 2741:, guaranteeing the right for a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave within the U.S. Slave owners, who viewed slaves as property, made it a federal crime to assist those who had escaped slavery or to interfere with their capture. Slavery, which by then meant almost exclusively Black people, was the most important political issue in the 3220:

58,532 in 2023), compared with $ 2,900 (equivalent to $ 30,311 in 2023) for non-White families. In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 29,005 in 2023) a year. The 1960s saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans.

5028:, African Americans were 30% more likely than other workers to be employed in the public sector. The public sector is also a critical source of decent-paying jobs for Black Americans. For both men and women, the median wage earned by Black employees is significantly higher in the public sector than in other industries. 2702:(mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free Black men one step closer to equality with Whites, allowing them, for example, the right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However, actually these privileges distanced free Black men from enslaved Blacks and encouraged them to identify with Whites. 5052:, New York, the median income among African American families exceeded that of White families, which the newspaper attributed to the growth in the number of two-parent Black families. It noted that Queens was the only county with more than 65,000 residents where that was true. In 2011, it was reported that 4789: 2975:. Segregation was now imposed with Jim Crow laws, using signs used to show Blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with. Most African Americans obeyed the Jim Crow laws, to avoid 5633:

express their opinions and life experiences. The results revealed a couple key variables that create barriers for many African American communities to seek mental health services such as the stigma, lack of four important necessities; trust, affordability, cultural understanding and impersonal services.

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Estimates of Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or

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Prior to this newer information, it was only thought that before the 1950s, and 1960s, most African-American names closely resembled those used within European-American culture. Babies of that era were generally given a few common names, with children using nicknames to distinguish the various people

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stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people". By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes. By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.

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by White males. Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the U.S. aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men. Consequently, the 365 African Americans in their sample have a genome-wide average of 78.1% West African ancestry and 18.5% European ancestry,

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has been frowned upon and distant in utility and proximity to many people in the African American community. In 2004, a qualitative research study explored the disconnect with African Americans and mental health. The study was conducted as a semi-structured discussion which allowed the focus group to

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The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years. Life expectancy for Black women was 77.5 years in 2008. In 1900, when information on Black life expectancy started being collated, a Black man could expect to live to 32.5 years and a Black woman 33.5 years. In 1900, White men lived an average

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is the strongest indicator of financial stability and the primary asset most Americans use to generate wealth. African Americans continue to lag behind other racial groups in homeownership. In the first quarter of 2021, 45.1% of African Americans owned their homes, compared to 65.3% of all Americans.

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African Americans have a long and diverse history of business ownership. Although the first African American business is unknown, slaves captured from West Africa are believed to have established commercial enterprises as peddlers and skilled craftspeople as far back as the 17th century. Around 1900,

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When slavery was finally abolished in 1865, public educational systems were expanding across the country. By 1870, around seventy-four institutions in the south provided a form of advanced education for African American students. By 1900, over a hundred programs at these schools provided training for

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called this forced migration of slaves the "central event" in the life of a slave between the American Revolution and the Civil War, writing that whether slaves were directly uprooted or lived in fear that they or their families would be involuntarily moved, "the massive deportation traumatized black

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African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g., Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy

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should refer strictly to the descendants of Africans who were brought to America as slaves, and not to the sons and daughters of Black immigrants who lack that ancestry. Thus, under her definition, President Barack Obama, who is the son of a Kenyan, is not Black. She makes the argument that grouping

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Racially mixed marriages have become increasingly accepted in the United States since the civil rights movement and up to the present day. Approval in national opinion polls has risen from 36% in 1978, to 48% in 1991, 65% in 2002, 77% in 2007. A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 found that 84% of Whites

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The ICC plan was to reach the three groups by acknowledging that each group has its own sense of community that is based on geography and ethnicity. The best way to market the census process toward any of the three groups is to reach them through their own unique communication channels and not treat

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with greater regularity than Whites do, they have disproportionately higher arrest rates than Whites: in 2010, for example, Blacks were 3.73 times as likely to get arrested for using cannabis than Whites, despite not significantly more frequently being users. Even since the legalization of cannabis,

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rate trailing American Indians/Alaska Natives and White Americans. However, African Americans had the second highest increase of its suicide rate from 2011 to 2021, growing 58%. As of 2024, suicide is the second leading cause of death among African-Americans between the ages of 15 and 24, with black

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versus counseling. In one study, psychotherapy is associated with mental illness whereas counseling approaches problem-solving, guidance and help. More African Americans seek assistance when it is called counseling and not psychotherapy because it is more welcoming within the cultural and community.

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From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income. In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 26,285 in 2023) a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national

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African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight. While the post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late

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By an act of 1699, Virginia ordered all free Blacks deported, virtually defining as slaves all people of African descent who remained in the colony. In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Blacks (and Native Americans) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning

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By the 1970s, and 1980s, it had become common among African Americans to invent new names for themselves, although many of these invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re and Ja/Je, and suffixes like -ique/iqua, -isha and -aun/-awn are common, as

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populations. Additionally, the researchers observed an average European ancestry of 21.9%, again with significant variation between individuals. Bryc et al. (2009) note that populations from other parts of the continent may also constitute adequate proxies for the ancestors of some African American

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occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall. In 2001, over half of African American households of married couples earned $ 50,000 or more. Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this

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at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the U.S. Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant

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The Black audience includes all individuals of Black African descent. There are three major groups that represent the Black Audience in the United States. These groups are African Americans (Blacks born in the United States), Black Africans (Black Immigrants from Africa) and Afro-Caribbeans, which

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immigrants to the South. Although the Scottish had been frying chicken before they emigrated, they lacked the spices and flavor that African Americans had used when preparing the meal. The Scottish American settlers therefore adopted the African American method of seasoning chicken. However, fried

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From their earliest presence in North America, African Americans have significantly contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, cuisine, clothing styles, music, language, and social and technological innovation to American culture. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the

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Economically, of all the racially Black ethnic groups on the globe, African Americans are the wealthiest and most successful, with one in every fifty African American families being millionaires. This equates in 2023 to approximately 1.79 million African American millionaires in the United States,

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than the U.S. average. For adult Black men, the rate of obesity was 31.6% in 2010. For adult Black women, the rate of obesity was 41.2% in 2010. African Americans have higher rates of mortality than any other racial or ethnic group for 8 of the top 10 causes of death. In 2013, among men, Black men

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among most African American college graduates. Since 2000, fast-growing housing costs in most cities have made it even more difficult for the U.S. African-American homeownership rate to significantly grow and reach over 50% for the first time in history. From 2000 to 2022, the median home price in

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Between 1995 and 2009, freshmen college enrollment for African Americans increased by 73 percent and only 15 percent for Whites. Black women are enrolled in college more than any other race and gender group, leading all with 9.7% enrolled according to the 2011 U.S. Census Bureau. The average high

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African Americans were very concerned to provide quality education for their children, but White supremacy limited their ability to participate in educational policymaking on the political level. State governments soon moved to undermine their citizenship by restricting their right to vote. By the

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Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American, the majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of

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The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin but has elements that were drawn from both French and West/Central African roots. Names such as LaTanisha, JaMarcus, DeAndre, and Shaniqua were created in the same way. Punctuation marks are seen more often within African American names

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According to a genome-wide study by Bryc et al. (2009), the mixed ancestry of African Americans in varying ratios came about as the result of sexual contact between West/Central Africans (more frequently females) and Europeans (more frequently males). This can be understood as being the result of

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Recent studies of African Americans using genetic testing have found ancestry to vary by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% Sub-Saharan African, 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation

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Historically, many African American communities did not seek counseling because religion was a part of the family values. African American who have a faith background are more likely to seek prayer as a coping mechanism for mental issues rather than seeking professional mental health services. In

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U.S. census surveys showed that by 1998, 89 percent of African Americans aged 25 to 29 had completed a high-school education, less than Whites or Asians, but more than Hispanics. On many college and university entrance exams or on standardized tests and grades, African Americans have historically

2903:, an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from a number of locations in the United States. 6669:

Virtually all habitual speakers of African American English can understand and communicate in Standard American English. As with all linguistic forms, AAVE's usage is influenced by various factors, including geographical, educational and socioeconomic background, as well as formality of setting.

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between Whites and Blacks remains as large as it was in 1968, with the typical net worth of a White household equivalent to that of 11.5 black households. Despite this, African Americans have increased employment rates and gained representation in the highest levels of American government in the

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refers to churches which minister to predominantly African American congregations. Black congregations were first established by freed slaves at the end of the 17th century, and later when slavery was abolished more African Americans were allowed to create a unique form of Christianity that was

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are part of the cultural traditions of African Americans, most of these cultural names having no connection to Africa but strictly an African American cultural practice that developed in the United States during enslavement. This new evidence became apparent by census records which show African

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states "In 2005, homicide victimization rates for blacks were 6 times higher than the rates for whites". The report also found that "94% of black victims were killed by blacks." Of the nearly 20,000 recorded U.S. homicides in 2022, African Americans made up the majority of offenders and victims

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In 2006, the median earnings of African American men was more than Black and non-Black American women overall, and in all educational levels. At the same time, among American men, income disparities were significant; the median income of African American men was approximately 76 cents for every

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Predominantly Black schools for kindergarten through twelfth grade students were common throughout the U.S. before the 1970s. By 1972, however, desegregation efforts meant that only 25% of Black students were in schools with more than 90% non-White students. However, since then, a trend towards

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and do not fit within the African American culture. African American families tend to resolve concerns within the family, and it is viewed by the family as a strength. On the other hand, when African Americans seek counseling, they face a social backlash and are criticized. They may be labeled

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unemployment figures. Nationwide, the October 2008 unemployment rate for African Americans was 11.1%, while the nationwide rate was 6.5%. In 2007, the average income for African Americans was approximately $ 34,000, compared to $ 55,000 for Whites. African Americans experience a higher rate of

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Collectively, African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004. African Americans also have the highest level of

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Overall, the median earnings of African American men were 72 cents for every dollar earned of their Asian American counterparts, and $ 1.17 for every dollar earned by Hispanic men. On the other hand, by 2006, among American women with post-secondary education, African American women have made

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categorizes Black or African American people as " person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa" through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards,

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represented 0.4% of the United States population, at about 1.2 million people, largely found within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities. Self-reported Black immigrants hailing from other countries in the Americas, such as Brazil and Canada, as well as several European countries,

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During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for Whites was $ 5,600 (equivalent to $

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An indentured servant (who could be White or Black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for

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were enacted in the U.S. that prohibited education for Black people. Slave owners saw literacy as a threat to the institution of slavery. As a North Carolina statute stated, "Teaching slaves to read and write, tends to excite dissatisfaction in their minds, and to produce insurrection and

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and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"—or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years. In 1967 the law was ruled unconstitutional (via the

3079:, Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South." Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, 14764:

Zakharia, Fouad; Basu, Analabha; Absher, Devin; Assimes, Themistocles L.; Go, Alan S.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Iribarren, Carlos; Knowles, Joshua W.; Li, Jun; Narasimhan, Balasubramanian; Sidney, Steven; Southwick, Audrey; Myers, Richard M.; Quertermous, Thomas; Risch, Neil; Tang, Hua (2009).

5471:" is often referred to as the Black national anthem in the United States. In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had dubbed it the "Negro national anthem" for its power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people. 5976:

households have become common, and according to U.S. census figures released in January 2010, only 38 percent of Black children live with both their parents. In 2021, statistics show that over 80 percent marriages in the African American ethnic group marry within their ethnic group.

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study by Salas et al. (2005), the maternal lineages of African Americans are most similar to haplogroups that are today especially common in West Africa (>55%), followed closely by West-Central Africa and Southwestern Africa (<41%). The characteristic West African haplogroups

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states. The west does have a sizable Black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 2.05% of

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After over 50 years, marriage rates for all Americans began to decline while divorce rates and out-of-wedlock births have climbed. These changes have been greatest among African Americans. After more than 70 years of racial parity Black marriage rates began to fall behind Whites.

13292: 6868:, also called Freedom's Eve, where African American congregations all over the nation come together on New Year's Eve through New Years morning in remembrance of the eve and New Year of their emancipation, sharing testimonies, being baptized and partaking in praise and worship. 6711:

Even with the rise of inventive names, it is still common for African Americans to use biblical, historical, or traditional European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew were thus among the most frequent names for African-American boys in 2013.

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in the 1980s, although there are recorded uses from the 18th and 19th centuries, for example, in post-emancipation holidays and conferences. Earlier terms also used to describe Americans of African ancestry referred more to skin color than to ancestry. Other terms (such as

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music videos, urban-oriented movies and television series, and some public affairs programs. On Sunday mornings, BET would broadcast Christian programming; the network would also broadcast non-affiliated Christian programs during the early morning hours daily. According to

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in 2016, while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016. African Americans are more likely to identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.

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expressed similar views that African Americans are Africans who "happen to be in America", and should not claim or identify as being American if they are fighting for Black (New Afrikan) liberation. Historically, this is due to the enslavement of Africans during the

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In the U.S., which has the largest per-capita prison population in the world, African Americans are overrepresented as the second largest population of prison inmates (38%) in 2023, coming second to Whites who made up 57% of the prison population. According to the

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In 2023, the government released a new more detailed breakdown due to the rise in racially Black immigration into the US, listing African American as a compound termed ethnicity, distinguished from other racially Black ethnicities such as Nigerian, Jamaican etc.

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demonstrations and marches, court battles, bombings and other violence; prompted worldwide media coverage and intense public debate; forged enduring civic, economic and religious alliances; and disrupted and realigned the nation's two major political parties.

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to transport free Blacks to the future Liberia, a project most Blacks strongly rejected, the Blacks at the time said they were no more African than White Americans were European, and referred to themselves with what they considered a more acceptable term,

2866: 12358: 7055:, and in part because these groups are sometimes associated with antisemitism. African-American Jews have criticized the Black Hebrew Israelites, regarding the movement as primarily composed of Black non-Jews who have appropriated Black-Jewish identity. 4834:

re-segregation affected communities across the country: by 2011, 2.9 million African American students were in such overwhelmingly minority schools, including 53% of Black students in school districts that were formerly under desegregation orders.

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published in 1785, wrote: "The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".

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to the "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families." A famous example was

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became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was a group formed to promote relations between the countries. After riots against Blacks in

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with Native Americans, although they did not necessarily retain social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples. There are also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics of any race, especially between

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dialect. African American English differs from Standard American English (SAE) in certain pronunciation characteristics, tense usage, and grammatical structures, which were derived from West African languages (particularly those belonging to the

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In the 20th and 21st centuries, immigration has played an increasingly significant role in the African-American community. As of 2022, 10% of black Americans were immigrants, and 20% were either immigrants or the children of immigrants. In 2008,

19652: 11094: 8664:: "African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry." 4991:

in the same timer period (with 288% and 383%, respectively; for reference, US growth overall was 144% in the same period); however, African American net worth had shrunk 14% in the previous year despite strong growth in property prices and the

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refers to an ethnic group, most often to people whose ancestors experienced slavery in the United States (Soberon, 1996). Thus, not all Blacks in the United States are African-American (for example, some are from Haiti and others are from the

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African American English evolved during the antebellum period through interaction between speakers of 16th- and 17th-century English of Great Britain and Ireland and various West African languages. As a result, the variety shares parts of its

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The economic disparity between the races in the U.S. has marginally improved since the end of slavery. In 1863, two years prior to emancipation, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent.

5871:

Although they have gained a greater degree of social equality since the civil rights movement, African Americans have remained stagnant economically, which has hindered their ability to break into the middle class and beyond. As of 2020, the

4916:

of higher learning did not admit African Americans, continue to thrive and educate students of all races today. There are 101 HBCUs representing three percent of the nation's colleges and universities with the majority established in the

13288: 7762:

men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. African slaves and their descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange and

6303:. TV One's original programming was formally focused on lifestyle and entertainment-oriented shows, movies, fashion, and music programming. The network also reruns classic series from as far back as the 1970s to current series such as 3012:

or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.

2574:, so state militias were formed in order to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols so they could be used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or 14930:

Baharian, Soheil; Barakatt, Maxime; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Shringarpure, Suyash; Errington, Jacob; Blot, William J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E.; Williams, Scott M.; Aldrich, Melinda C.; Gravel, Simon (May 27, 2015).

14254: 5564:

due to mistrust in the U.S. medical system. From 2021 to 2022, there was an increase in African Americans who became vaccinated. Still, in 2022, COVID-19 complications became the third leading cause of death for African Americans.

4205:, mostly from Jamaica and Haiti, represented 0.9% of the U.S. population, at 2.6 million. Self-reported Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at about 2.8 million. Additionally, self-identified 3326:, picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost the overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since 13559: 8307: 2555:, which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others. Although some did not have the money to buy their freedom, government measures on slavery allowed many free Blacks. That brought problems to the Spaniards with the 1876: 1763: 16350: 11279: 6152:. They were often the victims of extreme cruelty and violence, sometimes resulting in deaths: by the post World War II era, African Americans became increasingly discontented with their long-standing inequality. In the words of 2697:

reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free Black men who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of Black members and the other of

11762: 7536:

when it is used "in a racial, ethnic or cultural sense, conveying an essential and shared sense of history, identity and community among people who identify as Black, including those in the African diaspora and within Africa."

6217:

who drafted the laws for the Human Rights Commission and the integration of Kentucky schools while his study of how African Americans were segregated was utilized by the government which led to the integration of the military.

13359: 6147:

not only obtained certain rights for African Americans but changed American society in far-reaching and fundamentally important ways. Prior to the 1950s, Black Americans in the South were subject to de jure discrimination, or

13385: 8035:

is still considered taboo, particularly if the speaker is White. However, trends indicate that usage of the term in intragroup settings is increasing even among White youth due to the popularity of rap and hip hop culture.

7959:. The term is rarely used by younger Black people, but remained in use by many older African Americans who had grown up with the term, particularly in the southern U.S. The term remains in use in some contexts, such as the 5938:

movement in 2013. A historical issue in the U.S. where women have weaponized their White privilege in the country by reporting on Black people, often instigating racial violence, difficult White women—who have been given a

4225:

Historically, African Americans have been undercounted in the U.S. census due to a number of factors. In the 2020 census, the African American population was undercounted at an estimated rate of 3.3%, up from 2.1% in 2010.

3509:

The following table of the African American population in the United States over time shows that the African American population, as a percentage of the total population, declined until 1930 and has been rising since then.

3109:

Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included Black oriented organizations (e.g.,

14821:

Bryc, Katarzyna; Auton, Adam; Nelson, Matthew R.; Oksenberg, Jorge R.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Williams, Scott; Froment, Alain; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Wambebe, Charles; Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (January 12, 2010).

5383:, African Americans were supporters of the Republican Party because it was Republican President Abraham Lincoln who helped in granting freedom to American slaves; at the time, the Republicans and Democrats represented the 5023:

is the single most important source of employment for African Americans. During 2008–2010, 21.2% of all Black workers were public employees, compared with 16.3% of non-Black workers. Both before and after the onset of the

14347: 5031:

In 1999, the median income of African American families was $ 33,255 compared to $ 53,356 of European Americans. In times of economic hardship for the nation, African Americans suffer disproportionately from job loss and

3224:

median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late 1960s, the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites.

12485: 3091:". While many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as 2284:

ethnic groups, who had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids, or sold by other West Africans, or by half-European "merchant princes" to European slave traders, who brought them to the Americas.

6098:. Exit polls in Maryland show about 50% of African Americans voted for same-sex marriage, showing a vast evolution among African Americans on the issue and was crucial in helping pass same-sex marriage in Maryland. 6692:

Americans and White Americans, though they spoke the same language, chose to use different names even during times of enslavement, which is where and when the development of African American cultural names began.

5963:

there are still more arrests made for Black users than White, wasting taxpayer money, due to many of those cases being abandoned or dropped, with no charges being filed after the trivial, racially-biased arrests.

16089: 13437: 12350: 5863:

Formal political, economic and social discrimination against minorities has been present throughout American history. Leland T. Saito, Associate Professor of Sociology and American Studies & Ethnicity at the

2846:

had become a major economic activity in the United States; it lasted until the 1860s. Historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration of this new "Middle Passage". The historian

14694: 10398: 5695:

between individuals. Commercial testing services have reported similar variation, with ranges from 0.6 to 2 percent Native American, 19 to 29 percent European, and 65 to 80 percent Sub-Saharan African ancestry.

3479:, the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of the overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as " 3317:

to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of

7201:'s artistic work, including his "Revelations" based on his experience growing up as an African American in the South during the 1930s, has had a significant influence on modern dance. Another form of dance, 5908:, Blacks are roughly 7.5 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder in the U.S. than Whites. In 2012, the New York City Police Department detained people more than 500,000 times under the city's 5848:

in particular occur at high frequencies among African Americans. As with the paternal DNA of African Americans, contributions from other parts of the continent to their maternal gene pool are insignificant.

5422:

turned the Democratic Party into an organization of the working class and their liberal allies, regardless of region. The African American vote became even more solidly Democratic when Democratic presidents

5704:

with large variation among individuals (ranging from 99% to 1% West African ancestry). The West African ancestral component in African Americans is most similar to that in present-day speakers from the non-

2400:

and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced

6183:

racial segregation and discrimination from American life and law, and heavily influenced other groups and movements in struggles for civil rights and social equality within American society, including the

12227: 12146: 9676: 6251:

Some activists and academics contend that American news media coverage of African American news, concerns, or dilemmas is inadequate, or that the news media present distorted images of African Americans.

11086: 4996:. In 2002, African American-owned businesses accounted for 1.2 million of the US's 23 million businesses. As of 2011, African American-owned businesses account for approximately 2 million 11125: 2507:

was the first English colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women took the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as under

21759: 21754: 15696: 12327: 6928:, but most of these Africans were converted to Christianity during the era of American slavery. During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of 2789:, and another 488,000–500,000 Blacks lived free (with legislated limits) across the country. With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from Whites according to 10784: 5625: 4612:

have the highest increase respectively. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. Despite recent declines, as of 2020, the

19735: 12569: 7197:, a prominent modern choreographer and dancer, has included historical African American themes in his work, particularly in the piece "Last Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Land". Likewise, 14491: 3059:

and Western United States. The rapid influx of Blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both Blacks and Whites in the two regions. The

15665: 7627:(ICC) recognized and defined African Americans as Black people born in the United States. From the ICC perspective, African Americans are one of three groups of Black people in the United States. 7039:

branches of Judaism, but the majority identify as "Jews of no religion", commonly known as secular Jews. A significant number of people who identify themselves as "Black Jews" are affiliated with

16298: 14227: 2918:. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free. Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865. 4968:

Booker T. Washington became the most famous proponent of African American businesses. His critic and rival W. E. B. DuBois also commended business as a vehicle for African American advancement.

21766: 11238:

This table gives the African-American population in the United States over time, based on U.S. Census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based on U.S. Census figures as given by the

9030: 4527: 1748: 21507: 8682: 6871:

According to a 2007 survey, more than half of the African American population are part of the historically Black churches. The largest Protestant denomination among African Americans are the

2998:

In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States, a period often referred to as the "

11546: 8621: 6346:

consists of a broad spectrum of original video packages, news articles, and contributor blogs on topics including breaking news, politics, health, business, entertainment and Black History.

11370: 8843: 6276:, BET is now a global network that reaches households in the United States, Caribbean, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The network has gone on to spawn several spin-off channels, including 20357: 14250: 3098: 15961: 11402: 1680: 16342: 14285: 13551: 11283: 9375: 5016:

significant advances; the median income of African American women was more than those of their Asian-, European- and Hispanic American counterparts with at least some college education.

19849: 16372: 12176: 3367: 1758: 23453: 16028: 11758: 21771: 13351: 11635: 5811:

clade, which around 15% of African Americans carry. This lineage is most common today among Northwestern European males. The remaining African Americans mainly belong to the paternal

1743: 14606: 13756: 11713: 13066: 5756:

in Southern Africa. An individual African American person can have over fifteen African ethnic groups in their genetic makeup alone due to the slave trade covering such vast areas.

5803:(E1b1a1, formerly E3a) paternal haplogroup. This is the most common genetic paternal lineage found today among West/Central African males and is also a signature of the historical 3216:

movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority.

3212:

of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections. By 1966, the emergence of the

2312:. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward of an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to the Island of 16402: 7354:, whose inventions included several novel methods for manufacturing electrical components that found use in applications such as guided missile systems and computers, and Colonel 4983:

African Americans had a combined buying power of over $ 1.6 trillion as of 2021, a 171% increase of their buying power in 2000 but lagging significantly in growth behind American

3371: 18568: 5715:

Correspondingly, Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces comes from a population similar to the Niger-Congo-speaking

5690:

Genetic clustering of 128 African Americans, by Zakharia et al. (2009). Each vertical bar represents an individual. The color scheme of the bar plot matches that in the PCA plot.

18189: 15390:"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent" 2785:, eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice protected by the U.S. Constitution. By 1860, there were 3.5 to 4.4 million enslaved Black people in the U.S. due to the 396: 14720: 21442: 19318: 16484: 12475: 7963:, an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for Black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically Black colleges and universities. 6179:

Over time, it has changed in fundamental ways the manner in which Blacks and Whites interact with and relate to one another. The movement resulted in the removal of codified,

5616:

among Black men is seven times higher than the prevalence for White men, and Black men are more than nine times as likely to die from HIV/AIDS-related illness than White men.

2730: 1042: 16700: 15814: 8957: 7362:

pilot but the person who redesigned the cockpits for the last three space shuttles. Gregory was also on the team that pioneered the microwave instrumentation landing system.

20329: 11605: 5008:

was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity.

3292:

In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the

19219:

Community, both geographic and ethnic, creates a sense of belonging and pride that is unique to the Black audience (African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Black Africans).

15931: 15574: 13726: 13621: 9799: 7543:

and other outlets made similar changes at the same time, to put "Black" on the same footing as other racial and ethnic terms, such as Latino, Asian, and African-American.

3075:

in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. At the 1900

2308:

in 1526. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local

455: 407: 16120: 10322: 5637:

2015 a study concluded, African Americans with high value in religion are less likely to utilize mental health services compared to those who have low value in religion.

4588:, and so forth. A growing percentage of African Americans from the west and north are migrating to the southern region of the U.S. for economic and cultural reasons. The 3486:

In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South. Large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape

16073: 15997: 13433: 13411: 12007:

Dennis, Ashley D. (May 2022). ""The Intellectual Emancipation of the Negro": Madeline Morgan and the Mandatory Black History Curriculum in Chicago during World War II".

6105:, and raising children out of wedlock than Democrats as a whole. On financial issues, however, African Americans are in line with Democrats, generally supporting a more 5099:

The average White high school drop-out still has a slightly better chance of owning a home than the average African American college graduate usually due to unfavorable

4523: 1753: 1705: 19041: 19898: 17705:

The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership.

16591: 14311: 13129: 10390: 1715: 1710: 18869: 12661: 7205:, is an African American tradition whose performance and competition has been formalized through the traditionally Black fraternities and sororities at universities. 23779: 19231: 17195: 9509: 5700: 4921:. HBCUs have been largely responsible for establishing and expanding the African American middle-class by providing more career opportunities for African Americans. 1981: 1725: 15129: 13695: 10610: 10175: 10105: 9595: 3134:) allowed to perform, but to a White audience. Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of 3063:

of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the

2570:—were formed to monitor enslaved Black people. Their function was to police slaves, especially fugitives. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or 23915: 15634: 14423: 14333: 14006:

Hummer RA, Ellison CG, Rogers RG, Moulton BE, Romero RR (December 2004). "Religious involvement and adult mortality in the United States: review and perspective".

12422: 11480: 10750: 3364:

Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States § Black population as a percentage of the total population by U.S. region and state (1790–2010)

2714: 16723: 15537: 4532:

After 100 years of African Americans leaving the south in large numbers seeking better opportunities and treatment in the west and north, a movement known as the

23858: 18604: 13852: 13529: 12294: 12224: 11577: 9668: 8137: 7943:

Americans". The term was used until the second quarter of the 20th century, when it was considered outmoded and generally gave way again to the exclusive use of

1695: 16513: 15604: 13468: 6321:. Urban One is one of the nation's largest radio broadcasting companies and the largest African American-owned radio broadcasting company in the United States. 6125:

remains the most prominent political leader in the American civil rights movement and perhaps the most influential African American political figure in general.

4944:

decreasing from 24.7% in 2004 to 18.8% in 2020, compared to 10.5% for all Americans. Poverty is associated with higher rates of marital stress and dissolution,

22292: 22287: 21836: 20568: 20425: 16178: 15068:"Racism, African American Women, and Their Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Evidence and Implications for Health Equity" 11117: 6039: 5509: 2941: 2112: 2100: 598: 15688: 15284: 12319: 6905:

as the largest among them by far. About 16% of African American Christians are members of White Protestant communions, these denominations (which include the

26714: 25001: 22099: 21971: 20556: 10502: 10272: 8587: 8277: 6837: 5379:

Many African Americans were excluded from electoral politics in the decades following the end of Reconstruction. For those that could participate, until the

3233: 3118:), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (e.g., 2945: 2116: 1630: 1620: 439: 18106: 17391: 16990: 11737: 10776: 6962:

Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the

5376:. Although there is an African American lobby in foreign policy, it has not had the impact that African American organizations have had in domestic policy. 18684: 16858: 16538: 15439:"Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs" 14481: 12561: 8282: 8272: 4907: 4024:

By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the U.S. population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900.

3432: 2253: 2072: 2064: 1700: 377: 19192: 19152: 11346: 25127: 25117: 25077: 19370: 17418: 16324: 15657: 7118:

is one of the most pervasive African American cultural influences in the United States today and is among the most dominant in mainstream popular music.

3408: 1690: 1685: 16295: 14219: 12678: 11845: 8943: 7972:), but had become unacceptable in normal discourse before the end of the 20th century. One exception is the use, among the Black community, of the slur 5044:

The income gap between Black and White families is also significant. In 2005, employed Blacks earned 65% of the wages of Whites, down from 82% in 1975.

20666: 20097: 16251: 12507: 10575:

Michael O. Emerson, Christian Smith (2001). "Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America". p. 42. Oxford University Press

9769: 7505:, although they had a slight preference for the latter in personal settings and the former in more formal settings. By 2021, according to polling from 5645:"crazy", viewed as weak, and their pride is diminished. Because of this, many African Americans instead seek mentorship within communities they trust. 5526:

of 46.3 years and White women lived an average of 48.3 years. African American life expectancy at birth is persistently five to seven years lower than

3375: 3289:. There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors. 2080: 15841: 15775: 13590: 13162: 11410: 10542: 9146: 9022: 6263:), a network that targets young African Americans and urban audiences in the United States. Over the years, the network has aired such programming as 21255: 20390: 19789: 16569: 13008: 12249: 8287: 2852:

people". Individuals lost their connection to families and clans, and many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa.

2843: 1720: 1600: 19287:

Yancey, George (March 22, 2007). "Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities".

17488: 17331: 14196: 13009:""Black Workers and the Public Sector", Dr Steven Pitts, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Labor Research and Education, April 4, 2011" 8674: 6864:

culturally influenced by African spiritual traditions. One of these early African American Christian cultural traditions in the Black Church is the

6156:, African Americans and their supporters challenged the nation to "rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed that all men are created equal 4627:

had the highest percentage of Black residents of any large U.S. city in 2020, with 93%. Other large cities with African American majorities include

21749: 17361: 16431: 14988: 12120: 11536: 9546:

Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia"

8782:

the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.

