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158:, or roughly a legal sponsor of the newly chartered town. For instance, Magdeburg became the sponsor of towns using Magdeburg Rights, and its lay judges could rule in ambiguous legal cases in towns using such rights. Certain city rights became known under different names, although they originally came from the same source; the name of some city variants designates the
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settlements, while others were constructed anew by colonists. Many towns were formed in conjunction with the settlement of nearby rural communities, but the towns' urban rights were jealously guarded. Initially German town law was applied only to ethnic
Germans, but gradually in most localities all town-dwellers were regarded as citizens, regardless of ethnic origin.
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beginning in the early 13th century. Because many areas were considered underpopulated or underdeveloped, local rulers offered urban privileges to peasants from German lands to induce them to immigrate eastward. Some towns which received a German town law charter were based on pre-existing
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Many towns granted German city rights had already existed for some time, but the granting of town law codified the legal status of the settlement. Many
European localities date their foundation to their reception of a town charter, even though they had existed as a settlement beforehand.
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were chartered with the Środa town law used in much of Poland, although this was done through the duplication of Polish administrative methods instead of German colonization. In the 16th century
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granting them autonomy from local secular or religious rulers. Such privileges often included the right to self-governance, economic autonomy, criminal courts, and
473:. The purpose of creating the Środa law was to conform the so-called German law to the interests of Polish authority. Major cities chartered with Środa law were
67:. The German town law (based on the Magdeburg rights) was used in the founding of many German cities, towns, and villages beginning in the 13th century.
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by legal experts. Ultimately, the older towns' laws, along with local autonomy and jurisdiction, gave way to landed territorial rulers. With the
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123:. As Germans began settling eastward, the colonists modelled their town laws on the pre-existing 12th century laws of
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The granting of German city rights modelled after an established town to a new town regarded the original model as a
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During the course of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the town laws of many places were modified with aspects of
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of 1 January 1900 were single articles concerning family and inheritance laws. The cities of
Hamburg, Bremen, and
166:. As territorial borders changed through the passage of time, changes to German city rights were inevitable.
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The Środa/Neumarkt law is a local Polish variant of the
Magdeburg rights, modelled after the town rights of
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began establishing towns throughout northern Europe as early as the 10th century, they often received
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they became famous from, not necessarily that that specific style of rights originated from the
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law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in
Germany, but also in
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103:. Town laws were more or less entirely copied from neighboring towns, such as the
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spread rapidly among the maritime settlements along the southern shore of the
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386:. South German law, broadly referring to the codes of Nuremberg and
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489:, numerous towns were chartered with Środa town law throughout the
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granted or reaffirmed
Magdeburg rights to various towns along the
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Map showing the spread of German town laws throughout
Westphalia
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Historical Atlas of
Central Europe: Revised and Expanded Edition
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and was the source of several variants, including
Neumarkt law (
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Timeline of medieval German charter cities grouped by type.
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374:, such as Old Prague and Cheb law, were introduced into
521:, received South German town law in the 14th century.
697:. Georg Westermann Verlag Braunschweig. Berlin. 1963.
16:
Late-Mediaeval European form of municipal governance
414:communities in Bohemia, Moravia, the mountains of
257:German town law was frequently applied during the
684:. University of Washington Press. Seattle. 2002.
725:
611:World History in Documents: A Comparative Reader
544:, Magdeburg law continued to be used in western
410:. Jihlava law was a variant used frequently by
675:Atlas zur Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung
708:History of city rights in Schleswig-Holstein
677:. Velhagen & Klasing. Bielefeld. 1958.
370:Litoměřice law and codes based on that of
303:, used for some towns in the lands of the
199:by the territorial princes; the remaining
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453:, Poland, after which the law was modeled
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263:of Central and Eastern Europe by German
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524:In the 15th century, many towns in the
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607:"Magdeburg Law 1261: Northern Germany"
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628:
441:
299:. It formed the basis of Riga law in
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493:in the 14th century, especially in
485:. Resulting from the reign of King
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625:
558:List of towns with German town law
465:, granted in 1235 by Polish ruler
14:
770:
701:
613:. New York University Press, 1998
438:, Spiš, and Székesfehérvár laws.
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358:in Eastern Pomerania, and in the
233:are currently administered under
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663:. Penguin Books. London, 1997.
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538:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
402:, and was introduced into the
187:of 1803, almost all of the 51
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7:
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348:State of the Teutonic Order
346:(Chełmno law), used in the
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63:who modified it during the
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739:Urban planning in Germany
378:during the reign of King
283:and was used in northern
33:German municipal concerns
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406:during the rule of King
330:was popular around the
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39:) was a set of early
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542:Partitions of Poland
430:, Goslar, Lüneburg,
354:and along the lower
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536:acquired from the
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442:Środa/Neumarkt law
404:Kingdom of Hungary
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583:Cities portal
548:until the 1830s.
491:Kingdom of Poland
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366:Litoměřice law
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239:federal states
191:cities of the
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644:. Retrieved
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615:. Retrieved
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540:. After the
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459:Środa Śląska
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451:Środa Śląska
420:Transylvania
380:Wenceslaus I
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340:Środa Śląska
336:Upper Saxony
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719:(in German)
711:(in German)
642:(in Polish)
617:28 February
285:Mecklenburg
260:Ostsiedlung
221:city-states
105:Westphalian
65:Middle Ages
728:Categories
592:References
519:Nösnerland
515:Burzenland
281:Baltic Sea
277:Lübeck law
272:Lübeck law
197:mediatised
189:reichsfrei
133:Lübeck law
563:Burgrecht
424:Głubczyce
372:Nuremberg
293:Pomerelia
265:colonists
253:Expansion
205:Frankfurt
179:Roman law
145:Nuremberg
137:Magdeburg
107:towns of
53:Magdeburg
754:Kulm law
552:See also
503:Volhynia
400:Slovenia
344:Kulm law
317:Courland
113:Dortmund
534:Dnieper
530:Muscovy
511:Altland
499:Galicia
495:Masovia
479:Legnica
469:of the
428:Görlitz
408:Béla IV
396:Austria
392:Bavaria
384:Moravia
376:Bohemia
356:Vistula
352:Prussia
313:Estonia
309:Livonia
243:Germany
213:Hamburg
125:Cologne
121:Münster
101:militia
93:Germans
87:History
57:Central
688:
667:
646:4 June
517:, and
501:, and
475:Kalisz
418:, and
412:mining
398:, and
388:Vienna
315:, and
297:Warmia
231:Berlin
217:Lübeck
215:, and
209:Bremen
149:Vienna
129:Lübeck
119:, and
117:Minden
51:. The
49:Otto I
25:German
483:Radom
195:were
109:Soest
31:) or
686:ISBN
665:ISBN
648:2024
619:2014
481:and
436:Nysa
334:and
301:Riga
295:and
78:and
59:and
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241:of
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