Otto the Great - Knowledge

2507: 710: 2847: 2162:, whom Henry had previously displaced as duke, and he sought revenge: he deserted Henry and joined the rebellion against Otto. Lifting the siege of Mainz, Otto and Henry marched south to regain control over Bavaria. Without the support of the local nobles, their plan failed and they were forced to retreat to Saxony. The duchies of Bavaria, Swabia, and Franconia were in open civil war against the King, and even in his native Duchy of Saxony revolts began to spread. By the end of 953, the civil war was threatening to depose Otto and permanently end his claims to be Charlemagne's successor. 2604: 2296:. Under Otto's command were Burchard III, Duke of Swabia and Bohemian troops of Duke Boleslaus I. Though outnumbered nearly two to one, Otto was determined to push the Hungarian forces out of his territory. According to Widukind of Corvey, Otto "pitched his camp in the territory of the city of Augsburg and joined there the forces of Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, who was himself lying mortally ill nearby, and by Duke Conrad with a large following of Franconian knights. Conrad's unexpected arrival encouraged the warriors so much that they wished to attack the enemy immediately." 1824: 2383: 1548:

Gero of Merseburg, was charged with the subjugation of the pagan Polabian Slavs. According to Widukind, Gero invited about thirty Slavic chieftains to a banquet; after the feast his soldiers attacked and massacred the unsuspecting drunken guests. The Slavs demanded revenge and marched against Gero with an enormous army. Otto agreed to a brief truce with his rebellious brother Henry and moved to support Gero. After fierce fighting, their combined forces were able to repel the advancing Slavs; Otto then returned west to subdue his brother's rebellion.

784: 2070:, to his rebellion. As Otto's regent in Italy, Conrad had negotiated a peace agreement and an alliance with Berengar II and believed that Otto would confirm this treaty. Instead of an ally, Berengar II was made Otto's subject and his kingdom was subsequently reduced. Conrad felt betrayed and insulted over Otto's decision, especially with the additional empowerment of Henry. Conrad and Liudolf viewed Otto as being controlled by his foreign-born wife and power-hungry brother and resolved to free the kingdom from their domination. 1431:, together with Otto's sisters Gerberga and Hadwig who were regents for their sons King Lothar and Duke Hugh. Otto had received the feudal commendation of several west Frankish magnates, and like his father had settled royal and episcopal succession disputes in the western kingdom. Bruno intervened militarily in West Francia in 958, as well as against the Reginarids in Lotharingia. However, this Ottonian hegemony from 940 to 965 was personal rather than institutional, and quickly disappeared after the accession of 2077:. Rumors spread that Otto had been persuaded by his wife and brother to propose this child as his heir instead of Liudolf. For many German nobles, this rumor represented Otto's final transformation from a policy focused on Germany to an Italian-centered one. The idea that Otto would ask them to revoke the succession rights of Liudolf prompted many nobles into open rebellion. Liudolf and Conrad first led the nobles against Henry, the Duke of Bavaria, in spring 953. Henry was unpopular with the Bavarians due to his 3835:(in Latin) Book 2, chapter 2: "...; duces vero ministrabant. Lothariorum dux Isilberhtus, ad cuius potestatem locus ille pertinebat, omnia procurabat; Evurhardus mensae preerat, Herimannus Franco pincernis, Arnulfus equestri ordini et eligendis locandisque castris preerat; Sigifridus vero, Saxonum optimus et a rege secundus, gener quondam regis, tunc vero affinitate coniunctus, eo tempore procurabat Saxoniam, ne qua hostium interim irruptio accidisset, nutriensque iuniorem Heinricum secum tenuit." 994: 2151:, Bruno was eager to end the civil war in Lorraine, which was in his ecclesiastical territory. The rebels demanded ratification of the treaty they had previously agreed to with Otto, but Henry's provocation during the meeting caused the negotiations to break down. Conrad and Liudolf left the meeting to continue the civil war. Angered by their actions, Otto stripped both men of their duchies of Swabia and Lorraine, and appointed his brother Bruno as the new Duke of Lorraine. 572:

to them into a formidable military machine that made possible the establishment of Germany as the preeminent kingdom in Europe from the tenth through the mid-thirteenth century." Bachrach highlights in particular the achievements of the first two Ottonian rulers, Henry I and Otto the Great in creating this situation. Their rules also marked the start of new, vigorous literary traditions. The patronage of Otto and his immediate successors facilitated a so-called "

7479: 1617: 8126: 2092:. The city was also the seat of Archbishop Frederick of Mainz, who acted as mediator between Otto and the rebels. Recorded details of the meeting or the negotiated treaty do not exist, but Otto soon left Mainz with a peace treaty favorable to the conspirators, most likely confirming Liudolf as heir apparent and approving Conrad's original agreement with Berengar II. These terms rendered the treaty incompatible with the wishes of Adelaide and Henry. 58: 1959: 2312:

with a counter-attack. Upon the successful completion of his mission, Conrad returned to the main forces and the King launched an immediate assault. Despite a volley of arrows, Otto's army smashed into the Hungarian lines and was able to fight them in hand-to-hand combat, giving the traditionally nomadic warriors no room to use their preferred shoot-and-run tactics; the Hungarians suffered heavy losses and were forced to retreat in disorder.

1361:. The union had lasted sixteen years and produced two children; with Eadgyth's death, Otto began to make arrangements for his succession. Like his father before him, Otto intended to transfer sole rule of the kingdom to his son Liudolf upon his death. Otto called together all leading figures of the kingdom and had them swear an oath of allegiance to Liudolf, thereby promising to recognize his sole claim to the throne as Otto's heir apparent. 425: 1906: 1379:

IV's second attempt to reign over Lorraine in 940 was based on his asserted claim to be the rightful Duke of Lorraine due to his marriage to Gerberga of Saxony, Otto's sister and the widow of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. Otto did not recognize Louis IV's claim and appointed his brother Henry as duke instead. In the following years, both sides tried to increase their influence in Lorraine, but the duchy remained a part of Otto's kingdom.

1229: 1086: 1740:, both in German affairs and Northern Italy. While Liudolf was preparing his expedition, Henry influenced the Italian aristocrats not to join Liudolf's campaign. When Liudolf arrived in Lombardy, he found no support and was unable to sustain his troops. His army was near destruction until Otto's troops crossed the Alps. The king reluctantly received Liudolf's forces into his command, angry at his son for his independent actions. 2021:. Otto endowed the bishoprics and abbeys of his kingdom with numerous gifts, including land and royal prerogatives, such as the power to levy taxes and to maintain an army. Over these Church lands, secular authorities had neither the power of taxation nor legal jurisdiction. This raised the Church above the various dukes and committed its clerics to serve as the king's personal vassals. In order to support the Church, Otto made 2698: 3212: 1032:. The new duke quickly came into conflict with Otto, as Eberhard opposed the king's sovereignty over Bavaria under the peace treaty between King Henry and Arnulf. Refusing to recognize Otto's supremacy, Eberhard rebelled against the king. In two campaigns in the spring and fall of 938, Otto defeated and exiled Eberhard from the kingdom and stripped him of his titles. In his place, Otto appointed Eberhard's uncle 2300: 2261: 1503:. After this initial large-scale invasion of Bohemia, hostilities were pursued, mainly in the form of border raids. The war was not concluded until 950, when Otto besieged a castle owned by Boleslaus' son. Boleslaus decided to sign a peace treaty, promising to resume payment of tribute. Boleslaus became Otto's ally, and his Bohemian force helped the German army against the common 1282:

dynastic succession in the assignment of office, by freely appointing individuals of his choice to the kingdom's offices. Loyalty to Otto, not lineage, was the pathway towards advancement under his rule. His mother Matilda disapproved of this policy and was accused by Otto's royal advisers of undermining his authority. After Otto briefly exiled her to her Westphalian manors at

1298:. Instead of seeking to administer the kingdom through royal representatives, as Charlemagne had done, Henry allowed the dukes to maintain complete internal control of their holdings as long as his superior status was recognized. Otto, on the other hand, had accepted Church anointment and regarded his kingdom as a feudal monarchy with himself holding the " 568:

historians, while not denying his strong character and his many fruitful initiatives, explore the emperor's capability as a consensus builder – a process that goes in parallel with greater recognition of the nature of consensus politics in Medieval Europe (especially Western and Central parts) as well as different roles played by other actors in his time.