8613: 4620: 2630:

During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the

11683: 8835: 22297: 21537: 18459: 18123: 17463: 16458: 16212: 15307: 15216: 13499: 11475: 11032: 7365:

As part of the preservation of their culture, African Americans have continuously launched their own publications and publishing houses, such as

6236: 5931: 916: 19622: 15953: 15874: 13789: 3174:

that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus."

26001: 22366: 22341: 18190:"Stepping into controversy: Some fraternity members fear film 'Stomp the Yard' portrays them as glamorized dance group, trivializes traditions" 16376: 16055: 14277: 12171: 10380:

Leland T. Saito (1998). "Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb". p. 154. University of Illinois Press

10214: 10150: 9363: 8312: 8262: 8182: 5731:. Zakharia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba-like ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from 4837:

As late as 1947, about one third of African Americans over 65 were considered to lack the literacy to read and write their own names. By 1969,

1955: 1856: 603: 475: 329: 19841: 19710: 17518: 13262: 12623:

Juliet E.K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1998)

11513: 11431: 10072: 9456: 9337: 9275: 26093: 24761: 23772: 22351: 22346: 21278: 20726: 18600: 17273: 16020: 15726: 5923: 5503: 2972: 2933: 2455:

issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around

2128: 1974: 18455: 11627: 9307: 4616:

still has the largest African American metropolitan population in the United States and the only to have over 3 million African Americans.

22067: 21903: 21612: 21602: 21260: 21250: 20347: 19491: 18900: 16809: 16783: 14568: 13748: 11705: 10268: 9709: 8999: 6880: 6227: 5609: 4903: 4774:

is the only county with a population of 65,000 or more where African Americans have a higher median household income than White Americans.

2988: 2689:, Florida. He recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for 1910: 1890: 1650: 1142: 1127: 614: 19590: 17886: 13930:"Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health: Pitfalls and Promises for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Inequities in Health" 13070: 12074: 3475:

was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the

26709: 23925: 23893: 23823: 22109: 21881: 19555:"Rising Sun, "Rising Soul": Mixed Race Japanese of African Descent > Event Details > USC Center for Japanese Religions and Culture" 16398: 13325: 12975: 12949: 12923: 12897: 12871: 12842: 12813: 12784: 12198: 10356: 8768: 7886: 5520: 5093: 1655: 1635: 20127: 16669: 14522:

Thompson, Vetta L. Sanders; Bazile, Anita; Akbar, Maysa (2004). "African Americans' Perceptions of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists".

13092: 12103: 9966: 7394: 22424: 22329: 21273: 21268: 18199: 17958: 16643: 15151:

Montinaro, Francesco; Busby, George B.J.; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Myers, Simon; Hellenthal, Garrett; Capelli, Cristian (March 24, 2015).

12592: 11385: 10525: 8866: 7631:

the entire Black population of the U.S. as though they are all African Americans with a single ethnic and geographical background. The

7142:, and other contemporary American musical forms originated in Black communities and evolved from other Black forms of music, including 5582: 2801:(ACS) in 1821, with the abolitionist members of the ACS believing Blacks would face better chances for freedom and equality in Africa. 2581:

The earliest African American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the

921: 382: 19767: 19134: 13186: 11797: 10934: 10844: 9112: 9082: 8642: 6397:

spin-off focused on light genres of music, the network's programming became slanted towards African American culture during the 2010s.

5759:

Altogether, genetic studies suggest that African Americans are a genetically diverse people. According to DNA analysis led in 2006 by

4780:

is currently the oldest African American community in the United States. It survives today with a vibrant and active civic community.

2863:

and his scarred back, served as two early examples of how the newborn medium of photography could encapsulate the cruelty of slavery.

26270: 25070: 23665: 23120: 21988: 21492: 20601: 19681: 17935: 17012: 16476: 14716: 13811: 7687: 6210:

he wrote the U.S. "was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race."

3460: 1585: 1462: 496: 23943: 18511: 18001: 14387: 13989: 24183: 23843: 23797: 23765: 23565: 22929: 22336: 21966: 21487: 20709: 20541: 18744: 15806: 9548: 8167: 7836: 5365: 4190: 3331: 3307: 3189: 3181: 2722: 1967: 1905: 1670: 1625: 19931: 18710: 18221: 16696: 15905: 14569:"Mental Health Care Treatment Seeking Among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: What is The Role of Religiosity/Spirituality?" 11884:"Determination and Persistence: Building the African American Teacher Corps through Summer and Intermittent Teaching, 1860s–1890s" 11819: 11602: 11182: 10999: 8657: 5060:, while it was 9.9% among married-couple Black families. Among White families, the respective rates were 26.4% and 6% in poverty. 4540:. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as 2563:) who continued on and also populated Spanish Louisiana, French creoles cited that measure as one of the system's worst elements. 26724: 26053: 24225: 24067: 24042: 23910: 23692: 23650: 22302: 22262: 22104: 22008: 21937: 21542: 19554: 16617: 16146: 15927: 15752: 15570: 13928:

Gilbert, Keon L.; Ray, Rashawn; Siddiqi, Arjumand; Shetty, Shivan; Baker, Elizabeth A.; Elder, Keith; Griffith, Derek M. (2016).

7600: 6892: 6591:

chicken was generally a rare meal in the African American community and was usually reserved for special events or celebrations.

5676: 4913: 4803: 4703: 3258: 2140: 1871: 1615: 1610: 1595: 18962: 18630: 18485: 18395: 17860: 13718: 13613: 10963: 9829: 9807: 7497:

Surveys in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century showed that the majority of Black Americans had no preference for

4882:(AP) programs in American high schools, have has received criticism in recent years that its curricula have focused too much on 24252: 23883: 23863: 23853: 23818: 23135: 22361: 22356: 22324: 22094: 21998: 21961: 21908: 21742: 19109: 17930: 16112: 12452: 11305: 10319: 8302: 8267: 6876: 6163:

The civil rights movement marked an enormous change in American social, political, economic and civic life. It brought with it

5885:

which is more than the total amount of millionaires in any racially Black country, and many other countries, around the world.

5873: 5858: 5400: 4937: 3009: 2152: 1590: 1575: 1482: 17779: 17762: 17547: 15987: 13407: 12716: 10866: 10421: 10023: 6433:. While not exclusively targeting African Americans, much of its original programming is geared towards a similar demographic. 2694: 25244: 24188: 23838: 23234: 22625: 22319: 22277: 22089: 20637: 20503: 20498: 20383: 20298: 20272: 20157: 20009: 19982: 19711:"It's not whether Kamala Harris is 'black enough,' critics say, but whether her policies will support native black Americans" 19591:"Colorblind – Barack Obama would be the great black hope in the next presidential race – if he were actually black" 19328: 18937: 18853: 18667: 18258: 18172: 17746: 17725: 17652: 17630: 14370: 13689: 13210: 12754: 12645: 12543: 10676: 10099: 10005: 9960: 9923: 9503: 9258: 9233: 8818: 8177: 8162: 8127: 8122: 6696:

with the same name. With the rise of 1960s civil rights movement, there was a dramatic increase in names of various origins.

6573: 6133: 6129: 5898: 4976: 4797: 2758: 2718: 2331:(Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States. 2132: 2046: 1542: 619: 608: 470: 424: 419: 392: 17692: 17239: 17128: 17087: 16595: 14459: 14307: 13236: 13119: 9855: 8721: 7934:

was the legal status in the territory of an African American person who was not enslaved. In response to the project of the

7708:(1967). The taboo among American Whites surrounding White-Black relations is a historical consequence of the oppression and 7224:

Many African American authors have written stories, poems, and essays influenced by their experiences as African Americans.

26465: 26443: 24159: 23958: 23888: 23873: 22267: 22252: 22116: 22025: 22020: 21954: 20415: 18877: 18274: 17187: 14057: 13643:

Dickson, David A. (1996). "American Society and the African American Foreign Policy Lobby: Constraints and Opportunities".

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of the United States; she and her husband, President Barack Obama, are the first African Americans to hold these positions.

4961: 4846: 4751: 4201:, nearly 3% of people who self-identified as Black had recent ancestors who immigrated from another country. Self-reported 2530: 2120: 1645: 1605: 1547: 1502: 362: 22904: 19235: 15243: 15119: 2366:. As many Virginian settlers began to die from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. 25228: 24458: 24451: 24384: 24171: 24057: 23898: 23600: 22821: 22642: 22242: 22079: 22049: 21831: 21410: 20622: 13040: 12418: 12049: 11456: 8297: 8142: 8107: 7772:

and African Americans (American-born Blacks). According to author M.M. Drymon, many African Americans identify as having

7636: 7051:. Jews of all races typically do not accept Black Hebrew Israelites as Jews, in part because they are usually not Jewish 5973: 5894: 5088: 4707: 4206: 4120: 4046: 3451: 3393:

Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census

3347: 3342:, the daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother, became the first woman, the first African American, and the first 3253:

Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during the post–civil rights era. In 1967,

2817: 2650:

left with the British after the war, most of them ending up as free Black people in England or its colonies, such as the

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pushed for civil rights legislation during the 1960s. In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican

24279: 24176: 24154: 23973: 23833: 22826: 22232: 22126: 22042: 21886: 21667: 21467: 20618: 20596: 20223: 18342: 18312: 17306: 17233: 17167: 17122: 16731: 15527: 12283: 10824: 9406: 8762: 8715: 7699: 7350:

holds three of the original nine patents on the computer on which all PCs are based. More current contributors include

6888: 5112:

is the state with the most African American homeownership, with about 55% of African Americans owning their own homes.

5081: 4706:, with an annual median household income of $ 159,618. Other largely affluent and African American communities include 4533: 3491: 3456: 3052: 3022: 2643: 2623: 2309: 2289: 2136: 1660: 1640: 1194: 1059: 491: 20175:

Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century

20026: 18424: 17438: 16884: 16506: 13521: 11569: 7305:

had 35 patents to improve electric railway systems, including the first system to allow moving trains to communicate.

26719: 26704: 26144: 25157: 24010: 23953: 23905: 23828: 23788: 23746: 23209: 22919: 22603: 22379: 20769: 20420: 19434: 17686: 17609: 17575: 17527: 17081: 16836: 16182: 15596: 13460: 12480: 12397: 11924: 11223: 10350: 10247: 10135: 9433: 8317: 7717: 6933: 5905: 5865: 5656: 5396: 5108:

the U.S. grew 160%, outpacing average annual household income growth in that same period, which only grew about 30%.

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dollar of their European American counterparts, although the gap narrowed somewhat with a rise in educational level.

4849:

has been closing. Many policy makers have proposed that this gap can and will be eliminated through policies such as

2549:

although there was no movement toward abolition of the African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called

540: 372: 157: 19653:"A few liberal activists challenged Kamala Harris's black authenticity. The president's son amplified their message" 19261: 18076: 17835: 15280: 10294: 9194: 5648:

Terminology is another barrier in relation to African Americans and mental health. There is more stigma on the term

5000:. Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011. 26249: 24089: 24047: 24032: 23848: 23570: 22754: 22475: 22448: 22307: 22272: 22257: 22015: 21617: 20861: 20831: 20647: 20376: 19816: 19740: 19042:"Improvements to the 2020 Census Race and Hispanic Origin Question Designs, Data Processing, and Coding Procedures" 15066:

Prather, C.; Fuller, T. R.; Jeffries Wl, I. V.; Marshall, K. J.; Howell, A. V.; Belyue-Umole, A.; King, W. (2018).

8157: 8102: 8087: 7494:

publicly used the term in front of a national audience in 1988. Subsequently, major media outlets adopted its use.

6464: 5878: 5490: 5443: 5361: 5156: 3310: 3297: 2999: 2148: 1950: 1886: 1497: 1147: 560: 460: 17: 20338: 18028: 13434:"Why do Black College Graduates Have a Lower Homeownership Rate Than White People Who Dropped Out of High School?" 11734: 10260: 9916:

Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791

7429:) were included in the wording of various laws and legal decisions which some thought were being used as tools of 6288:

music-related programming, and later expanded to include general-interest urban programs as well as some R&B,

26209: 26189: 24099: 24037: 22314: 22237: 22032: 21876: 21607: 21472: 21177: 20816: 18101: 17904: 17812: 17383: 16980: 16542: 16179:"Census Bureau Reports Families With Children Increasingly Face Unemployment, US Census Bureau, January 15, 2010" 13838: 10480: 10429: 9476: 7859: 7645: 7632: 7616: 7509:, 58% of Black Americans expressed no preference for what their group should be called, with 17% each preferring 6201: 5912:

law. Of the total detained, 55% were African-Americans, while Black people made up 20% of the city's population.

5586: 5480: 4613: 4605: 3197: 2432: 1452: 1319: 1137: 1064: 19203: 19163: 18537: 16862: 15341:"Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase" 24144: 24119: 24000: 23920: 23813: 22417: 22084: 21978: 21893: 21497: 19378: 19341: 17415: 16321: 14881:

Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 8, 2015).

12476:"Despite Obstacles, Black Colleges Are Pipelines to the Middle Class, Study Finds. Here's Its List of the Best" 11338: 11063: 10051:

The Causes of the Civil War: The Political, Cultural, Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South

8292: 7731: 7455:

A 16-page pamphlet entitled "A Sermon on the Capture of Lord Cornwallis" is notable for the attribution of its

7347: 5655:

Counselors are encouraged to be aware of such barriers for the well-being of African American clients. Without

3467:. Nonetheless, the absolute majority of the African American population has always lived in the American South. 3072: 3002:". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in 1861: 1537: 1487: 20168:

Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass

12686: 5686: 3455:

Graph showing the percentage of the African American population living in the American South, 1790–2010. Note

3035:

A group of White men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the Black victim, Will Brown, who had been

2804:

The slaves not only constituted a large investment, they produced America's most valuable product and export:

25680: 23980: 23948: 23935: 23311: 23274: 23174: 23105: 23091: 22835: 22769: 22121: 22054: 22037: 21983: 21932: 21871: 21776: 21737: 21677: 21477: 20866: 20846: 20653: 20632: 18194: 10329:

proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.

8935: 8147: 8077: 8072: 7935: 7611:

in 1997) as "having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa." Other federal offices, such as the

7463:". Published in 1782, the book's use of this phrase predates any other yet identified by more than 50 years. 7283: 7173:

African American-derived musical forms have also influenced and been incorporated into virtually every other

5760: 5605: 4984: 4743: 3427: 3323: 3193: 2798: 1552: 1522: 1507: 1492: 1467: 1447: 1069: 703: 570: 20105: 18140: 16902: 16243: 15837: 15776:"Stanford research suggests support for incarceration mirrors whites' perception of Black prison population" 11865:

An Inquiry Into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization, and American Anti-slavery Societies

9775: 6940:, founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963. Prominent members included activist 6415:– a digital television and streaming network primarily airing original talk shows and syndicated programming 5092:

The African American homeownership rate has remained relatively flat since the 1970s despite an increase in

2890:

Emigration of free Blacks to their continent of origin had been proposed since the Revolutionary war. After

26528: 26523: 25750: 24052: 23985: 23878: 23204: 21944: 21920: 21915: 21898: 21866: 21809: 20922: 20871: 20704: 19800: 18051: 16958: 16753: 16565: 15783: 14743: 14251:"Black Americans face higher COVID-19 risks, are more hesitant to trust medical scientists, get vaccinated" 13582: 13152: 13015: 12257: 10554: 9142: 8795:

Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South

8082: 7479: 7377:

who spent over thirty years documenting and publishing African American history in journals and books. The

6606: 6082:

have also shown an increase in support for same sex marriage among African Americans. On November 6, 2012,

5036:, with the Black underclass being hardest hit. The phrase "last hired and first fired" is reflected in the 4886:

history. In 2020, College Board reshaped some curricula among history-based courses to further reflect the

2883: 2821: 2602: 2533:

in a New York newspaper, offering a $ 10 reward (equivalent to $ 279 in 2023). Slave owners, including

2305: 2092: 2026: 1580: 1472: 1457: 1442: 1409: 708: 387: 272: 19682:"A Movement or A Troll?: Why Claims That Kamala Harris Is "Not an American Black" Are Suddenly Everywhere" 18569:"'The tablet is my device of choice': Why PC creator Mark Dean has largely abandoned his electronic child" 17323: 9134: 5549:

African-Americans are more likely than White Americans to die due to health-related problems developed by

3494:, as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million 26591: 26280: 26046: 26016: 25991: 25787: 24124: 23595: 23550: 23478: 23125: 22739: 22209: 22201: 22144: 22059: 21547: 21452: 21308: 21290: 21192: 20851: 20821: 20546: 20466: 20445: 19532: 19517: 19454: 19105: 16424: 16074:"D.C. legalized marijuana, but one thing didn't change: Almost everyone arrested on pot charges is Black" 14192: 14135:

Mayeda, Elizabeth Rose; Glymour, M Maria; Quesenberry, Charles P; Whitmer, Rachel A (February 11, 2016).

12662:

Minority Groups Increasing Business Ownership at Higher Rate than National Average, Census Bureau Reports

12124: 9280: 8591: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8196: 8097: 7612: 7270:

created the technique for converting sugar cane juice into white sugar crystals. Moreover, Rillieux left

7225: 7202: 6814: 6671: 6231: 5799:

study by Sims et al. (2007), the majority (≈60%) of African Americans belong to various subclades of the

4891: 3246: 2634:. Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in the Patriot cause included 2541:, placed around 200,000 runaway slave adverts in newspapers across the U.S. before slavery ended in 1865. 2178: 1803: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1527: 999: 790: 760: 698: 647: 575: 465: 14985: 11863: 2693:(buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During the 1790s, Governor 2193:. The African-American contribution to popular music is so profound that most American music, including 25772: 23995: 23625: 23529: 23489: 23164: 22764: 22749: 22532: 22227: 22164: 22154: 21704: 21462: 21422: 20779: 20473: 16455: 15316: 11869: 11667: 11024: 8322: 8211: 8201: 7994: 7783:

At the end of World War II, some African American military men who had been stationed in Japan married

7378: 7293:

By 1913, over 1,000 inventions were patented by Black Americans. Among the most notable inventors were

6985: 5943:

by African Americans—calling the police on Black people became widely publicized in 2020. According to

5569: 5037: 4918: 4747: 4589: 4107: 3008:

in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government,

2937: 2738: 2734: 2655: 2631: 2471: 2347: 1818: 1798: 1301: 1236: 1009: 911: 878: 665: 550: 311: 19078: 17492: 17455: 16928: 16204: 15208: 14405: 13491: 9731:

Berquist, Emily (June 2010). "Early Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the Spanish Atlantic World, 1765–1817".

7327:.) Quarterman also helped develop the first nuclear reactor, which was used in the atomically powered 6564:, and cotton, can be traced to West African and African American influences. Notable examples include 4815:

Black professionals, including teachers. Many of the students at Fisk University, including the young

2489:

The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The

26422: 25996: 25963: 25607: 25087: 24685: 23736: 23376: 23229: 23224: 22410: 22136: 21949: 21781: 21342: 20841: 20679: 20486: 20290: 19871: 19817:"Black Critics of Kamala Harris and Cory Booker Push Back Against Claims That They're Russian "Bots"" 19626: 18841: 15928:"From 'BBQ Becky' to 'Golfcart Gail,' list of unnecessary 911 calls made on blacks continues to grow" 15865: 15115: 14883:"The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States" 13781: 7960: 7755: 7620: 7585: 7259: 7032: 6663: 6658: 6446: 6001: 5468: 5448: 4593: 4541: 4198: 4099: 3472: 3436: 3420: 3123: 3064: 2915: 2827: 1773: 1517: 1477: 766: 132: 106: 76: 20053:

Rahman, Jacquelyn (June 2012). "The N Word: Its History and Use in the African American Community".

19014: 16050: 14536: 13583:"The gulf between Black homeowners and White is actually getting bigger, not smaller | CNN Business" 13266: 11424: 10206: 10147: 3238: 26494: 26475: 26438: 26384: 26306: 26011: 25986: 24770: 24617: 24339: 24289: 24235: 24027: 23279: 23003: 22714: 22453: 21826: 21390: 21303: 20947: 20736: 20551: 20491: 20481: 20407: 18987: 18608: 18578: 17354: 14824:"Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African-Americans" 12320:"African Diaspora Advanced Placement Course, Co-developed by Teachers College, Highlighted by Time" 11503: 10068: 9450: 9371: 9341: 9285: 7983: 7366: 7343: 7316: 6981: 6611: 6600: 6586:). African Americans were the first peoples in the United States to make fried chicken, along with 6565: 6497: 6458: 6091: 6052: 4941: 4841:

as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Americans.

4723: 4719: 4170: 4144: 4111: 3201: 3076: 2742: 2504: 2490: 2242: 2170: 2055:

began in the 16th century, with Africans from West Africa and coastal Central Africa being sold to

2052: 1352: 1132: 979: 863: 637: 518: 346: 259: 20238:

Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America: Volume 2: From the Civil War to the Millennium

19424: 17265: 15718: 9952: 9315: 6034: 26511: 26404: 25948: 25555: 25097: 24267: 24203: 23712: 23504: 23159: 22830: 22159: 21709: 21363: 21332: 21112: 21052: 20917: 20660: 18463: 13157: 13096: 11157: 10606: 8983: 8734:

most (but not all) Americans of African descent are grouped racially as Black; however, the term

8206: 8152: 8067: 7683: 7237: 7213: 7044: 6906: 6902: 6305: 5985: 5629: 4711: 4692: 4561: 3447:

U.S. Census map indicating U.S. counties with fewer than 25 Black or African American inhabitants

3277:

succeeded Marshall to become the second African American Supreme Court Justice in 1991. In 1992,

3068: 3040: 2764: 2514: 2163:

became the first, and so far only African American to be elected president of the United States.

1866: 1808: 1271: 1231: 954: 853: 731: 545: 20344: 19736:"SCLC head: Michelle Obama treated more roughly than her husband, because of her slave heritage" 18904: 16805: 16779: 10128:

The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity

9701: 3192:

and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on presidents

2550: 26184: 26039: 25735: 24294: 24149: 24020: 23630: 23425: 23184: 22660: 22608: 22598: 22586: 22074: 21804: 21042: 20836: 20826: 20764: 20574: 20513: 20234:

Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America, African Roots Through the Civil War. Vol. 1

19600: 19234:. U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. p. 97. Archived from 16307: 14981: 14531: 13552:"South Carolina leads the U.S. in Black homeownership, but there are still a few gaps to close" 13314: 12562:"Inequalities Persist Despite Decline in Poverty For All Major Race and Hispanic Origin Groups" 12202: 12066: 11988:

Field, Sherry (1995). "Intercultural Education and Negro History during the Second World War".

11280:"United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000" 10805:

Whitfield, Stephen (1991). A Death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till. pp 41–42. JHU Press.

9997: 7998: 7894: 7695: 7274:

in 1854 and went to France, where he spent ten years working with the Champollions deciphering

7233: 7115: 6914: 6848: 6744: 6688: 6683: 6426: 6273: 6153: 6122: 6117: 6087: 5997: 5952: 5808: 5530:. Black men have shorter lifespans than any other group in the US besides Native American men. 5452: 5392: 5388: 5065: 4953: 4727: 4672: 4664: 4640: 4573: 4128: 4103: 3266: 3080: 3056: 3055:

during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African American community in

2456: 2328: 2293: 2190: 2096: 565: 555: 535: 307: 153: 19972: 13352:"The Shocking Truth 50 Years After The 1968 Fair Housing Act: The Black Homeownership Paradox" 12979: 12953: 12927: 12901: 12875: 12846: 12817: 12788: 12100: 11215: 10340: 9992:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

9902: 9493: 8897: 8808: 8752: 6974:

took control of the Nation after his father's death and guided the majority of its members to

6833: 5951:

persisted as Black Lives Matter protests and civil unrest spread around the country following

5553:. Alcohol abuse is the main contributor to the top 3 causes of death among African Americans. 5406:

The African American trend of voting for Democrats can be traced back to the 1930s during the

4971: 3145:

was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of

3105:

being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a White person

26504: 26363: 26117: 25915: 25832: 25797: 25792: 25693: 25152: 25122: 24852: 24815: 24737: 24585: 24580: 24193: 24094: 23868: 23682: 23607: 23514: 23430: 23415: 23369: 23364: 23239: 22879: 22806: 22801: 22672: 22515: 22462: 22149: 21662: 21527: 21482: 21298: 21017: 20982: 20801: 20784: 20591: 20508: 18845: 18657: 18248: 16673: 16647: 13946: 13679: 11508: 10586: 10506: 10170: 10089: 9940: 9592: 9221: 9171: 8914: 8357: 8172: 7773: 7743: 7004: 6615: 6418: 6406: 6140: 6095: 5955:

and reckonings with racism began to roil institutions, toppling careers as well as statues".

5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5709: 5411: 4660: 4624: 4211: 4202: 4115: 3380: 3300: 3142: 3026: 2809: 2726: 2582: 2546: 2144: 1189: 1179: 1111: 1074: 858: 848: 748: 429: 91: 19999: 19799: 18927: 17978: 17739:

From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity

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799 (2008), Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009

9423: 2666: 26450: 26415: 26399: 26125: 26101: 25905: 25895: 25885: 25875: 25827: 25718: 25713: 25708: 25698: 25137: 25102: 25092: 24929: 24747: 24717: 24671: 24537: 24512: 24334: 24272: 24164: 23640: 23420: 23219: 22969: 22391: 21799: 21562: 21373: 21325: 21197: 21087: 20992: 20759: 20749: 20721: 20586: 20440: 20203: 19138: 18428: 18368: 18338: 18308: 18278: 18225: 15164: 14835: 11859: 10994: 9669:"RUNAWAY! How George Washington, Other Slave Owners Used Newspapers to Hunt Escaped Slaves" 9104: 9078: 8062: 8053: 7966:

There are many other deliberately insulting terms, many of which were in common use (e.g.,

7907: 7882: 7661: 7657: 7355: 7339: 7312: 7275: 7040: 7028: 6967: 6774: 6503: 6334: 6214: 6213:

African Americans were also involved in the drafting of laws in the United States, such as

6206: 6185: 6144: 6009: 6005: 5100: 4930: 4767: 4628: 4511: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4252: 4240: 3293: 3286: 2875: 2835: 2786: 2525: 2371: 2273: 2259: 2174: 2124: 2056: 1945: 1397: 642: 434: 367: 188: 183: 18515: 17159: 17016: 15954:"California woman threatens to call police on eight-year-old black girl for selling water" 14456:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017

13982: 11147: 10840: 8958:"One-in-Ten Black People Living in the U.S. Are Immigrants | Immigration Research Library" 8356:

DNA studies of African-Americans have determined that they primarily descend from various

7922:

until the abolition of slavery in 1865, an African American slave was commonly known as a

7910:, ongoing anti-black violence, and structural racism in countries like the United States. 7619:

standards on race in their data collection and tabulation efforts. In preparation for the

7486:

and a cultural base. The term was popularized in Black communities around the country via

7323:

worked with six other Black scientists on the creation of the atomic bomb (code named the

6364:– a digital cable and satellite channel owned by businessman and former basketball player 4264: 2677:

from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in

8: 26265: 26204: 25900: 25870: 25860: 25850: 25730: 25624: 25223: 25216: 25194: 25172: 25167: 25055: 24976: 24795: 24732: 24702: 24654: 24644: 24597: 24573: 24527: 24522: 24370: 24240: 24198: 24129: 24114: 24109: 24005: 23398: 23389: 23354: 23130: 22759: 22564: 22174: 21532: 21447: 20927: 20716: 20606: 20536: 19899:"Conversations/Kwame Ture;Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution" 19135:"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity" 18929:

What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market

17908: 17785: 16985: 15532: 15124: 10909: 10719: 10645: 8617: 8308:

List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations

8233: 7827: 7589: 7374: 7262:

have created many widely used devices in the world and have contributed to international

7047:, whose beliefs include the claim that African Americans are descended from the Biblical 6824: 6754: 6521: 6436: 6361: 6268: 6083: 5934:

when compared to other races. This is one of the factors that led to the creation of the

5594: 5004: 4861: 4755: 4739: 4731: 4648: 4636: 4597: 4557: 4537: 4219: 4162: 4132: 3499: 3464: 3278: 3162:". The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an 2984: 2754: 2746: 2651: 2619: 2452: 2444: 2397: 2351: 2182: 2088: 1813: 1291: 1253: 670: 501: 297: 22547: 22179: 19401: 18164: 18158: 17887:"JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020: 9. Race, ethnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews" 15168: 14839: 13876:"Racial segregation and longevity among African Americans: an individual-level analysis" 11171: 10989: 9545: 8238: 8019:

is still debated, although it has established a foothold among younger generations. The

7951:); but by the mid-1960s, it was considered disparaging. By the end of the 20th century, 7440: 1296: 26499: 26485: 26480: 26234: 25923: 25890: 25880: 25855: 25764: 25703: 25688: 25673: 25142: 25112: 25040: 25018: 24986: 24964: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24896: 24857: 24847: 24842: 24805: 24780: 24707: 24649: 24612: 24561: 24556: 24428: 24421: 24406: 24389: 24365: 24344: 24329: 24319: 24304: 24284: 24262: 24208: 24139: 24104: 23672: 23555: 23321: 23284: 23244: 23179: 22894: 22247: 22184: 21927: 21385: 21152: 21132: 21037: 20962: 20789: 20694: 20684: 20672: 20563: 20460: 20435: 20241: 20199: 20182: 20078: 19794: 19019: 16153: 15897: 15566: 15562: 15504: 15479: 15414: 15389: 15365: 15340: 15185: 15152: 15092: 15067: 15048: 15035: 15010: 14959: 14932: 14907: 14882: 14858: 14823: 14793: 14766: 14662: 14629: 14593: 14169: 14137:"Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years" 14136: 14117: 14031: 14019: 13956: 13929: 13900: 13875: 13660: 12096: 12024: 11823: 10870: 10723: 10649: 10590: 10509: 10498: 10484: 10433: 9990: 9748: 9647: 8654: 8243: 7902: 7832: 7739: 7709: 7704: 7539: 7319:, who invented the movable refrigeration unit for food transport in trucks and trains. 7315:

invented an improvement for the incandescent light bulb. More recent inventors include

7241: 6865: 6670:

Additionally, there are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in

6355: 6300: 6044: 5935: 5527: 5419: 5057: 4879: 4865: 4850: 4715: 4680: 4644: 4577: 4215: 3476: 3242: 3150: 3119: 3004: 2968: 2957: 2907: 2900: 2782: 2768: 2750: 2673:

during the American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured

2402: 2381: 2363: 2355: 2173:

has had a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to

2108: 2104: 2021:. African Americans constitute the second largest ethno-racial group in the U.S. after 1184: 969: 736: 713: 402: 22527: 19562: 19262:"The Invention of the Color Line: 1691—Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule" 18634: 18489: 18399: 17864: 16621: 15805:

Swaine, Jon; Laughland, Oliver; Lartey, Jamiles; McCarthy, Ciara (December 31, 2015).

15748: 15478:

Salas, Antonio; Carracedo, Ángel; Richards, Martin; Macaulay, Vincent (October 2005).

