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Binding is used, along with particular binding principles, to explain the ungrammaticality of statements 1, 3, and 4. The applicable rules are called
Binding Principle A, Binding Principle B, and Binding Principle C.
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must be free (i.e., not bound). R-expressions (e.g. "the dog" or "John") are referential expressions: unlike pronouns and anaphora, they independently refer, i.e., pick out entities in the world.
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The NP "John" c-commands "his" because the first parent of the NP, S, contains "his". "John" and "his" are also coreferential (they refer to the same person), therefore "John" binds "his".
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606:(2005). Although there is a large literature on government and binding theory which is not written by Chomsky, Chomsky's papers have been foundational in setting the research agenda.
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The government relation makes case assignment unambiguous. The tree diagram below illustrates how DPs are governed and assigned case by their governing heads:
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Note that
Principles A and B refer to "governing categories"—domains which limit the scope of binding. The definition of a governing category laid out in
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of A dominates B, where the maximal projection of a head X is XP. This means that for example in a structure like the following, A
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an anaphor (reflexive or reciprocal, such as "each other") must be bound in its governing category (roughly, the clause).
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The importance of binding is shown in the grammaticality or ungrammaticality of the following sentences:
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is complex, but in most cases the governing category is essentially the minimal clause or complex NP.
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Another important application of the government relation constrains the occurrence and identity of
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in the 1980s. This theory is a radical revision of his earlier theories and was later revised in
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a pronoun must be free (i.e., not bound) within its governing category (roughly, the clause).
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model of language, which also underlies the later developments of the minimalist program.
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In sentence , the first instance of "John" binds the second, violating
Principle C.
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Since "himself" is not c-commanded by "John" in sentence , Principle A is violated.
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A step-by-step introduction to the
Government and Binding theory of syntax
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Some
Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding
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On the other hand, in the ungrammatical sentence "*The mother of John
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In sentence , "him" is bound by "John", violating
Principle B.
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The name refers to two central subtheories of the theory:
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is defined as follows: A barrier is any node Z such that
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602:(1995) and several subsequent papers, the latest being
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Lectures on
Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures
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790:An element α binds an element β if and only if α
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806:mother", which is diagrammed below using simple
50:, potentially preventing the article from being
1148:Introduction to Government and Binding Theory
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1010:. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 13. MIT Press.
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985:. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 6. MIT Press.
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633:. GB was the first theory to be based on the
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1060:Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar
709:B and B does not dominate A and the first
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70:reliable, independent, third-party sources
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
629:and the expressions with which they are
64:by replacing them with more appropriate
1130:see "Minimality" in Haegeman 1994:163f.
1062:(1972). The Hague: Mouton. Pages 11–61.
775:requires them to be properly governed.
47:too closely associated with the subject
14:
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1027:(Second ed.). Mouton de Gruyter.
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655:. Government is defined as follows:
651:relation concerns the assignment of
447:Conservative and innovative language
29:
739:Z is a potential governor for B and
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1091:"Three Factors in Language Design"
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933:Lectures on Government and Binding
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604:Three Factors in Language Design
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45:may rely excessively on sources
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1150:(Second Edition). Blackwell.
645:The main application of the
387:Functional discourse grammar
253:Ethnography of communication
7:
798:Consider the sentence "John
786:can be defined as follows:
686:intervenes between A and B.
507:Second-language acquisition
10:
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185:Syntax–semantics interface
1056:Remarks on Nominalization
635:principles and parameters
592:developed principally by
497:Philosophy of linguistics
397:Interactional linguistics
1110:10.1162/0024389052993655
773:Empty Category Principle
590:transformational grammar
586:phrase structure grammar
1181:Syntactic relationships
1021:Chomsky, Noam (2002) .
960:Chomsky, Noam (1993) .
794:β, and α and β corefer.
1089:Chomsky, Noam (2005).
1075:The Minimalist Program
1072:Chomsky, Noam (1995).
1054:Chomsky, Noam (1970).
1038:Chomsky, Noam (1965).
1006:Chomsky, Noam (1986).
977:Chomsky, Noam (1982).
808:phrase structure trees
599:The Minimalist Program
570:Government and binding
334:Theoretical frameworks
288:Philosophy of language
268:History of linguistics
18:Governor (linguistics)
228:Conversation analysis
1201:Theories of language
1024:Syntactic Structures
966:. Mouton de Gruyter.
588:in the tradition of
472:Internet linguistics
382:Construction grammar
407:Systemic functional
202:Applied linguistics
144:General linguistics
1196:Grammar frameworks
1098:Linguistic Inquiry
717:B, but B does not
711:maximal projection
695:lexical categories
512:Theory of language
482:Origin of language
437:Autonomy of syntax
392:Grammaticalization
238:Discourse analysis
233:Corpus linguistics
1176:Generative syntax
697:(V, N, A, P) and
693:are heads of the
662:B if and only if
580:) is a theory of
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355:Distributionalism
298:Psycholinguistics
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467:Internationalism
442:Compositionality
303:Sociolinguistics
278:Neurolinguistics
273:Interlinguistics
258:Ethnomethodology
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419:Structuralism
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1191:Noam Chomsky
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1104:(36): 1–22.
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1078:. MIT Press.
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1044:. MIT Press.
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922:R-expression
918:Principle C:
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907:Principle B:
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896:Principle A:
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594:Noam Chomsky
577:
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569:
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365:Glossematics
345:Constituency
317:interpreting
155:Lexicography
84:
75:
60:Please help
44:
860:saw himself
749:Z does not
517:Terminology
492:Orthography
412:Usage-based
313:Translating
208:Acquisition
113:Linguistics
78:August 2023
1170:Categories
939:References
792:c-commands
744:c-commands
715:m-commands
703:m-commands
676:m-commands
648:government
641:Government
612:government
487:Orismology
372:Functional
360:Generative
350:Dependency
170:Pragmatics
160:Morphology
150:Diachronic
62:improve it
52:verifiable
751:c-command
719:m-command
691:Governors
462:Iconicity
457:Etymology
377:Cognitive
340:Formalist
293:Phonetics
283:Philology
175:Semantics
165:Phonology
66:citations
1146:(1994).
1118:14954986
1008:Barriers
882:saw John
871:saw John
867:*Himself
707:dominate
699:tensed I
668:governor
627:pronouns
263:Forensic
243:Distance
190:Typology
105:a series
103:Part of
849:saw him
802:saw his
784:Binding
779:Binding
771:as the
733:barrier
701:(T). A
684:barrier
666:A is a
660:governs
622:binding
218:Applied
128:History
123:Outline
56:neutral
1186:Syntax
1116:
989:
769:traces
619:; and
584:and a
582:syntax
533:Portal
431:Topics
180:Syntax
1114:S2CID
1094:(PDF)
1058:. In
944:Notes
878:*John
845:*John
746:B and
679:B and
133:Index
987:ISBN
856:John
653:case
617:case
315:and
308:Text
54:and
1106:doi
920:an
721:A:
682:no
670:and
578:GBT
68:to
1172::
1112:.
1102:36
1100:.
1096:.
952:^
810:.
742:Z
673:A
658:A
576:,
574:GB
107:on
1120:.
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