1675:, a grandson of former King Berengar I, led a revolt of Italian nobles against his uncle Hugh. Forewarned by Lothair, Hugh exiled Berengar II from Italy, and the margrave fled to the protection of Otto's court in 941. In 945, Berengar II returned and defeated Hugh with the support of the Italian nobility. Hugh abdicated in favor of his son and retired to 1306:

officials, Otto's punishments were typically mild and the punished were usually restored to a position of authority afterwards. His brother Henry rebelled twice and was pardoned twice after his surrenders. He was even appointed Duke of Lorraine and later Duke of Bavaria. Rebellious commoners were treated far more harshly; Otto usually had them executed.

1716:, Adelaide sent an emissary across the Alps seeking Otto's protection and marriage. A marriage to Adelaide would have strengthened the king's position to claim the Italian throne and ultimately the emperorship. Knowing of her great intelligence and immense wealth, Otto accepted Adelaide's marriage proposal and prepared for an expedition into Italy. 1354:, daughter of Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, and appointed him as the new Duke of Bavaria in 948. This arrangement finally achieved peace between the brothers, as Henry thereafter abandoned his claims to the throne. Through his familial ties to the dukes, Otto had strengthened the sovereignty of the crown and the overall cohesiveness of the kingdom. 2187:. Before the assembly convened, Conrad and Frederick were reconciled with Otto. At the Diet, tensions flared up again when Henry accused his nephew Liudolf of conspiring with the Hungarians. Though Conrad and Frederick implored the enraged Liudolf to seek peace, Liudolf left the meeting determined to continue the civil war. 2212:. Before the assembled nobles of the kingdom, Liudolf and Conrad declared their fealty to Otto and yielded control over all the territories that their armies still occupied. Though Otto did not restore their former ducal titles to them, he did allow them to retain their private estates. The Diet ratified Otto's actions: 1736:. The exact reasons for Liudolf's action are unclear, and historians have proposed several possible motives. Liudolf may have tried to help Adelaide, a distant relative of Liudolf's wife Ida, or he intended to strengthen his position within the royal family. The young heir was also competing with his uncle, Duke 1199:

Franconia and dissolved it into smaller counties and bishoprics accountable directly to him. The same year, Otto made peace with Louis IV, whereby Louis recognized his suzerainty over Lorraine. In return Otto withdrew his army and arranged for his sister Gerberga (the widow of Gilbert) to marry Louis IV.

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After the Pope agreed to crown him as Emperor, Otto assembled his army to march upon Italy. In preparation for his second Italian campaign and the imperial coronation, Otto planned his kingdom's future. At the Imperial Diet at Worms in May 961, Otto named his six-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent

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near Mainz. The deaths of Henry, Liudolf, and Conrad took from Otto the three most prominent members of his royal family, including his heir apparent. Additionally, his first two sons from his marriage to Adelaide of Italy, Henry and Bruno, had both died in early childhood by 957. Otto's third son by

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to revolt. The Obotrites invaded Saxony in the fall of 955, killing the men of arms-bearing age and carrying off the women and children into slavery. In the aftermath of the Battle of Lechfeld, Otto rushed to the north and pressed far into their territory. A Slav embassy offered to pay annual tribute

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Otto's brother Henry soon spread rumors that Conrad and Liudolf had invited the Hungarians into Germany in hopes of using them against Otto. Public opinion quickly turned against the rebels in these duchies. With this change in opinion and the death of his wife Liutgarde, Otto's only daughter, Conrad

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on 7 June 948. The assembly was attended by more than 30 bishops, including all the archbishops of Germany – a demonstration of Otto's strong position in East and West Francia alike. The synod confirmed Otto's appointment of Artald as Archbishop of Reims, and Hugh was admonished to respect his king's

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The nobility found it difficult to adapt to Otto, as the kingdom had never before followed individual succession to the throne. Whereas tradition dictated that all the sons of the former king were to receive a portion of the kingdom, Henry's succession plan placed Otto at the head of a united kingdom

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Historian David Bachrach notes the role of the bureaucracy and administration apparatus which the Ottonians inherited from the Carolingians and ultimately from the Ancient Romans, and which they developed greatly themselves: "It was the success of the Ottonians in molding the raw materials bequeathed

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In August 966 at Worms, Otto announced his arrangements for the government of Germany in his absence. Otto's illegitimate son Archbishop William of Mainz would serve as his regent over all of Germany, while Otto's trusted lieutenant, Margrave Hermann Billung, would be his personal administrator over

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Otto released most of his army to return to Germany by the end of 963, confident his rule in Italy and within Rome was secure. The Roman populace, however, considered Leo VIII, a layman with no former ecclesiastical training, unacceptable as Pope. In February 964, the Roman people forced Leo VIII to

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on 2 October 939. Otto's forces claimed an overwhelming victory: Eberhard was killed in battle, and Gilbert drowned in the Rhine while attempting to escape. Left alone to face his brother, Henry submitted to Otto and the rebellion ended. With Eberhard dead, Otto assumed direct rule over the Duchy of

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Liudolf's death in the fall of 957 deprived Otto of both an heir and a commander of his expedition against King Berengar II of Italy. Berengar II had always been a rebellious subordinate. With the death of Liudolf and Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, and with Otto campaigning in northern Germany, Berengar

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as co-ruler. Failing to receive widespread support, Berengar II attempted to legitimize his reign and tried to force Adelaide, the respective daughter, daughter-in-law and widow of the last three Italian kings, into marriage with Adalbert. Adelaide fiercely refused and was imprisoned by Berengar II

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The West Frankish kings had lost considerable royal power after internal struggles with their aristocracy, but still asserted their authority over the Duchy of Lorraine, a territory also claimed by East Francia. The German king was supported by Louis IV's chief domestic rival, Hugh the Great. Louis

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This new policy ensured Otto's position as undisputed master of the kingdom. Members of his family and other aristocrats who rebelled against Otto were forced to confess their guilt publicly and unconditionally surrender to him, hoping for a pardon from their king. For nobles and other high-ranking

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Shortly after his reconciliation, Eberhard planned a second rebellion against Otto. He promised to assist Otto's younger brother Henry in claiming the throne and recruited Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine, to join the rebellion. Gilbert was married to Otto's sister Gerberga of Saxony, but had sworn fealty

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into a single kingdom and greatly expanded the king's powers at the expense of the aristocracy. Through strategic marriages and personal appointments, Otto installed members of his family in the kingdom's most important duchies. This reduced the various dukes, who had previously been co-equals with

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in the East. In order to further his dynastic plans, and in preparation for his son's marriage, Otto returned to Rome in the winter of 967 where he had Otto II crowned co-Emperor by Pope John XIII on Christmas Day 967. Although Otto II was now nominal co-ruler, he exercised no real authority until

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and several smaller possessions. Otto however didn't have the obligation to deliver military aid in case the territories would be conquered by others and despite this confirmed claim, Otto never ceded real control over those additional territories. The Diploma granted the clergy and people of Rome

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The Hungarians crossed the river and immediately attacked the Bohemians, followed by the Swabians under Burchard. Confusing the defenders with a rain of arrows, they plundered the baggage train and made many captives. As Otto received word of the attack, he ordered Conrad to relieve his rear units

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The Hungarians, encouraged by their successful raids, began another invasion into Germany in the spring of 955. Otto's army, now unhindered by civil war, was able to defeat the invasion, and soon the Hungarians sent an ambassador to seek peace with Otto. The ambassador proved to be a decoy: Otto's

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as well as the legal rights of counts within their territory. Because Otto personally appointed all bishops and abbots, these reforms strengthened his central authority, and the upper ranks of the German Church functioned in some respect as an arm of the royal bureaucracy. Otto routinely appointed

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chieftain, to his cause. Gero promised to support him in claiming the Hevellian throne, if Tugumir would later recognize Otto as his overlord. Tugumir agreed and returned to the Slavs. Due to Gero's massacre, few Slavic chieftains remained, and the Slavs quickly proclaimed Tugumir as their prince.