11942:

From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse: African American Education in Mississippi, 1862–1875

10959: 10342:

Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans

9833: 8810:

The River Flows On: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America

7716:

notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the

6572:

is a variety of cuisine popular among African Americans. It is closely related to the

5056:. The poverty rate among single-parent Black families was 39.5% in 2005, according to 26663: 26636: 26455: 26311: 26290: 26151: 26109: 25981: 25865: 25807: 25740: 25199: 25184: 25177: 25147: 25107: 25082: 25065: 25023: 24991: 24981: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24939: 24934: 24884: 24879: 24872: 24862: 24800: 24785: 24727: 24722: 24690: 24659: 24622: 24607: 24590: 24549: 24517: 24495: 24468: 24416: 24314: 24309: 24299: 24257: 24245: 24134: 23635: 23575: 23435: 23301: 23169: 23060: 22816: 21694: 21415: 21077: 21047: 20642: 20294: 20268: 20219: 20153: 20082: 20070: 20005: 19978: 19906: 19430: 19324: 19313: 19098: 18943: 18933: 18849: 18834: 18752: 18718: 18663: 18254: 18168: 17970: 17742: 17721: 17682: 17648: 17626: 17605: 17571: 17523: 17302: 17229: 17163: 17118: 17077: 16477:"Ohio's Black Voters Support Same-Sex Marriage After Obama's Endorsement, Poll Finds" 16081: 15983: 15509: 15460: 15419: 15370: 15190: 15097: 15052: 15040: 14964: 14912: 14863: 14798: 14667: 14649: 14598: 14549: 14174: 14156: 14121: 14109: 14101: 14023: 13961: 13905: 13891: 13847: 13685: 13664: 12028: 11920: 11675: 11219: 11208: 10820: 10672: 10598: 10346: 10243: 10131: 10095: 10001: 9956: 9919: 9752: 9639: 9499: 9452:

Sanctuary in the Spanish Empire: An African American officer earns freedom in Florida

9429: 9402: 9254: 9229: 9053: 9023:"The soundtrack of history: How Black music has shaped American culture through time" 8991: 8885: 8814: 8758: 8711: 8117: 7919: 7870: 7845: 7759: 7713: 7483: 7370: 7324: 7306: 7023:, or other. Many African-American Jews are affiliated with denominations such as the 6929: 6924:. Historically, between 15 and 30% of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were 6909:) mostly have a 2 to 3% African American membership. There are also large numbers of 6256: 6241: 6193: 5824: 5812: 5568:

Violence is a major problem within the African American community. A report from the

5428: 4957: 4945: 4856: 4777: 4759: 4735: 4696: 4676: 4632: 4140: 3254: 3209: 3170:

refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother

2706: 2662: 2615: 2590: 2586: 2534: 2459:, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-Black 2435:

women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of

2359: 989: 830: 25597: 25411: 23757: 22840: 17789: 17759: 17544: 14686: 12709: 12444: 11312: 8936:"How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans" 5940: 2921: 2838:

broke up many families, and individuals lost their connection to families and clans.

1369: 26470: 26460: 26394: 26389: 26239: 25817: 25812: 25802: 25782: 25461: 25339: 25259: 25189: 25162: 25132: 25045: 25028: 25006: 24924: 24835: 24830: 24820: 24756: 24664: 24637: 24627: 24602: 24568: 24500: 24485: 24480: 24475: 24463: 24411: 24401: 24394: 24375: 24351: 24324: 24230: 23963: 23408: 23077: 23030: 22998: 22924: 22862: 22845: 22811: 22744: 22709: 22704: 22682: 22677: 22613: 22591: 22495: 22470: 22433: 21850: 21821: 21816: 21714: 21682: 21655: 21380: 20997: 20967: 20957: 20952: 20519: 20062: 19296: 17425:

The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (February 2008). Retrieved July 20, 2009.

15499: 15491: 15450: 15409: 15401: 15360: 15352: 15180: 15172: 15087: 15079: 15030: 15022: 14954: 14944: 14902: 14894: 14853: 14843: 14788: 14778: 14657: 14641: 14588: 14580: 14541: 14164: 14148: 14091: 14035: 14015: 13951: 13941: 13895: 13887: 13785: 13652: 13203: 12747: 12634: 12536: 12016: 11968: 11895: 10715: 10641: 10602: 10027: 9948: 9898: 9740: 9629: 8920:

In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past

7890: 7874: 7840: 7722: 7691: 7593: 7563: 7525: 7471: 7320: 7267: 7151: 7123: 7036: 6993: 6828: 6734: 6631: 5776: 5557: 5407: 4887: 4816: 4656: 4156: 3412: 3354:, a day which commemorates the end of slavery in the US, became a federal holiday. 3262: 2538: 2501:). All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the English. 2424: 2222: 1364: 1221: 1049: 984: 964: 873: 255: 222: 217: 49: 23333: 18836:

Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice

17545:

The NCC's 2008 Yearbook of Churches reports a wide range of health care ministries

17055:

World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States

16343:"After President Obama's announcement, opposition to gay marriage hits record low" 14584: 14367: 13044: 12633:

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette D.; Smith, Jessica C. (September 2012).

6639: 6017:

While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor

5807:. The next most frequent Y-DNA haplogroup observed among African Americans is the 4702:

The nation's most affluent community with an African American majority resides in

3177: 2233:, has its origins either partially or entirely in the African-American community. 26684: 26641: 26596: 26368: 26353: 26229: 26199: 26168: 25777: 25725: 25366: 25329: 25284: 25211: 25060: 25050: 25013: 24996: 24969: 24904: 24825: 24810: 24790: 24712: 24695: 24676: 24632: 24542: 24532: 24505: 24490: 24446: 24015: 23359: 23291: 23214: 23096: 23072: 23040: 23035: 22986: 22959: 22949: 22855: 22734: 22554: 22537: 22500: 22490: 21845: 21672: 21582: 21577: 21508:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

21358: 21313: 21167: 21157: 21137: 21122: 21022: 20897: 20887: 20526: 20351: 20282: 20262: 19842:"Controversial group ADOS divides black Americans in fight for economic equality" 19595: 18282: 18110: 17766: 17676: 17551: 17513: 17442: 17422: 17296: 17261: 17223: 17152: 17112: 17069: 16462: 16328: 16302: 16059: 14992: 14949: 14645: 14451: 14374: 13240: 13190: 12401: 12231: 12153: 12107: 12053: 11759:"Charles County Surpasses Prince George's as Wealthiest Black County in US: Post" 11741: 11609: 11389: 11252: 10529: 10326: 10179: 10154: 10076: 9859: 9599: 9580: 9573: 9552: 8705: 8661: 8485: 7808: 7475: 7430: 7419: 7335: 7302: 7287: 7229: 7159: 6997: 6971: 6937: 6910: 6587: 6374: 6197: 6106: 6018: 6013: 5989: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5764: 5732: 5705: 5641: 5456: 5424: 5324: 5191: 5033: 5025: 4988: 4949: 4808: 4688: 4684: 4609: 4152: 4124: 3404: 3319: 3274: 3159: 3088: 3044: 2980: 2976: 2911: 2709:

through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the

2678: 2635: 2611: 2571: 2448: 2413: 2343: 2022: 1392: 1199: 949: 868: 303: 268: 19357:

In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process. The Colonial Period

17589:

The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy

17158:(1. publ., 4. print. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15239: 14308:"New Report States COVID-19 Is Third-Leading Cause of Death for Black Americans" 14049: 11628:"Latinos, Blacks Show Strong Growth in San Antonio as White Population Declines" 9425:

In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period

6508: 6332:

in partnership with the production team that created the Black documentary film

5076: 2447:

to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to

26214: 25958: 25619: 25572: 25436: 25431: 25396: 25381: 24959: 24775: 24742: 24220: 24215: 23702: 23687: 23199: 23189: 23147: 23115: 23110: 23050: 22954: 22899: 22889: 22850: 22692: 22687: 22576: 22485: 22282: 21687: 21650: 21640: 21400: 21395: 21337: 21172: 21102: 21032: 21027: 20531: 20455: 20362: 19785: 15528:"The black-white economic gap remains as wide as in 1968 – The Washington Post" 15356: 15026: 14898: 14828:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

14783: 14152: 13656: 12042: 8453: 8401: 8389: 8373: 8365: 8112: 7955:

had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a

7866: 7822: 7784: 7567: 7555: 7444: 7294: 7024: 7016: 7012: 6898: 6764: 6525: 6245: 6059: 5909: 5881:

remains an issue that continues to undermine the development of social status.

5172: 5109: 4668: 3343: 3270: 3163: 3131: 2925: 2860: 2710: 2647: 2639: 2556: 2334: 2301: 2060: 2042: 2038: 1851: 1276: 1246: 1004: 994: 825: 293: 18802: 14545: 9744: 5659:

training in health care, many African Americans go unheard and misunderstood.

5360:

Since the mid 20th century, a large majority of African Americans support the

4912:

Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which were founded when

42: 26698: 26586: 26409: 25664: 25535: 25483: 25471: 25466: 25456: 25446: 25441: 25361: 25334: 25324: 25319: 25314: 24867: 23990: 23403: 23328: 23264: 23194: 23055: 23045: 23025: 23013: 22981: 22776: 22697: 22630: 22559: 22520: 21240: 21222: 21212: 21182: 21127: 21082: 21067: 21012: 21002: 20987: 20937: 20932: 20902: 20699: 20627: 20450: 20074: 20066: 19910: 19265: 19083: 18777: 18756: 18722: 18364: 17974: 17554:

National Council of Churches USA. February 14, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009.

16085: 15988:"The year of Karen: how a meme changed the way Americans talked about racism" 15807:"Young black men killed by US police at highest rate in year of 1,134 deaths" 14653: 14553: 14160: 14105: 13681:

The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Politics

12535:

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette D.; Cheryl Hill Lee (August 2005).

11679: 11148:"President Biden Signs the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act Into Law" 10706:

Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".

10632:

Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".

9643: 8995: 8525: 8521: 8473: 8433: 8397: 8385: 7991: 7769: 7764: 7726: 7675: 7665: 7559: 7491: 7487: 7407: 7279: 7249: 7245: 7217: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7131: 7119: 7105: 7008: 6913:, constituting 5% of the African American population. Of the total number of 6635: 6582:

was a common definer used to describe African American culture (for example,

6517: 6430: 6422: 6365: 6264: 6149: 6094:

all voted for approve of same-sex marriage, along with Minnesota rejecting a

5948: 5741: 5736: 5716: 5650: 5486: 5432: 5020: 4997: 4875: 4763: 4601: 4178: 4166: 3487: 3388: 3339: 2961: 2498: 2494: 2386: 2277: 2218: 2206: 2164: 1920: 1915: 285: 18947: 18432: 18334: 18304: 17602:

The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States

17435: 15689:"Millionaire Status Is On The Rise With 5.2 Million People Joining The Club" 14848: 12508:"Why the racial wealth gap persists, more than 150 years after emancipation" 11277: 9251:

The Origins of American Slavery: Freedom and Bondage in the English Colonies

6568:, who created nearly 500 products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and pecans. 6455:- a digital multicast network focused on news and opinion-based programming. 5795:(E1b1a1) likely originated in West Africa or Central Africa. According to a 3398: 3031: 2493:

introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven Black slaves into

26656: 26651: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26611: 26601: 26581: 26576: 26516: 26358: 25644: 25520: 25304: 23660: 23655: 23494: 23152: 23142: 22874: 22480: 21552: 21320: 21245: 21217: 21202: 21187: 21142: 21117: 21097: 21007: 20977: 20972: 20942: 20892: 20744: 20430: 20031: 19932:"Malcolm X – Ballot or the Bullet (Washington Heights, NY, March 29, 1964)" 19512: 17672: 16888: 16832: 16322:"California's Proposition 8: What Happened, and What Does the Future Hold?" 15992: 15513: 15464: 15423: 15374: 15194: 15101: 15044: 14968: 14916: 14867: 14802: 14671: 14602: 14486: 14178: 14113: 14027: 13965: 13909: 13124: 12537:"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" 12394: 10906:

Black Americans 17th Century to 21st Century: Black Struggles and Successes

9945:

The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary

8867:"What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean for the Census Bureau" 8533: 8529: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8469: 8445: 8429: 8381: 8369: 7878: 7813: 7529: 7506: 7298: 7253: 7167: 7052: 7020: 6955: 6945: 6860: 6820: 6642: 6541: 6484: 6472: 6318: 6063: 5796: 5749: 5640:

In the United States, counseling approaches are based on the experience of

5542: 5384: 5373: 5305: 5286: 5229: 5210: 5151: 4883: 4827: 4585: 4506:

has the largest African American population by state. Followed by Texas is

4182: 3495: 3483:". By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million. 3327: 3303: 3154: 3111: 3092: 3047:. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. 2992: 2856: 2567: 2198: 2160: 2014: 1404: 1216: 944: 807: 289: 19402:"Researching Black Native American Genealogy of the Five Civilized Tribes" 19300: 18685:"John Warren Moutoussamy - One of Chicago's Finest High Rising Architects" 15240:"Henry Louis Gates Jr.: Michelle's Great-Great-Great-Granddaddy—and Yours" 15083: 14687:"'Don't Show Weakness:' Black Americans Still Shy Away from Psychotherapy" 11537:"Census undercounted Black people, Hispanics and Native Americans in 2020" 9495:

Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule

2338:

Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia, illustration from 1670

26606: 26571: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26285: 26219: 25639: 25560: 25540: 25426: 25299: 25204: 23677: 23519: 23343: 23306: 23296: 23269: 22884: 22796: 22505: 21572: 21557: 21405: 21368: 21207: 21162: 21147: 20912: 20907: 20754: 17117:. Springer Science & Business Media. February 18, 2010. p. 405. 15749:"Glynn Simmons: Freedom 'exhilarating' for man exonerated after 48 years" 15405: 12642:

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011

12351:"New College Board curriculum puts the African diaspora in the spotlight" 11668:"Why Black Families Are Leaving New York, and What It Means for the City" 10298: 9533:

Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863

9200: 8549: 8537: 8517: 8501: 8493: 8481: 8461: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8417: 8393: 8361: 7851: 7669: 7517:. Among those with no preference, Gallup found a slight majority favored 7351: 7198: 7101: 7095: 7079: 6989: 6975: 6844: 6705: 6576:. The descriptive terminology may have originated in the mid-1960s, when 6293: 5919: 5915: 5788: 5784: 5460: 4569: 4136: 3416: 3314: 3213: 3205: 3146: 3127: 2813: 2805: 2674: 2670: 2522:

White Europeans) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation".

2390: 2319:

The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free Black domestic servant from

2281: 2084: 2034: 1570: 1226: 1079: 959: 743: 14424:"Shining a Light on Domestic Violence in the African American Community" 14334:"Shining a Light on Domestic Violence in the African American Community" 13255: 12635:"Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2010" 11973: 11956: 11900: 11883: 11457:"New Population Counts for 62 Detailed Black or African American Groups" 10727: 10653: 10012:

Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

9448: 5958:

Although there is not enough evidence that suggest Black people consume

4894:

course between 2022 and 2024. The course is expected to launch in 2024.

4600:

metropolitan areas have the highest decline in African Americans, while

4222:

were the most reported Sub-Saharan African groups in the United States.

3149:, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in 26646: 26616: 26325: 26244: 26224: 26031: 25602: 25545: 25376: 23645: 23316: 23256: 22974: 22581: 22569: 21107: 21092: 21062: 21057: 20806: 20774: 20613: 20581: 19790:"'We're Self-Interested': The Growing Identity Debate in Black America" 18545: 15176: 15011:"Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas" 14220:"Study: Black Americans Beat Back Vaccine Hesitancy Faster Than Whites" 13749:"Till Victory Is Won: The Staying Power Of 'Lift Every Voice And Sing'" 12020: 9651: 9482:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1913, pp. 29–30, scanned text online. 8982:

MacAskill, Ewen; Goldenberg, Suzanne; Schor, Elana (November 5, 2008).

8477: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8132: 8092: 8005: 7956: 7930: 7599:

Since 1977, in an attempt to keep up with changing social opinion, the

7456: 7448: 7434: 7381:, founded by John H. Johnson in 1942, is a National Historic Landmark. 7263: 7135: 7048: 6932:

groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices; including the

6856: 6583: 6561: 6557: 6529: 6468: 6440: 6289: 6189: 6172: 6026: 5980: 5728: 5550: 5267: 4993: 4838: 4788: 4553: 4528:

List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations

3351: 3335: 3171: 3167: 3102: 3060: 3051:

The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South sparked the

2932:

Slavery in a few border states continued until the ratification of the

2896: 2879: 2848: 2790: 2566:

First established in South Carolina in 1704, groups of armed White men—

2560: 2509: 2483: 2313: 2297: 2264: 2230: 2226: 2076: 675: 414: 315: 239: 234: 25649: 25401: 21443:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

17769:

Washington Report on Middle East Reports. Retrieved November 16, 2009.

17298:

Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names

15455: 15438: 14141:

Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association

14096: 14079: 13120:"Education Gaps Don't Fully Explain Why Black Unemployment Is So High" 10894:

The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II by William H. Chafe

10841:"History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965" 10669:

Block by block: neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side

10391:"Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years" 8009: 6702:

Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names

5667:

men being four times more likely to kill themselves than black women.

2669:

organized Spanish free Black men into two militia companies to defend

25976: 25953: 25928: 25654: 25550: 25406: 25356: 25274: 22914: 21721: 21567: 21072: 20856: 20794: 20689: 17861:"Farrakhan Set to Give Final Address at Nation of Islam's Birthplace" 16906: 16113:"Blacks Are Singled Out for Marijuana Arrests, Federal Data Suggests" 14717:"Suicide rates among Black Americans are increasing by double digits" 13839:""Life expectancy gap narrows between blacks, whites", Rosie Mestel, 9988:

Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

9138: 8545: 8421: 7898: 7803: 7780:

and 96% of Blacks approved of interracial marriage, and 87% overall.

7359: 7328: 7282:. Most slave inventors were nameless, such as the slave owned by the 7271: 7193:

African Americans have also had an important role in American dance.

6951: 6941: 6884: 6654: 6627: 6623: 6569: 6533: 6513: 6402: 6339: 6314: 6022: 5598: 5369: 5343: 4652: 4581: 3204:

that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and

3084: 2686: 2575: 2417: 2406: 2186: 2010: 2006: 1900: 1241: 974: 753: 580: 25386: 20368: 20316: 17760:

Islam in America: The Growing Presence of American Converts to Islam

11055: 9634: 9617: 6578: 6342:

that focuses on underrepresented stories in existing national news.

5510:

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people § United States

5096:. The African American homeownership rate peaked in 2004 at 49.7%. 3273:

became the first African American elected governor in U.S. history.

2396:

By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around

2272:

The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the

2087:

or escape and founded independent communities before and during the

25933: 25587: 25577: 25505: 25478: 25391: 25371: 25309: 25289: 25269: 25264: 23065: 23018: 22964: 22781: 22665: 22635: 22618: 22402: 22194: 22189: 21699: 20189:, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947. 19761: 19759: 18870:"Exploring the origins of 'African American' Houghton Library Blog" 18573: 16296:"Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star" 15601:

On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart

15495: 14929: 14630:"Religiosity and Mental Health Service Use Among African-americans" 13983:"CDC 2012. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: 2010, p. 107" 13382:"Black homeownership rate rises, but hasn't returned to 2004 level" 11706:"Top Metropolitan Areas In The USA, By African American Population" 11541: 8465: 8457: 8377: 8248: 8008:

and, when used among Black people, the word is often used to mean "

7063: 7007:, making up less than 0.5% of African Americans or about 2% of the 6992:

or orthodox Muslims, some of these identify under the community of

6901:

are distributed among several different religious bodies, with the

6872: 6716:

than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.

6412: 6343: 6325: 6071: 6067: 6030: 5959: 5613: 5590: 5561: 5538: 5418:

program provided economic relief to African Americans. Roosevelt's

5415: 5380: 3503: 3480: 3368:

List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations

3282: 3135: 2466: 2428: 2167:

became the nation's first African-American vice president in 2020.

2068: 1286: 1211: 1204: 22510: 21458:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

20323:, September 16, 2004. Article discussing the problems of defining 14767:"Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans" 14628:

Lukachko, Alicia; Myer, Ilan; Hankerson, Sidney (August 1, 2015).

12534: 11957:"Policy Dialogue: Black Teachers of the Past, Present, and Future" 11214:. Time Incorporated Home Entertainment. December 7, 2004. p. 6875:, distributed mainly in four denominations, the largest being the 6109:

structure to provide more government spending on social services.

2607: 26551: 26275: 26194: 26085: 26012:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

25745: 25659: 25634: 25582: 25567: 25451: 25279: 25249: 23968: 23707: 23697: 20811: 18077:"A Case of Mistaken Identity: Black Jews & Hebrew Israelites" 16954: 16757: 15153:"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations" 12147:"Minorities and whites follow unequal college paths, report says" 11152: 9535:, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press 8541: 8001: 7940: 7747: 7482:, and other American Blacks who lived through the slavery era, a 7413: 7228:

is a major genre in American literature. Famous examples include

7155: 7147: 7059: 6650: 6619: 6549: 6452: 6385: 6377:– The most prominent multimedia outlet targeting Afro-Americans. 6329: 6277: 6164: 6101:

Black Americans hold far more conservative opinions on abortion,

5745: 5720: 5663: 5534: 5248: 4545: 4507: 3036: 2979:. To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as 2871: 2794: 2682: 2460: 2440: 2436: 2421: 2375: 2324: 2320: 1374: 680: 205: 200: 26331: 19756: 17959:"Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism" 17294: 16539:"Black Nevadans Support For Gay Marriage Surges After Obama Nod" 15437:

Sims, Lynn M.; Garvey, Dennis; Ballantyne, Jack (January 2007).

15065: 14388:"Number of murder victims in the United States in 2022, by race" 14348:"The Disproportionate Impact of Gun Violence on Black Americans" 13812:"Blacks Are More Likely to Identify as Gay Than Any Other Group" 11955:

Ladson-Billings, Gloria; Anderson, James D. (February 3, 2021).

9399:

White Over Black: American attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812

7821:

Similar viewpoints to Dickerson's have been expressed by author

7746:

wrote in 2009 that "African Americans...are a racially mixed or

7301:, who invented automatic lubrication devices for steam engines. 6859:, many of whom follow the historically Black churches. The term 6704:

places the origins of "La" names in African-American culture in

5992:

faced a backlash for his involvement with a White woman in 1957

3443: 3372:

List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations

3130:

in Harlem was a Whites-only establishment, with Blacks (such as

2596: 26062: 25938: 25530: 25515: 25510: 25498: 25493: 25421: 25351: 25254: 25033: 22991: 22909: 22867: 22542: 21645: 19492:"Intimate Relationships Between Races More Common Than Thought" 15571:"Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go" 14482:"Homophobia in Black Communities Means More Young Men Get AIDS" 14134: 12445:"The story of historically black colleges in the US – BBC News" 12123:. Closing the Achievement Gap. January 22, 2008. Archived from 12101:

High School Completions at All-Time High, Census Bureau Reports

9338:"The First Black Americans – U.S. News & World Report" 9249:

Wood, Betty (1997). "Tobacco Slaves: The Chesapeake Colonies".

9108: 7968: 7573: 7182: 6925: 6840:

is the oldest African American congregation in Washington, D.C.

6168: 6102: 6079: 5780: 5753: 5049: 4897: 4771: 4549: 4186: 4174: 3184:, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders 2025:. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of 2018: 1281: 19533:"In U.S., 87% Approve of Black-White Marriage, vs. 4% in 1958" 19319:

Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World

19202:. U.S. Census Bureau. August 2008. p. 230. Archived from 19162:. U.S. Census Bureau. August 2008. p. 225. Archived from 15477: 14363: 14361: 11118:"Biden officially secures enough electors to become president" 10240:

Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802–1868.

9196:

Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition

8836:"Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does" 7729:. Although publicly opposed to race mixing, Jefferson, in his 7398:

This parade float displayed the word "Afro-Americans" in 1911.

7290:

who designed the ship propeller used by the Confederate navy.

7062:

are less than one half of one percent, similar to numbers for

26490: 25629: 25612: 25592: 25525: 25488: 25416: 25346: 23384: 23008: 21457: 18250:

The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity

17295:

Rosenkrantz, Linda; Satran, Paula Redmond (August 16, 2001).

16697:"Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans" 15804: 14458:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 17, 2019. 14056:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 21, 2016. 13719:"NFL plans to play Black national anthem before Week 1 games" 9308:"The shaping of Black America: forthcoming 400th celebration" 8797:, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998. 8509: 8425: 8020: 7978: 7924: 7679: 7425: 7297:, who developed the first machine to mass-produce shoes, and 7143: 7139: 6921: 6553: 6480: 6371:

ATTV – an independent public affairs and educational channel.

5724: 5504:

Race and health in the United States § African Americans

4819:, taught school during the summers to support their studies. 4565: 4503: 3115: 3071:. Overall, Blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced 2891: 2699: 2214: 2202: 1054: 171: 166: 20196:, Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies. 18963:"No Preferred Racial Term Among Most Black, Hispanic Adults" 16724:"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide" 16592:"Blacks as Conservative as Republicans on Some Moral Issues" 14933:"The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity" 13003: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12256:. The Schott Foundation for Public Education. Archived from 9593:

William J. Wood, "The Illegal Beginning of American Slavery"

7849:, who accused White liberals of flocking to Blacks who were 7558:

as earlier enunciated by prominent African thinkers such as

5612:

influences and lack of proper healthcare. The prevalence of

5395:, respectively, rather than any specific ideology, and both 4121:

African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin

3016: 2793:, some Black people who were not enslaved left the U.S. for 2745:, leading to one crisis after another. Among these were the 25943: 25294: 21502: 20216:

An African American and Latinx History of the United States

16932: 14358: 12382:

Teacher Information Guide AP African American Studies Pilot

11570:"Key facts about the nation's 47.2 million Black Americans" 10777:"How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today" 10071:, Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003 9226:

Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History

8675:"Measuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity for the 2020 Census" 7309:

developed the first automatic traffic signal and gas mask.

7163: 7127: 7086: 6963: 6545: 6285: 6075: 5556:

In December 2020, African Americans were less likely to be

4890:. In 2021, College Board announced it would be piloting an 4524:

List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations

2210: 2194: 1084: 15150: 14005: 13408:"Student Loan Debt A Barrier To Black Homeownership – NMP" 13204:"Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2007" 11568:

Lopez, Mark Hugo; Moslimani, Mohamad (February 10, 2023).

11366: 11364: 11339:"African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis" 11116:

Blood, Michael R.; Riccardi, Nicholas (December 5, 2020).

7897:

should be used instead of African American. Most notably,

7334:

A few other notable examples include the first successful

4235:

African American (Alone) population distribution over time

2470:

Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in

2268:

Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries

2131:. These circumstances changed due to participation in the 19450: 17621:

Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson.

16072:

Schwartzman, Paul; Harden, John D. (September 15, 2020).

15898:"How the Karen Meme Confronts History of White Womanhood" 15866:"How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror" 14880: 14763: 14438:"Number of fatalities from child abuse by race U.S. 2022" 12994: 12225:"Racial Gaps in High School Graduation Rates Are Closing" 11603:"After nearly 100 years, Great Migration begins reversal" 10960:"Exit polls: Obama wins big among young, minority voters" 10671:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–14. 10550: 10172:

Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture

9897:

ed. by Jane Kamensky and Edward G. Gray (2012) online at

8148:

Society and Black people in the Spanish Colonial Americas

7987: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6349: 6260: 4193:

is now driving the growth of the city's Black population.

2585:. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the 19099:"The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" 18745:"Use of 'African-American' Dates to Nation's Early Days" 18711:"'African-American' Favored By Many of America's Blacks" 17388:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

17188:"A brief history of black names, from Perlie to Latasha" 16373:"Movement among black North Carolinians on gay marriage" 15658:"New poll finds economic optimism among Black Americans" 14820: 14744:"Young Black men are dying by suicide at alarming rates" 14278:"Latest Data on COVID-19 Vaccinations by Race/Ethnicity" 12741: 12739: 12737: 12632: 11336: 8981: 7532:

to direct its writers to capitalize the first letter of

7000:

has a membership ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 members.

6021:

faced a backlash for his involvement with White actress

5489:, 4.6% of Black or African Americans self-identified as 4845:

lagged behind Whites, but some studies suggest that the

4106:. In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the 3306:—the son of a White American mother and a Kenyan father— 2967:

1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce

2589:, which made them the second largest ethnic group after 26008:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

20187:

From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans

20126:

Kevin Aldridge, Richelle Thompson and Earnest Winston,

19137:. Office of Management and Budget. 1997. Archived from 17460:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

17266:"Baby Names Reveal More About Parents Than Ever Before" 13927: 13614:"Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey" 12748:"The Black Population in the United States: March 2002" 11954: 11919:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 11361: 10843:. United States Department of Justice. August 6, 2015. 10087: 9105:"Implications of the slave trade for African societies" 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8138:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

4181:

is home by a significant margin to the world's largest

3285:

became the first African American woman elected to the

48:

Proportion of Black Americans in each county as of the

20257:, New York City: Macmillan Library Reference US, 1996. 20192:

Gates, Henry L. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds),

19477:

Scotch Irish Foodways in America: Recipes from History

18961:

McCarthy, Justin and Whitney Dupree (August 4, 2021).

18530: 18002:"Who Black Hebrew Israelites Are—And Who They Are Not" 17678:

An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad

16425:"Missouri will be a swing state this year, voters say" 16238: 16236: 16234: 16232: 16230: 16021:"The black/white marijuana arrest gap, in nine charts" 11944:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 11846:"Seatack Community Celebrates 200+ Years With Banquet" 7089:

Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921

5815:(≈7%), which is also frequent in Northwestern Europe. 4177:, the historic epicenter of African American culture. 23787: 19193:"2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan" 19153:"2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan" 16375:. Public Policy Polling. May 17, 2012. Archived from 16341:

Clement, Scott; Somashekhar, Sandhya (May 23, 2012).

15237: 15009:

Micheletti, Steven J.; et al. (August 6, 2020).

