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Convention on the
Armistice and the Capitulation of Paris. Under this Convention Favre agreed to humiliating terms demanded by the Prussians, including the payment of 200 million francs indemnity within a fortnight, over 5 billion francs in total war reparations, and the surrender of the strong fortresses surrounding Paris. In Tours, Gambetta received the news of the surrender by telegram on 29 January, and although he still wished to fight on, was convinced to step down by a group of diplomats who arrived from Paris by train on 6 February.
476:
mid-January 1871. The "Great Sortie", beginning on the night of 28 November, was a cataclysmic disaster. Thousands of soldiers were killed and the population of Paris, whose hopes had been raised far beyond rationality, were shattered by the news of the sortie's defeat. Blame was heaped upon the
Government of National Defence, and increased through December as the city's food supplies began to run out. The population was angry that the Government was suspicious of the
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436:, and French colonies, to aid in the defence of Paris before the Prussians reached the city. The Government greatly increased the already formidable fortifications around Paris and brought in vast quantities of food from the countryside, to feed the swollen population of the city throughout the expected siege. Having sworn in General Trochu as President, the
177:. Breakouts were attempted twice, but met with disaster and rising dissatisfaction of the public. In late January the government, having further enraged the population of Paris by crushing a revolutionary uprising, surrendered to the Prussians. Two weeks later, it was replaced by the new government of
573:
The negotiations had guaranteed national elections to create a new French government, and on 8 February 1871 French citizens (except those in the
Prussian-occupied territories) voted for a new government. The elections returned an overwhelming number of conservative, middle-class, rural Deputies, who
471:
directed the war across unoccupied France. Although they were part of the same national government, the governments in Paris and Tours often acted without consulting each other, due largely to the problem of communication between besieged Paris and the outside world. The
National Assembly in Bordeaux
480:
based in Paris - whilst the civilian population saw the
National Guard as an unstoppable force, the Government perceived them as a rabble of ill-disciplined drunks who would run away at the first shot. When the Government decided to placate civilian sentiment by using the National Guard in the next
357:
The citizens of Paris wondered how long the uneasy alliance between the revolutionary left-wing
Republicans and the conservative right-wing Republicans would last. The Government of National Defence quickly received official recognition from leading world powers in the following days, except from
560:
bombardments from the
Prussians, and although the shelling was surprisingly ineffective, its demoralising effect on Paris was severe. The Government sacked General Trochu as Governor of Paris on 22 January (although he remained President of the Republic) and replaced him with the elderly General
475:
Throughout the siege, the
Government of National Defence was reluctant to try to break out of Paris, and as the siege wore on, the population of Paris grew more and more frustrated at the Government. The government did in fact try to break out twice, once in late November 1870 and once again in
362:, was concerned that the new body could not act as France's government, as it was composed entirely of men from Paris, without any consideration being given to the rest of France. This was not a great concern to the Government though, as its members intended to continue the war against Prussia.
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leader of the government. A small revolutionary uprising on 23 January was crushed with force by the
Government of National Defence, further infuriating the population of Paris. On 28 January 1871 Paris surrendered. Favre, on behalf of the Government of National Defence, and Bismarck signed a
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from
General Trochu on 13 February. Eager to pay reparations and thus oblige the Prussians to leave France, the new government passed a variety of financial laws which deeply angered Parisians, leading to the outbreak of revolutions in French cities, and the ultimate creation of the
472:
had very little say in government affairs, as they had no reliable means of contacting Paris and Gambetta did not have time to wait for the Assembly to debate issues. As a result, Gambetta became the virtual dictator of unoccupied France during the war.
555:
After the failure of the 18 January sortie it was obvious to the Government that they would never break out of the city. In addition, food stocks were running dangerously low and the city was enduring constant
481:
sortie of 18 January 1871, their suspicions were confirmed as the National Guard panicked and fled back into Paris, provoking the civilian population to blame the Government for being incompetent and cowardly.