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Despite their rivalry, Louis IV and Hugh were both tied to Otto's family through marriage bonds. Otto intervened for peace in 942 and announced a formal reconciliation between the two. As a part of the deal, Hugh was to perform an act of submission to Louis IV, and in return, Louis IV was to waive

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to succeed Gilbert. Henry had not dropped his ambitions for the German throne and initiated another conspiracy against his older brother. With the assistance of Archbishop Frederick of Mainz, Henry planned to have Otto assassinated on Easter Day, 941, at Quedlinburg Abbey. Otto discovered the plot

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and although the latter surrendered, he was killed by a common soldier named Maincia or Meginzo at the altar of the Church of St. Peter. Otto mourned his half-brother and praised his courage but the killer was not punished. Following their defeats, Eberhard and Frederick sought reconciliation with

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as new Pope in October 965. John XIII's arrogant behavior and foreign backing soon made him disliked among the local population. In December of the same year, he was taken into custody by the Roman people but was able to escape a few weeks later. Following the Pope's request for help, the Emperor

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by birth, she was raised as an Italian. Her father Rudolf II of Burgundy was briefly king of Italy prior to being deposed and she herself had briefly been queen of Italy until her husband Lothair II of Italy's death. Berengar II imprisoned her when she refused to marry his son, Adalbert of Italy.

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As Otto was finalizing actions to suppress his brother's rebellion in 939, the Slavs on the Elbe River revolted against German rule. Having been subdued by Otto's father in 928, the Slavs saw Henry's rebellion as an opportunity to regain their independence. Otto's lieutenant in east Saxony, Count

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Upon Otto's arrival in Italy, John XIII was restored to his papal throne in mid-November 966 without opposition by the people. Otto captured the twelve leaders of the rebel militia, which had deposed and imprisoned the Pope, and had them hanged. Taking up permanent residence at Rome, the Emperor

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Otto returned to Germany in January 965, believing his affairs in Italy had been settled. On 20 May 965, the Emperor's long-serving lieutenant on the eastern front, Margrave Gero, died and left a vast march stretching from the Billung March in the north to the Duchy of Bohemia in the south. Otto

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for their service throughout his tenure as king. Although appointments were still gained and held at his discretion, they were increasingly intertwined with dynastic politics. Where Henry relied upon "friendship pacts", Otto relied upon family ties. Otto refused to accept uncrowned rulers as his

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The decade between 941 and 951 was marked by Otto's exercise of undisputed domestic power. Through the subordination of the dukes under his authority, Otto asserted his power to make decisions without their prior agreement. He deliberately ignored the claims and ranks of the nobility, who wanted

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While Otto gained some initial victories against the rebels, he was unable to capture the conspirators and end the rebellion. Archbishop Frederick sought to mediate peace between the combatants, but Otto rejected his proposal. Under Otto's direction, Duke Herman of Swabia led an army against the

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through different eras as a successful ruler. He is also reputed to be a great military commander, especially on the strategic level – this also means that the empire this talent recreated was too vast for contemporary administrative structures and could only be governed as a confederacy. Modern

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Celebrations for Otto's victory over the pagan Hungarians and Slavs were held in churches across the kingdom, with bishops attributing the victory to divine intervention and as proof of Otto's "divine right" to rule. The battles of Lechfeld and Recknitz mark a turning point in Otto's reign. The

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and the Byzantine Empire to join him and Adalbert in an alliance against the Emperor. Otto discovered the Pope's plot and, after defeating and imprisoning Berengar II, marched on Rome. John XII fled from Rome, and Otto, upon his arrival in Rome, summoned a council and deposed John XII as Pope,

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and rebelled against the king in 938. Duke Herman I of Swabia, one of Otto's closest advisors, warned him of the rebellion and the king moved quickly to put down the revolt. Wichmann was soon reconciled with Otto and joined the king's forces against his former allies. Otto besieged Thankmar at

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In early 954, Margrave Hermann Billung, Otto's long-time loyal vassal in Saxony, was facing increased Slavic movements in the east. Taking advantage of the German civil war, the Slavs raided deeper and deeper into the adjacent border areas. Meanwhile, the Hungarians began extensive raids into

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to the southeast was a permanent threat to German security. The Hungarians took advantage of the kingdom's civil war and invaded the Duchy of Bavaria in spring 954. Though Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, and Conrad, Duke of Lorraine, had successfully prevented the Hungarians from invading their own

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and engaged in a deadly, though not decisive, battle. Liudolf retreated to Regensburg, where he was besieged by Otto. Otto's army was unable to break through the city walls but caused starvation within the city after two months of siege. Liudolf sent a message to Otto seeking to open peace

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Peace in Italy, however, would not last long. Adalbert, the son of the deposed King Berengar II of Italy, rebelled against Otto's rule over the Kingdom of Italy. Otto dispatched Burchard III of Swabia, one of his closest advisors, to crush the rebellion. Burchard III met Adalbert at the

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Burgundian princess Adelaide, queen of Italy whom the margrave Berengar of Ivrea had taken prisoner in 950, appealed to Otto for help. Otto marched into Italy in 951 and married Adelaide. In 952 Berengar signed a peace treaty in which he became Otto's vassal for the kingdom of Italy.

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of the arts and architecture in the second half of the 10th century depended on the court patronage of Otto and his immediate successors. The Ottonian Renaissance was manifest in some revived cathedral schools, such as that of Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne, and in the production of

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Conrad and Berengar II arrived at Magdeburg to meet Otto, but had to wait three days before an audience was granted. This was a humiliating offense for the man Otto had named his regent. Though Adelaide and Henry urged the treaty's immediate rejection, Otto referred the issue to an

1539:, a medieval chronicler, records: "After this , legates from the Greeks twice brought gifts from their emperor to our king, both rulers being in a state of concord." It was during this time that Otto first tried to link himself to the Eastern Empire through marriage negotiations. 1819:

relationship with Italy would be in Germany's best interest. He offered a peace treaty in which Berengar II would remain King of Italy on the condition that he recognized Otto as his overlord. Berengar II agreed and the pair traveled north to meet with Otto to seal the agreement.

732:, was born to a captive Wendish noblewoman. With Henry's dominion over the entire kingdom secured by 929, the king probably began to prepare his succession over the kingdom. No written evidence for his arrangements is extant, but during this time Otto is first called king (Latin: 1387:

captured Louis IV and handed him over to Hugh, who released the King only on condition of the surrender of the fortress of Laon. At the urging of his sister Gerberga, Otto invaded France on behalf of Louis IV, but his armies were not strong enough to take the key cities of Laon,

670:, the presumptive heir, to offer the crown of East Francia to Otto's father Henry. Although Conrad and Henry had been at odds with one another since 912, Henry had not openly opposed the king since 915. Furthermore, Conrad's repeated battles with German dukes, most recently with 3294:. The reverse shows Emperor Otto I with Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome in the background, where his coronation took place. Among others, three exhibitions in Magdeburg, opening in 2001, 2006 and 2012, have documented Otto's life and his influence on medieval European history. 2857:

With his son's wedding completed and peace with the Byzantine Empire concluded, Otto led the imperial family back to Germany in August 972. In the spring of 973, the Emperor visited Saxony and celebrated Palm Sunday in Magdeburg. At the same ceremony the previous year, Margrave

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Otto's son-in-law, Conrad, the former Duke of Lorraine, was killed in the Battle of Lechfeld and the king's brother Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, was mortally wounded, dying a few months later on 1 November of that year. With Henry's death, Otto appointed his four-year-old nephew

1868:, Berengar II and his son Adalbert were forced to swear fealty to Otto as his vassals. In return, Otto granted Berengar II Italy as his fiefdom and restored the title "King of Italy" to him. The Italian king had to pay an enormous annual tribute and was required to cede the 1290:

at the expense of his brothers. Otto's authoritarian style was in stark contrast to that of his father. Henry had purposely waived Church anointment at coronation as a symbol of his election by his people and governing his kingdom on the basis of "friendship pacts" (Latin:

2356:, to succeed his father as duke, with his mother Judith of Bavaria as his regent. Otto appointed Liudolf in 956 as the commander of an expedition against King Berengar II of Italy, but he soon died of fever on 6 September 957. Archbishop William buried his half-brother at 2892:

The transition of power to his seventeen-year-old son Otto II was seamless. On 8 May 973, the lords of the Empire confirmed Otto II as their new ruler. Otto II arranged for a magnificent thirty-day funeral, in which his father was buried beside his first wife Eadgyth in

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attempted a diplomatic solution and opened peace negotiations with Berengar II. Conrad recognized that a military confrontation would impose great costs upon Germany, both in manpower and in treasure. At a time when the kingdom was facing invasions from the north by the

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near the Swabian-Bavarian border and opened negotiations. Liudolf and Otto called a truce until an Imperial Diet could be assembled to ratify the peace. The king forgave his son all transgressions and Liudolf agreed to accept any punishment his father felt appropriate.