14627: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13289:"Black Families Fall Further Behind on Homeownership" 12779: 12777: 12775: 12734: 12395:"Lists of Historical Black Colleges and Universities" 10589:. In Browne, Hugh; Kruse, Edwina; Walker, Thomas C.; 9893:

Gary B. Nash, "The African Americans' Revolution" in

9174:(1941). "Negro Companions of the Spanish Explorers". 8913: 8278:

List of African-American newspapers and media outlets

6487:, became slanted towards Black women during the 2010s 5589:(STIs) compared to Whites, with 5 times the rates of 2820:

buildings.) Similar building projects existed in the

2797:

in West Africa. Liberia began as a settlement of the

19584: 19582: 19580: 19067:

Secular Devotion: Afro-Latin Music and Imperial Jazz

18827: 18825: 18823: 17863:. Fox News Channel. December 6, 2011. Archived from 17781:

Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream

16620:. People-Press.org. October 31, 2005. Archived from 16140: 16138: 15561: 15436: 15281:"5 Things to Know About Blacks and Native Americans" 12978:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12952:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12926:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12900:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12874:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12845:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12816:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 12787:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from 11330: 10453: 10451: 9941:"Slavery in the United States: Persons or Property?" 8984:"Barack Obama to be America's first black president" 8565: 8283:

List of historically black colleges and universities

8273:

List of majority-Black counties in the United States

8043: 6461:– a general entertainment network targeting adults. 6051:

In 2008, Democrats overwhelmingly voted 70% against

5368:, 91% of African American voters supported Democrat 4908:

List of historically black colleges and universities

3338:, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012. In 2021, 2254:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

2147:

which sought political and social freedom. However,

2091:. After the United States was founded in 1783, most 20339:

Black History related original documents and photos

20335:

Reconnecting African Americans to an ancestral past

20248:

African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs

17931:"Organization for black Jews claims 200,000 in U.S" 17720:, Westminster John Knox Press (2003), pp. 180–181. 17568:

Doin' drugs: patterns of African American addiction

17566:William Henry James, Stephen Lloyd Johnson (1997). 17154:

African American English: a linguistic introduction

16227: 15078:(1). National Institutes of Health (NIH): 249–259. 14521: 12679:"Minority Businesses Multiply But Still Lag Whites" 11392:, 2010 Census Briefs. U.S. Census Bureau, May 2011. 9800:"Slave Patrols: An Early Form of American Policing" 9192: 7947:. By the 1940s, the term was commonly capitalized ( 7869:movements and organizations that are ideologically 7625:

2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan

7603:has officially classified Black people (revised to 6727:Religious affiliation of African Americans in 2007 6700:are inventive spellings for common names. The book 2486:, resulting from the court ruling of a civil case. 2482:, would later own one of the first Black "slaves", 1877:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