225:
publicly declared the founding of the Government of National Defence on 4 September, and the government immediately assumed control of all affairs in France, intending to continue the war against Prussia.
217:, Napoleon was captured by the Prussian Army, leaving France effectively without a government. When news of Napoleon's capture reached Paris, leading members of the National Assembly rushed to the
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With most of the army captured at Sedan, the Government of National Defence called almost all military units from across France, including marines, naval units, and troops on foreign service in
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as a representative delegation on behalf of the government in Paris. By 20 September 1870 Paris was completely surrounded and cut off from the rest of unoccupied France.
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was based in Paris, but its powers were limited. Widespread discontent amongst Assembly members before the war, particularly amongst
262:, an Orleanist, accepted it based on the Assembly's promise that they would "resolutely defend religion, property, and the family".
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Although various political factions were included (with the exception of the
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on 4 September, which in turn followed the surrender and capture of Emperor
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members, had given Louis-Napoleon many enemies. At the disastrous
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of the new government and Thiers took over the position of
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565:. Jules Favre, though, held real control, and became the
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27:
Government of the Third Republic of France from 1870–1871
145:
from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the
651:
The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870-71
221:
to declare a new government. At the HĂ´tel de Ville,
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began in 1870, France was under the rule of Emperor
614:"The Siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War"
691:"7 octobre 1870: Gambetta quitte Paris en ballon"
30:For the Greek government with the same name, see
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467:three days later, from where he and his deputy
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281:, Vice-President, Minister of Foreign Affairs
67:Members of the Government of National Defense
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242:, head of the Government of National Defence
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523:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
311:, Minister of Education, Religion, and Arts
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32:Provisional Government of National Defence
543:Learn how and when to remove this message
416:Learn how and when to remove this message
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233:
574:set up a new seat of government at the
293:, Minister of the Navy and the Colonies
14:
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451:On 7 October Minister of the Interior
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578:. The new National Assembly elected
521:adding citations to reliable sources
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398:adding citations to reliable sources
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169:. The government, headed by General
139:Gouvernement de la DĂ©fense nationale
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358:Prussia. The Prussian Chancellor,
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141:) was the first government of the
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385:needs additional citations for
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41:Government of National Defense
18:Government of National Defence
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987:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
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305:, Secretary of the Government
269:, President of the Government
2583:Cabinets established in 1870
440:left Paris and relocated to
353:, Minister without Portfolio
347:, Minister without Portfolio
341:, Minister without Portfolio
335:, Minister without Portfolio
7:
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345:Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès
10:
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1468:French subdivisions by GDP
1215:2022 presidential election
1200:2017 presidential election
329:, Minister of Public Works
323:, Minister of the Interior
275:, Minister of the Interior
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149:. It was formed after the
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143:Third Republic of France
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1041:Long nineteenth century
1483:Science and technology
1140:Provisional Government
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339:Alexandre Glais-Bizoin
327:Pierre Frédéric Dorian
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173:, was under Prussian
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53:1st Government of the
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1798:French Third Republic
619:Ohio State University
485:End of the government
317:, Minister of Justice
299:, Minister of Finance
291:LĂ©on Martin Fourichon
237:
55:French Third Republic
1288:World Heritage Sites
1205:Coronavirus pandemic
656:Macmillan Publishers
576:palace of Versailles
517:improve this section
469:Charles de Freycinet
394:improve this article
2568:Franco-Prussian War
2280:Alexandre Millerand
2042:Jean Casimir-Perier
1843:Patrice de MacMahon
1796:Governments of the
1426:Automotive industry
1210:2021 labor protests
967:Peace of Westphalia
835:History of Normandy
830:History of Brittany
588:President of France
199:Franco-Prussian War
153:of the Republic in
147:Franco-Prussian War
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1493:Telecommunications
1195:2015 Paris attacks
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874:
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871:
870:
865:
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858:Greek colonies
855:
849:
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837:
832:
826:
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729:
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682:
664:
646:Alistair Horne
637:
603:
602:
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580:Adolphe Thiers
551:
550:
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486:
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478:National Guard
463:, arriving in
457:besieged Paris
424:
423:
382:
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367:
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355:
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348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
321:Emmanuel Arago
318:
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294:
288:
285:Adolphe Le FlĂ´
282:
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270:
231:
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219:HĂ´tel de Ville
194:
191:
179:Adolphe Thiers
175:siege in Paris
125:
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109:
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88:Date dissolved
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2502:Chautemps III
2500:
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2434:Albert Lebrun
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2250:
2248:
2247:Clemenceau II
2245:
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2240:
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2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
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2005:
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1891:de Rochebouët
1889:
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1879:
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1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:de Broglie II
1854:
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1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Paris Commune
1809:
1804:
1800:(1870 – 1940)
1799:
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1539:Birth control
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1314:Constitutions
1312:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:Années folles
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
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1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Second Empire
1071:
1069:
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1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:July Monarchy
1049:
1047:
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1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
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1009:
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1005:
1003:
999:
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988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
952:
951:
950:Ancien RĂ©gime
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
914:
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762:
760:
756:
752:
749:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
722:
719:
700:
697:(in French).