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victories over Hungarians and Slavs sealed his hold on power over Germany, with the duchies firmly under royal authority. From 955 on, Otto would not experience another rebellion against his rule and as a result was able to further consolidate his position throughout

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to bishoprics throughout the kingdom. While attached to the royal court, the chaplains would perform the work of the government through services to the royal chancery. After years within the royal court, Otto would reward their service with promotion to a diocese.

6967:. Corradini, Richard: Text & identities in the early middle ages, Denkschriften, 344. Band. Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters (in German). Vol. 12. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. pp. 137–151. 1364:

Relying on recent archaeological evidences, Bachrach estimates that the armies he mobilized in 953 and 954 should have been in the range of 20,000 to 25,000 men, which were needed to besiege cities such as Mainz, which was defended by armies in excess of 30,000.

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would be greatly expanded by incorporating territory south of the Alps. Conrad and Henry were already not on good terms, and the proposed treaty drove the two dukes further apart. Adelaide and Henry conspired together to persuade Otto to reject Conrad's treaty.

2568:, Berengar II surrendered in 963. Upon the successful completion of Otto's campaign, John XII began to fear the Emperor's rising power in Italy and opened negotiations with Berengar II's son, Adalbert of Italy to depose Otto. The Pope also sent envoys to the 1490:

throne in 935. The next year, following the death of Otto's father, King Henry the Fowler, Boleslaus stopped paying tribute to the German Kingdom (East Francia) in violation of the peace treaty Henry had established with Boleslaus' brother and predecessor,

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The Byzantines opened peace talks with Otto, despite his expansive policy in their sphere of influence. Otto desired both an imperial princess as a bride for his son and successor Otto II as well as the legitimacy and prestige of a connection between the

1147:. Otto exiled Henry from East Francia, and he fled to the court of King Louis. The West Frankish king, in hopes of regaining dominion over Lorraine once again, joined forces with Henry and Gilbert. In response, Otto allied with Louis's chief antagonist, 6989: 2479:. The Pope also anointed Otto's wife Adelaide of Italy, who had accompanied Otto on his Italian campaign, as empress. With Otto's coronation as emperor, the Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of Italy were unified into a common realm, later called the 2323:

at the following victory celebration. While the battle was not a crushing defeat for the Hungarians, as Otto was not able to chase the fleeing army into Hungarian lands, the battle ended nearly 100 years of Hungarian invasions into Western Europe.

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Upon assuming the throne, Tugumir murdered his chief rival and proclaimed his loyalty to Otto, incorporating his territory into the German kingdom. Otto granted Tugumir the title of "duke" and allowed Tugumir to rule his people, subject to Otto's

1322:, in 947. The former dynastically tied the royal house of West Francia to that of East Francia, and the latter secured his son's succession to the Duchy of Swabia, as Hermann had no sons. Otto's plans came to fruition when, in 950, Liudolf became 2207:

Soon after this peace agreement, the aging and sick Archbishop Frederick died in October 954. With the surrender of Liudolf, the rebellion had been put down throughout Germany except in Bavaria. Otto convened the Imperial Diet in December 954 at

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negotiations; the king demanded unconditional surrender, which Liudolf refused. After Arnulf II had been killed in continuous fighting, Liudolf fled from Bavaria for his domain of Swabia, quickly followed by Otto's army. The adversaries met at

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as his successor. Upon hearing of the Romans' actions, Otto mobilized new troops and marched on Rome. After laying siege to the city in June 964, Otto forced the Romans to accept his appointee Leo VIII as Pope and exiled Benedict V.

1605:, with each of the realms being ruled by its own king. Though the pope in Rome continued to invest the kings of Italy as "emperors" to rule Charlemagne's empire, these "Italian emperors" never exercised any authority north of the 5032: 2495:. The Emperor had planned the establishment of the archdiocese to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Lechfeld over the Hungarians and to further convert the local Slavs to Christianity. The Pope named the former royal 1047:. After the rise of a Saxon to kingship, Bruning, a local lord with possessions in the borderland between Franconia and Saxony, refused to swear fealty to any non-Saxon ruler. Eberhard attacked Bruning's Helmern castle near 1974:. With regard to his "divine right" to rule he viewed himself as the protector of the Church. A key element of administrative reorganisation was the installment of celibate clerics in secular offices, chiefly bishops and 2769:

to Rome in 972, and she married Otto II on 14 April 972. As part of this rapprochement, the conflict over southern Italy was finally resolved: the Byzantine Empire accepted Otto's dominion over the principalities of

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for himself. Berengar II's armies retreated to their strongholds in order to avoid battle with Otto, allowing him to advance southward unopposed. Otto reached Rome on 31 January 962; three days later, he was crowned

2411:. In autumn 960, with Italy in political turmoil, the Pope sent word to Otto seeking his aid against Berengar II. Several other influential Italian leaders arrived at Otto's court with similar appeals, including the 2241:

The king's measures in December 954 finally brought an end to the two-year-long civil war. Liudolf's rebellion, though temporarily weakening Otto's position, ultimately strengthened it as absolute ruler of Germany.

833:, where Otto was anointed and crowned by Hildebert, the Archbishop of Mainz. Though he was a Saxon by birth, Otto appeared at the coronation in Frankish dress in an attempt to demonstrate his sovereignty over the 1978:, at the expense of the hereditary secular nobility. Otto sought to establish a non-hereditary counter-balance to the fiercely independent and powerful royal princes. He granted land and bestowed the title of 2139:. After two months of siege, the city had not fallen and rebellions against Otto's rule grew stronger in southern Germany. Faced with these challenges, Otto opened peace negotiations with Liudolf and Conrad. 895:

Despite his peaceful transition, the royal family was not harmonious during his early reign. Otto's younger brother Henry also claimed the throne, contrary to his father's wishes. According to her biography,

6661: 1349:

by birth, Conrad was a nephew of former king Conrad I of Germany. Following the death of Otto's uncle Berthold, Duke of Bavaria, in 947, Otto satisfied his brother Henry's ambition through his marriage to

3857:

During the following days scattered parts of the Hungarian army were repeatedly attacked from nearby villages and castles; a second Bohemian force under Duke Boleslaus I was able to intercept and defeat

2116:. The king reasserted his desires for dominion over Italy and to claim the imperial title. He sent emissaries to the Duchy of Lorraine and stirred the local nobles against Conrad's rule. The duke was a 2331:, still Otto's opponent over the King's refusal to grant Wichmann the title of Margrave in 936, marauded through the lands of the Obotrites in the Billung March, causing the followers of Slavic Prince 2051:

With the humiliating failure of his Italian campaign and Otto's marriage to Adelaide, Liudolf became estranged from his father and planned a rebellion. On Christmas Day 951, he held a grand feast at

2733:

as fiefdom. This decision caused conflict with the Byzantine Empire, which claimed sovereignty over the principalities of southern Italy. The eastern Empire also objected to Otto's use of the title

1564:, Gero was able to attack and defeat the divided Slavic tribes. Otto and his successors extended their control into Eastern Europe through military colonization and the establishment of churches. 1747:

valley, the Italian nobles and clergy withdrew their support for Berengar and provided aid to Otto and his advancing army. Recognizing his weakened position, Berengar II fled from his capital in

1994:

concludes: "Under these conditions clerical election became a mere formality in the Ottonian empire, and the king filled up the ranks of the episcopate with his own relatives and with his loyal

2403:

II attacked the March of Verona in 958, which Otto had stripped from his control under the 952 treaty, and besieged Count Adalbert Atto of Canossa there. Berengar II's forces also attacked the

697:, Arnulf was elected king by the Bavarians in opposition to Henry, but his "reign" was short-lived; Henry defeated him in two campaigns. In 921, Henry besieged Arnulf's residence at Ratisbon ( 2183:

began peace negotiations with Otto, which were eventually joined by Liudolf and Archbishop Frederick. A truce was declared, and Otto called a meeting of the Imperial Diet on 15 June 954 at

747:

by finding a bride for Otto. Association with another royal house would give Henry additional legitimacy and strengthen the bonds between the two Saxon kingdoms. To seal the alliance, King

1970:

Beginning in the late 940s, Otto rearranged interior policies by utilizing the offices of the Catholic Church as tools of royal administration, thereby setting the course for the Ottonian