20208:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 19778: 19625:. Comedy Central. February 8, 2007. Archived from 19615: 19422: 19363: 18833: 18633:. The Black Inventor Online Museum. Archived from 18514:. The Black Inventor Online Museum. Archived from 17151: 16399:"PA blacks shift quickly in favor of gay marriage" 16340: 15864: 13822: 13153:"For blacks, the Pyrrhic Victory of the Obama Era" 12866: 12864: 12837: 12835: 12808: 12806: 12772: 12708:Fronczek, Peter; Johnson, Patricia (August 2003). 11820:"Video Gallery – U.S. Representative Scott Rigell" 11787: 11278:American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. 11253:"Time Line of African American History, 1881–1900" 11207: 10926:"More Africans Enter U.S. Than in Days of Slavery" 10924: 9989: 9054:"How Black People Created All Your Favorite Music" 6096:constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage 4940:has narrowed since the civil rights era, with the 3502:, with more African Americans moving south to the 3384:Black Americans (alone) population pyramid in 2020 3376:List of U.S. states by African-American population 2951: 2859:, a branded slave from Louisiana, like the one of 2405:, a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master 2346:(including most of the future United States) were 20255:Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history 19577: 18820: 18683:History, Black Entrepreneur (November 23, 2020). 18659:African Americans in Science, Math, and Invention 18031:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. New York Jewish Week 18029:"Explainer: Who Are The Black Hebrew Israelites?" 16135: 16071: 15264: 12277: 12275: 10983: 10981: 10448: 9996:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 9570:Africans in America: the Terrible Transformation. 8288:List of African-American inventors and scientists 7887:All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP) 7369:, founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and 6358:– Dedicated to programming about African culture. 5662:In 2021, African Americans had the third highest 5071: 3234:Post–civil rights era in African-American history 3039:and had his body mutilated and burned during the 2463:unit defending Spanish Florida as early as 1683. 26696: 21493:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 19646: 19644: 19185: 19145: 18655: 18560: 17491:. Pewforum.org. January 30, 2009. Archived from 17114:Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology 17070:"African American Vernacular English: phonology" 16507:"LeBron more popular than Gov. Scott in Florida" 15308:"Tales of African-American History Found in DNA" 14759: 14757: 14406:"Most Dangerous Places in the U.S. in 2024-2025" 13678:Green, John Clifford; Coffey, Daniel J. (2007). 13461:"What Gentrification Means for Black Homeowners" 12542:. United States Census Bureau. pp. 60–229. 12530: 12528: 11735:"10 of the Richest Black Communities in America" 11666:Closson, Troy; Hong, Nicole (January 31, 2023). 11619: 10743:"The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration" 10597:. Hampton bulletinno. 9–10, 12–16. Vol. 4. 9228:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 198. 7982:, representing the pronunciation of the word in 7913: 7577:, and variations of such, are more rarely used. 5888: 5740:individuals; namely, ancestral populations from 5094:anti-discrimination housing laws and protections 4203:non-Hispanic Black immigrants from the Caribbean 3407:(alone or in combination) in each county of the 3200:. Johnson put his support behind passage of the 2899:, its Black community sponsored founding of the 21538:Black players in professional American football 21488:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 19997: 18932:. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. p. 8. 18603:. Computer Scientists of the African Diaspora, 18460:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 17076:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. p. 383. 16541:. Ontopmag.com. August 29, 2012. Archived from 16290: 16288: 16286: 16284: 15114: 13776: 13774: 12861: 12832: 12803: 12707: 11990:Journal of Midwest History of Education Society 11917:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 11476:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 10021: 6439:– a music channel and media company founded by 6299:Another network targeting African Americans is 3166:. One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, 2119:; due to the widespread policy and ideology of 2013:with partial or total ancestry from any of the 20004:. Baltimore: Black Classics Press. p. 3. 19530: 15144: 14524:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 12598:. University of North Carolina. Archived from 12593:"Characteristics of African American Families" 12272: 12172:"Black women become most educated group in US" 11567: 10978: 10695:. Holloway House Publishing. 1989. p. 27. 10461:, Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004) 9947:. Oxford University Press. pp. 105–134 . 9895:The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution 9856:"African Americans in the American Revolution" 9830:"Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775" 9449:Gene Allen Smith, Texas Christian University, 9364:"New Netherland Institute :: Slave Trade" 9340:. Usnews.com. January 29, 2007. Archived from 8614:"Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)" 8360:-speaking West/Central African ethnic groups: 8313:List of topics related to the African diaspora 8263:Index of articles related to African Americans 7986:. This usage has been popularized by American 6042:adopted in 1868) by the U.S. Supreme Court in 5054:72% of Black babies were born to unwed mothers 2944:(1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the 604:Education of freed people during the Civil War 27:Ethnic and cultural group in the United States 26047: 23773: 22418: 20384: 20150:The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage 19977:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 200. 19641: 19259: 19087:, December 9, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2014. 18778:"The Times-Picayune 29 Nov 1885, page Page 3" 18224:. Inventors Assistance League. Archived from 17562: 17560: 17483: 17481: 16981:"Why VH1 Gets to Be Black Without the Burden" 15557: 15555: 14754: 13717:Jackson, Jabar; Martin, Jill (July 3, 2020). 13716: 13196: 13095:. OMHRC.gov. October 21, 2009. Archived from 12525: 12284:"Educational Attainment in the United States" 11337:Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (January 13, 2023). 11115: 10890: 10888: 10819:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 17. 10595:Annual Report of the Hampton Negro Conference 9618:"Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia" 9524: 9220: 9199:, University of South Florida, archived from 9170: 8923:. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 20–21. 7490:and ultimately received mainstream use after 7220:, recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature 5930:African American males are more likely to be 5924:Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks 4151:groups larger than African Americans are the 2995:, banks, social clubs, and other businesses. 2940:limited U.S. citizenship to Whites only, the 2597:From the American Revolution to the Civil War 2083:. A few were able to achieve freedom through 1975: 26715:History of civil rights in the United States 21251:Historically black colleges and universities 19651:Scherer, Michael; Wang, Amy (July 8, 2019). 19354: 19090: 18662:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 99–101. 18253:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 30–33. 17445:. Energize Inc. Retrieved November 18, 2009. 17411: 17409: 17288: 16281: 16275:The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 15480:"Charting the Ancestry of African Americans" 15338: 14816: 14814: 14812: 14248: 14080:"2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures" 13771: 12584: 12064: 11087:"Obama wins a second term as U.S. president" 10954: 10952: 10269:National Archives and Records Administration 10204: 10081: 9858:. Wsu.edu:8080. June 6, 1999. Archived from 9764: 9762: 9696: 9694: 9421: 8655:African Americans Law & Legal Definition 8015:Acceptance of intra-group usage of the word 7787:, who then immigrated to the United States. 7011:. The majority of African-American Jews are 6228:Representation of African Americans in media 4904:Historically black colleges and universities 4898:Historically Black colleges and universities 4229: 3265:became the first Black woman elected to the 2878:, 1864 during the American Civil War with a 2870:Slave trader's business on Whitehall Street 615:Historically black colleges and universities 20213: 20177:(5 vol. Oxford University Press, US, 2009). 19998:Anderson, Talmadge; Stewart, James (2007). 19650: 19399: 18831: 18419: 18417: 17909:The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 17718:World Religions in America: An Introduction 17489:"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans" 17384:"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans" 16277:. University of Chicago Press. p. 235. 14249:Gramlich, John; Funk, Cary (June 4, 2020). 13999: 13977: 13975: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13677: 11665: 11019: 11017: 10770: 10768: 9574:From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery 9253:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 68–93. 8750: 8704:Martin, Carol Lynn; Fabes, Richard (2008). 8703: 8618:The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 7592:Negro section of keypunch operators at the 7470:was advanced on the model of, for example, 7208: 7003:There is also a small but growing group of 6421:– a cable and satellite network founded by 6405:– a digital multicast network owned by the 6139:The gains made by African Americans in the 5877:post–civil rights era. However, widespread 5852: 4536:, there is now a reverse trend, called the 2832:Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia 599:Education during the slave period in the US 26094:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion 26054: 26040: 23780: 23766: 22425: 22411: 20391: 20377: 20232:Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. 20095: 19765: 18925: 18742: 18396:"African American Heritage in Engineering" 18393: 18198:. Anderson, South Carolina. Archived from 17999: 17950: 17928: 17905:"Racial and ethnic composition among Jews" 17772: 17660:twenty-five thousand active temple people. 17625:. Mercer University Press (2005), p. 394. 17557: 17540: 17538: 17536: 17478: 17254: 17217: 17215: 17213: 17074:A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM 17052: 16831:Muharrar, Mikal (September–October 1998). 16806:"How Will African Americans Get the News?" 16780:"Examining the Future of Black News Media" 16331:. Taskforce.org. Retrieved October 8, 2015 15552: 15471: 15381: 15238:Henry Louis Gates Jr. (November 8, 2009). 15008: 14874: 13873: 13043:. BLS.gov. January 7, 2011. Archived from 12293:. The United States Bureau Of Statistics. 11782: 11780: 11625: 11140: 10885: 10587:"The Economic Aspect of the Negro Problem" 10182:, p. 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 10148:Ending slavery in the District of Columbia 10091:Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict 9794: 9792: 9663: 9661: 8183:African American–Korean American relations 7750:people—deeply and overwhelmingly so" (see 6130:African Americans have fought in every war 5583:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5403:were represented equally in both parties. 5041:unemployment than the general population. 4102:, 54.8% of African Americans lived in the 2705:Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the 2695:Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet 2155:remains a problem into the 21st century. 1982: 1968: 922:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 41: 26271:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 21468:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 19588: 19521:, W W Norton & Company, 2007, p. 210. 19483: 19359:. 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This legal principle was called 2374:with Native Americans or European 2099:, with four million enslaved only 2041:ancestry, with varying amounts of 1060:National Black Chamber of Commerce 116:1.76% of the total U.S. population 25: 26736: 26145:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl 25824:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 25158:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 23789:Demographics of the United States 20623:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 20619:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 20426:African American founding fathers 20309: 20098:"NAACP aims to bury the 'N-word'" 19956:Frazier, Edward Franklin (1968). 19897:Witt, Karen de (April 14, 1996). 19260:Frank W Sweet (January 1, 2005). 18567:Ung, Gordon (December 16, 2014). 17353:Conley, Dalton (March 10, 2010). 17131:from the original on May 25, 2017 16646:. Defenselink.mil. Archived from 16181:. Census.gov. n.d. Archived from 15877:from the original on May 28, 2020 15863:M. 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Cengage Learning. p. 19. 8350: 8158:Stereotypes of African Americans 8103:Black Belt in the American South 8088:African diaspora in the Americas 8046: 7712:of African Americans. Historian 7682:in the United States. So-called 7094: 7078: 6877:National Baptist Convention, USA 5966: 5619: 5606:HIV/AIDS among African Americans 5576: 5372:, while 8% supported Republican 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4147:descent. The only self-reported 3433:Majority Black American counties 3261:Supreme Court Justice. In 1968, 3000:nadir of American race relations 2323:, and Miguel Rodríguez, a White 2149:racism against African Americans 1939: 461:Black Belt in the American South 233: 216: 199: 182: 165: 138: 137: 124: 123: 112: 111: 98: 97: 82: 81: 68: 67: 24100:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 20509:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 20499:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 19400:Walton-Raji, Angela Y. (2008). 19377:. Color Q World. Archived from 19079:"Yankees, gringos and USAnians" 19013:Coleman, Nancy (July 5, 2020). 18365:"Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963)" 18247:Sluby, Patricia Carter (2004). 17957:Angell, Stephen W. (May 2001). 17600:Alfred Abioseh Jarrett (2000). 15687:Hale, Kori (October 25, 2022). 14193:"African-Americans and Alcohol" 13384:. June 11, 2024. Archived from 12753:. United States Census Bureau. 12715:. United States Census Bureau. 12419:"TECH-Levers: FAQs About HBCUs" 11430:. United States Census Bureau. 11403:"American FactFinder – Results" 11383:"The Hispanic Population: 2010" 11245: 11232: 11200: 11164: 11109: 11078: 11047: 10916: 10897: 10867:"The March On Washington, 1963" 10833: 10808: 10799: 10734: 10699: 10685: 10660: 10625: 10578: 10569: 10535: 10532:. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016. 10515: 10491: 10481:New York Life Insurance Company 10464: 10430:New York Life Insurance Company 10413: 10383: 10313: 10287: 10261:"The Emancipation Proclamation" 10253: 10198: 10185: 10140: 10126:Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). 10120: 10042: 10015: 9907: 9887: 9874: 9848: 9822: 9806:. July 10, 2019. Archived from 9804:National Law Enforcement Museum 9724: 9609: 9583:." Accessed September 13, 2011. 9562: 9442: 9415: 9390: 9356: 9330: 9314:. June 26, 2006. Archived from 9300: 9267: 9242: 9214: 9186: 9127: 9097: 9079:"The transatlantic slave trade" 9071: 9045: 9014: 8975: 8950: 8927: 8858: 8827: 8800: 8679:The United States Census Bureau 7918:Before the independence of the 7860:American Descendants of Slavery 7839:and African American columnist 7702:ruled them unconstitutional in 7646:Office of Management and Budget 7633:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7617:Office of Management and Budget 6449:– a regional broadcast network. 6202:Native American rights movement 5624:African Americans have several 5587:sexually transmitted infections 5481:African-American LGBT community 4864:is director of New York City's 4742:) and South Fulton in Georgia, 4614:New York City metropolitan area 4185:population of any city outside 4114:, while only 8.9% lived in the 3357: 2952:Reconstruction era and Jim Crow 2731:Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 2342:The first recorded Africans in 2304:), founded by Spanish explorer 2247: 2123:, they were largely treated as 2061:transported across the Atlantic 1065:National Council of Negro Women 26725:Ethnonyms of African Americans 24145:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 24120:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 21498:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 20504:Civil right movement 1896–1954 20055:Journal of English Linguistics 20025:Good, Chris (March 26, 2010). 19375:Chinese blacks in the Americas 19355:Higginbotham, A. Leon (1980). 19015:"Why We're Capitalizing Black" 17788:. May 22, 2007. Archived from 17416:U.S.Religious Landscape Survey 16244:"Eugenics, Race, and Marriage" 16152:. Hoover Press. Archived from 15836:Sidner, Sara; Simon, Mallory. 15774:Tonn, Shara (August 6, 2014). 15351:(4). Am J Hum Genet: 547–556. 14090:(3): 391–460. March 10, 2020. 13934:Annual Review of Public Health 13581:Bahney, Anna (March 2, 2023). 13490:Beals, Monique (May 5, 2022). 13069:. Data.bls.gov. Archived from 12746:McKinnon, Jesse (April 2003). 12009:History of Education Quarterly 11961:History of Education Quarterly 11888:History of Education Quarterly 11601:Greg Toppo and Paul Overberg, 11504:"Census Sampling is Dangerous" 9918:. Liverpool University Press. 9616:Russell, John H. (June 1916). 9531:Hodges, Russel Graham (1999), 9422:Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). 8787: 8667: 8648: 8636: 8606: 8341: 8293:List of African American poets 7893:(relating to the diaspora) or 7732:Notes on the State of Virginia 7384: 7177:genre in the world, including 7043:religious groups, largely the 6920:Some African Americans follow 6807: Atheist or agnostic (2%) 6284:), which originally showcased 5072:African American homeownership 4517: 2153:racial socioeconomic disparity 1862:Racism against Black Americans 13: 1: 25681:Hispanic and Latino Americans 21678:Cherokee freedmen controversy 20654:The Negro Motorist Green Book 19426:More Than Black?: Multiracial 18281:. August 2002. Archived from 18195:The Anderson Independent-Mail 16957:. Thegrio.com. June 2, 2009. 15719:"BOP Statistics: Inmate Race" 15627:"America's Black Upper Class" 15388:Trombetta, Beniamino (2015). 15306:Zimmer, Carl (May 27, 2016). 14585:10.1080/13607863.2018.1453484 14054:Cancer Prevention and Control 12677:Tozzi, John (July 16, 2010). 12250:"Black Male Graduation Rates" 11940:Span, Christopher M. (2009). 10242:Ohio University Press, 2005, 10169:Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). 9492:Sweet, Frank W. (July 2005). 8707:Discovering Child Development 8559: 8078:African-American neighborhood 8073:African-American middle class 7936:American Colonization Society 7914:Terms no longer in common use 7801:, as well as in an essay for 7751: 6996:. The Nation of Islam led by 6883:. The second largest are the 6467:– a sister network targeting 6328:launched a new website named 5889:Policing and criminal justice 2987:continued to build their own 2799:American Colonization Society 2772: 2733:) were passed by Congress in 2103:during and at the end of the 1070:National Pan-Hellenic Council 290:Historically Black Protestant 26529:Slavery in the United States 26524:History of the United States 25751:Indigenous Mexican Americans 20354:, Gallup, September 28, 2007 20345:"Black or African American?" 20250:(Infobase Publishing, 2004). 20206:, Elsa Barkley Brown (eds), 20027:"They Put 'Negro' on There?" 19798:. p. A1. Archived from 19342:"Memoirs of Madison Hemings" 18901:"Black or African American?" 18124:"Atheism has a race problem" 17813:"When Unity is Long Overdue" 17072:. In Kortmann, Bernd (ed.). 17013:"African-American Inventors" 16594:. Gallup.com. Archived from 16311:Retrieved February 23, 2021. 16273:Douglas, Stephen A. (1991). 16111:Urbina, Ian (June 3, 2013). 15394:Genome Biology and Evolution 14950:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 14646:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000334 14377:, U.S. Department of Justice 14224:U.S. News & World Report 13874:LaVeist TA (December 2003). 13184:Ammunition for poverty pimps 10339:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002). 9281:U.S. News & World Report 9143:International Slavery Museum 8083:African-American upper class 7651: 7104:was considered a pioneer of 6984:constitute 20% of the total 6607:Black American Sign Language 6317:, founded and controlled by 6134:history of the United States 5597:, and 7.5 times the rate of 5474: 5066:Congressional representation 4783: 3158:illuminating the tyranny of 2936:in December 1865. While the 2884:United States Colored Troops 2603:Slavery in the United States 2129:disenfranchised in the South 1872:School segregation in the US 1410:Black American Sign Language 1384:Languages and other dialects 273:Black American Sign Language 7: 26281:Michael Row the Boat Ashore 25992:Maps of American ancestries 25788:French Polynesian Americans 24125:Dutch West Indian Americans 21548:Black players in ice hockey 21483:National Urban League (NUL) 21309:American Society of Muslims 20547:Selma to Montgomery marches 20467:Brown v. Board of Education 19518:The Conscience of a Liberal 19455:United States Census Bureau 19429:. Temple University Press. 19106:United States Census Bureau 15896:Lang, Cady (July 6, 2020). 14368:Homicide trends in the U.S. 13556:South Carolina Public Radio 12095:Public Information Office, 11915:Anderson, James D. (1988). 10990:"Exit polls: How Obama won" 10345:. Oryx Press. p. 284. 10157:", consulted June 20, 2015. 9914:Braidwood, Stephen (1994). 9498:. Backintyme. p. 117. 9276:"The First Black Americans" 8962:www.immigrationresearch.org 8592:United States Census Bureau 8229:African Americans in Israel 8224:African Americans in France 8219:African Americans in Canada 8197:African Americans in Africa 8189: 8098:AP African American Studies 8039: 7642:U.S. Department of Commerce 7226:African American literature 6815:Religion of Black Americans 6719: 6672:African American literature 6634:, commonly spoken by urban 6594: 6244:with former U.S. President 6232:African-American newspapers 5986:ban on interracial marriage 5926:protest on August 28, 2020. 5670: 5115: 4892:AP African American Studies 4212:people of mixed-race origin 3465:the reverse trend post-1970 3245:protest in response to the 2977:racially motivated violence 2559:(French who had settled in 2385:The first slave auction at 2139:, the elimination of legal 699:African-American businesses 302:significant others include 10: 26741: 25773:Pacific Islander Americans 23626:African diaspora religions 22750:Indigenous Black Canadians 21705:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 21463:Nashville Student Movement 20474:Children of the plantation 20350:September 6, 2010, at the 20291:W. W. Norton & Company 18689:Black Entrepreneur History 18305:"Elijah McCoy (1844–1929)" 17834:Terry, Don (May 3, 1993). 17741:. South End Press, p. 37. 17681:. Macmillan. p. 115. 15357:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003 15027:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.012 14899:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 14784:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 14373:December 12, 2006, at the 14153:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.007 14084:Alzheimer's & Dementia 13657:10.1177/002193479602700201 12152:December 23, 2015, at the 12047:. December 19, 2005. p. 26 11868:(2nd ed.). New York: 11608:February 16, 2021, at the 11172:"We the Americans: Blacks" 10708:Annual Review of Sociology 10634:Annual Review of Sociology 10585:Matthew, Anderson (1900). 10153:November 19, 2018, at the 10075:February 14, 2007, at the 9368:newnetherlandinstitute.org 8813:. LSU Press. p. 126. 8807:Rucker, Walter C. (2006). 8323:Lists of African Americans 8212:Sierra Leone Creole people 8202:African Americans in Ghana 8023:denounces the use of both 7997:and is used as part of an 7908:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 7655: 7637:U.S. Department of Justice 7389: 7379:Johnson Publishing Company 7260:African American inventors 6958:converted to Islam in 1964 6818: 6812: 6783: Other Christian (1%) 6681: 6604: 6598: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6225: 6204:, and in King's 1964 book 6035:Mildred and Richard Loving 5892: 5856: 5674: 5570:U.S. Department of Justice 5518: 5507: 5501: 5478: 5366:2020 Presidential election 5038:Bureau of Labor Statistics 4962:low educational attainment 4928: 4901: 4795: 4792:Former slave reading, 1870 4521: 3361: 3231: 3020: 2955: 2938:Naturalization Act of 1790 2656:Sierra Leone Creole people 2632:American Revolutionary War 2600: 2472:Charleston, South Carolina 2257: 2251: 2240: 2236: 2137:migration out of the South 2127:and found themselves soon 1237:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 912:Congressional Black Caucus 879:African Diaspora Religions 666:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 26676: 26539: 26431: 26423:South Carolina Lowcountry 26377: 26346: 26339: 26322: 26299: 26258: 26177: 26161: 26136: 26077: 26070: 25972: 25964:Punjabi Mexican Americans 25914: 25843: 25763: 25237: 25088:Liechtensteiner Americans 24895: 24439: 24077: 24066: 23934: 23804: 23795: 23727: 23616: 23601:African Hebrew Israelites 23586: 23540: 23477: 23466: 23446: 23377:Afro-Asians in South Asia 23342: 23255: 23090: 22940: 22725: 22651: 22461: 22447: 22440: 22375: 22342:Index of related articles 22220: 22135: 21859: 21792: 21730: 21630: 21591: 21523: 21516: 21431: 21351: 21343:Doctrine of Father Divine 21289: 21231: 20880: 20735: 20727:Women's suffrage movement 20680:Reconstruction Amendments 20487:Voting Rights Act of 1965 20406: 20261:Stewart, Earl L. (1998). 19768:"Obama the 'Magic Negro'" 19715:The Philadelphia Inquirer 18842:University of Texas Press 18456:"Lloyd Albert Quarterman" 18157:Stewart, Earl L. (1998). 17737:William W. Sales (1994). 17441:October 10, 2014, at the 16512:. Public Policy Polling. 16430:. Public Policy Polling. 16301:January 26, 2021, at the 15573:. Brookings Institution. 14546:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19 12664:U.S. Census Press Release 11388:January 27, 2018, at the 11371:"Total Ancestry Reported" 11056:"What We Didn't Overcome" 10962:. CNN. November 4, 2008. 10667:Seligman, Amanda (2005). 10094:. Routledge. p. 48. 9943:. In Allain, Jean (ed.). 9745:10.1080/01440391003711073 9551:October 24, 2019, at the 9455:, National Park Service, 9397:Jordan, Winthrop (1968). 9224:; Smith, D. Boyd (2007). 9193:J. Michael Francis, PhD, 7961:United Negro College Fund 7811:has argued that the term 7756:Emancipation Proclamation 7478:, to give descendants of 6795: Other religion (1%) 6659:Southern American English 6447:Soul of the South Network 6002:Maryland General Assembly 5497: 5469:Lift Every Voice and Sing 5449:Lift Every Voice and Sing 5089:Homeownership in the U.S. 5048:reported in 2006 that in 4621:cities of 100,000 or more 4230:Proportion in each county 4123:, many of whom may be of 4051: 4044: 4039: 4034: 3490:and racial violence. The 3421:2020 United States census 3124:Chicago Black Renaissance 3065:Chicago race riot of 1919 2916:Emancipation Proclamation 2276:were people from several 2274:transatlantic slave trade 1744:US states and territories 1045:American Life and History 767:Lift Every Voice and Sing 476:Treatment of the enslaved 283: 278: 256:American English dialects 253: 248: 231: 214: 197: 180: 163: 151: 146: 62: 57: 40: 26720:African-American culture 26705:African-American society 26476:History of Guinea-Bissau 26439:African-American history 26385:Beaufort, South Carolina 26307:African-American culture 25987:Native American ancestry 24762:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 24618:Indo-Caribbean Americans 24340:Sierra Leonean Americans 24290:Bissau-Guinean Americans 24236:South Sudanese Americans 22643:Turks and Caicos Islands 22392:United States portal 21827:African-American English 21256:Inventors and scientists 20948:George Washington Carver 20552:Chicago Freedom Movement 20067:10.1177/0075424211414807 19494:. University of Michigan 19065:Brennan, Timothy. 2008. 18903:. Gallup. Archived from 17301:. St. Martin's Griffin. 17068:Edwards, Walter (2004). 16955:"NBC News & TheGrio" 16670:"Martin Luther King, Jr" 16058:January 6, 2019, at the 14991:August 14, 2021, at the 14567:Turner, Natalie (2018). 14008:Southern Medical Journal 13880:Health Services Research 13645:Journal of Black Studies 13479:– via NYTimes.com. 12043:"Overcoming Apartheid", 11632:San Antonio Express-News 10904:Jordan, John H. (2013), 10528:August 29, 2017, at the 10193:Generations of Captivity 10178:January 7, 2024, at the 10053:. McFarland. p. 10. 10022:Finkelman, Paul (2007). 9939:Finkelman, Paul (2012). 9622:Journal of Negro History 9598:January 7, 2024, at the 9477:John Henderson Russell, 9372:New Netherland Institute 8660:August 17, 2018, at the 8334: 8255: 7984:African American English 7791: 7644:, derived from the 1977 7601:United States government 7367:Robert Sengstacke Abbott 7344:Frederick McKinley Jones 7317:Frederick McKinley Jones 7209:Literature and academics 7188: 7069: 6982:African American Muslims 6851:in Harlem, New York City 6801: Unaffiliated (11%) 6612:African-American English 6601:African-American English 6566:George Washington Carver 6498:African-American culture 6280:(originally launched as 6053:California Proposition 8 5853:Racism and social status 5818: 5770: 4510:, with 3.8 million, and 3202:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3077:Hampton Negro Conference 2808:. They helped build the 2743:Antebellum United States 2491:Dutch West India Company 2327:conquistador in 1565 in 2316:, whence they had come. 2292:in the Caribbean to the 2243:African American history 2181:, the English language, 2171:African-American culture 2081:in the southern colonies 2067:. After arriving in the 2053:African-American history 1946:United States portal 1353:African-American English 864:African-American Muslims 425:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 260:African-American English 26512:History of Sierra Leone 26405:Golden Isles of Georgia 25949:Louisiana Creole people 25098:Luxembourgish Americans 24268:South African Americans 24204:Equatoguinean Americans 22315:African-American firsts 21364:Back-to-Africa movement 21333:Black Hebrew Israelites 21113:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 20661:Partus sequitur ventrem 20132:The Cincinnati Enquirer 19971:Tottie, Gunnel (2002). 17421:April 23, 2015, at the 17222:Norman, Teresa (1998). 17150:Green, Lisa J. (2002). 16903:"BlackAmericaStudy.com" 16808:. NPR. April 20, 2005. 16782:. NPR. April 20, 2005. 14849:10.1073/pnas.0909559107 14573:Aging and Mental Health 13816:The Washington Informer 13158:The Wall Street Journal 12326:. Columbia University. 12106:March 27, 2010, at the 12052:March 25, 2013, at the 11870:Leavitt, Lord & Co. 11740:August 1, 2018, at the 11255:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. n.d. 10477:The History of Jim Crow 10426:The History of Jim Crow 10295:"History of Juneteenth" 9733:Slavery & Abolition 8207:Americo-Liberian people 8153:South African Americans 8068:African American cinema 7684:anti-miscegenation laws 7466:In the 1980s, the term 7053:according to Jewish law 7045:Black Hebrew Israelites 6907:United Church of Christ 6903:Church of God in Christ 6540:United States, such as 6441:Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs 6200:. It also inspired the 6004:in 1691, criminalizing 5608:has been attributed to 4914:segregated institutions 4772:Queens County, New York 4693:Brockton, Massachusetts 4189:, at over 2.2 million. 3296:. On November 4, 2008, 3073:systemic discrimination 3069:Omaha race riot of 1919 3041:Omaha race riot of 1919 2855:The 1863 photograph of 2515:partus sequitur ventrum 2306:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 1867:Reparations for slavery 955:Back-to-Africa movement 854:Black Hebrew Israelites 732:African-American beauty 120:Alone or in combination 26185:Afro-American religion 25736:Puerto Rican Americans 24295:Cape Verdean Americans 24150:Saint Lucian Americans 23926:Ethnocultural politics 23894:Racial achievement gap 23824:Educational attainment 23631:Anti-African sentiment 22283:Spingarn Medal winners 21772:States and territories 21543:Black NFL quarterbacks 21043:Martin Luther King Jr. 20575:Dred Scott v. Sandford 20514:Montgomery bus boycott 20315:Richard Thompson Ford 20194:African American Lives 20148:Altman, Susan (2000). 18512:"Daniel Hale Williams" 18486:"Dr. Lloyd Quarterman" 18109:July 21, 2018, at the 17765:July 24, 2008, at the 17645:When the Word Is Given 16327:June 11, 2014, at the 15269:. Basci Civitas Books. 15265:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 14982:Henry Louis Gates, Jr. 14719:. September 11, 2023. 12683:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 11407:factfinder2.census.gov 11373:, American FactFinder. 10815:Haas, Jeffrey (2011). 10553:. 2002. Archived from 10547:African American World 10325:July 21, 2018, at the 9222:Grizzard, Frank E. Jr. 9172:Robert Wright, Richard 8031:. Mixed-race usage of 7596: 7452: 7399: 7276:Egyptian hieroglyphics 7221: 7116:African American music 7085:The King & Carter 6986:U.S. Muslim population 6959: 6852: 6849:Masjid Malcolm Shabazz 6841: 6745:Evangelical Protestant 6689:African-American names 6684:African-American names 6536: 6427:Warner Bros. Discovery 6248: 6154:Martin Luther King Jr. 6126: 6123:Martin Luther King Jr. 5998:anti-miscegenation law 5993: 5927: 5691: 5464: 5453:family of Barack Obama 5085: 4980: 4868: 4793: 4708:Prince George's County 4673:Baton Rouge, Louisiana 4665:New Orleans, Louisiana 4641:Miami Gardens, Florida 4194: 3468: 3448: 3440: 3424: 3395: 3385: 3259:first African American 3250: 3185: 3106: 3048: 2929: 2887: 2839: 2818:Washington, D.C.-based 2778: 2627: 2542: 2475: 2393: 2339: 2294:San Miguel de Gualdape 2269: 2065:the Western Hemisphere 2057:European slave traders 1337:Dialects and languages 497:Second Great Migration 294:Evangelical Protestant 154:Southern United States 26540:Related ethnic groups 26505:History of the Gambia 26364:Port Royal Experiment 26178:Religion and folklore 26118:Daughters of the Dust 25833:New Zealand Americans 25798:Micronesian Americans 25793:Marshallese Americans 25694:Costa Rican Americans 25153:Sammarinese Americans 25123:Montenegrin Americans 24853:Azerbaijani Americans 24816:Palestinian Americans 24738:Singaporean Americans 24586:Bangladeshi Americans 24194:Cameroonian Americans 23916:Unemployment by state 23683:Civil rights movement 23571:Afro-Caribbean people 22880:Chestnut Ridge people 22802:African-American Jews 22604:Saint Kitts and Nevis 21593:Athletic associations 21528:Negro league baseball 21299:African-American Jews 21018:Ketanji Brown Jackson 20983:Henry Highland Garnet 20842:Negro National Anthem 20592:George Floyd protests 20557:Post–civil rights era 20360: – slideshow by 20173:Finkelman, Paul, ed. 20166:Finkelman, Paul, ed. 20128:"The evolving N-word" 19958:The Free Negro Family 19603:on September 24, 2010 19451:"U.S. Census website" 19301:10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197 18466:on September 24, 2006 17550:May 19, 2019, at the 17355:"Raising E and Yo..." 17264:(November 30, 2010). 16461:May 25, 2017, at the 16456:Public Policy Polling 16209:BlackDemographics.com 15986:(December 27, 2020). 15283:. November 20, 2012. 15157:Nature Communications 15084:10.1089/heq.2017.0045 14490:. November 22, 2013. 14410:realestate.usnews.com 13841:The Los Angeles Times 13558:. February 22, 2023. 13436:. February 27, 2020. 13189:May 25, 2017, at the 12605:on September 20, 2006 12451:. February 15, 2019. 12400:July 2, 2017, at the 12230:July 6, 2017, at the 12145:Michael A. Fletcher, 12110:. September 15, 2000. 11509:Brookings Institution 11413:on February 12, 2020. 11318:on September 20, 2004 10543:"The Great Migration" 10049:Calore, Paul (2008). 9706:Encyclopedia Virginia 9702:"Fugitive Slave Laws" 9579:June 4, 2007, at the 8915:Gates, Henry Louis Jr 8173:West Indian Americans 7744:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 7588: 7521:"if had to choose." 7443: 7397: 7331:called the Nautilus. 7248:, Nobel Prize winner 7216: 7005:African American Jews 6954: 6847: 6836: 6819:Further information: 6516:dinner consisting of 6511: 6496:Further information: 6425:and jointly owned by 6419:Oprah Winfrey Network 6407:E. W. Scripps Company 6313:. TV One is owned by 6239: 6141:civil rights movement 6120: 5983: 5918: 5775:Africans bearing the 5689: 5502:Further information: 5446: 5439:Black national anthem 5412:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5101:debt-to-income ratios 5082:US homeownership rate 5079: 4974: 4929:Further information: 4859: 4791: 4661:Shreveport, Louisiana 4625:South Fulton, Georgia 4522:Further information: 4165: 3454: 3446: 3430: 3401: 3391: 3383: 3362:Further information: 3241: 3228:Post–civil rights era 3180: 3143:civil rights movement 3101: 3081:restrictive covenants 3034: 3027:civil rights movement 2924: 2869: 2830: 2810:United States Capitol 2767: 2727:Fugitive Slave Clause 2610: 2528: 2469: 2384: 2337: 2267: 2145:civil rights movement 2125:second-class citizens 1749:US metropolitan areas 1576:List of neighborhoods 1190:Alabama Creole people 1180:African-American Jews 1112:Negro league baseball 1075:National Urban League 1027:Civic/economic groups 859:African-American Jews 749:African-American hair 611:, after the Civil War 440:Post–civil rights era 269:Gullah Creole English 152:Predominantly in the 26451:Atlantic slave trade 26126:Gullah Gullah Island 25906:Venezuelan Americans 25896:Surinamese Americans 25886:Paraguayan Americans 25876:Ecuadorian Americans 25828:Australian Americans 25719:Salvadoran Americans 25714:Panamanian Americans 25709:Nicaraguan Americans 25699:Guatemalan Americans 25138:Portuguese Americans 25103:Macedonian Americans 25093:Lithuanian Americans 24930:Belarusian Americans 24748:Vietnamese Americans 24718:Indonesian Americans 24672:Sri Lankan Americans 24538:Fuzhounese Americans 24335:Senegalese Americans 24273:Zimbabwean Americans 24165:Vincentian Americans 23641:Atlantic slave trade 23329:United Arab Emirates 21800:Afro-Seminole Creole 21326:Azusa Street Revival 21198:Booker T. Washington 20722:Underground Railroad 20587:Free people of color 20441:Atlantic slave trade 20214:Ortiz, Paul (2018). 20204:Rosalyn Terborg-Penn 19788:(November 8, 2019). 19559:dornsifelive.usc.edu 18907:on September 6, 2010 18832:Baugh, John (1999). 18435:on February 17, 2003 18429:Lemelson-MIT Program 18369:Lemelson-MIT Program 18339:Lemelson-MIT Program 18335:"Granville T. Woods" 18309:Lemelson-MIT Program 18279:Lemelson-MIT Program 18147:, November 27, 2011. 17792:on November 25, 2012 17784:(Technical report). 17758:Uzra Zeya (1990–01) 17673:Clegg, Claude Andrew 17390:. January 30, 2009. 16989:. October 29, 2014. 16760:on November 22, 2010 16734:on November 26, 2018 16650:on November 30, 2009 16379:on September 8, 2012 15215:. November 8, 2023. 14999:, February 11, 2013. 14426:. February 22, 2023. 14394:. February 13, 2024. 14336:. February 22, 2023. 13788:. January 11, 2017. 13291:. October 13, 2022. 13047:on December 13, 2010 11710:National Media Spots 10775:Newkirk II, Vann R. 10747:Smithsonian Magazine 10523:"Legacy of Lynching" 10473:"Surviving Jim Crow" 9836:on February 19, 2012 8347:Meaning "1% or more" 8063:African-American art 8054:United States portal 7883:Scientific socialist 7799:The End of Blackness 7662:Multiracial American 7340:Daniel Hale Williams 7313:Lewis Howard Latimer 6968:Warith Deen Mohammed 6504:African-American art 6335:Meeting David Wilson 6215:Frank L. Stanley Sr. 6186:Free Speech Movement 6145:Black Power movement 6033:entered the home of 6010:Charleston, Illinois 6006:interracial marriage 5451:" being sung by the 4931:Black-owned business 4629:Jackson, Mississippi 4514:, with 3.6 million. 3294:Atlantic Slave Trade 2934:Thirteenth Amendment 2906:In 1863, during the 2886:sitting by the door. 2844:domestic slave trade 2836:domestic slave trade 2787:Atlantic slave trade 2729:of the Constitution— 2348:"20 and odd negroes" 2300:area of present-day 2260:Atlantic slave trade 2115:and adult-males the 1906:Criminal stereotypes 1681:District of Columbia 1398:Afro-Seminole Creole 840:Non-Christian groups 435:Black power movement 399:during the Civil War 368:Atlantic slave trade 26266:Charleston red rice 26078:Film and television 25901:Uruguayan Americans 25871:Colombian Americans 25861:Brazilian Americans 25851:Argentine Americans 25731:Dominican Americans 25625:Alaskan Athabaskans 25224:Non-Hispanic whites 25217:Ukrainian Americans 25195:Slovenian Americans 25173:Norwegian Americans 25168:Icelandic Americans 25056:Hungarian Americans 25002:Dagestani Americans 24977:Bulgarian Americans 24796:Jordanian Americans 24733:Malaysian Americans 24703:Cambodian Americans 24655:Pakistani Americans 24645:Maldivian Americans 24598:Bhutanese Americans 24574:Mongolian Americans 24528:Taiwanese Americans 24523:Hong Kong Americans 24371:Ethiopian Americans 24241:Tanzanian Americans 24199:Congolese Americans 24130:Grenadian Americans 24115:Bermudian Americans 24110:Barbadian Americans 23844:Housing segregation 23798:Demographic history 23530:Sierra Leone Creole 23381:India and Pakistan 22626:Trinidad and Tobago 22476:Antigua and Barbuda 22195:Trinidad and Tobago 21810:Black American Sign 21637:By African descent 21631:Ethnic subdivisions 21618:Southwestern (SWAC) 21533:Baseball color line 21448:Black Panther Party 21352:Political movements 21269:in computer science 20928:Carol Moseley Braun 20717:Tulsa race massacre 20710:Treatment of slaves 20542:March on Washington 20537:Birmingham movement 20331:Scientific American 20253:Salzman, Jack, ed. 20200:Hine, Darlene Clark 20108:on October 24, 2019 19804:on January 1, 2022. 