696:
692:
686:
671:
667:
665:9781447233558
661:
657:
653:
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625:
621:
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594:
593:Paris Commune
589:
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581:
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571:
568:
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547:
544:
536:
526:
522:
518:
512:
511:
507:
502:This section
500:
496:
491:
490:
482:
479:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:LĂ©on Gambetta
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
420:
417:
409:
399:
395:
389:
388:
383:This section
381:
377:
372:
371:
363:
361:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:Ernest Picard
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:LĂ©on Gambetta
271:
268:
265:
264:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
236:
227:
224:
223:LĂ©on Gambetta
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
187:Paris Commune
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
90:
86:
75:
71:
64:
59:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
2517:Daladier III
2507:Chautemps IV
2472:Doumergue II
2462:Chautemps II
2447:Paul-Boncour
2336:Painlevé III
2303:Poincaré III
2270:Millerand II
2149:Clemenceau I
2098:Émile Loubet
1851:de Broglie I
1807:
1644:Coat of arms
1634:Architecture
1606:Social class
1564:Homelessness
1549:Demographics
1503:Trade unions
1436:Central bank
1378:criminal law
1341:Human rights
1324:presidential
1168:Algerian War
1151:Contemporary
1125:Vichy France
1120:World War II
1090:Belle Époque
1077:
1023:First Empire
925:Early Modern
896:West Francia
703:. Retrieved
695:herodote.net
694:
685:
674:. Retrieved
650:
640:
628:. Retrieved
617:
607:
572:
566:
563:Joseph Vinoy
554:
539:
530:
515:Please help
503:
474:
450:
427:
412:
403:
392:Please help
387:verification
384:
356:
260:Jules Trochu
248:Bonapartists
245:
203:Napoleon III
196:
159:Napoleon III
151:proclamation
130:
128:
2522:Daladier IV
2467:Daladier II
2442:Herriot III
2424:Tardieu III
2406:Paul Doumer
2381:Chautemps I
2361:Poincaré IV
2341:Briand VIII
2331:Painlevé II
2298:Poincaré II
2252:Millerand I
2207:Doumergue I
2139:Rouvier III
2060:FĂ©lix Faure
1979:Sadi Carnot
1906:Jules Grévy
1871:Dufaure III
1754:WikiProject
1569:Immigration
1559:Health care
1421:Agriculture
1373:enforcement
1130:Free France
1099:World War I
1046:Restoration
1033:Late Modern
903:Middle Ages
878:Middle Ages
863:Celtic Gaul
309:Jules Simon
303:Jules Ferry
279:Jules Favre
256:Legitimists
108:Predecessor
73:Date formed
2552:Categories
2527:Daladier V
2492:Sarraut II
2452:Daladier I
2386:Tardieu II
2366:Poincaré V
2356:Herriot II
2293:Briand VII
2242:Painlevé I
2222:Viviani II
2179:Briand III
2174:Poincaré I