2272:

and ravaged much of Southern Germany during Liudolf's civil war. Though Otto had installed the Margraves Hermann Billung and Gero on his kingdom's northern and northeastern borders, the

1778:

and Otto's long-time domestic rival, also returned to Germany alongside Liudolf. Disturbances in northern Germany forced Otto to return with the majority of his army back across the

1475:, was able to secure the throne. Burgundy had become an integral, but formally independent, part of Otto's sphere of influence and remained at peace with Germany during his reign. 1314:

equal. Under Otto, the integration of important vassals took place through marriage connections. King Louis IV of France had married Otto's sister Gerberga in 939, and Otto's son

762:

formally ratified the king's succession arrangements. Some of his estates and treasures were to be distributed among Thankmar, Henry, and Bruno. But departing from customary

2885:, Otto travelled to his palace at Memleben, the place where his father had died 37 years earlier. While there, Otto became seriously ill with fever and, after receiving his 1040:, as the new Duke of Bavaria on the condition that Berthold would recognize Otto as the sole authority to appoint bishops and to administer royal property within the duchy. 2557:

the exclusive right to elect the pontiff. The pope-elect was required to issue an oath of allegiance to the emperor before his confirmation as pope an agreement based on

544:

Otto's later years were marked by conflicts with the papacy and struggles to stabilize his rule over Italy. Reigning from Rome, Otto sought to improve relations with the

6147: 2281:

brother Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, sent word to Otto that the Hungarians had crossed into his territory from the southeast. The main Hungarian army had camped along the

957:. As the elder and wealthier of the two, Wichmann believed his claim to the office was superior to his brother's. Additionally, Wichmann was related by marriage to the 506:

the king, to royal subjects under his authority. Otto transformed the church in Germany to strengthen royal authority and subjected its clergy to his personal control.

1055:, where Eberhard was ordered to pay a fine, and his lieutenants were sentenced to carry dead dogs in public, which was considered a particularly shameful punishment. 3078:

is considered the founder of the Ottonian dynasty. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Otto I was the son of Henry I, father of Otto II, grandfather of

2491:

On 12 February 962, Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII called a synod in Rome to legalise their relationship. At the synod, Pope John XII approved Otto's long-desired

3283: 3215: 564: 2714:

to celebrate Easter in 967. A following synod confirmed Magdeburg's disputed status as a new archdiocese with equal rights to the established German archdioceses.

1660:

was elevated to co-ruler in 931. Hugh and Rudolf II eventually concluded a peace treaty in 933; four years later Lothair was betrothed to Rudolf's infant daughter

701:) and forced him into submission. Arnulf had to accept Henry's sovereignty; Bavaria retained some autonomy and the right to invest bishops in the Bavarian church. 608:, also a daughter of a Saxon count, in 906, but this marriage was annulled, probably in 909 after she had given birth to Henry's first son and Otto's half-brother 2822:– was raised in his court, where she grew up hearing the works of classical authors. As an adult, she became well-versed in the legal system, the history of the 2798:

Otto patronised the arts and learning, helping establish several cathedral schools that evolved into vibrant cultural centres. The first female writer from the

2765:

assassinated and succeeded Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros in a military revolt. Finally recognizing Otto's imperial title, the new eastern emperor sent his niece

2327:

While Otto was fighting the Hungarians with his main army deployed in Southern Germany, the Obotrite Slavs in the north were in a state of insurrection. Count

2336:

in return for being allowed self-government under German overlordship instead of direct German rule. Otto refused, and the two sides met on 16 October at the

2171:

Southern Germany. Though Liudolf and Conrad prepared defenses against the invasions in their territories, the Hungarians devastated Bavaria and Franconia. On

1560:, in the same manner as the German dukes. After the coup by Gero and Tugumir, the Slavic federation broke apart. In control of the key Hevelli stronghold of 2641: 817:. At the time of his death, all of the various German tribes were united in a single realm. At the age of almost 24, Otto assumed his father's position as 2009:

and Duke of Lorraine in 953. Other important religious officials within Otto's government included Archbishop William of Mainz (Otto's illegitimate son),

1683:. Lothair married the sixteen-year-old Adelaide in 947 and became nominal king when Hugh died on 10 April 948, but Berengar II continued to hold power as 2665: 1420:

royal authority. But it was not until 950 that the powerful vassal accepted Louis IV as king; the opponents were not fully reconciled until March 953.

3876:(in Latin) Book 3, chapter 49: "De triumpho regis. Triumpho celebri rex factus gloriosus ab exercitu pater patriae imperatorque appellatus est; ..." 8088: 5259: 1471:

and Rudolf II's chief domestic opponent, claimed the Burgundian throne. Otto intervened in the succession and with his support, Rudolf II's son,

3848:

From his stronghold in Swabia, located just north of the Alps, Liudolf was in closer proximity to the Italian border than his father in Saxony.

1202:

In 940, Otto and Henry were reconciled through the efforts of their mother. Henry returned to East Francia, and Otto appointed him as the new

1043:

At the same time, Otto had to settle a dispute between Bruning, a Saxon noble, and Duke Eberhard of Franconia, the brother of the former king

892:. By performing this traditional service, the dukes signaled cooperation with the new king, and clearly showed their submission to his reign. 7515: 7224: 3872: 3831: 2528:, confirming John XII as the spiritual head of the Church and Otto as its secular protector. In the Diploma, Otto acknowledged the earlier 2862:, Otto's trusted lieutenant and personal administrator over Saxony during his years in Italy, had been received like a king by Archbishop 1851:, he controlled territory on the northern side of the German-Italian border. Henry had hope that, with Berengar II being deposed, his own 985:. His decision frustrated Thankmar, Otto's half-brother and Siegfried's cousin, who felt that he held a greater right to the appointment. 576:" of arts and architecture. As one of the most notable Holy Roman emperors, Otto's footprint in artistic depictions is also considerable. 548:, which opposed his claim to emperorship and his realm's further expansion to the south. To resolve this conflict, the Byzantine princess 7049: 1699:

Lothair's brief "reign" came to an end with his death on 22 November 950, and Berengar II was crowned king on 15 December, with his son

3061: 2264:

Europe shortly after Otto's reign. The Hungarians (orange), located to the east of Otto's realm (blue), invaded Germany in 954 and 955.

1990:) to appointed bishops and abbots. Hereditary claims were thus avoided as after death the offices fell back upon the crown. Historian 8883: 1743:

Otto and Liudolf's troops arrived in northern Italy in September 951 without opposition from Berengar II. As they descended into the

6927:. Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters. Historische Porträts von Heinrich I bis Maximilian I (919–1519) (in German). C.H. Beck. 693:

Burchard II of Swabia soon swore fealty to the new king, but Arnulf of Bavaria did not recognize Henry's position. According to the

7020: 3168: 2681:

the Duchy of Saxony. With preparations completed, Otto left his heir in William's custody and led his army into northern Italy via

8873: 8903: 3291: 2387: 7008: 2877:

and Boleslav , and legates from the Greeks , the Beneventans , Magyars, Bulgars, Danes and Slavs". Ambassadors from England and

5314: 6151: 2277:

territories in the west, the invaders managed to reach the Rhine River, sacking much of Bavaria and Franconia in the process.

8908: 6972: 6951: 6932: 6889: 6867: 6848: 6826: 6772: 6753: 6684: 6628: 6606: 6570: 6536: 6514: 6467: 6445: 6426: 6398: 6377: 6351: 6329: 6307: 6285: 6259: 6240: 6209: 6190: 5905: 5595: 5094: 4913: 4720: 4664: 4516: 4481: 4394: 4359: 4325: 3994: 3960: 3921: 3277: 3246: 2717:

With his matters arranged in northern Italy, the Emperor continued to expand his realm to the south. Since February 967, the

1966:

a bishop with the symbols of office. Otto centralized his control over Germany through the investiture of bishops and abbots.