19657:The Washington Post 19371:"The United States" 18637:on November 5, 2010 18518:on November 5, 2010 18228:on December 4, 2010 18128:The Washington Post 18122:Sikivu Hutchinson, 18056:The Times of Israel 17981:on October 20, 2007 17891:Pew Research Center 17786:Pew Research Center 17519:Baptists in America 16935:on January 20, 2011 16909:on February 7, 2011 16891:on August 29, 2007. 16624:on January 10, 2011 16598:on January 21, 2011 16545:on October 30, 2012 16347:The Washington Post 16025:The Washington Post 15567:Thernstrom, Stephan 15563:Thernstrom, Abigail 15533:The Washington Post 15169:2015NatCo...6.6596M 14840:2010PNAS..107..786B 14352:www.bradyunited.org 13886:(6 Pt 2): 1719–33. 13818:. October 23, 2012. 13073:on January 20, 2011 12710:"Occupations: 2000" 12512:The Washington Post 12406:The Network Journal 12355:The Washington Post 12349:Gleibermann, Erik. 12260:on October 16, 2014 12254:blackboysreport.org 12205:on January 18, 2017 12158:The Washington Post 11974:10.1017/heq.2020.68 11901:10.1017/heq.2020.65 11796:. October 1, 2006. 11574:Pew Research Center 11179:US Bureau of Census 11091:The Washington Post 10910:Trafford Publishing 10873:on October 12, 2007 10591:Moton, Robert Russa 10557:on October 12, 2007 10420:Davis, Ronald L.F. 9673:Library of Congress 9428:. Greenwood Press. 9344:on February 2, 2011 9288:on February 2, 2011 8865:Bureau, US Census. 8528:; specifically the 8234:Black Nova Scotians 7889:, have argued that 7828:New York Daily News 7792:Terminology dispute 7590:Racially segregated 7406:was popularized by 7375:Black History Month 6988:, the majority are 6964:pilgrimage to Mecca 6915:Jehovah's Witnesses 6825:Hoodoo (folk magic) 6755:Mainline Protestant 6645:African Americans. 6522:macaroni and cheese 5752:in West Africa and 5682:Genome-wide studies 5657:cultural competency 4977:US household income 4862:Neil deGrasse Tyson 4744:Charles City County 4653:Baltimore, Maryland 4649:Montgomery, Alabama 4637:Birmingham, Alabama 4538:New Great Migration 4220:Ethiopian Americans 4098:At the time of the 4041:Non-Hispanic Blacks 4031: 3515: 3500:that trend reversed 3279:Carol Moseley-Braun 2985:Mary McLeod Bethune 2755:Dred Scott decision 2747:Missouri Compromise 2723:Fugitive slave laws 2715:Section 9, Clause 1 2652:Black Nova Scotians 2620:American Revolution 2364:indentured servants 2089:American Revolution 1302:Sierra Leone Creole 1263:Specific ancestries 1148:Southwestern (SWAC) 671:Black History Month 502:New Great Migration 456:Agriculture history 308:Jehovah's Witnesses 298:Mainline Protestant 37: 26500:History of Senegal 26486:History of Nigeria 26481:History of Liberia 26235:John the Conqueror 25891:Peruvian Americans 25881:Guyanese Americans 25856:Bolivian Americans 25778:Chamorro Americans 25704:Honduran Americans 25689:Belizean Americans 25674:Canadian Americans 25143:Romanian Americans 25113:Moldovan Americans 25041:Galician Americans 25019:Estonian Americans 24987:Croatian Americans 24965:Scottish Americans 24920:Austrian Americans 24915:Asturian Americans 24910:Albanian Americans 24858:Georgian Americans 24848:Assyrian Americans 24843:Armenian Americans 24806:Lebanese Americans 24781:Bahraini Americans 24708:Filipino Americans 24650:Nepalese Americans 24613:Gujarati Americans 24562:Ryukyuan Americans 24557:Japanese Americans 24429:Sudanese Americans 24422:Tunisian Americans 24407:Algerian Americans 24390:Egyptian Americans 24366:Eritrean Americans 24345:Togolese Americans 24330:Nigerian Americans 24320:Liberian Americans 24305:Ghanaian Americans 24285:Beninese Americans 24263:Malawian Americans 24209:Gabonese Americans 24140:Jamaican Americans 24105:Bahamian Americans 24011:Moorish Scientists 23911:Standard of living 23673:Black Lives Matter 23280:Ethiopian Israelis 22930:African immigrants 22905:Louisiana Redbones 22841:Chickasaw freedmen 22770:African immigrants 22538:Dominican Republic 22293:US representatives 22288:US cabinet members 22180:Dominican Republic 21767:Metropolitan areas 21608:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 21433:Civic and economic 21411:Self-determination 21232:Education, science 21153:Fred Shuttlesworth 21133:A. Philip Randolph 21038:Coretta Scott King 20963:Frederick Douglass 20790:Harlem Renaissance 20695:Separate but equal 20685:Reconstruction era 20673:Plessy v. Ferguson 20564:Cornerstone Speech 20478:Civil Rights Acts 20461:Black Lives Matter 20436:American Civil War 20183:John Hope Franklin 19903:The New York Times 19795:The New York Times 19629:on August 13, 2021 19565:on January 1, 2020 19314:Davis, David Brion 19180:includes Haitians. 19141:on March 15, 2009. 19020:The New York Times 18749:The New York Times 18715:The New York Times 18454:McConnell, Wendy. 18222:"Norbert Rillieux" 18145:The New York Times 18006:My Jewish Learning 17840:The New York Times 17436:"The Black Church" 17434:Charyn D. Sutton, 16865:on August 28, 2012 16728:Native News Online 16699:. People's World. 16248:Facing History.org 16117:The New York Times 15984:Wong, Julia Carrie 15871:The New York Times 15406:10.1093/gbe/evv118 15320:on January 1, 2022 15312:The New York Times 15213:Black Demographics 15177:10.1038/ncomms7596 13465:The New York Times 13322:U.S. Census Bureau 13099:on August 13, 2009 12950:"PINC-03-Part 133" 12924:"PINC-03-Part 128" 12898:"PINC-03-Part 253" 12872:"PINC-03-Part 135" 12843:"PINC-03-Part 259" 12814:"PINC-03-Part 254" 12785:"PINC-03-Part 131" 12566:U.S. Census Bureau 12248:Alonso, Andres A. 12097:U.S. Census Bureau 12021:10.1017/heq.2022.2 11826:on August 21, 2016 11794:The New York Times 11748:, January 3, 2014. 11746:Atlanta Black Star 11672:The New York Times 11343:The New York Times 11210:Time: Almanac 2005 11029:The New York Times 10931:The New York Times 10499:Plessy v. Ferguson 10320:Seward certificate 10265:Featured Documents 10211:The New York Times 10207:"Icons of Cruelty" 10030:on October 9, 2018 9880:Benjamin Quarles, 8896:has generic name ( 8793:Gomez, Michael A: 8244:Haitian emigration 7833:Charles Steele Jr. 7740:Harvard University 7710:racial segregation 7705:Loving v. Virginia 7613:U.S. Census Bureau 7597: 7540:The New York Times 7453: 7400: 7336:open heart surgery 7242:Zora Neale Hurston 7222: 6960: 6866:Watchnight service 6853: 6842: 6537: 6356:The Africa Channel 6249: 6222:Media and coverage 6127: 6045:Loving v. Virginia 6000:was passed by the 5994: 5947:, "The specter of 5936:Black Lives Matter 5928: 5692: 5528:European Americans 5465: 5459:and others in the 5420:New Deal coalition 5086: 5058:Walter E. Williams 5046:The New York Times 4981: 4958:cognitive deficits 4880:advanced placement 4869: 4866:Hayden Planetarium 4851:affirmative action 4804:anti-literacy laws 4794: 4681:Newark, New Jersey 4645:Memphis, Tennessee 4216:Nigerian Americans 4195: 4027: 3513: 3471:In 1790, when the 3469: 3449: 3441: 3425: 3396: 3386: 3251: 3243:Black Lives Matter 3186: 3151:Money, Mississippi 3141:By the 1950s, the 3120:Harlem Renaissance 3107: 3049: 3005:Plessy v. Ferguson 2973:disenfranchisement 2969:racial segregation 2958:Reconstruction era 2930: 2908:American Civil War 2901:Wilberforce Colony 2888: 2840: 2779: 2769:Frederick Douglass 2751:Compromise of 1850 2725:(derived from the 2667:Bernardo de Gálvez 2628: 2543: 2476: 2409:for running away. 2394: 2362:in August 1619 as 2340: 2270: 2141:racial segregation 1311:Sexual orientation 1185:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1138:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 773:Self-determination 737:Black is beautiful 403:Reconstruction era 35: 26692: 26691: 26672: 26671: 26547:African Americans 26456:History of Angola 26412:(protected site) 26320: 26319: 26312:Culture of Africa 26291:Robot Hive/Exodus 26259:Music and culture 26152:Vibration Cooking 26102:A Soldier's Story 26029: 26028: 26025: 26024: 25982:American ancestry 25866:Chilean Americans 25808:Palauan Americans 25741:Mexican Americans 25200:Spanish Americans 25185:Serbian Americans 25178:Swedish Americans 25148:Russian Americans 25128:Occitan Americans 25118:Monacan Americans 25108:Maltese Americans 25083:Latvian Americans 25078:Kosovan Americans 25066:Italian Americans 25024:Finnish Americans 24992:Cypriot Americans 24982:Catalan Americans 24955:English Americans 24950:Cornish Americans 24945:British Americans 24940:Bosnian Americans 24935:Belgian Americans 24885:Turkish Americans 24880:Kurdish Americans 24873:Israeli Americans 24863:Iranian Americans 24801:Kuwaiti Americans 24786:Emirati Americans 24728:Laotian Americans 24723:Iu Mien Americans 24691:Burmese Americans 24660:Punjabi Americans 24623:Punjabi Americans 24608:Bengali Americans 24591:Bengali Americans 24550:Tibetan Americans 24518:Chinese Americans 24496:Turkmen Americans 24469:Pashtun Americans 24417:Moroccan American 24315:Ivorian Americans 24310:Guinean Americans 24300:Gambian Americans 24258:Angolan Americans 24246:Ugandan Americans 24135:Haitian Americans 24085:African Americans 23884:Racial inequality 23854:Income inequality 23819:Gender inequality 23755: 23754: 23723: 23722: 23636:Anti-Black racism 23576:British Jamaicans 23566:African Americans 23551:African Americans 23505:Americo-Liberians 23490:African Americans 23462: 23461: 23285:Sudanese refugees 23086: 23085: 22856:Seminole freedmen 22836:Cherokee freedmen 22817:Black Southerners 22792:African Americans 22740:African Americans 22400: 22399: 22228:African Americans 22100:Dallas–Fort Worth 21695:Black Southerners 21626: 21625: 21078:Thurgood Marshall 21048:Bernard Lafayette 20643:Million Man March 20400:African Americans 20300:978-0-393-97141-5 20274:978-0-02-860294-3 20159:978-0-8160-4125-1 20152:. Facts on File. 20134:, August 5, 2001. 20102:The Baltimore Sun 20011:978-1-58073-039-6 19984:978-0-631-19792-8 19772:Los Angeles Times 19329:978-0-19-514073-6 19209:on March 10, 2013 19169:on March 10, 2013 19097:McKinnon, Jesse. 18939:978-0-9725290-9-9 18874:blogs.harvard.edu 18855:978-0-292-70873-0 18669:978-0-8160-4806-9 18599:Williams, Scott. 18548:on March 11, 2015 18371:. February 1997. 18260:978-0-275-96674-4 18174:978-0-02-860294-3 18141:"The Unbelievers" 18113:Pew Research 2009 18083:. August 16, 2020 17867:on April 11, 2012 17747:978-0-89608-480-3 17726:978-0-664-22475-2 17654:978-0-313-21002-0 17631:978-0-86554-758-2 17495:on April 25, 2012 17228:. Berkley Books. 16833:"Media Blackface" 16644:"Defenselink.mil" 16618:"PeoplePress.org" 16019:Matthews, Dylan. 15723:Bureau of Prisons 15569:(March 1, 1998). 15456:10.1002/humu.9469 14097:10.1002/alz.12068 13848:Los Angeles Times 13691:978-0-7425-5322-4 13269:on March 27, 2010 12591:Barbarin, Oscar. 12282:Ryan, Camille L. 12238:, March 16, 2015. 12127:on April 28, 2012 12067:"Segregation Now" 11242:of 2005, p. 377.) 11156:. June 17, 2021. 10678:978-0-226-74663-0 10607:2027/chi.14025588 10599:Hampton, Virginia 10238:Taylor, Nikki M. 10101:978-0-415-64506-5 10007:978-0-8020-7402-7 9962:978-0-19-174550-8 9925:978-0-85323-377-0 9505:978-0-939479-23-8 9260:978-0-8090-1608-2 9235:978-1-85109-637-4 8820:978-0-8071-3109-1 8594:. August 12, 2021 8118:Black Southerners 7920:Thirteen Colonies 7871:Black nationalist 7846:Los Angeles Times 7714:David Brion Davis 7581:Official identity 7373:, the founder of 7371:Carter G. Woodson 7356:Frederick Gregory 7325:Manhattan Project 7307:Garrett A. Morgan 7033:Reconstructionist 6930:Black nationalist 6917:, 22% are Black. 6789: Muslim (1%) 6775:Jehovah's Witness 6678:Traditional names 6544:, peanuts, rice, 6257:Robert L. Johnson 6242:Robert L. Johnson 6207:Why We Can't Wait 6008:. In a speech in 5874:racial wealth gap 5581:According to the 5429:Lyndon B. Johnson 5387:interests of the 5358: 5357: 5084:according to race 4778:Seatack, Virginia 4758:in New York, and 4697:Savannah, Georgia 4677:Hampton, Virginia 4633:Detroit, Michigan 4197:According to the 4110:and 18.7% in the 4096: 4095: 4022: 4021: 4006:41.1 million 3986:38.9 million 3966:34.6 million 3946:30.0 million 3926:26.5 million 3906:22.6 million 3886:18.9 million 3866:15.0 million 3846:12.9 million 3826:11.9 million 3806:10.5 million 3506:than leaving it. 3473:first U.S. census 3334:for a second and 3255:Thurgood Marshall 3210:Voting Rights Act 3198:Lyndon B. Johnson 3010:voter suppression 2707:U.S. Constitution 2663:Spanish Louisiana 2591:English Americans 2587:American colonies 2547:Spanish Louisiana 2535:George Washington 2445:colony of Georgia 2017:racial groups of 1995:African Americans 1992: 1991: 1929: 1928: 1827: 1826: 1601:Dallas-Fort Worth 1418: 1417: 1328: 1327: 1272:Americo-Liberians 1155: 1154: 1093: 1092: 1018: 1017: 887: 886: 831:Womanist theology 781: 780: 723:Symbols and ideas 509: 508: 388:Antebellum period 383:Revolutionary War 338:African Americans 323: 322: 36:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 26732: 26682: 26681: 26471:History of Ghana 26466:History of Congo 26461:History of Benin 26395:Eulonia, Georgia 26390:Daufuskie Island 26344: 26343: 26334: 26328: 26075: 26074: 26056: 26049: 26042: 26033: 26032: 25818:Tongan Americans 25813:Samoan Americans 25803:Native Hawaiians 25783:Fijian Americans 25685:Central America 25245:Native Americans 25190:Slovak Americans 25163:Danish Americans 25133:Polish Americans 25046:German Americans 25029:French Americans 25007:Lezgin Americans 24925:Basque Americans 24868:Jewish Americans 24836:Yemeni Americans 24831:Syrian Americans 24821:Qatari Americans 24757:Romani Americans 24665:Sindhi Americans 24638:Telugu Americans 24628:Sindhi Americans 24603:Indian Americans 24569:Korean Americans 24501:Uyghur Americans 24486:Kyrgyz Americans 24481:Kazakh Americans 24476:Baloch Americans 24464:Afghan Americans 24412:Libyan Americans 24402:Berber Americans 24395:Coptic Americans 24376:Somali Americans 24352:Yoruba Americans 24325:Malian Americans 24231:Kenyan Americans 24075: 24074: 24068:By continent and 23839:Household income 23782: 23775: 23768: 23759: 23758: 23745: 23744: 23735: 23734: 23475: 23474: 22863:Creoles of color 22846:Choctaw freedmen 22812:Black Mennonites 22745:Black Mennonites 22592:Jamaican Maroons 22548:Samaná Americans 22459: 22458: 22445: 22444: 22434:African diaspora 22427: 22420: 22413: 22404: 22403: 22390: 22389: 22388: 22352:Lynching victims 21851:Louisiana Creole 21822:American English 21710:Louisiana Creole 21683:Choctaw freedmen 21521: 21520: 21058:Huddie Ledbetter 20998:Fannie Lou Hamer 20968:W. E. B. Du Bois 20958:Claudette Colvin 20953:Shirley Chisholm 20770:Family structure 20638:Military history 20520:Browder v. Gayle 20393: 20386: 20379: 20370: 20369: 20325:African American 20304: 20289:(3rd ed.). 20283:Southern, Eileen 20278: 20229: 20218:. Beacon Press. 20163: 20135: 20124: 20118: 20117: 20115: 20113: 20104:. Archived from 20093: 20087: 20086: 20050: 20044: 20043: 20041: 20039: 20022: 20016: 20015: 19995: 19989: 19988: 19968: 19962: 19961: 19953: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19942: 19928: 19922: 19921: 19919: 19917: 19894: 19888: 19887: 19885: 19883: 19878:. March 18, 2016 19868: 19862: 19861: 19859: 19857: 19838: 19832: 19831: 19829: 19827: 19812: 19806: 19805: 19803: 19782: 19776: 19775: 19763: 19754: 19753: 19751: 19749: 19732: 19726: 19725: 19723: 19721: 19706: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19692: 19677: 19668: 19667: 19665: 19663: 19648: 19639: 19638: 19636: 19634: 19619: 19613: 19612: 19610: 19608: 19599:. Archived from 19586: 19575: 19574: 19572: 19570: 19561:. Archived from 19551: 19545: 19544: 19542: 19540: 19528: 19522: 19510: 19504: 19503: 19501: 19499: 19487: 19481: 19480: 19472: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19461: 19447: 19441: 19440: 19420: 19414: 19413: 19411: 19409: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19386: 19381:on June 15, 2018 19367: 19361: 19360: 19352: 19346: 19345: 19344:. PBS Frontline. 19338: 19332: 19311: 19305: 19304: 19284: 19278: 19277: 19275: 19273: 19268:on April 9, 2007 19257: 19251: 19250: 19248: 19246: 19240: 19228: 19222: 19221: 19216: 19214: 19208: 19197: 19189: 19183: 19182: 19176: 19174: 19168: 19157: 19149: 19143: 19142: 19131: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19120: 19114: 19103: 19094: 19088: 19076: 19070: 19063: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19052: 19038: 19032: 19031: 19029: 19027: 19010: 19004: 19003: 19001: 18999: 18984: 18978: 18977: 18975: 18973: 18958: 18952: 18951: 18923: 18917: 18916: 18914: 18912: 18896: 18890: 18889: 18887: 18885: 18876:. Archived from 18866: 18860: 18859: 18839: 18829: 18818: 18817: 18815: 18813: 18799: 18793: 18792: 18790: 18788: 18774: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18763: 18740: 18734: 18733: 18731: 18729: 18706: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18695: 18680: 18674: 18673: 18653: 18647: 18646: 18644: 18642: 18627: 18621: 18620: 18618: 18616: 18611:on June 29, 2011 18607:. Archived from 18596: 18590: 18589: 18587: 18585: 18564: 18558: 18557: 18555: 18553: 18534: 18528: 18527: 18525: 18523: 18508: 18502: 18501: 18499: 18497: 18492:on July 23, 2011 18482: 18476: 18475: 18473: 18471: 18462:. Archived from 18458:. Project Nova, 18451: 18445: 18444: 18442: 18440: 18431:. Archived from 18421: 18412: 18411: 18409: 18407: 18402:on July 16, 2011 18391: 18385: 18384: 18382: 18380: 18361: 18355: 18354: 18352: 18350: 18331: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18320: 18301: 18295: 18294: 18292: 18290: 18285:on March 2, 2003 18275:"Jan Matzeliger" 18271: 18265: 18264: 18244: 18238: 18237: 18235: 18233: 18218: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18207: 18202:on June 29, 2011 18185: 18179: 18178: 18154: 18148: 18137: 18131: 18130:, June 16, 2014. 18120: 18114: 18099: 18093: 18092: 18090: 18088: 18073: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18062: 18047: 18041: 18040: 18038: 18036: 18024: 18018: 18017: 18015: 18013: 18008:. 70 Faces media 17997: 17991: 17990: 17988: 17986: 17977:. Archived from 17954: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17943: 17926: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17915: 17901: 17895: 17894: 17883: 17877: 17876: 17874: 17872: 17857: 17851: 17850: 17848: 17846: 17831: 17825: 17824: 17822: 17820: 17808: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17797: 17776: 17770: 17756: 17750: 17735: 17729: 17714: 17708: 17707: 17702: 17700: 17669: 17663: 17662: 17640: 17634: 17619: 17613: 17598: 17592: 17585: 17579: 17564: 17555: 17542: 17531: 17511: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17500: 17485: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17452: 17446: 17432: 17426: 17413: 17404: 17403: 17401: 17399: 17380: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17369: 17358:Psychology Today 17350: 17344: 17343: 17341: 17339: 17319: 17313: 17312: 17292: 17286: 17285: 17283: 17281: 17262:Moskowitz, Clara 17258: 17252: 17251: 17249: 17247: 17219: 17208: 17207: 17205: 17203: 17192:The Conversation 17183: 17174: 17173: 17157: 17147: 17141: 17140: 17138: 17136: 17109: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17095: 17065: 17059: 17058: 17050: 17044: 17043: 17035: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17024: 17019:on June 13, 2007 17015:. Archived from 17009: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16998: 16977: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16951: 16945: 16944: 16942: 16940: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16914: 16899: 16893: 16892: 16887:. Archived from 16881: 16875: 16874: 16872: 16870: 16861:. Archived from 16855: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16844: 16828: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16817: 16802: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16776: 16770: 16769: 16767: 16765: 16750: 16744: 16743: 16741: 16739: 16730:. Archived from 16719: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16708: 16692: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16681: 16676:on June 13, 2007 16672:. Archived from 16666: 16660: 16659: 16657: 16655: 16640: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16629: 16614: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16603: 16588: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16568:. Ontopmag.com. 16561: 16555: 16554: 16552: 16550: 16535: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16524: 16518: 16511: 16503: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16492: 16472: 16466: 16453: 16447: 16446: 16444: 16442: 16436: 16429: 16421: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16410: 16395: 16389: 16388: 16386: 16384: 16369: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16358: 16338: 16332: 16318: 16312: 16292: 16279: 16278: 16270: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16259: 16240: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16220: 16205:"BLACK MARRIAGE" 16201: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16190: 16175: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16158: 16151: 16142: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16097: 16069: 16063: 16047: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16016: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15950: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15939: 15924: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15893: 15887: 15886: 15884: 15882: 15868: 15860: 15854: 15853: 15851: 15849: 15833: 15827: 15826: 15824: 15822: 15802: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15791: 15786:on July 13, 2016 15771: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15745: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15734: 15715: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704: 15684: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15673: 15653: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15642: 15623: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15593: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15582: 15559: 15550: 15549: 15547: 15545: 15524: 15518: 15517: 15507: 15475: 15469: 15468: 15458: 15434: 15428: 15427: 15417: 15385: 15379: 15378: 15368: 15336: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15319: 15314:. Archived from 15303: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15292: 15277: 15271: 15270: 15262: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15251: 15235: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15224: 15205: 15199: 15198: 15188: 15148: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15112: 15106: 15105: 15095: 15063: 15057: 15056: 15038: 15006: 15000: 14979: 14973: 14972: 14962: 14952: 14927: 14921: 14920: 14910: 14878: 14872: 14871: 14861: 14851: 14818: 14807: 14806: 14796: 14786: 14761: 14752: 14751: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14713: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14702: 14682: 14676: 14675: 14665: 14625: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14596: 14564: 14558: 14557: 14539: 14519: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14499: 14478: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14448: 14442: 14441: 14434: 14428: 14427: 14420: 14414: 14413: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14384: 14378: 14365: 14356: 14355: 14344: 14338: 14337: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14319: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14273: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14246: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14235: 14215: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14204: 14189: 14183: 14182: 14172: 14132: 14126: 14125: 14099: 14076: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14046: 14040: 14039: 14003: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13987: 13979: 13970: 13969: 13959: 13949: 13925: 13914: 13913: 13903: 13871: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13860: 13851:. June 5, 2012. 13835: 13820: 13819: 13808: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13778: 13769: 13768: 13766: 13764: 13745: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13703: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13640: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13629: 13609: 13603: 13602: 13600: 13598: 13578: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13518: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13487: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13456: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13430: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13419: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13388:on June 17, 2024 13378: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13336: 13330: 13319: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13265:. Archived from 13259: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13243:on March 5, 2011 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13215: 13208: 13200: 13194: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13148: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13137: 13115: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13021:on July 13, 2014 13020: 13014:. Archived from 13013: 13005: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12976:"PINC-03-Part 5" 12972: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12946: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12920: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12868: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12839: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12810: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12781: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12752: 12743: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12721: 12714: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12689:on July 19, 2010 12685:. Archived from 12674: 12665: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12639: 12630: 12624: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12604: 12597: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12541: 12532: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12415: 12409: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12335: 12316: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12299: 12288: 12279: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12245: 12239: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12201:. Archived from 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12175:. June 3, 2016. 12174: 12167: 12161: 12160:, July 31, 2013. 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12117: 12111: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12062: 12056: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12004: 11998: 11997: 11985: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11912: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11822:. Archived from 11816: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11791: 11784: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11761:. July 8, 2022. 11755: 11749: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11663: 11657: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11623: 11617: 11599: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11436: 11429: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11409:. Archived from 11399: 11393: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11311:. Archived from 11310: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11282:. Archived from 11275: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11249: 11243: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11213: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11187: 11176: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11122:Associated Press 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11021: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 10985: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10928: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10901: 10895: 10892: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10812: 10806: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10772: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10539: 10533: 10519: 10513: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10487:on May 26, 2012. 10483:. Archived from 10468: 10462: 10455: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10436:on June 14, 2002 10432:. Archived from 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10336: 10330: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10257: 10251: 10236: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10202: 10196: 10189: 10183: 10167: 10158: 10144: 10138: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10085: 10079: 10066: 10055: 10054: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10019: 10013: 10011: 9995: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9911: 9905: 9891: 9885: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9778:on July 21, 2018 9766: 9757: 9756: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9698: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9665: 9656: 9655: 9637: 9613: 9607: 9590: 9584: 9566: 9560: 9557:Akron Law Review 9543: 9537: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9489: 9483: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9318:on March 5, 2008 9312:Encyclopedia.com 9304: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9284:. Archived from 9271: 9265: 9264: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9203:on July 21, 2018 9190: 9184: 9183: 9168: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8911: 8902: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8889: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8804: 8798: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8778: 8776: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8736:African American 8731: 8729: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8671: 8665: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8584: 8553: 8354: 8348: 8345: 8239:Samaná Americans 8056: 8051: 8050: 8049: 7875:anti-imperialist 7841:David Ehrenstein 7793: 7760:Chinese American 7723:Thomas Jefferson 7692:colonial America 7648:classification. 7621:2010 U.S. Census 7615:, adhere to the 7609:African American 7594:US Census Bureau 7564:W. E. B. Du Bois 7552:African American 7526:Associated Press 7515:African-American 7499:African American 7468:African American 7461:African American 7404:African American 7321:Lloyd Quarterman 7268:Norbert Rillieux 7098: 7082: 6994:W. Deen Mohammed 6829:Louisiana Voodoo 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6752: 6742: 6735:Black Protestant 6732: 6632:American English 6319:Catherine Hughes 6255:To combat this, 6194:women's movement 6159: 6113:Political legacy 6103:extramarital sex 5932:killed by police 5823:According to an 5805:Bantu migrations 5708:branches of the 5408:Great Depression 5362:Democratic Party 5120: 5119: 4888:African diaspora 4817:W. E. B. Du Bois 4802:During slavery, 4657:Augusta, Georgia 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4100:2000 U.S. census 4032: 4026: 3516: 3512: 3413:Washington, D.C. 3350:. In June 2021, 3263:Shirley Chisholm 2882:corporal of the 2777: 2774: 2646:. Around 15,000 2572:slave rebellions 2539:Thomas Jefferson 2529:1774 image of a 2310:Native Americans 2107:in 1865. During 2043:Western European 1997:, also known as 1984: 1977: 1970: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1891:media depictions 1840: 1839: 1735:Population count 1431: 1430: 1365:Liberian English 1344:English dialects 1341: 1340: 1297:Samaná Americans 1222:Creoles of color 1168: 1167: 1106: 1105: 1050:Black conductors 1031: 1030: 900: 899: 874:Louisiana Voodoo 796: 795: 541:Family structure 524: 523: 471:Military history 466:Business history 397:military history 352: 351: 325: 324: 288:(71%) including 238: 237: 221: 220: 204: 203: 187: 186: 170: 169: 141: 140: 127: 126: 115: 114: 101: 100: 90:In combination ( 85: 84: 71: 70: 64:Alone (one race) 58:Total population 50:2020 U.S. census 45: 38: 34: 21: 18:African-American 26740: 26739: 26735: 26734: 26733: 26731: 26730: 26729: 26695: 26694: 26693: 26688: 26668: 26535: 26432:Related history 26427: 26373: 26369:Stono Rebellion 26354:Bilali Document 26335: 26329: 26316: 26300:Related culture 26295: 26254: 26230:Hot foot powder 26200:Flying Africans 26173: 26169:Gullah language 26157: 26132: 26066: 26060: 26030: 26021: 25968: 25910: 25839: 25759: 25726:Cuban Americans 25367:Mission Indians 25233: 25212:Swiss Americans 25061:Irish Americans 25051:Greek Americans 25014:Dutch Americans 24997:Czech Americans 24970:Welsh Americans 24905:White Americans 24891: 24826:Saudi Americans 24811:Omani Americans 24791:Iraqi Americans 24713:Hmong Americans 24696:Karen Americans 24677:Tamil Americans 24633:Tamil Americans 24543:Hoklo Americans 24533:Hakka Americans 24506:Uzbek Americans 24491:Tajik Americans 24447:Asian Americans 24435: 24362:Horn of Africa 24070:ethnic ancestry 24069: 24062: 24028:Native American 24016:Nation of Islam 24006:Five Percenters 23930: 23899:Racial wage gap 23889:Race and health 23874:Personal income 23806: 23800: 23791: 23786: 23756: 23751: 23719: 23693:Genetic history 23618: 23612: 23588: 23582: 23562:United Kingdom 23536: 23515:Afro-Brazilians 23470: 23468: 23458: 23442: 23347: 23338: 23251: 23094: 23082: 22942: 22936: 22807:Alabama Creoles 22727: 22721: 22653: 22647: 22452: 22436: 22431: 22401: 22396: 22386: 22384: 22371: 22337:Historic places 22330:US state firsts 22216: 22131: 21855: 21788: 21760:2010 majorities 21755:2000 majorities 21726: 21673:Black Seminoles 21622: 21613:Southern (SIAC) 21596: 21595:and conferences 21594: 21587: 21583:Serena Williams 21578:Jackie Robinson 21512: 21436: 21434: 21427: 21347: 21314:Nation of Islam 21285: 21233: 21227: 21168:Sojourner Truth 21158:Clarence Thomas 21123:Gabriel Prosser 21023:Michael Jackson 20898:Crispus Attucks 20888:Ralph Abernathy 20876: 20832:Musical theater 20731: 20597:Great Migration 20569:COVID-19 impact 20527:Sit-in movement 20402: 20397: 20352:Wayback Machine 20343:Frank Newport, 20312: 20307: 20301: 20275: 20246:Kranz, Rachel. 20226: 20185:, Alfred Moss, 20160: 20143: 20141:Further reading 20138: 20125: 20121: 20111: 20109: 20094: 20090: 20051: 20047: 20037: 20035: 20023: 20019: 20012: 19996: 19992: 19985: 19969: 19965: 19954: 19950: 19940: 19938: 19930: 19929: 19925: 19915: 19913: 19895: 19891: 19881: 19879: 19870: 19869: 19865: 19855: 19853: 19840: 19839: 19835: 19825: 19823: 19813: 19809: 19786:Stockman, Farah 19783: 19779: 19764: 19757: 19747: 19745: 19744:. June 21, 2008 19734: 19733: 19729: 19719: 19717: 19707: 19700: 19690: 19688: 19678: 19671: 19661: 19659: 19649: 19642: 19632: 19630: 19621: 19620: 19616: 19606: 19604: 19587: 19578: 19568: 19566: 19553: 19552: 19548: 19538: 19536: 19529: 19525: 19511: 19507: 19497: 19495: 19488: 19484: 19473: 19469: 19459: 19457: 19449: 19448: 19444: 19437: 19421: 19417: 19407: 19405: 19398: 19394: 19384: 19382: 19369: 19368: 19364: 19353: 19349: 19340: 19339: 19335: 19312: 19308: 19285: 19281: 19271: 19269: 19258: 19254: 19244: 19242: 19241:on July 7, 2016 19238: 19230: 19229: 19225: 19212: 19210: 19206: 19195: 19191: 19190: 19186: 19172: 19170: 19166: 19155: 19151: 19150: 19146: 19133: 19132: 19128: 19118: 19116: 19112: 19101: 19095: 19091: 19077: 19073: 19064: 19060: 19050: 19048: 19040: 19039: 19035: 19025: 19023: 19011: 19007: 18997: 18995: 18994:. July 20, 2020 18986: 18985: 18981: 18971: 18969: 18959: 18955: 18940: 18924: 18920: 18910: 18908: 18897: 18893: 18883: 18881: 18868: 18867: 18863: 18856: 18830: 18821: 18811: 18809: 18801: 18800: 18796: 18786: 18784: 18776: 18775: 18771: 18761: 18759: 18741: 18737: 18727: 18725: 18707: 18703: 18693: 18691: 18681: 18677: 18670: 18654: 18650: 18640: 18638: 18629: 18628: 18624: 18614: 18612: 18597: 18593: 18583: 18581: 18565: 18561: 18551: 18549: 18536: 18535: 18531: 18521: 18519: 18510: 18509: 18505: 18495: 18493: 18484: 18483: 18479: 18469: 18467: 18452: 18448: 18438: 18436: 18423: 18422: 18415: 18405: 18403: 18392: 18388: 18378: 18376: 18363: 18362: 18358: 18348: 18346: 18341:. August 1996. 18333: 18332: 18328: 18318: 18316: 18303: 18302: 18298: 18288: 18286: 18273: 18272: 18268: 18261: 18245: 18241: 18231: 18229: 18220: 18219: 18215: 18205: 18203: 18186: 18182: 18175: 18155: 18151: 18139:Emily Brennan, 18138: 18134: 18121: 18117: 18111:Wayback Machine 18100: 18096: 18086: 18084: 18075: 18074: 18070: 18060: 18058: 18048: 18044: 18034: 18032: 18025: 18021: 18011: 18009: 17998: 17994: 17984: 17982: 17955: 17951: 17941: 17939: 17927: 17923: 17913: 17911: 17903: 17902: 17898: 17893:. May 11, 2021. 17885: 17884: 17880: 17870: 17868: 17859: 17858: 17854: 17844: 17842: 17832: 17828: 17818: 17816: 17815:. Beliefnet.com 17809: 17805: 17795: 17793: 17778: 17777: 17773: 17767:Wayback Machine 17757: 17753: 17736: 17732: 17716:Jacob Neusner, 17715: 17711: 17698: 17696: 17689: 17670: 17666: 17655: 17641: 17637: 17620: 17616: 17599: 17595: 17586: 17582: 17565: 17558: 17552:Wayback Machine 17543: 17534: 17514:Bill J. Leonard 17512: 17508: 17498: 17496: 17487: 17486: 17479: 17469: 17467: 17454: 17453: 17449: 17443:Wayback Machine 17433: 17429: 17423:Wayback Machine 17414: 17407: 17397: 17395: 17382: 17381: 17377: 17367: 17365: 17351: 17347: 17337: 17335: 17320: 17316: 17309: 17293: 17289: 17279: 17277: 17259: 17255: 17245: 17243: 17236: 17220: 17211: 17201: 17199: 17184: 17177: 17170: 17148: 17144: 17134: 17132: 17125: 17111: 17110: 17103: 17093: 17091: 17084: 17066: 17062: 17051: 17047: 17042:. pp. 1–2. 17036: 17032: 17022: 17020: 17011: 17010: 17006: 16996: 16994: 16979: 16978: 16974: 16964: 16962: 16953: 16952: 16948: 16938: 16936: 16927: 16926: 16922: 16912: 16910: 16901: 16900: 16896: 16883: 16882: 16878: 16868: 16866: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16842: 16840: 16829: 16825: 16815: 16813: 16804: 16803: 16799: 16789: 16787: 16778: 16777: 16773: 16763: 16761: 16752: 16751: 16747: 16737: 16735: 16720: 16716: 16706: 16704: 16693: 16689: 16679: 16677: 16668: 16667: 16663: 16653: 16651: 16642: 16641: 16637: 16627: 16625: 16616: 16615: 16611: 16601: 16599: 16590: 16589: 16585: 16575: 16573: 16562: 16558: 16548: 16546: 16537: 16536: 16532: 16522: 16520: 16516: 16509: 16505: 16504: 16500: 16490: 16488: 16473: 16469: 16463:Wayback Machine 16454: 16450: 16440: 16438: 16434: 16427: 16423: 16422: 16418: 16408: 16406: 16397: 16396: 16392: 16382: 16380: 16371: 16370: 16366: 16356: 16354: 16339: 16335: 16329:Wayback Machine 16319: 16315: 16303:Wayback Machine 16293: 16282: 16271: 16267: 16257: 16255: 16242: 16241: 16228: 16218: 16216: 16203: 16202: 16198: 16188: 16186: 16185:on May 15, 2012 16177: 16176: 16172: 16162: 16160: 16159:on May 16, 2008 16156: 16149: 16143: 16136: 16126: 16124: 16109: 16105: 16095: 16093: 16078:Washington Post 16070: 16066: 16060:Wayback Machine 16048: 16044: 16034: 16032: 16017: 16013: 16003: 16001: 15981: 15977: 15967: 15965: 15952: 15951: 15947: 15937: 15935: 15926: 15925: 15921: 15911: 15909: 15894: 15890: 15880: 15878: 15861: 15857: 15847: 15845: 15834: 15830: 15820: 15818: 15803: 15799: 15789: 15787: 15780:Stanford Report 15772: 15768: 15758: 15756: 15747: 15746: 15742: 15732: 15730: 15717: 15716: 15712: 15702: 15700: 15685: 15681: 15671: 15669: 15654: 15650: 15640: 15638: 15625: 15624: 15620: 15610: 15608: 15595: 15594: 15590: 15580: 15578: 15560: 15553: 15543: 15541: 15526: 15525: 15521: 15476: 15472: 15435: 15431: 15386: 15382: 15337: 15333: 15323: 15321: 15304: 15300: 15290: 15288: 15279: 15278: 15274: 15263: 15259: 15249: 15247: 15236: 15232: 15222: 15220: 15207: 15206: 15202: 15149: 15145: 15135: 15133: 15113: 15109: 15064: 15060: 15007: 15003: 14993:Wayback Machine 14980: 14976: 14943:(5): e1006059. 14928: 14924: 14879: 14875: 14819: 14810: 14762: 14755: 14740: 14736: 14726: 14724: 14715: 14714: 14710: 14700: 14698: 14683: 14679: 14626: 14622: 14612: 14610: 14565: 14561: 14537:10.1.1.515.2135 14520: 14507: 14497: 14495: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14465: 14463: 14450: 14449: 14445: 14436: 14435: 14431: 14422: 14421: 14417: 14404: 14403: 14399: 14386: 14385: 14381: 14375:Wayback Machine 14366: 14359: 14346: 14345: 14341: 14332: 14331: 14327: 14317: 14315: 14306: 14305: 14301: 14291: 14289: 14274: 14270: 14260: 14258: 14247: 14243: 14233: 14231: 14216: 14212: 14202: 14200: 14191: 14190: 14186: 14133: 14129: 14078: 14077: 14073: 14063: 14061: 14048: 14047: 14043: 14014:(12): 1223–30. 