2121:Rouvier II
2083:Brisson II
1914:Waddington
1876:Dufaure IV
1833:Dufaure II
1697:Philosophy
1682:Literature
1594:secularism
1390:Parliament
1185:2005 riots
1135:Liberation
1001:Revolution
868:Roman Gaul
853:Prehistory
809:Journalism
676:2022-07-07
599:References
252:Orleanists
95:1871-02-13
80:1870-09-04
2477:Flandin I
2457:Sarraut I
2419:Laval III
2376:Tardieu I
2371:Briand XI
2346:Briand IX
2326:Herriot I
2232:Briand VI
2217:Viviani I
2197:Briand IV
2159:Briand II
2073:Bourgeois
2068:Ribot III
2050:Dupuy III
1997:Tirard II
1969:Rouvier I
1954:Brisson I
1944:Fallières
1896:Dufaure V
1861:de Cissey
1828:Dufaure I
1554:Education
1508:Transport
1358:Judiciary
1319:Elections
1273:Mountains
1231:Geography
977:Louis XIV
767:Overviews
558:artillery
533:July 2022
504:does not
406:July 2022
211:socialist
197:When the
163:Prussians
122:Dufaure I
118:Successor
2487:Laval IV
2482:Bouisson
2414:Laval II
2351:Briand X
2227:Briand V
2212:Ribot IV
2154:Briand I
2088:Dupuy IV
2032:Dupuy II
2017:Ribot II
1987:Tirard I
1949:Ferry II
1929:Gambetta
1744:Category
1677:Language
1589:Religion
1534:Abortion
1488:Taxation
1385:Military
1346:Intersex
1336:Politics
1302:Politics
1104:Interwar
799:Economic
794:Language
779:Timeline
699:Archived
670:Archived
648:(2012).
624:Archived
567:de facto
442:Bordeaux
366:Besieged
238:General
2532:Reynaud
2512:Blum II
2396:Laval I
2288:Leygues
2237:Ribot V
2202:Barthou
2169:Sarrien
2144:Sarrien
2106:Dupuy V
2022:Dupuy I
2012:Ribot I
1992:Floquet
1939:Duclerc
1924:Ferry I
1735:Outline
1717:Theatre
1712:Symbols
1672:Gardens
1662:Fashion
1654:Cuisine
1621:Culture
1611:Welfare
1584:Poverty
1522:Society
1498:Tourism
1458:Exports
1431:Banking
1409:Economy
1368:history
1263:Islands
1258:Borders
891:Francia
845:Ancient
823:Regions
774:History
759:History
525:removed
510:sources
434:Algeria
193:Origins
165:at the
161:by the
103:History
93: (
78: (
2537:PĂ©tain
2497:Blum I
2116:Combes
2078:MĂ©line
2007:Loubet
1964:Goblet
1866:Buffet
1749:Portal
1649:Cinema
1629:Anthem
1601:Racism
1579:People
1473:Mining
1448:Energy
1283:Rivers
1248:Cities
1180:May 68
751:topics
748:France
705:7 July
662:
630:6 July
183:France
135:French
2391:Steeg
2164:Monis
1881:Simon
1707:Sport
1692:Music
1687:Media
1544:Crime
1268:Lakes
465:Tours
455:left
446:Tours
155:Paris
1667:Flag
1453:Euro
1351:LGBT
707:2022
660:ISBN
632:2022
508:any
506:cite
430:Rome
205:. A
129:The
1639:Art
1363:Law
582:as
519:by
459:by
396:by
250:),
2554::
1810:–
693:.
668:.
654:.
622:.
616:.
595:.
432:,
254:,
189:.
137::
1789:e
1782:t
1775:v
740:e
733:t
726:v
709:.
679:.
634:.
546:)
540:(
535:)
531:(
527:.
513:.
419:)
413:(
408:)
404:(
390:.
133:(
97:)
82:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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