518: 2761:

In the following years, both empires sought to strengthen their influence in southern Italy with several campaigns. In 969,

8888: 8650: 8081: 6913: 4642: 2633: 1648:, competed with military means to gain dominion over Italy. In 926, Hugh's armies defeated Rudolf, Hugh could so establish 1774:

Soon after his father's marriage in Pavia, Liudolf left Italy and returned to Swabia. Archbishop Frederick of Mainz, the

1751:. When Otto arrived at Pavia on 23 September 951, the city willingly opened its gate to the German king, who was crowned 1492: 3264:. The Imperial abbeys and the Imperial courts became centers of religious and spiritual life; prestigious convents like 2073:

In winter 952, Adelaide gave birth to a son, whom she named Henry after her brother-in-law and the child's grandfather,

8898: 4577: 3006: 2863: 2701:

Italy around 1000, shortly after Otto's reign. Otto's expansion campaigns brought northern and central Italy into the

8826: 7878: 7858: 7838: 7508: 7424: 7404: 7384: 7217: 7163: 5782: 2447:

in his heir's name, and appointed his brother Bruno and illegitimate son William as Otto II's co-regents in Germany.

2100: 1945: 1861: 1268: 1125: 683: 2147:

since 940, accompanied his older brothers and oversaw the arrangements for the negotiations. As the newly appointed

682:. After several months of hesitation, Eberhard and the other Frankish and Saxon nobles elected Henry as king at the 8786: 7883: 7873: 7843: 7730: 7419: 7389: 7359: 6124: 3877: 3836: 2807: 1980: 966: 2179:

and invited the Hungarian chieftains to join him. There, he presented the invaders with gifts of gold and silver.

1613:

was assassinated in 924, the last nominal heir to Charlemagne was dead and the imperial title was left unclaimed.

1383:

any claims to Lorraine. After a short period of peace, the West Frankish kingdom fell into another crisis in 946.

8746: 8397: 8074: 7903: 7853: 7695: 7444: 7399: 7339: 5800:

Hroswitha of Gandersheim. Her Life, Times and Works, and a Comprehensive Bibliography. Edited by Anne Lyon Haight

2873:, Emperor Otto was the most powerful man in Europe. According to Thietmar of Merseburg, Otto received "the dukes 1923: 1528: 1393: 1246: 1103: 1059: 751:

of England sent Henry two of his half-sisters, so he could choose the one which best pleased him. Henry selected

709: 3211: 8810: 8317: 7961: 7923: 7918: 7898: 7799: 7464: 7459: 7439: 7374: 6694:

Bachrach, David (2009). "Exercise of royal power in early medieval Europe: the case of Otto the Great 936–73".

4618: 3164: 3054: 2432: 1927: 1250: 1107: 501:

and the kingship of the Germans upon his father's death in 936. He continued his father's work of unifying all

369: 1495:. Boleslaus attacked an ally of the Saxons in northwest Bohemia in 936 and defeated two of Otto's armies from 8834: 8818: 8794: 8714: 8706: 8050: 7976: 7913: 7908: 7888: 7863: 7848: 7828: 7784: 7661: 7656: 7454: 7449: 7429: 7409: 7394: 7379: 7364: 7324: 7319: 6997: 3133: 3098: 2440: 2431:

and co-ruler, and had him crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 26 May 961. Otto II was anointed by the Archbishops

2269: 2251: 1392:, and Paris. After three months, Otto finally lifted the siege without defeating Hugh, but managed to depose 1342: 1302:" to rule it. He reigned without concern for the internal hierarchy of the various kingdoms' noble families. 725: 724:

tribes on its eastern border. While campaigning against the Wends/West Slavs in 929, Otto's illegitimate son

359: 2237:

Otto retained direct rule over the Duchy of Saxony and over the territories of the former Duchy of Franconia

1535:

from 913 until his death in 959; East Francia and Byzantium sent several ambassadors to one another. Bishop

8802: 8770: 8722: 8698: 8682: 7893: 7868: 7789: 7715: 7666: 7651: 7646: 7501: 7482: 7434: 7414: 7369: 7349: 7329: 7314: 7309: 7210: 6645: 6529:

The Medieval Empire in Central Europe: Dynastic Continuity in the Post-Carolingian Frankish Realm, 900–1300

3261: 3083: 3079: 2983: 2971: 2564:

With the Diploma signed, the new Emperor marched against Berengar II to reconquer Italy. Being besieged at

2506: 2436: 2222: 2014: 1483: 354: 2544:. Otto recognized John XII's secular control over the Papal States, and expanded the Pope's domain by the 1767:

before him, Otto was now concurrent King of Germany and King of Italy. Otto sent a message to his brother

1174:. Before he could defeat them, he was forced to abandon the siege and moved against Louis, who had seized 8778: 8738: 8674: 7725: 7690: 7641: 7354: 7334: 7304: 7172: 7127: 7116: 3174: 3086:. The Ottonians would rule Germany (later the Holy Roman Empire) for over a century from 919 until 1024. 2959: 2476: 2362: 2357: 1602: 675: 553: 530: 374: 1051:, killed all of its inhabitants and burned it down. The king called the feuding parties to his court at 8017: 7933: 7816: 3949:

Franke, Daviod P. (2010). "Narrative". In Rogers, Clifford J.; Caferro, William; Reid, Shelley (eds.).

2340:. Otto's forces gained a decisive victory; after the battle, hundreds of captured Slavs were executed. 1995: 1895: 1351: 7805: 5267: 2672:

died on 1 March 965, leaving the chair of St. Peter vacant. The Church elected, with Otto's approval,

1551:

In 941, Gero initiated another plot to subdue the Slavs. He recruited a captive Slav named Tugumir, a

8878: 8045: 8026: 8007: 7774: 7194: 6990:"Charter given by Emperor Otto for the monastery Hilwartshausen showing the Emperor's seal, 12.2.960" 3047: 3010: 2815: 2353: 2190:

Liudolf, with his lieutenant Arnulf II (the effective ruler of Bavaria), took his army south towards

2131:

into rebellion. After initial defeats by Otto, Liudolf and Conrad fell back to their headquarters in

1444: 1341:

as Duke of Lorraine and brought him into his extended family through his marriage to Otto's daughter

1319: 1033: 1029: 837:

and his role as true successor to Charlemagne, whose last heirs in East Francia had died out in 911.

424: 264: 240: 6599:

Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH). Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi

6086: 6013: 5964: 5927: 5436: 8893: 7985: 7811: 3137: 2625: 2492: 1783: 1768: 1709: 865: 840:

According to Widukind of Corvey, Otto had the four other dukes of the kingdom (from the duchies of

621: 514: 3950: 2503:

as provisional center of the new archdiocese, and called upon the German archbishops for support.

1058:

Infuriated with Otto's actions, Eberhard joined Otto's half-brother Thankmar, Count Wichmann, and

8858: 8211: 7606: 7524: 7012: 6546: 3330: 3123: 2779: 2273: 1916: 1725: 1680: 1315: 1239: 1096: 857: 671: 650: 364: 31: 6785:(1880). "The Spread of the Slaves. Part III. The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodriti". 2649: 1782:

in 952. Otto did leave a small portion of his army behind in Italy and appointed his son-in-law

8585: 7966: 7735: 5587: 5385: 3589: 3356: 3227: 3002: 2225:, son of former Swabian Duke Burchard II, was appointed Duke of Swabia (Liudolf's former duchy) 1971: 1889: 1629: 1512: 605: 597: 17: 7002: 6388: 4899: 4315: 8754: 7752: 7700: 7672: 7034: 6616: 6365: 6361: 4349: 4317:

The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century

3984: 3651: 3206: 3150: 2886: 2771: 2148: 2006: 1536: 1448: 1299: 873: 788: 667: 593: 491: 409: 5579: 2838:, she wrote plays that incorporated Roman comedy with the tales of early Christian martyrs. 2603: 1507:

threat at the Lech river in 955. Later he went on to crush an uprising of two Slavic dukes (

720:

Otto first gained experience as a military commander when the German kingdom fought against

8762: 8629: 7998: 7952: 7833: 7763: 7740: 7710: 7344: 6653: 6219: 4504: 4382: 3222: 3196: 2738: 2545: 2328: 2120:

by birth and unpopular with the people of Lorraine, so they pledged their support to Otto.