14004: 14000: 13992: 13985: 13981: 13980: 13973: 13926: 13917: 13872: 13868: 13858: 13856: 13843:, June 5, 2012" 13837: 13836: 13823: 13810: 13809: 13805: 13795: 13793: 13780: 13779: 13772: 13762: 13760: 13747: 13746: 13742: 13732: 13730: 13715: 13711: 13701: 13699: 13692: 13676: 13672: 13641: 13637: 13627: 13625: 13610: 13606: 13596: 13594: 13579: 13575: 13565: 13563: 13550: 13549: 13545: 13535: 13533: 13520: 13519: 13515: 13505: 13503: 13488: 13484: 13474: 13472: 13457: 13453: 13443: 13441: 13432: 13431: 13427: 13417: 13415: 13406: 13405: 13401: 13391: 13389: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13365: 13363: 13348: 13344: 13334: 13332: 13328: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13287: 13286: 13282: 13272: 13270: 13261: 13260: 13256: 13246: 13244: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13206: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13191:Wayback Machine 13182: 13178: 13168: 13166: 13149: 13145: 13135: 13133: 13116: 13112: 13102: 13100: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13011: 13007: 13006: 12995: 12985: 12983: 12974: 12973: 12969: 12959: 12957: 12956:on May 11, 2011 12948: 12947: 12943: 12933: 12931: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12907: 12905: 12896: 12895: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12862: 12852: 12850: 12849:on May 11, 2011 12841: 12840: 12833: 12823: 12821: 12812: 12811: 12804: 12794: 12792: 12791:on May 15, 2011 12783: 12782: 12773: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12750: 12744: 12735: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12712: 12706: 12702: 12692: 12690: 12675: 12668: 12660: 12656: 12648: 12637: 12631: 12627: 12622: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12595: 12589: 12585: 12575: 12573: 12558: 12554: 12546: 12539: 12533: 12526: 12516: 12514: 12506: 12505: 12501: 12491: 12489: 12472: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12428: 12426: 12417: 12416: 12412: 12402:Wayback Machine 12393: 12389: 12378: 12374: 12364: 12362: 12347: 12343: 12333: 12331: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12286: 12280: 12273: 12263: 12261: 12246: 12242: 12232:Wayback Machine 12223:Allie Bidwell, 12222: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12197: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12180: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12154:Wayback Machine 12144: 12140: 12130: 12128: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12108:Wayback Machine 12094: 12090: 12080: 12078: 12063: 12059: 12054:Wayback Machine 12040: 12036: 12005: 12001: 11986: 11982: 11953: 11949: 11938: 11934: 11927: 11913: 11909: 11880: 11876: 11857: 11853: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11829: 11827: 11818: 11817: 11813: 11803: 11801: 11786: 11785: 11778: 11768: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11742:Wayback Machine 11733: 11729: 11719: 11717: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11664: 11660: 11655: 11651: 11641: 11639: 11624: 11620: 11610:Wayback Machine 11600: 11593: 11583: 11581: 11566: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11533: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11401: 11400: 11396: 11390:Wayback Machine 11381: 11377: 11369: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11306:"c2kbr01-2.qxd" 11304: 11303: 11299: 11289: 11287: 11286:on June 6, 2011 11276: 11272: 11262: 11260: 11251: 11250: 11246: 11237: 11233: 11226: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11114: 11110: 11100: 11098: 11083: 11079: 11069: 11067: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11023: 11022: 11015: 11005: 11003: 10986: 10979: 10969: 10967: 10958: 10957: 10950: 10940: 10938: 10921: 10917: 10902: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10876: 10874: 10865: 10864: 10860: 10850: 10848: 10839: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10773: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10739: 10735: 10704: 10700: 10693:Ella Fitzgerald 10691: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10665: 10661: 10630: 10626: 10616: 10614: 10583: 10579: 10574: 10570: 10560: 10558: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10530:Wayback Machine 10520: 10516: 10496: 10492: 10471:Davis, Ronald. 10469: 10465: 10456: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10379: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10327:Wayback Machine 10318: 10314: 10304: 10302: 10301:on May 27, 2007 10293: 10292: 10288: 10278: 10276: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10237: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10203: 10199: 10190: 10186: 10180:Wayback Machine 10168: 10161: 10155:Wayback Machine 10145: 10141: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10102: 10086: 10082: 10077:Wayback Machine 10067: 10058: 10047: 10043: 10033: 10031: 10020: 10016: 10008: 9986: 9982: 9972: 9970: 9963: 9937: 9933: 9926: 9912: 9908: 9892: 9888: 9879: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9862:on May 14, 2011 9854: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9828: 9827: 9823: 9813: 9811: 9810:on June 9, 2020 9798: 9797: 9790: 9781: 9779: 9768: 9767: 9760: 9729: 9725: 9715: 9713: 9700: 9699: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9667: 9666: 9659: 9635:10.2307/3035621 9614: 9610: 9600:Wayback Machine 9591: 9587: 9581:Wayback Machine 9567: 9563: 9553:Wayback Machine 9544: 9540: 9529: 9525: 9515: 9513: 9506: 9490: 9486: 9475: 9471: 9462: 9460: 9447: 9443: 9436: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9321: 9319: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9247: 9243: 9236: 9219: 9215: 9206: 9204: 9191: 9187: 9169: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9019: 9015: 9005: 9003: 8980: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8932: 8928: 8912: 8905: 8893: 8892: 8883: 8882: 8875: 8873: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8805: 8801: 8792: 8788: 8774: 8772: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8727: 8725: 8718: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8662:Wayback Machine 8653: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8595: 8586: 8585: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8544:(including the 8488:(including the 8452:(including the 8436:(including the 8364:(including the 8355: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8258: 8253: 8192: 8187: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8012:" or "friend". 7916: 7809:Debra Dickerson 7795: 7696:Southern states 7674:Historically, " 7672: 7654: 7583: 7480:American slaves 7472:German American 7431:White supremacy 7420:person of color 7392: 7387: 7338:, performed by 7303:Granville Woods 7288:Jefferson Davis 7230:Langston Hughes 7211: 7191: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7072: 6998:Louis Farrakhan 6972:Elijah Muhammad 6938:Nation of Islam 6831: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6758: 6750: 6748: 6740: 6738: 6730: 6722: 6686: 6680: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6393:– Originally a 6375:BET Media Group 6352: 6234: 6224: 6198:migrant workers 6157: 6115: 6107:progressive tax 6078:, Florida, and 6019:Sammy Davis Jr. 6014:Abraham Lincoln 5996:The first ever 5990:Sammy Davis Jr. 5969: 5901: 5891: 5861: 5855: 5821: 5773: 5765:Mark D. Shriver 5684: 5679: 5673: 5642:White Americans 5622: 5579: 5523: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5485:According to a 5483: 5477: 5457:Smokey Robinson 5441: 5425:John F. Kennedy 5325:Hillary Clinton 5192:Michael Dukakis 5139: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5118: 5074: 5034:underemployment 5026:Great Recession 4933: 4927: 4925:Economic status 4910: 4902:Main articles: 4900: 4860:Astrophysicist 4847:achievement gap 4800: 4786: 4750:in California, 4689:Cleveland, Ohio 4685:Mobile, Alabama 4534:Great Migration 4530: 4520: 4499: 4496: 4487: 4484: 4475: 4472: 4463: 4460: 4451: 4448: 4439: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4415: 4412: 4403: 4400: 4391: 4388: 4379: 4376: 4367: 4364: 4355: 4352: 4343: 4340: 4331: 4328: 4319: 4316: 4307: 4304: 4295: 4292: 4283: 4280: 4271: 4268: 4259: 4256: 4247: 4244: 4232: 4207:Black Hispanics 4047:Black Hispanics 3549:19.3% (highest) 3531: 3526: 3492:Great Migration 3439: 3423: 3405:Black Americans 3394: 3378: 3360: 3275:Clarence Thomas 3236: 3230: 3194:John F. Kennedy 3160:White supremacy 3089:racial steering 3053:Great Migration 3045:Omaha, Nebraska 3029: 3023:Great Migration 3021:Main articles: 3019: 2981:Anthony Overton 2964: 2956:Main articles: 2954: 2912:Abraham Lincoln 2775: 2648:Black Loyalists 2644:Oliver Cromwell 2636:James Armistead 2612:Crispus Attucks 2605: 2599: 2583:Great Awakening 2480:Anthony Johnson 2453:King Charles II 2420:married or had 2414:Spanish Florida 2344:English America 2262: 2256: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2121:White supremacy 2079:, particularly 2047:Native American 2039:Central African 2023:White Americans 1999:Black Americans 1988: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1881: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1768: 1730: 1706:Omaha, Nebraska 1671:Historic places 1665: 1557: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1379: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1306: 1258: 1200:Black Seminoles 1165: 1164:Sub-communities 1157: 1156: 1143:Southern (SIAC) 1103: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1044: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1014: 931: 897: 889: 888: 883: 869:Nation of Islam 835: 812: 793: 783: 782: 777: 718: 685: 652: 624: 585: 561:Musical theater 521: 511: 510: 492:Great Migration 349: 319: 271: 267: 232: 215: 198: 181: 164: 136: 122: 118: 117: 110: 96: 88: 87: 80: 66: 53: 52: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26738: 26728: 26727: 26722: 26717: 26712: 26707: 26690: 26689: 26677: 26674: 26673: 26670: 26669: 26667: 26666: 26661: 26660: 26659: 26654: 26649: 26644: 26639: 26634: 26624: 26619: 26614: 26609: 26604: 26599: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26579: 26574: 26569: 26564: 26559: 26554: 26549: 26543: 26541: 26537: 26536: 26534: 26533: 26532: 26531: 26521: 26520: 26519: 26509: 26508: 26507: 26502: 26488: 26483: 26478: 26473: 26468: 26463: 26458: 26453: 26448: 26447: 26446: 26435: 26433: 26429: 26428: 26426: 26425: 26420: 26419: 26418: 26407: 26402: 26397: 26392: 26387: 26381: 26379: 26375: 26374: 26372: 26371: 26366: 26361: 26356: 26350: 26348: 26347:History topics 26341: 26337: 26336: 26323: 26321: 26318: 26317: 26315: 26314: 26309: 26303: 26301: 26297: 26296: 26294: 26293: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26268: 26262: 26260: 26256: 26255: 26253: 26252: 26247: 26242: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26222: 26217: 26215:Black cat bone 26212: 26207: 26202: 26197: 26192: 26187: 26181: 26179: 26175: 26174: 26172: 26171: 26165: 26163: 26159: 26158: 26156: 26155: 26148: 26140: 26138: 26134: 26133: 26131: 26130: 26122: 26114: 26106: 26098: 26090: 26081: 26079: 26072: 26068: 26067: 26059: 26058: 26051: 26044: 26036: 26027: 26026: 26023: 26022: 26020: 26019: 26014: 26009: 26006: 26005: 26004: 25994: 25989: 25984: 25979: 25973: 25970: 25969: 25967: 25966: 25961: 25956: 25951: 25946: 25941: 25936: 25931: 25926: 25920: 25918: 25912: 25911: 25909: 25908: 25903: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25883: 25878: 25873: 25868: 25863: 25858: 25853: 25847: 25845: 25841: 25840: 25838: 25837: 25836: 25835: 25830: 25822: 25821: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 25790: 25785: 25780: 25769: 25767: 25761: 25760: 25758: 25757: 25756: 25755: 25754: 25753: 25748: 25738: 25733: 25728: 25723: 25722: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25706: 25701: 25696: 25691: 25677: 25676: 25670: 25669: 25668: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25647: 25642: 25637: 25632: 25627: 25620:Alaska Natives 25617: 25616: 25615: 25610: 25605: 25600: 25598:Tohono Oʼodham 25595: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25570: 25565: 25564: 25563: 25558: 25548: 25543: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25513: 25508: 25503: 25502: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25486: 25481: 25476: 25475: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25454: 25444: 25439: 25434: 25429: 25424: 25419: 25414: 25409: 25404: 25399: 25394: 25389: 25384: 25379: 25374: 25364: 25359: 25354: 25349: 25344: 25343: 25342: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25307: 25302: 25297: 25292: 25287: 25282: 25277: 25272: 25267: 25262: 25257: 25252: 25241: 25239: 25235: 25234: 25232: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25220: 25219: 25214: 25209: 25208: 25207: 25197: 25192: 25187: 25182: 25181: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25165: 25155: 25150: 25145: 25140: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25120: 25115: 25110: 25105: 25100: 25095: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25075: 25074: 25073: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25038: 25037: 25036: 25026: 25021: 25016: 25011: 25010: 25009: 24999: 24994: 24989: 24984: 24979: 24974: 24973: 24972: 24967: 24962: 24960:Manx Americans 24957: 24952: 24942: 24937: 24932: 24927: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24901: 24899: 24893: 24892: 24890: 24889: 24888: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24876: 24875: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24850: 24845: 24840: 24839: 24838: 24833: 24828: 24823: 24818: 24813: 24808: 24803: 24798: 24793: 24788: 24783: 24776:Arab Americans 24767: 24766: 24765: 24764: 24753: 24752: 24751: 24750: 24745: 24743:Thai Americans 24740: 24735: 24730: 24725: 24720: 24715: 24710: 24705: 24700: 24699: 24698: 24686:Southeast Asia 24683: 24682: 24681: 24680: 24679: 24669: 24668: 24667: 24662: 24652: 24647: 24642: 24641: 24640: 24635: 24630: 24625: 24620: 24615: 24610: 24600: 24595: 24594: 24593: 24578: 24577: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24565: 24564: 24554: 24553: 24552: 24547: 24546: 24545: 24540: 24535: 24525: 24510: 24509: 24508: 24503: 24498: 24493: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24456: 24455: 24454: 24443: 24441: 24437: 24436: 24434: 24433: 24432: 24431: 24426: 24425: 24424: 24419: 24414: 24409: 24399: 24398: 24397: 24381: 24380: 24379: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24359: 24358: 24357: 24356: 24355: 24354: 24349: 24348: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24327: 24322: 24317: 24312: 24307: 24302: 24297: 24292: 24287: 24277: 24276: 24275: 24270: 24265: 24260: 24250: 24249: 24248: 24243: 24238: 24233: 24223: 24221:Igbo Americans 24218: 24216:Fula Americans 24213: 24212: 24211: 24206: 24201: 24196: 24181: 24180: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24168: 24167: 24162: 24157: 24152: 24147: 24142: 24137: 24132: 24127: 24122: 24117: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24081: 24079: 24072: 24064: 24063: 24061: 24060: 24055: 24050: 24048:Scientologists 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24024: 24023: 24021:Value Creators 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23977: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23951: 23946: 23940: 23938: 23932: 23931: 23929: 23928: 23923: 23918: 23913: 23908: 23903: 23902: 23901: 23896: 23891: 23881: 23876: 23871: 23869:Middle classes 23866: 23861: 23856: 23851: 23846: 23841: 23836: 23834:Home-ownership 23831: 23826: 23821: 23816: 23810: 23808: 23802: 23801: 23796: 23793: 23792: 23785: 23784: 23777: 23770: 23762: 23753: 23752: 23750: 23749: 23739: 23728: 23725: 23724: 23721: 23720: 23718: 23717: 23716: 23715: 23705: 23703:Pan-Africanism 23700: 23695: 23690: 23688:Creole peoples 23685: 23680: 23675: 23670: 23669: 23668: 23663: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23622: 23620: 23614: 23613: 23611: 23610: 23605: 23604: 23603: 23592: 23590: 23584: 23583: 23581: 23580: 23579: 23578: 23573: 23568: 23560: 23559: 23558: 23553: 23544: 23542: 23538: 23537: 23535: 23534: 23533: 23532: 23524: 23523: 23522: 23517: 23509: 23508: 23507: 23499: 23498: 23497: 23492: 23483: 23481: 23472: 23464: 23463: 23460: 23459: 23457: 23456: 23450: 23448: 23444: 23443: 23441: 23440: 23439: 23438: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23413: 23412: 23411: 23406: 23404:Black Dutchmen 23396: 23395: 23394: 23393: 23392: 23379: 23374: 23373: 23372: 23367: 23357: 23351: 23349: 23340: 23339: 23337: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23325: 23324: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23294: 23289: 23288: 23287: 23282: 23272: 23267: 23261: 23259: 23253: 23252: 23250: 23249: 23248: 23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23220:United Kingdom 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23156: 23155: 23145: 23140: 23139: 23138: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23102: 23100: 23088: 23087: 23084: 23083: 23081: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23069: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23022: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23001: 22996: 22995: 22994: 22984: 22979: 22978: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22957: 22952: 22946: 22944: 22938: 22937: 22935: 22934: 22933: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22871: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22859: 22858: 22853: 22851:Creek freedmen 22848: 22843: 22838: 22824: 22822:Black Hispanic 22819: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22788:United States 22786: 22785: 22784: 22774: 22773: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22731: 22729: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22719: 22718: 22717: 22707: 22702: 22701: 22700: 22693:Miskito people 22690: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22669: 22668: 22657: 22655: 22649: 22648: 22646: 22645: 22640: 22639: 22638: 22633: 22623: 22622: 22621: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22595: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22574: 22573: 22572: 22567: 22557: 22552: 22551: 22550: 22545: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22524: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22503: 22501:Cayman Islands 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22467: 22465: 22456: 22442: 22438: 22437: 22430: 22429: 22422: 22415: 22407: 22398: 22397: 22395: 22394: 22382: 22376: 22373: 22372: 22370: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22333: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22312: 22311: 22310: 22305: 22303:Visual artists 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22263:Mathematicians 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22224: 22222: 22218: 22217: 22215: 22214: 22213: 22212: 22204: 22199: 22198: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22169: 22168: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22141: 22139: 22133: 22132: 22130: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22114: 22113: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22087: 22082: 22080:South Carolina 22077: 22072: 22071: 22070: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22050:North Carolina 22047: 22046: 22045: 22035: 22030: 22029: 22028: 22018: 22013: 22012: 22011: 22003: 22002: 22001: 21995:Massachusetts 21993: 21992: 21991: 21981: 21976: 21975: 21974: 21964: 21959: 21958: 21957: 21947: 21942: 21941: 21940: 21930: 21925: 21924: 21923: 21913: 21912: 21911: 21906: 21896: 21891: 21890: 21889: 21884: 21874: 21869: 21863: 21861: 21857: 21856: 21854: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21842: 21841: 21840: 21839: 21837:social context 21834: 21824: 21814: 21813: 21812: 21802: 21796: 21794: 21790: 21789: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21779: 21769: 21764: 21763: 21762: 21757: 21747: 21746: 21745: 21734: 21732: 21728: 21727: 21725: 21724: 21719: 21718: 21717: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21691: 21690: 21688:Creek Freedmen 21685: 21680: 21675: 21665: 21663:Alabama Creole 21660: 21659: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21634: 21632: 21628: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21621: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21603:Central (CIAA) 21599: 21597: 21592: 21589: 21588: 21586: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21524: 21518: 21514: 21513: 21511: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21439: 21437: 21432: 21429: 21428: 21426: 21425: 21420: 21419: 21418: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21396:Pan-Africanism 21393: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21377: 21376: 21366: 21361: 21355: 21353: 21349: 21348: 21346: 21345: 21340: 21338:Black theology 21335: 21330: 21329: 21328: 21318: 21317: 21316: 21311: 21301: 21295: 21293: 21287: 21286: 21284: 21283: 21282: 21281: 21279:in STEM fields 21276: 21271: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21237: 21235: 21234:and technology 21229: 21228: 21226: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21173:Harriet Tubman 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21103:Michelle Obama 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21033:Barbara Jordan 21030: 21028:Harriet Jacobs 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20918:Amelia Boynton 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20884: 20882: 20881:Notable people 20878: 20877: 20875: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20817:LGBT community 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20798: 20797: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20741: 20739: 20733: 20732: 20730: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20713: 20712: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20669: 20664: 20657: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20616: 20611: 20610: 20609: 20604: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20560: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20532:Freedom Riders 20529: 20524: 20516: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20495: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20476: 20471: 20463: 20458: 20456:Black genocide 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20412: 20410: 20404: 20403: 20396: 20395: 20388: 20381: 20373: 20367: 20366: 20363:The First Post 20355: 20341: 20336: 20327: 20311: 20310:External links 20308: 20306: 20305: 20299: 20279: 20273: 20258: 20251: 20244: 20230: 20225:978-0807005934 20224: 20211: 20197: 20190: 20180: 20179: 20178: 20164: 20158: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20136: 20119: 20088: 20061:(2): 137–171. 20045: 20017: 20010: 19990: 19983: 19963: 19948: 19923: 19889: 19863: 19833: 19807: 19777: 19755: 19727: 19698: 19686:Slate Magazine 19669: 19640: 19614: 19576: 19546: 19523: 19505: 19482: 19467: 19442: 19435: 19415: 19392: 19362: 19347: 19333: 19306: 19295:(2): 197–213. 19279: 19252: 19223: 19184: 19144: 19126: 19089: 19071: 19058: 19033: 19005: 18979: 18953: 18938: 18918: 18891: 18880:on May 7, 2018 18861: 18854: 18819: 18807:Newspapers.com 18794: 18782:Newspapers.com 18769: 18735: 18701: 18675: 18668: 18648: 18622: 18601:"Mark E. Dean" 18591: 18559: 18529: 18503: 18477: 18446: 18413: 18386: 18356: 18326: 18296: 18266: 18259: 18239: 18213: 18180: 18173: 18149: 18132: 18115: 18094: 18068: 18042: 18019: 17992: 17963:The North Star 17949: 17921: 17896: 17878: 17852: 17826: 17803: 17771: 17751: 17730: 17709: 17687: 17664: 17653: 17643:Lomax (1979). 17635: 17614: 17593: 17580: 17556: 17532: 17506: 17477: 17447: 17427: 17405: 17375: 17345: 17328:babycenter.com 17322:Lack, Evonne. 17314: 17308:978-0312267575 17307: 17287: 17253: 17235:978-0425159392 17234: 17209: 17175: 17169:978-0521891387 17168: 17142: 17124:978-0387717982 17123: 17101: 17082: 17060: 17057:. p. 110. 17045: 17030: 17004: 16972: 16946: 16920: 16894: 16876: 16859:"BET Networks" 16850: 16823: 16797: 16771: 16745: 16714: 16687: 16661: 16635: 16609: 16583: 16556: 16530: 16498: 16467: 16448: 16416: 16390: 16364: 16333: 16313: 16280: 16265: 16226: 16196: 16170: 16134: 16103: 16064: 16042: 16011: 15975: 15945: 15919: 15888: 15855: 15828: 15797: 15766: 15740: 15710: 15679: 15648: 15618: 15588: 15551: 15519: 15496:10.1086/491675 15490:(4): 676–680. 15470: 15443:Human Mutation 15429: 15380: 15331: 15298: 15272: 15257: 15230: 15200: 15143: 15116:Thornton, John 15107: 15058: 15021:(2): 265–277. 15001: 14974: 14922: 14873: 14834:(2): 786–791. 14808: 14777:(R141): R141. 14771:Genome Biology 14753: 14734: 14708: 14677: 14640:(8): 578–582. 14620: 14579:(7): 905–911. 14559: 14505: 14473: 14443: 14429: 14415: 14397: 14379: 14357: 14339: 14325: 14299: 14268: 14241: 14210: 14184: 14147:(3): 216–224. 14127: 14071: 14041: 13998: 13971: 13915: 13866: 13821: 13803: 13770: 13740: 13709: 13690: 13670: 13651:(2): 139–151. 13635: 13604: 13573: 13543: 13513: 13482: 13451: 13425: 13399: 13373: 13342: 13306: 13280: 13254: 13227: 13209:. March 2006. 13195: 13176: 13143: 13110: 13084: 13058: 13032: 12993: 12982:on May 9, 2011 12967: 12941: 12930:on May 9, 2011 12915: 12904:on May 9, 2011 12889: 12878:on May 9, 2011 12860: 12831: 12820:on May 9, 2011 12802: 12771: 12733: 12700: 12666: 12654: 12625: 12616: 12583: 12552: 12524: 12499: 12466: 12436: 12410: 12387: 12372: 12341: 12311: 12271: 12240: 12216: 12190: 12162: 12138: 12112: 12088: 12057: 12034: 12015:(2): 136–160. 11999: 11980: 11947: 11932: 11925: 11907: 11874: 11851: 11837: 11811: 11776: 11750: 11727: 11697: 11658: 11649: 11618: 11616:, Feb 2, 2015. 11591: 11560: 11527: 11494: 11462: 11448: 11416: 11394: 11375: 11360: 11329: 11297: 11270: 11244: 11231: 11224: 11199: 11163: 11139: 11108: 11077: 11046: 11013: 10977: 10948: 10915: 10896: 10884: 10858: 10832: 10826:978-1569767092 10825: 10807: 10798: 10764: 10733: 10698: 10684: 10677: 10659: 10624: 10577: 10568: 10534: 10521:Moyers, Bill. 10514: 10490: 10463: 10459:Jim Crow Blues 10457:Leon Litwack, 10447: 10412: 10382: 10370: 10351: 10331: 10312: 10286: 10252: 10228: 10197: 10195:, pp. 161–162. 10184: 10159: 10139: 10119: 10100: 10080: 10056: 10041: 10014: 10006: 9980: 9961: 9931: 9924: 9906: 9886: 9873: 9847: 9821: 9788: 9758: 9739:(2): 181–205. 9723: 9690: 9657: 9628:(3): 233–242. 9608: 9585: 9561: 9538: 9523: 9504: 9484: 9469: 9441: 9434: 9414: 9408:978-0807871416 9407: 9389: 9355: 9329: 9299: 9266: 9259: 9241: 9234: 9213: 9185: 9160: 9126: 9096: 9070: 9044: 9013: 8974: 8949: 8926: 8903: 8857: 8826: 8819: 8799: 8786: 8764:978-1483314211 8763: 8743: 8717:978-1111808112 8716: 8696: 8666: 8647: 8635: 8605: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8548:subgroup) and 8349: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8113:Black Ozarkers 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8041: 8038: 7995:music cultures 7915: 7912: 7823:Stanley Crouch 7794: 7789: 7785:Japanese women 7653: 7650: 7582: 7579: 7568:George Padmore 7556:pan-Africanism 7503:Black American 7476:Irish American 7445:Michelle Obama 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7295:Jan Matzeliger 7238:Richard Wright 7210: 7207: 7190: 7187: 7100: 7093: 7092: 7084: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7068: 6976:orthodox Islam 6813:Main article: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6769: 6765:Roman Catholic 6759: 6749: 6739: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6682:Main article: 6679: 6676: 6599:Main article: 6596: 6593: 6526:collard greens 6512:A traditional 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6434: 6416: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6383: 6372: 6369: 6359: 6351: 6348: 6324:In June 2009, 6246:George W. Bush 6223: 6220: 6114: 6111: 6060:North Carolina 6040:14th Amendment 5968: 5965: 5953:Floyd’s murder 5910:stop-and-frisk 5890: 5887: 5854: 5851: 5820: 5817: 5772: 5769: 5683: 5680: 5672: 5669: 5621: 5618: 5578: 5575: 5516: 5515:General health 5513: 5499: 5496: 5476: 5473: 5440: 5437: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5173:Walter Mondale 5170: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5128:the plurality 5124: 5117: 5114: 5110:South Carolina 5073: 5070: 4926: 4923: 4899: 4896: 4796:Main article: 4785: 4782: 4724:Charles County 4720:Upper Marlboro 4669:Macon, Georgia 4519: 4516: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4167:Band rehearsal 4145:Latin American 4094: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3431: 3403:Proportion of 3402: 3392: 3359: 3356: 3344:Asian American 3271:Douglas Wilder 3232:Main article: 3229: 3226: 3164:all-White jury 3132:Duke Ellington 3018: 3015: 2953: 2950: 2946:15th Amendment 2942:14th Amendment 2926:Harriet Tubman 2711:3/5 compromise 2640:Prince Whipple 2601:Main article: 2598: 2595: 2557:French creoles 2531:fugitive slave 2302:South Carolina 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2189:, sports, and 2135:, substantial 2111:, they gained 2109:Reconstruction 2097:American South 2073:sold as slaves 2009:consisting of 2003:Afro-Americans 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1852:Black genocide 1848: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1759:US communities 1756: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716:South Carolina 1713: 1711:North Carolina 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1533:South Carolina 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513:North Carolina 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1370:Samaná English 1367: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1320:LGBT community 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1277:Creek Freedmen 1274: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1247:Carmel Indians 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1128:Central (CIAA) 1122: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 995:Pan-Africanism 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 941: 938: 937: 933: 932: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 908: 905: 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 885: 884: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 834: 833: 828: 826:Black theology 822: 819: 818: 814: 813: 811: 810: 804: 801: 800: 794: 789: 788: 785: 784: 779: 778: 776: 775: 770: 763: 758: 757: 756: 746: 741: 740: 739: 728: 725: 724: 720: 719: 717: 716: 711: 706: 701: 695: 692: 691: 690:Economic class 687: 686: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 662: 659: 658: 654: 653: 651: 650: 645: 640: 634: 631: 630: 629:Academic study 626: 625: 623: 622: 617: 612: 606: 601: 595: 592: 591: 587: 586: 584: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 532: 529: 528: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 494: 486: 485: 481: 480: 479: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 450: 449: 445: 444: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 411: 410: 400: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 357: 356: 350: 345: 344: 341: 340: 334: 333: 321: 320: 301: 284:Predominantly 281: 280: 276: 275: 251: 250: 246: 245: 242: 229: 228: 225: 212: 211: 208: 195: 194: 191: 178: 177: 174: 161: 160: 149: 148: 144: 143: 60: 59: 55: 54: 47: 46: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26737: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26702: 26700: 26687: 26686: 26675: 26665: 26662: 26658: 26655: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26643: 26640: 26638: 26635: 26633: 26630: 26629: 26628: 26625: 26623: 26620: 26618: 26615: 26613: 26610: 26608: 26605: 26603: 26600: 26598: 26595: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26578: 26575: 26573: 26570: 26568: 26565: 26563: 26560: 26558: 26555: 26553: 26550: 26548: 26545: 26544: 26542: 26538: 26530: 26527: 26526: 26525: 26522: 26518: 26515: 26514: 26513: 26510: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26497: 26496: 26492: 26489: 26487: 26484: 26482: 26479: 26477: 26474: 26472: 26469: 26467: 26464: 26462: 26459: 26457: 26454: 26452: 26449: 26445: 26442: 26441: 26440: 26437: 26436: 26434: 26430: 26424: 26421: 26417: 26414: 26413: 26411: 26410:Sapelo Island 26408: 26406: 26403: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26386: 26383: 26382: 26380: 26376: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26360: 26357: 26355: 26352: 26351: 26349: 26345: 26342: 26338: 26333: 26327: 26313: 26310: 26308: 26305: 26304: 26302: 26298: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26272: 26269: 26267: 26264: 26263: 26261: 26257: 26251: 26248: 26246: 26243: 26241: 26240:Rabbit's foot 26238: 26236: 26233: 26231: 26228: 26226: 26223: 26221: 26218: 26216: 26213: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26186: 26183: 26182: 26180: 26176: 26170: 26167: 26166: 26164: 26160: 26154: 26153: 26149: 26147: 26146: 26142: 26141: 26139: 26135: 26128: 26127: 26123: 26120: 26119: 26115: 26112: 26111: 26107: 26104: 26103: 26099: 26096: 26095: 26091: 26088: 26087: 26083: 26082: 26080: 26076: 26073: 26069: 26064: 26063:Gullah people 26057: 26052: 26050: 26045: 26043: 26038: 26037: 26034: 26018: 26015: 26013: 26010: 26007: 26003: 26000: 25999: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25978: 25975: 25974: 25971: 25965: 25962: 25960: 25957: 25955: 25952: 25950: 25947: 25945: 25942: 25940: 25937: 25935: 25932: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25922: 25921: 25919: 25917: 25913: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25882: 25879: 25877: 25874: 25872: 25869: 25867: 25864: 25862: 25859: 25857: 25854: 25852: 25849: 25848: 25846: 25844:South America 25842: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25825: 25823: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25779: 25776: 25775: 25774: 25771: 25770: 25768: 25766: 25762: 25752: 25749: 25747: 25744: 25743: 25742: 25739: 25737: 25734: 25732: 25729: 25727: 25724: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25705: 25702: 25700: 25697: 25695: 25692: 25690: 25687: 25686: 25684: 25683: 25682: 25679: 25678: 25675: 25672: 25671: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25646: 25643: 25641: 25638: 25636: 25633: 25631: 25628: 25626: 25623: 25622: 25621: 25618: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25601: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25553: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25504: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25485: 25482: 25480: 25477: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25449: 25448: 25445: 25443: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25433: 25430: 25428: 25425: 25423: 25420: 25418: 25415: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25398: 25395: 25393: 25390: 25388: 25385: 25383: 25380: 25378: 25375: 25373: 25370: 25369: 25368: 25365: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25328: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25312: 25311: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25266: 25263: 25261: 25258: 25256: 25253: 25251: 25248: 25247: 25246: 25243: 25242: 25240: 25238:North America 25236: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25206: 25203: 25202: 25201: 25198: 25196: 25193: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25183: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25164: 25161: 25160: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25124: 25121: 25119: 25116: 25114: 25111: 25109: 25106: 25104: 25101: 25099: 25096: 25094: 25091: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25081: 25079: 25076: 25072: 25069: 25068: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25035: 25032: 25031: 25030: 25027: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25012: 25008: 25005: 25004: 25003: 25000: 24998: 24995: 24993: 24990: 24988: 24985: 24983: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24963: 24961: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24947: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24907: 24906: 24903: 24902: 24900: 24898: 24894: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24874: 24871: 24870: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24822: 24819: 24817: 24814: 24812: 24809: 24807: 24804: 24802: 24799: 24797: 24794: 24792: 24789: 24787: 24784: 24782: 24779: 24778: 24777: 24774: 24773: 24772: 24769: 24768: 24763: 24760: 24759: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24749: 24746: 24744: 24741: 24739: 24736: 24734: 24731: 24729: 24726: 24724: 24721: 24719: 24716: 24714: 24711: 24709: 24706: 24704: 24701: 24697: 24694: 24693: 24692: 24689: 24688: 24687: 24684: 24678: 24675: 24674: 24673: 24670: 24666: 24663: 24661: 24658: 24657: 24656: 24653: 24651: 24648: 24646: 24643: 24639: 24636: 24634: 24631: 24629: 24626: 24624: 24621: 24619: 24616: 24614: 24611: 24609: 24606: 24605: 24604: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24592: 24589: 24588: 24587: 24584: 24583: 24582: 24579: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24563: 24560: 24559: 24558: 24555: 24551: 24548: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24530: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24520: 24519: 24516: 24515: 24514: 24511: 24507: 24504: 24502: 24499: 24497: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24487: 24484: 24482: 24479: 24477: 24474: 24470: 24467: 24466: 24465: 24462: 24461: 24460: 24457: 24453: 24450: 24449: 24448: 24445: 24444: 24442: 24438: 24430: 24427: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24404: 24403: 24400: 24396: 24393: 24392: 24391: 24388: 24387: 24386: 24383: 24382: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24363: 24361: 24360: 24353: 24350: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24313: 24311: 24308: 24306: 24303: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24286: 24283: 24282: 24281: 24278: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24266: 24264: 24261: 24259: 24256: 24255: 24254: 24251: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24228: 24227: 24224: 24222: 24219: 24217: 24214: 24210: 24207: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24191: 24190: 24187: 24186: 24185: 24182: 24178: 24177:Black Indians 24175: 24173: 24170: 24166: 24163: 24161: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24151: 24148: 24146: 24143: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24097: 24096: 24093: 24092: 24091: 24088: 24087: 24086: 24083: 24082: 24080: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24065: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24038:Non-religious 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23998: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23956: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23941: 23939: 23937: 23933: 23927: 23924: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23900: 23897: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23886: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23855: 23852: 23850: 23847: 23845: 23842: 23840: 23837: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23825: 23822: 23820: 23817: 23815: 23812: 23811: 23809: 23803: 23799: 23794: 23790: 23783: 23778: 23776: 23771: 23769: 23764: 23763: 23760: 23748: 23740: 23738: 23730: 23729: 23726: 23714: 23711: 23710: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23674: 23671: 23667: 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23643: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23629: 23627: 23624: 23623: 23621: 23615: 23609: 23606: 23602: 23599: 23598: 23597: 23594: 23593: 23591: 23585: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23563: 23561: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23549: 23548: 23546: 23545: 23543: 23539: 23531: 23528: 23527: 23526:Sierra Leone 23525: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23512: 23510: 23506: 23503: 23502: 23500: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23487: 23485: 23484: 23482: 23480: 23476: 23473: 23469:Afro-American 23465: 23455: 23452: 23451: 23449: 23445: 23437: 23434: 23433: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23417: 23414: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23402: 23401: 23400: 23397: 23391: 23388: 23387: 23386: 23383: 23382: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23362: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23352: 23350: 23345: 23341: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23323: 23320: 23319: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23277: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23268: 23266: 23263: 23262: 23260: 23258: 23254: 23246: 23243: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23223: 23222: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23154: 23151: 23150: 23149: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23137: 23134: 23133: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23103: 23101: 23098: 23093: 23089: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23043: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23006: 23005: 23004:French Guiana 23002: 23000: 22997: 22993: 22990: 22989: 22988: 22985: 22983: 22980: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22962: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22947: 22945: 22939: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22920:Somali Bantus 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22847: 22844: 22842: 22839: 22837: 22834: 22833: 22832: 22828: 22827:Black Indians 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22797:Affrilachians 22795: 22794: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22787: 22783: 22780: 22779: 22778: 22775: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22755:New Brunswick 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22737: 22736: 22733: 22732: 22730: 22724: 22716: 22713: 22712: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22699: 22698:Miskito Sambu 22696: 22695: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22667: 22664: 22663: 22662: 22659: 22658: 22656: 22650: 22644: 22641: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22631:Dougla people 22629: 22628: 22627: 22624: 22620: 22617: 22616: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22579: 22578: 22575: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22562: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22540: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22522: 22521:Ganga-Longoba 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22508: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22468: 22466: 22464: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22454:Latin America 22450: 22446: 22443: 22439: 22435: 22428: 22423: 22421: 22416: 22414: 22409: 22408: 22405: 22393: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22377: 22374: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22362:Neighborhoods 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22325:Sports firsts 22323: 22321: 22318: 22317: 22316: 22313: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22230: 22229: 22226: 22225: 22223: 22219: 22211: 22208: 22207: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22172: 22170: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22143: 22142: 22140: 22138: 22134: 22128: 22127:West Virginia 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22115: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22092: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22069: 22066: 22065: 22064:Pennsylvania 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22044: 22043:New York City 22041: 22040: 22039: 22036: 22034: 22031: 22027: 22024: 22023: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22010: 22007: 22006: 22004: 22000: 21997: 21996: 21994: 21990: 21987: 21986: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21973: 21970: 21969: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21956: 21953: 21952: 21951: 21948: 21946: 21943: 21939: 21936: 21935: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21922: 21919: 21918: 21917: 21914: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21902: 21901: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21888: 21887:San Francisco 21885: 21883: 21880: 21879: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21862: 21860:By state/city 21858: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21829: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21819: 21818: 21815: 21811: 21808: 21807: 21806: 21805:American Sign 21803: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21795: 21791: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21774: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21752: 21751: 21748: 21744: 21741: 21740: 21739: 21738:Neighborhoods 21736: 21735: 21733: 21729: 21723: 21720: 21716: 21713: 21712: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21670: 21669: 21668:Black Indians 21666: 21664: 21661: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21638: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21629: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21600: 21598: 21590: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21522: 21519: 21515: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21440: 21438: 21430: 21424: 21421: 21417: 21414: 21413: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21379: 21375: 21372: 21371: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21356: 21354: 21350: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21327: 21324: 21323: 21322: 21319: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21306: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21296: 21294: 21292: 21288: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21266: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21246:Black schools 21244: 21242: 21241:Black studies 21239: 21238: 21236: 21230: 21224: 21223:Whitney Young 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21213:Oprah Winfrey 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21183:Denmark Vesey 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21128:Joseph Rainey 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21083:Toni Morrison 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21068:Joseph Lowery 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21013:Jesse Jackson 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21003:Kamala Harris 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20988:Marcus Garvey 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20938:Blanche Bruce 20936: 20934: 20933:Edward Brooke 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20923:James Bradley 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20903:James Baldwin 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20885: 20883: 20879: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20847:Neighborhoods 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20796: 20793: 20792: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20742: 20740: 20738: 20734: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20711: 20708: 20707: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20700:Silent Parade 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20675: 20674: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20662: 20658: 20656: 20655: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20628:Jim Crow laws 20626: 20624: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20577: 20576: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20511: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20479: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20469: 20468: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20451:Black cowboys 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20413: 20411: 20409: 20405: 20401: 20394: 20389: 20387: 20382: 20380: 20375: 20374: 20371: 20365: 20364: 20359: 20356: 20353: 20349: 20346: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20328: 20326: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20313: 20302: 20296: 20292: 20288: 20284: 20280: 20276: 20270: 20266: 20265: 20259: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20245: 20243: 20239: 20235: 20231: 20227: 20221: 20217: 20212: 20209: 20205: 20201: 20198: 20195: 20191: 20188: 20184: 20181: 20176: 20172: 20171: 20169: 20165: 20161: 20155: 20151: 20146: 20145: 20133: 20129: 20123: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20092: 20084: 20080: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20064: 20060: 20056: 20049: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20021: 20013: 20007: 20003: 20002: 19994: 19986: 19980: 19976: 19975: 19967: 19959: 19952: 19937: 19933: 19927: 19912: 19908: 19904: 19900: 19893: 19877: 19873: 19867: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19837: 19822: 19821:The Intercept 19818: 19811: 19802: 19797: 19796: 19791: 19787: 19781: 19773: 19769: 19762: 19760: 19743: 19742: 19737: 19731: 19716: 19712: 19705: 19703: 19687: 19683: 19676: 19674: 19658: 19654: 19647: 19645: 19628: 19624: 19618: 19602: 19598: 19597: 19592: 19585: 19583: 19581: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19550: 19534: 19527: 19520: 19519: 19514: 19513:Krugman, Paul 19509: 19493: 19486: 19479:. p. 41. 