2001:

The most prominent member of this blended royal-ecclesiastical service was his own brother

1752: 1668: 1455:, the daughter of one of Henry's chief advisers, in 922. Burgundy was originally a part of 1357:

On 29 January 946, Eadgyth died suddenly at the age of 35, and Otto buried his wife in the

909:

Otto also faced internal opposition from various local aristocrats. In 936, Otto appointed

889: 714: 573: 162: 6591: 2846: 2826:, and their line of succession. Hrotsvitha was the first Northern European to write about 1823: 8: 8868: 8863: 8615: 8580: 8549: 8514: 8498: 8442: 8142: 8134: 7779: 7769: 7757: 7595: 7566: 7551: 7537: 7294: 7284: 7100: 6782: 3102: 2894: 2874: 2851: 2718: 2629: 2620:

divided this territory into five separate smaller marches, each ruled by a margrave: the

2612: 2412: 1684: 1657: 1610: 1397: 1358: 1195: 1044: 885: 763: 744: 729: 637: 299: 2135:. In July 953, Otto and his army laid siege to the city, supported by Henry's army from 8730: 8563: 7794: 7685: 7622: 7586: 7274: 7233: 7107: 7043: 6802: 6742: 6711: 6558: 6074: 6001: 5952: 5915: 5424: 5052: 3867: 3826: 3447: 3411: 3240: 3178: 3075: 2775: 2754: 2645: 2587: 2553: 2537: 2524: 2472: 2337: 2304: 2293: 2286: 2255: 2059: 1775: 1737: 1582: 1472: 1416: 1295: 1140: 1037: 1009: 1001: 954: 903: 841: 822: 737: 694: 663: 617: 483: 479: 314: 167: 68: 48: 8066: 6964:

Liudolfinger als fränkische Könige? Überlegungen zur sogenannten Continuatio Reginonis

783: 8656: 8637: 8482: 8235: 7627: 7556: 7259: 6968: 6947: 6928: 6909: 6885: 6863: 6844: 6822: 6768: 6749: 6728: 6715: 6707: 6680: 6624: 6602: 6566: 6532: 6510: 6463: 6441: 6422: 6394: 6373: 6347: 6325: 6303: 6281: 6277: 6255: 6236: 6205: 6186: 6182: 5901: 5778: 5591: 5580: 5090: 5056: 4909: 4716: 4573: 4512: 4477: 4390: 4355: 4321: 3990: 3956: 3917: 3625: 3265: 3235: 3146: 2702: 2657: 2608: 2586:

flee the city. In his absence, Leo VIII was deposed and John XII was restored to the

2529: 2480: 2382: 2112: 1700: 1661: 1653: 1641: 1621: 1327: 1156: 1021: 918: 853: 814: 743:

While Henry consolidated power within Germany, he also prepared for an alliance with

690:

in May 919. For the first time, a Saxon instead of a Frank reigned over the kingdom.

645: 509:

After putting down a brief civil war among the rebellious duchies, Otto defeated the

346: 328: 288: 6563:

A Popular History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Present Day, Volume II

5318: 3914:

Wallhausen – Geburtsort Ottos des Großen, Aufenthaltsort deutscher Könige und Kaiser

3282:

Otto I was selected as the main motif for a high value commemorative coin, the €100

2216:

Liudolf was promised regency over Italy and command of an army to depose Berengar II

537:'s coronation as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800, Otto was crowned emperor in 962 by 8571: 8490: 8466: 7822: 7720: 7600: 7546: 7279: 7264: 7156: 7066: 6794: 6703: 6490: 5044: 5033:"The 'Imperial Church System' of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration" 3115: 2935: 2920: 2906: 2823: 2762: 2750: 2726: 2722: 2637: 2549: 2420: 2074: 2067: 2063: 1877: 1532: 1487: 1460: 1452: 1211:. The king later released and pardoned both men only after they publicly performed 1203: 1013: 877: 849: 792: 613: 589: 545: 487: 467: 448: 399: 199: 189: 6064: 5991: 5942: 5895: 5414: 4668: 2561:

with the consequence that the emperor had power over the pope and not vice versa.

2234:

Otto's oldest son William was appointed Archbishop of Mainz and Primate of Germany

2055:

that was attended by many important figures from across the kingdom, most notably

1815:, all available resources were required north of the Alps. Conrad believed that a 1724:

In the early summer of 951, before his father marched across the Alps, Otto's son

1459:, the central portion of Charlemagne's empire according to its division under the 8690: 8599: 8522: 8506: 7679: 7571: 7561: 7289: 7269: 7249: 6877: 6587: 6455: 6339: 5078: 4704: 4471: 2859: 2591: 2541: 2533: 2140: 2002: 1873: 1869: 1848: 1578: 1428: 1401: 1294:). Henry regarded the kingdom as a confederation of duchies and saw himself as a 1187: 1017: 1005: 910: 845: 800: 625: 585: 498: 460: 441: 1842:

Conrad's treaty was met with disdain by Adelaide and Henry. Though Adelaide was

1024:(pink left). Various dukes rebelled against Otto's rule in 937 and again in 939. 8458: 7705: 7184: 6899: 6524: 6502: 6494: 6269: 6252:

Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075

5575: 4703:

Hoffmann, Tobias (2009). Althoff, Gerd; Keller, Hagen; Meier, Christel (eds.).

3127: 3089:

Otto had two wives and at least seven children, one of which was illegitimate.

3037: 2831: 2673: 2653: 2621: 2416: 2345: 2176: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2018: 1733: 1672: 1645: 1633: 1598: 1594: 1456: 1424: 1346: 1338: 1331: 1323: 1152: 1148: 997: 961:

Matilda. In 937, Otto further offended the nobility through his appointment of

934: 926: 902:, their mother had favored Henry as king: in contrast to Otto, Henry had been " 818: 655: 214: 6923:

Schneidmüller, Bernd (2003). Schneidmüller, Bernd; Weinfurter, Stefan (eds.).

6652:. MGH SS rer. Germ. in usum scholarum 66. Hannover, 1994. 143–202. Edition by 6619:(1012–1018). "Chronicon Thietmari Merseburgensis". In Warner, David A. (ed.). 6440:. Gebhardt Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte Band 3 (in German). Klett-Cotta. 5451: 5048: 4705:"Diplomatie in der Krise. Liutprand von Cremona am Hofe Nikephoros II. Phokas" 2668:

on 25 June 965, defeating the rebels and restoring Italy to Ottonian control.

2615:

to Christ and Saints, and is depicted smaller than them as a sign of humility.

2514:, an equestrian monument traditionally regarded as a portrait of Otto I ( 1834:) of Otto accepting the surrender of Berengar II of Italy. The headline reads 1679:; Berengar II made terms with Lothair and established himself as the decisive 8852: 8607: 8097: 8036: 7144: 6962: 6317: 6295: 3287: 2882: 2866:– a gesture of protest against the Emperor's prolonged absence from Germany. 2799: 2669: 2574: 2408: 2391: 2377: 2366: 2332: 1991: 1771:

in Bavaria to escort his bride from Canossa to Pavia, where the two married.

1637: 1468: 1464: 1286:

in 947, Matilda was brought back to court at the urging of his wife Eadgyth.

1048: 970: 958: 767: 538: 502: 117: 6903: 4010: 3817:

were not in common use until, respectively, the 11th and the 12th centuries.

7581: 7532: 6732: 3202: 2782:; in return the German Emperor retreated from the Byzantine possessions in 2742: 2451: 2404: 2117: 1816: 1590: 1586: 1144: 993: 641: 475: 417: 268: 2099:, Adelaide and Henry persuaded the king to void the treaty. Convening the 748: 8544: 8450: 7746: 7244: 7137: 6836: 6787:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

5762:. United States of America: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 196. 3797: 3257: 3231: 2870: 2500: 2200: 2172: 1963: 1843: 1764: 1561: 1516: 1408: 1191: 1186:

conspirators into Franconia and Lorraine. Otto recruited allies from the

834: 826: 805: 556:

in April 972. Otto finally returned to Germany in August 972 and died at

534: 526: 147: 2580: 2158:, Arnulf II, to govern his duchy in his absence. Arnulf II was a son of 8429: 8405: 8381: 8055: 6806: 6744:

Medieval Monarchy in Action: The German Empire from Henry I to Henry IV

3593: 3252: 3027: 2878: 2819: 2682: 2569: 2558: 2282: 2191: 2184: 2056: 2028:

Otto granted the various bishops and abbots of the kingdom the rank of

1998:

clerks, who were also appointed to head the great German monasteries."