19478: 19475:M.M. Drymon. 19471: 19456: 19452: 19446: 19438: 19436:9781439904831 19432: 19428: 19427: 19419: 19403: 19396: 19380: 19376: 19372: 19366: 19358: 19351: 19343: 19337: 19330: 19326: 19322: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19302: 19298: 19294: 19290: 19283: 19267: 19263: 19256: 19237: 19233: 19227: 19220: 19205: 19201: 19194: 19188: 19181: 19165: 19161: 19154: 19148: 19140: 19136: 19130: 19111: 19107: 19100: 19093: 19086: 19085: 19084:The Economist 19080: 19075: 19068: 19062: 19051:September 30, 19047: 19043: 19037: 19022: 19021: 19016: 19009: 18993: 18989: 18983: 18968: 18964: 18957: 18949: 18945: 18941: 18935: 18931: 18930: 18922: 18911:September 26, 18906: 18902: 18895: 18879: 18875: 18871: 18865: 18857: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18838: 18837: 18828: 18826: 18824: 18808: 18804: 18798: 18783: 18779: 18773: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18746: 18739: 18724: 18720: 18716: 18712: 18705: 18690: 18686: 18679: 18671: 18665: 18661: 18660: 18652: 18636: 18632: 18631:"Otis Boykin" 18626: 18610: 18606: 18602: 18595: 18580: 18576: 18575: 18570: 18563: 18547: 18543: 18539: 18533: 18517: 18513: 18507: 18491: 18487: 18481: 18465: 18461: 18457: 18450: 18434: 18430: 18426: 18420: 18418: 18401: 18397: 18390: 18374: 18370: 18366: 18360: 18344: 18340: 18336: 18330: 18314: 18310: 18306: 18300: 18284: 18280: 18276: 18270: 18262: 18256: 18252: 18251: 18243: 18227: 18223: 18217: 18201: 18197: 18196: 18191: 18184: 18176: 18170: 18166: 18162: 18161: 18153: 18146: 18142: 18136: 18129: 18125: 18119: 18112: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18098: 18082: 18078: 18072: 18057: 18053: 18046: 18030: 18023: 18007: 18003: 17996: 17980: 17976: 17972: 17968: 17964: 17960: 17953: 17938: 17937: 17932: 17925: 17910: 17906: 17900: 17892: 17888: 17882: 17866: 17862: 17856: 17841: 17837: 17830: 17814: 17807: 17791: 17787: 17783: 17782: 17775: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17755: 17748: 17744: 17740: 17734: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17713: 17706: 17694: 17690: 17688:9780312181536 17684: 17680: 17679: 17674: 17668: 17661: 17656: 17650: 17646: 17639: 17632: 17628: 17624: 17618: 17611: 17610:0-275-93880-8 17607: 17603: 17597: 17590: 17584: 17577: 17576:0-292-74041-7 17573: 17569: 17563: 17561: 17553: 17549: 17546: 17541: 17539: 17537: 17529: 17528:0-231-12703-0 17525: 17521: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17494: 17490: 17484: 17482: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17451: 17444: 17440: 17437: 17431: 17424: 17420: 17417: 17412: 17410: 17393: 17389: 17385: 17379: 17363: 17359: 17356: 17349: 17333: 17329: 17325: 17318: 17310: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17291: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17257: 17241: 17237: 17231: 17227: 17226: 17218: 17216: 17214: 17197: 17193: 17189: 17182: 17180: 17171: 17165: 17161: 17156: 17155: 17146: 17130: 17126: 17120: 17116: 17115: 17108: 17106: 17089: 17085: 17083:9783110175325 17079: 17075: 17071: 17064: 17056: 17049: 17041: 17034: 17018: 17014: 17008: 16992: 16988: 16987: 16982: 16976: 16960: 16956: 16950: 16934: 16930: 16929:"TheGrio.com" 16924: 16908: 16904: 16898: 16890: 16886: 16880: 16864: 16860: 16854: 16838: 16834: 16827: 16811: 16807: 16801: 16785: 16781: 16775: 16759: 16755: 16749: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16718: 16702: 16698: 16691: 16675: 16671: 16665: 16649: 16645: 16639: 16623: 16619: 16613: 16597: 16593: 16587: 16571: 16567: 16560: 16549:September 15, 16544: 16540: 16534: 16515: 16508: 16502: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16471: 16464: 16460: 16457: 16452: 16433: 16426: 16420: 16409:September 15, 16404: 16400: 16394: 16383:September 15, 16378: 16374: 16368: 16357:September 15, 16352: 16348: 16344: 16337: 16330: 16326: 16323: 16317: 16310: 16309: 16304: 16300: 16297: 16291: 16289: 16287: 16285: 16276: 16269: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16237: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16200: 16184: 16180: 16174: 16155: 16148: 16141: 16139: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16107: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16046: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16015: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15985: 15979: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15949: 15933: 15929: 15923: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15892: 15876: 15872: 15867: 15859: 15843: 15839: 15832: 15816: 15812: 15808: 15801: 15785: 15781: 15777: 15770: 15754: 15750: 15744: 15728: 15724: 15720: 15714: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15683: 15667: 15663: 15662:Spectrum News 15659: 15652: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15622: 15606: 15602: 15598: 15592: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15558: 15556: 15539: 15535: 15534: 15529: 15523: 15515: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15474: 15466: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15433: 15425: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15384: 15376: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15335: 15318: 15313: 15309: 15302: 15286: 15282: 15276: 15268: 15261: 15245: 15241: 15234: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15204: 15196: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15178: 15174: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15147: 15131: 15127: 15126: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15103: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15072:Health Equity 15069: 15062: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15005: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14978: 14970: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14937:PLOS Genetics 14934: 14926: 14918: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14877: 14869: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14817: 14815: 14813: 14804: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14760: 14758: 14749: 14745: 14738: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14701:September 11, 14696: 14692: 14688: 14681: 14673: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14624: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14563: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14518: 14516: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14493: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14477: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14439: 14433: 14425: 14419: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14376: 14372: 14369: 14364: 14362: 14353: 14349: 14343: 14335: 14329: 14313: 14309: 14303: 14287: 14283: 14279: 14272: 14256: 14252: 14245: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14214: 14198: 14194: 14188: 14180: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14131: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14045: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14002: 13991: 13984: 13978: 13976: 13967: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13911: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13870: 13854: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13842: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13817: 13813: 13807: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13777: 13775: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13713: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13683: 13682: 13674: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13639: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13608: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13577: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13547: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13517: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13486: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13455: 13439: 13435: 13429: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13387: 13383: 13377: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13346: 13327: 13323: 13316: 13310: 13294: 13290: 13284: 13268: 13264: 13258: 13242: 13238: 13231: 13212: 13205: 13199: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13180: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13154: 13147: 13131: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13088: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13017: 13010: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12955: 12951: 12945: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12865: 12848: 12844: 12838: 12836: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12807: 12790: 12786: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12756: 12749: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12718: 12711: 12704: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12673: 12671: 12663: 12658: 12647: 12643: 12636: 12629: 12620: 12609:September 23, 12601: 12594: 12587: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12556: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12529: 12513: 12509: 12503: 12487: 12483: 12482: 12477: 12470: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12396: 12391: 12383: 12376: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12345: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12296: 12292: 12285: 12278: 12276: 12264:September 24, 12259: 12255: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12226: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12194: 12178: 12173: 12166: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12061: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12038: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11975: 11970: 11967:(1): 94–102. 11966: 11962: 11958: 11951: 11943: 11936: 11928: 11926:0-8078-1793-7 11922: 11918: 11911: 11902: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11855: 11847: 11841: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11783: 11781: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11731: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11653: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11598: 11596: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11531: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11498: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11466: 11458: 11452: 11433: 11426: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11391: 11387: 11384: 11379: 11372: 11367: 11365: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11314: 11307: 11301: 11285: 11281: 11274: 11258: 11254: 11248: 11241: 11235: 11227: 11225:9781932994414 11221: 11217: 11212: 11211: 11203: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11081: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11018: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10984: 10982: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10953: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10891: 10889: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10846: 10842: 10836: 10828: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10802: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10769: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10737: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10702: 10694: 10688: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10572: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10494: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10416: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10377: 10375: 10358: 10354: 10352:9781573561488 10348: 10344: 10343: 10335: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10316: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10249: 10248:0-8214-1579-4 10245: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10188: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10166: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10136:0-8223-1992-6 10133: 10129: 10123: 10112:September 26, 10107: 10103: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10052: 10045: 10029: 10025: 10018: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9984: 9968: 9964: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9883: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9835: 9831: 9825: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9765: 9763: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9695: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9662: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9542: 9534: 9527: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9497: 9496: 9488: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9435:9780195027457 9431: 9427: 9426: 9418: 9410: 9404: 9400: 9393: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9237: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9165: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8899: 8887: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8783: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8747: 8740: 8737: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8700: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8651: 8644: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8564: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8526:Bantu peoples 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8344: 8340: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8044: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7770:Puerto Ricans 7766: 7765:intermarriage 7761: 7757: 7754:). After the 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7727:Sally Hemings 7725:'s mistress, 7724: 7719: 7718:planter class 7715: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7700:Supreme Court 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7666:One-drop rule 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7560:Marcus Garvey 7557: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7524:In 2020, the 7522: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7492:Jesse Jackson 7489: 7488:word of mouth 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7408:Jesse Jackson 7405: 7396: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7280:Rosetta Stone 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250:Toni Morrison 7247: 7246:Ralph Ellison 7243: 7239: 7235: 7234:James Baldwin 7231: 7227: 7219: 7218:Toni Morrison 7215: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7195:Bill T. Jones 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7175:popular music 7171: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7132:rock and roll 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7107: 7106:rock and roll 7103: 7097: 7088: 7081: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6970:, the son of 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6776: 6766: 6756: 6746: 6736: 6728: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6636:working-class 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6518:fried chicken 6515: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6431:Harpo Studios 6428: 6424: 6423:Oprah Winfrey 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6366:Magic Johnson 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6311:Sister Circle 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6150:Jim Crow laws 6146: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5984:Although the 5982: 5978: 5975: 5974:Single-parent 5967:Social issues 5964: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5860: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742:Guinea Bissau 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5723:and southern 5722: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5688: 5678: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5651:psychotherapy 5646: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5620:Mental health 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577:Sexual health 5574: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5487:Gallup survey 5482: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5436: 5434: 5433:Richard Nixon 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5105:credit scores 5102: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5021:public sector 5017: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4998:US businesses 4995: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4964:, and crime. 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950:mental health 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876:College Board 4873: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768:Missouri City 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748:Baldwin Hills 4746:in Virginia, 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4728:Dekalb County 4726:in Maryland, 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712:Mitchellville 4709: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590:New York City 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:New York City 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3829:9.7% (lowest) 3828: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3538:% in slavery 3537: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3488:Jim Crow laws 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3390: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340:Kamala Harris 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:U.S. Congress 3264: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3155:wolf-whistled 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2962:Jim Crow laws 2959: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928:, around 1869 2927: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2842:By 1815, the 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781:Prior to the 2770: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713:. Because of 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614:, the first " 2613: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568:slave patrols 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2505:Massachusetts 2502: 2500: 2499:New York City 2497:(present-day 2496: 2495:New Amsterdam 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457:St. Augustine 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2387:New Amsterdam 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2329:St. Augustine 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:Santo Domingo 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:rock and roll 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2165:Kamala Harris 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:right to vote 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1922: 1921:Minstrel show 1919: 1917: 1916:Magical Negro 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726:West Virginia 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1661:San Francisco 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641:New York City 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1292:Nova Scotians 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1195:Black Indians 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1034:Organizations 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 940: 939: 935: 934: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 907: 906: 903:Organizations 902: 901: 893: 892: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 844: 843: 839: 838: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 821: 820: 816: 815: 809: 806: 805: 803: 802: 798: 797: 792: 787: 786: 774: 771: 768: 764: 762: 759: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 745: 742: 738: 735: 734: 733: 730: 729: 727: 726: 722: 721: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 694: 693: 689: 688: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 661: 660: 656: 655: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 633: 632: 628: 627: 621: 618: 616: 613: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 594: 593: 589: 588: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 571:Neighborhoods 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 526: 525: 520: 515: 514: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487: 483: 482: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 447: 446: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 409: 406: 405: 404: 401: 398: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 358: 354: 353: 348: 343: 342: 339: 336: 335: 331: 327: 326: 317: 313: 309: 305: 299: 295: 291: 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Wells 21193:David Walker 21188:C. T. Vivian 21143:Paul Robeson 21138:Hiram Revels 21118:Colin Powell 21098:Barack Obama 21053:James Lawson 21008:Jimi Hendrix 20978:James Farmer 20973:Medgar Evers 20943:Ralph Bunche 20893:Maya Angelou 20867:Middle class 20745:Afrofuturism 20671: 20659: 20652: 20573: 20518: 20465: 20431:Afrocentrism 20421:Abolitionism 20399: 20361: 20330: 20324: 20320: 20286: 20263: 20254: 20247: 20237: 20233: 20215: 20207: 20193: 20186: 20174: 20167: 20149: 20131: 20122: 20110:. Retrieved 20106:the original 20101: 20091: 20058: 20054: 20048: 20036:. Retrieved 20032:The Atlantic 20030: 20020: 20000: 19993: 19973: 19966: 19960:. p. 1. 19957: 19951: 19939:. Retrieved 19935: 19926: 19914:. Retrieved 19902: 19892: 19880:. Retrieved 19875: 19866: 19854:. Retrieved 19845: 19836: 19824:. Retrieved 19820: 19810: 19801:the original 19793: 19780: 19771: 19746:. Retrieved 19739: 19730: 19718:. Retrieved 19714: 19689:. Retrieved 19685: 19660:. Retrieved 19656: 19631:. 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Retrieved 8372:subgroups), 8352: 8343: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8014: 7977: 7976:rendered as 7973: 7967: 7965: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7879:anti-Zionist 7864: 7857: 7852:Magic Negros 7850: 7844: 7826: 7820: 7812: 7802: 7798: 7797:In her book 7796: 7782: 7778: 7738: 7730: 7703: 7673: 7629: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7571: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7533: 7530:AP Stylebook 7528:updated its 7523: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7403: 7401: 7364: 7333: 7311: 7299:Elijah McCoy 7292: 7258: 7254:Maya Angelou 7223: 7192: 7172: 7168:gospel music 7114: 7057: 7029:Conservative 7002: 6980: 6961: 6956:Muhammad Ali 6946:Muhammad Ali 6919: 6899:Pentecostals 6897: 6870: 6861:Black church 6854: 6821:Black church 6726: 6714: 6710: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6668: 6647: 6643:middle-class 6640:bi-dialectal 6638:and largely 6610: 6577: 6538: 6485:AMC Networks 6473:Generation X 6333: 6323: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6281: 6254: 6250: 6240:BET founder 6212: 6205: 6180: 6178: 6162: 6138: 6128: 6100: 6064:Pennsylvania 6057: 6050: 6043: 5995: 5970: 5957: 5945:The Guardian 5944: 5929: 5902: 5883: 5870: 5862: 5822: 5813:haplogroup I 5774: 5758: 5750:Sierra Leone 5719:of southern 5714: 5697: 5693: 5661: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5623: 5603: 5580: 5567: 5555: 5548: 5543:hypertension 5532: 5524: 5484: 5466: 5405: 5397:conservative 5378: 5374:Donald Trump 5359: 5306:Barack Obama 5287:Barack Obama 5230:Bill Clinton 5211:Bill Clinton 5152:Jimmy Carter 5126:Candidate of 5098: 5087: 5062: 5045: 5043: 5030: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005:white-collar 5002: 4982: 4966: 4934: 4911: 4884:Euro-centric 4874: 4870: 4843: 4836: 4832: 4828:World War II 4825: 4821: 4813: 4801: 4776: 4701: 4618: 4586:Jacksonville 4531: 4502: 4224: 4196: 4171:125th Street 4148: 4129:Puerto Rican 4097: 4090: 4073: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 3508: 3496:Black people 3485: 3470: 3409:fifty states 3358:Demographics 3346:to serve as 3330:. Obama was 3328:Jimmy Carter 3304:Barack Obama 3291: 3252: 3249:in July 2016 3222: 3218: 3206:labor unions 3187: 3140: 3112:Urban League 3108: 3093:White flight 3050: 3003: 2997: 2965: 2931: 2910:, President 2905: 2889: 2857:Wilson Chinn 2854: 2841: 2831: 2822:slave states 2803: 2780: 2721:until 1807. 2704: 2690: 2660: 2629: 2622:. He was of 2580: 2565: 2551: 2544: 2520: 2513: 2503: 2488: 2477: 2411: 2395: 2372:intermarried 2368: 2360:Cape Comfort 2350:who came to 2341: 2318: 2287: 2271: 2248:Colonial era 2185:, politics, 2169: 2161:Barack Obama 2157: 2071:, they were 2051: 2037:and coastal 2035:West African 2031: 2007:ethnic group 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1819:Sierra Leone 1651:Philadelphia 1621:Jacksonville 1217:Brass Ankles 970:Conservatism 945:Afrocentrism 917:Joint Center 808:Black church 799:Institutions 714:Billionaires 704:Middle class 657:Celebrations 620:Fraternities 337: 316:unaffiliated 128: 119: 102: 89: 72: 63: 32:Ethnic group 29: 26416:Hog Hammock 26286:Ranky Tanky 26220:Goofer dust 26129:(1994–2000) 25997:2010 census 25916:Multiethnic 25205:Californios 25071:before 1880 23974:Protestants 23936:By religion 23849:Immigration 23805:By economic 23713:Reparations 23678:Black power 23426:New Zealand 23257:Middle East 23210:Switzerland 23170:Netherlands 22885:Dominickers 22760:Nova Scotia 22678:El Salvador 22609:Saint Lucia 22599:Puerto Rico 22298:US senators 22268:Republicans 22253:Journalists 22110:San Antonio 22075:Puerto Rico 22016:Mississippi 21909:Tallahassee 21882:Los Angeles 21573:Jesse Owens 21558:Arthur Ashe 21416:Nationalism 21406:Raised fist 21369:Black power 21274:in medicine 21208:Roy Wilkins 21163:Emmett Till 21148:Al Sharpton 20913:Julian Bond 20908:James Bevel 20872:Upper class 20862:Stereotypes 20755:Black mecca 20667:Plantations 20446:Black Codes 19856:December 1, 19826:December 1, 19720:December 1, 19691:December 1, 19633:December 6, 19200:2010 Census 19160:2010 Census 19119:October 22, 18694:October 18, 18641:January 29, 18615:January 29, 18538:"Mark Dean" 18522:January 29, 18496:January 29, 18470:January 29, 18439:January 29, 18379:January 29, 18349:January 29, 18319:January 29, 18289:January 29, 18232:January 29, 18206:January 11, 17985:October 19, 17470:November 6, 17398:November 2, 17202:October 21, 17135:October 21, 16965:January 20, 16939:January 20, 16913:January 20, 16654:January 20, 16628:January 20, 16602:January 20, 16308:Smithsonian 16219:October 16, 16163:January 20, 16127:October 17, 16096:October 17, 15968:November 8, 15938:November 8, 15912:February 1, 15881:November 8, 15733:October 16, 15703:October 16, 15672:October 16, 15641:October 16, 15611:November 4, 15223:November 8, 14498:January 21, 14318:January 28, 14261:January 28, 13940:: 295–311. 13628:November 4, 13597:October 16, 13566:October 16, 13247:January 20, 13103:January 20, 13093:"OMHRC.gov" 13077:January 20, 13051:January 20, 12986:January 20, 12960:January 20, 12934:January 20, 12908:January 20, 12882:January 20, 12853:January 20, 12824:January 20, 12795:January 20, 12764:October 24, 12726:October 24, 12517:January 25, 12459:January 10, 11894:(1): 4–34. 11720:October 20, 11690:October 21, 11441:November 3, 11353:January 26, 11322:January 20, 11290:January 20, 11070:January 20, 10941:October 26, 10912:, p. 3 10877:October 22, 10640:: 218–221. 10561:October 22, 10512: (1896) 9866:January 20, 9604:ABA Journal 9348:January 20, 9322:January 20, 9153:October 14, 8894:|last= 8739:Caribbean). 8728:October 25, 8492:subgroup), 8456:subgroup), 8440:subgroup), 8358:Niger-Congo 7895:New Afrikan 7867:Pan-African 7774:Scots-Irish 7676:race mixing 7670:hypodescent 7570:. The term 7385:Terminology 7352:Otis Boykin 7284:Confederate 7199:Alvin Ailey 7102:Chuck Berry 6966:. In 1975, 6706:New Orleans 6664:Niger–Congo 6562:indigo dyes 6483:– Owned by 6294:world music 6282:BET on Jazz 6143:and in the 5920:Al Sharpton 5763:geneticist 5710:Niger-Congo 5461:White House 4994:S&P 500 4695:(51%), and 4598:Los Angeles 4574:New Orleans 4570:San Antonio 4518:U.S. cities 4199:2010 census 4143:, or other 4078:39,940,338 3437:2020 census 3417:Puerto Rico 3315:John McCain 3287:U.S. Senate 3269:. In 1989, 3257:became the 3214:Black Power 3147:Emmett Till 3128:Cotton Club 2914:signed the 2814:White House 2776: 1850 2675:Baton Rouge 2671:New Orleans 2665:, Governor 2449:Catholicism 2422:unions with 2391:Howard Pyle 2282:West Africa 2175:visual arts 2113:citizenship 2085:manumission 2077:plantations 1887:Stereotypes 1814:Nova Scotia 1696:Mississippi 1656:San Antonio 1636:Los Angeles 1571:Black mecca 1498:Mississippi 1405:Negro Dutch 1227:Dominickers 1171:Multiethnic 1080:TransAfrica 990:Nationalism 960:Black power 744:Black pride 709:Upper class 408:Politicians 296:(14%), and 158:urban areas 133:2020 Census 107:2020 Census 92:multiracial 77:2020 Census 26699:Categories 26664:Toucouleur 26495:Senegambia 26245:Ring shout 26225:Haint blue 25924:Afro-Asian 25546:Potawatomi 25377:Chemehuevi 24581:South Asia 24043:Rastafaris 24001:Ahmadiyyas 23954:Christians 23829:Emigration 23807:and social 23646:Coromantee 23061:Paramaccan 22975:Quilombola 22915:Melungeons 22673:Costa Rica 22582:Coromantee 22243:Astronauts 22033:New Jersey 21877:California 21381:Capitalism 21178:Nat Turner 21108:Rosa Parks 21093:Diane Nash 21063:John Lewis 20852:Newspapers 20822:Literature 20807:Juneteenth 20760:Businesses 20614:Exodusters 20582:Free Negro 20317:Name Games 20038:October 7, 19607:October 7, 19569:January 1, 19272:January 4, 19046:Census.gov 18967:Gallup.com 18844:. p. 18406:October 7, 18061:August 16, 18035:August 16, 18012:August 16, 17914:August 22, 16997:August 26, 16764:October 7, 16523:January 3, 16491:October 9, 16441:January 3, 15759:January 6, 15136:January 2, 13273:October 6, 12492:January 2, 12291:census.gov 12071:ProPublica 12045:The Nation 12041:Kozol, J. 11769:January 7, 11642:January 3, 11101:August 12, 10851:August 12, 10363:October 8, 10034:August 30, 9683:August 30, 8871:Census.gov 8598:August 17, 8560:References 8133:Juneteenth 8093:Afrophobia 8006:derogatory 7957:pejorative 7931:Free negro 7903:Kwame Ture 7776:ancestry. 7742:historian 7698:until the 7656:See also: 7457:authorship 7449:First Lady 7435:oppression 7286:President 7264:innovation 7152:barbershop 7058:Confirmed 7049:Israelites 6944:and boxer 6885:Methodists 6857:Protestant 6605:See also: 6584:soul music 6558:watermelon 6530:fried okra 6528:, breaded 6502:See also: 6469:millennial 6226:See also: 6173:nonviolent 6092:Washington 6027:Harry Cohn 5893:See also: 5857:See also: 5761:Penn State 5729:Barbadians 5675:See also: 5630:Counseling 5628:services. 5610:homophobic 5558:vaccinated 5551:alcoholism 5519:See also: 5508:See also: 5479:See also: 5348:Democratic 5329:Democratic 5310:Democratic 5291:Democratic 5272:Democratic 5268:John Kerry 5253:Democratic 5234:Democratic 5215:Democratic 5196:Democratic 5177:Democratic 5157:Democratic 5131:Political 4954:disability 4952:problems, 4839:illiteracy 4770:in Texas. 4760:Cedar Hill 4740:Smoke Rise 4732:Stonecrest 4558:Huntsville 4554:Fort Worth 4091:41,104,200 4084:1,163,862 3527:population 3525:% of total 3419:as of the 3352:Juneteenth 3336:final term 3311:Republican 3298:Democratic 3208:, and the 3172:Mamie Till 3168:Rosa Parks 3103:Rosa Parks 3061:Red Summer 2897:Cincinnati 2849:Ira Berlin 2816:and other 2791:Henry Clay 2691:coartación 2576:rebellions 2561:New France 2552:coartación 2510:common law 2484:John Casor 2403:John Punch 2314:Hispaniola 2298:Winyah Bay 2258:See also: 2183:philosophy 2179:literature 2143:, and the 2049:ancestry. 1453:California 1427:Population 1000:Patriotism 985:Liberalism 965:Capitalism 936:Ideologies 817:Theologies 676:Juneteenth 648:Literature 576:Newspapers 484:Migrations 415:Juneteenth 314:(2%), and 286:Protestant 240:California 129:46,936,733 73:41,104,200 25954:Melungeon 25929:Amerasian 25655:Tsimshian 25462:Chochenyo 25407:Kitanemuk 25357:Menominee 25340:Tuscarora 25275:Chickasaw 25260:Blackfeet 24771:West Asia 24513:East Asia 24033:Neopagans 23959:Catholics 23949:Buddhists 23814:Affluence 23467:Secondary 23431:Sri Lanka 23409:Mardijker 23399:Indonesia 23370:Hong Kong 23365:Guangzhou 23355:Australia 23302:Palestine 23230:Liverpool 23225:Cambridge 23078:Venezuela 22950:Argentina 22705:Nicaragua 22683:Guatemala 22463:Caribbean 22441:Geography 22357:Monuments 22233:Activists 22085:Tennessee 22005:Michigan 21989:Baltimore 21979:Louisiana 21972:Lexington 21955:Davenport 21894:Cleveland 21793:Languages 21722:Melungeon 21700:Blaxicans 21568:Joe Louis 21423:Socialism 21359:Anarchism 21088:Bob Moses 21073:Malcolm X 20993:Fred Gray 20857:Soul food 20795:New Negro 20780:Folktales 20690:Redlining 20083:144164210 20075:0075-4242 19911:0362-4331 19662:March 13, 19498:March 20, 19408:March 20, 19385:March 20, 19069:, p. 249. 19026:March 31, 18998:March 31, 18972:March 31, 18757:0362-4331 18723:0362-4331 18584:March 12, 18552:March 12, 17975:1094-902X 17942:August 2, 17871:April 20, 17845:April 20, 17819:April 20, 17499:April 20, 16189:April 20, 16086:0190-8286 16035:August 6, 15581:March 17, 15449:(1): 97. 15291:April 11, 15250:April 11, 15053:222230119 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In the 5344:Joe Biden 5019:The U.S. 4919:Southeast 4809:rebellion 4784:Education 4756:Uniondale 4752:Hillcrest 4582:Nashville 4542:Charlotte 4149:ancestral 4133:Dominican 4125:Brazilian 4108:Northeast 3786:9,827,763 3766:8,833,994 3746:7,488,788 3726:6,580,793 3706:4,880,009 3695:3,953,731 3686:4,441,830 3675:3,204,287 3666:3,638,808 3655:2,487,355 3646:2,873,648 3635:2,009,043 3626:2,328,642 3615:1,538,022 3606:1,771,656 3595:1,191,362 3586:1,377,808 3566:1,002,037 3477:Civil War 3461:1940–1970 3332:reelected 3324:Hispanics 3085:redlining 2783:Civil War 2687:Pensacola 2618:" of the 2474:, in 1769 2425:Pensacola 2407:Hugh Gwyn 2398:Jamestown 2352:Jamestown 2105:Civil War 2101:liberated 2011:Americans 2005:, are an 1911:Hollywood 1901:Blackface 1836:Prejudice 1754:US cities 1631:Lexington 1606:Davenport 1586:Baltimore 1562:US cities 1538:Tennessee 1488:Louisiana 1434:US states 1242:Melungeon 1212:Blaxicans 1010:Socialism 975:Garveyism 950:Anarchism 754:Good hair 581:Soul food 551:Folktales 254:English ( 249:Languages 244:2,237,044 227:2,986,172 210:3,246,381 193:3,320,513 176:3,552,997 103:5,832,533 26685:Category 26642:Niominka 26597:Mandinka 26162:Language 25934:Blaxican 25746:Chicanos 25640:Gwich'in 25588:Shoshone 25578:Seminole 25506:Muscogee 25479:Tataviam 25442:Suisunes 25392:Diegueño 25372:Cahuilla 25330:Onondaga 25310:Iroquois 25290:Comanche 25285:Colville 25270:Cheyenne 25265:Cherokee 23859:Language 23737:Category 23587:Asia and 23556:Haitians 23511:Nigeria 23501:Liberia 23471:diaspora 23447:Atlantic 23421:Malaysia 23322:Africans 23240:Scotland 23185:Portugal 23106:Abkhazia 23066:Saramaka 23041:Suriname 23031:Paraguay 23019:Saramaka 22987:Colombia 22965:Kalungas 22895:Garifuna 22831:Freedmen 22782:Mascogos 22715:Cimarrón 22688:Honduras 22666:Garifuna 22636:Merikins 22619:Garifuna 22533:Dominica 22491:Barbados 22471:Anguilla 22449:Americas 22380:Category 22171:America 22137:Diaspora 22122:Virginia 22055:Oklahoma 22038:New York 22021:Nebraska 21984:Maryland 21967:Kentucky 21933:Illinois 21872:Arkansas 21777:Illinois 21715:of color 21401:Populism 21374:Movement 21291:Religion 20633:Lynching 20416:Timeline 20348:Archived 20285:(1997). 20240:(2002). 20112:June 15, 19941:March 2, 19916:March 2, 19882:March 2, 19876:HuffPost 19850:Archived 19846:ABC News 19535:. Gallup 19245:July 28, 19110:Archived 18948:61694280 18574:PC World 18373:Archived 18343:Archived 18313:Archived 18107:Archived 17763:Archived 17699:June 16, 17693:Archived 17675:(1998). 17548:Archived 17516:(2007), 17464:Archived 17439:Archived 17419:Archived 17392:Archived 17368:July 21, 17362:Archived 17332:Archived 17280:July 21, 17274:Archived 17240:Archived 17196:Archived 17129:Archived 17094:June 16, 17088:Archived 16991:Archived 16986:The Root 16959:Archived 16843:July 21, 16837:Archived 16835:. FAIR. 16816:April 4, 16810:Archived 16790:April 4, 16784:Archived 16738:March 5, 16707:March 5, 16701:Archived 16570:Archived 16514:Archived 16485:Archived 16481:HuffPost 16459:Archived 16432:Archived 16403:Archived 16351:Archived 16325:Archived 16299:Archived 16252:Archived 16213:Archived 16121:Archived 16090:Archived 16056:Archived 16029:Archived 15998:Archived 15962:Archived 15932:Archived 15906:Archived 15875:Archived 15848:July 18, 15842:Archived 15821:July 18, 15815:Archived 15753:Archived 15727:Archived 15697:Archived 15666:Archived 15635:Archived 15633:. 2022. 15605:Archived 15575:Archived 15538:Archived 15514:16175514 15465:17154278 15424:26108492 15375:29526279 15285:Archived 15244:Archived 15217:Archived 15195:25803618 15163:: 6596. 15130:Archived 15125:The Root 15102:30283874 15045:32707084 14997:The Root 14989:Archived 14969:27232753 14917:25529636 14868:20080753 14803:20025784 14721:Archived 14695:Archived 14691:Newsweek 14672:26172387 14613:July 12, 14607:Archived 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12328:Archived 12304:July 22, 12295:Archived 12228:Archived 12183:July 18, 12177:Archived 12150:Archived 12104:Archived 12075:Archived 12050:Archived 11996:: 75–85. 11862:(1835). 11830:July 18, 11804:July 18, 11798:Archived 11763:Archived 11738:Archived 11714:Archived 11712:. 2020. 11684:Archived 11636:Archived 11606:Archived 11584:July 27, 11578:Archived 11553:July 30, 11547:Archived 11542:Politico 11520:July 30, 11514:Archived 11487:July 30, 11481:Archived 11432:Archived 11386:Archived 11347:Archived 11257:Archived 11183:Archived 11158:Archived 11132:March 2, 11126:Archived 11095:Archived 11064:Archived 11033:Archived 11031:. 2008. 11006:June 22, 11000:Archived 10995:Politico 10970:June 22, 10964:Archived 10935:Archived 10845:Archived 10791:July 29, 10785:Archived 10751:Archived 10728:30036966 10654:30036966 10611:Archived 10526:Archived 10399:Archived 10357:Archived 10323:Archived 10273:Archived 10215:Archived 10191:Berlin, 10176:Archived 10151:Archived 10106:Archived 10073:Archived 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