1930: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1812: 1705: 1616: 1557: 1432: 1253: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1110: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1069: 938: 758:

Several years later, shortly before Henry's death, an Imperial Diet at

721: 698: 679: 601: 100: 83: 7493: 7202: 6601:. Vol. 67 (1994). Translated by W. North. Hahnsche Buchhandlung. 2466:

capital of Italy, where he celebrated Christmas and assumed the title

1712:, she managed to escape from imprisonment. Besieged by Berengar II in 529:

and secured his hold over the kingdom. By 961, Otto had conquered the

57: 8624: 8474: 8373: 8333: 8309: 8293: 8158: 8150: 8125: 7254: 2803: 2766: 2515: 2496: 2292:

Otto and his army fought the Hungarian force on 10 August 955 at the

2268:

The Hungarians (Magyars) invaded Otto's domain as part of the larger

2195: 2128: 2085: 2034: 1958: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1423:

Otto left the sorting out of West Frankish affairs to his son-in-law

1208: 1163: 1052: 974: 946: 881: 869: 549: 6882:

The History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time

6798: 6478: 2450:

Otto's army descended into northern Italy in August 961 through the

2289:, Otto assembled his army and marched south to face the Hungarians. 2088:. In order to secure his position, he traveled to his stronghold at 1905: 1228: 1085: 8594: 8558: 8389: 8365: 8357: 8341: 8325: 8301: 8261: 7942: 4929:

Zanarini, Marinella (1984). "I Canossa". In Castelnuovo, E. (ed.).

3952:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

2787: 2730: 2463: 2444: 2424: 2209: 2154:

While on military campaign with Otto, Henry appointed the Bavarian

2104: 2052: 1865: 1744: 1729: 1676: 1527:

During his early reign, Otto fostered close relations with Emperor

1167: 1166:

and planned to join Gilbert in Lorraine, but Otto besieged them at

1064: 914: 810: 687: 609: 557: 389: 284: 6677:

Heinrich I. und Otto der Grosse: Neubeginn auf karolingischem Erbe

5315:"A kalandozó magyarság veresége. A Lech-mezei csata valós szerepe" 1171: 1028:

Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, died in 937 and was succeeded by his son

8421: 8413: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8253: 8245: 8174: 8166: 8112: 6821:. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 817. 5688: 5505: 3473: 3238:, founded by Otto in 936. Extant manuscripts of this era are the 3111: 2835: 2711: 2565: 2136: 2010: 1852: 1713: 1694: 1688: 1552: 1519:, probably to ensure the spread of Bohemian estates to the east. 1504: 1443:

Otto continued the peaceful relationship between Germany and the

1384: 1212: 861: 752: 510: 384: 110: 6390:

The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders

5775:

A History of Women's Writing in Germany, Austria and Switzerland

5216: 4949: 4259: 4184: 2697: 1876:

and put it under Henry's control as reward for his loyalty. The

8349: 8219: 8190: 8182: 6621:

Ottonian Germany. The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (2001)

6460:

Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI

5122: 5120: 5118: 4990: 4988: 4869: 4867: 4387:

Millennium: The End of the World and the Forging of Christendom

3130:

from 950 to 954, Otto's expected successor from 947 until death

2783: 2455: 2299: 2124: 2108: 2096: 1864:

for further debate. Appearing before the Diet in August 952 in

1787: 1624:. Otto and Adelaide were married after his annexation of Italy. 1310: 1175: 942: 830: 759: 7042: 6623:. Translated by David A. Warner. Manchester University Press. 6148:"Major Exhibit on German King and Emperor Otto I in Magdeburg" 3800:

ruled from 952 to 961 as "King of Italy" but as Otto's vassal.

2260: 2228:

Bruno remained as new Duke of Lorraine (Conrad's former duchy)

1880:

therefore grew to become the most powerful domain in Germany.

1847:

Henry had other reasons to disapprove of the peace treaty. As

1798:

In a weak military position with few troops, Otto's regent in

8227: 6994:

Collections of the "Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden"

6105: 5900:(in German). Historische Kommission, BAdW. pp. 656–660. 5872: 5821: 5469: 5168: 4973: 4961: 4768: 4756: 4403: 2827: 2811: 2590:. When John XII died suddenly in May 964, the Romans elected 2459: 2285:

and besieged Augsburg. While the city was defended by Bishop

2132: 2089: 2078: 2029: 2022: 1975: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1748: 1412: 1389: 1283: 982: 978: 950: 930: 522: 137: 6069:(in German). Historische Kommission, BAdW. pp. 376–378. 5947:(in German). Historische Kommission, BAdW. pp. 115–117. 5419:(in German). Historische Kommission, BAdW. pp. 660–662. 5115: 4985: 4864: 4537: 4247: 2307:

in Sigmund Meisterlin's codex about the history of Nuremberg

1793: 856:) act as his personal attendants at the coronation banquet: 8198: 6032: 4439: 2686: 2219:

Conrad was promised military command against the Hungarians

1779: 1606: 1179: 962: 933:. As military governor, Hermann extracted tribute from the 922: 90: 6905:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024

6725:

Church and state in Germany under Otto the Great (936–973)

5996:(in German). Historische Kommission, BAdW. pp. 717 f. 5833: 5664: 5640: 5628: 5517: 5493: 3284:

Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire commemorative coin

3216:

Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire commemorative coin

2378:

Second Italian Military Expedition and imperial coronation

486:

from 962 until his death in 973. He was the eldest son of

6125:"100 Euro gold coin – The Crown of the Holy Roman Empire" 5850: 5848: 5741: 5739: 5534: 5532: 5333: 5294: 5282: 5240: 5228: 5192: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5000: 4937: 4879: 4828: 4643:"Boje polabských Slovanů za nezávislost v letech 928–955" 4598: 4549: 4283: 4088: 3230:, the major art form of the age, from a handful of elite 2066:. Liudolf was able to recruit his brother-in-law Conrad, 6817:

Jaeger, C. Stephen (2010). "Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim".

6438:

Die Zeit der späten Karolinger und der Ottonen: 888–1024

4840: 4734: 4732: 4054: 4052: 4037: 2607:

Contemporary image of Otto I, lower left, in one of the

2194:

in Bavaria, quickly followed by Otto. The armies met at

2081:

heritage, and his vassals quickly rebelled against him.

584:

Otto was born on 23 November 912, the oldest son of the

8096: 7053:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 372–374. 6044: 5724: 5676: 5604: 5544: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5204: 4213: 4211: 4076: 3268:

and Quedlinburg were led by women of the royal family.

1872:

south of the Alps. Otto reorganized this area into the

1178:. Otto subsequently drove Louis back to his capital at 6202:

Medieval Germany , 500–1300 A Political Interpretation

6150:. German Missions in the United States. Archived from 6093: 5845: 5817:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–10. 5736: 5712: 5700: 5652: 5616: 5529: 5481: 4476:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 6, 12, 250, 243. 4160: 4027: 4025: 770:

without a prior formal election by the various dukes.

6020: 5971: 5860: 5556: 5180: 5103: 5012: 4852: 4816: 4804: 4744: 4729: 4586: 4525: 4451: 4427: 4295: 4271: 4223: 4196: 4172: 4124: 4100: 4064: 4049: 3893: 2677:

prepared his army for a third expedition into Italy.

2581:

Otto fights Romans' decision to elect Pope Benedict V

2315:

According to Widukind of Corvey, Otto was proclaimed

1883: 6368:; Tanner, J. R.; Previté-Orton, C. W., eds. (1922). 5357: 4792: 4780: 4415: 4208: 4148: 4136: 4112: 3930: 2598: 1719: 1207:

and had the conspirators arrested and imprisoned at

1068:

the king. Otto pardoned both after a brief exile in

5802:. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory. 4022: 2443:. The King instituted a separate chancery to issue 2390:. Otto was crowned as Emperor on 2 February 962 by 6741: 6410:Married Saints and Blesseds: Through the Centuries 2522:The following day, Otto and John XII ratified the 2165: 2123:Otto's actions at the Diet provoked the people of 1656:and had himself crowned as King of Italy. His son 766:inheritance, the king designated Otto as the sole 7018:Urkunde Ottos I. für Stift Geseke, 25. Juni 958, 6531:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 41–70. 2725:, had accepted Otto as his overlord and received 2005:, Otto's Chancellor since 940, who was appointed 937:inhabiting the area and often fought against the 906:" during his father's reign and shared his name. 755:as Otto's bride and the two were married in 930. 678:, had weakened the position and resources of the 8850: 1567: 713:12th-century stained glass depiction of Otto I, 525:Magyars earned Otto a reputation as a savior of 5266:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1907. Archived from 2245: 795:, where Otto was crowned King of Germany in 936 7025:Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents ( 6360: 5076: 5030: 4567: 4409: 1763:in his acts from the 10 October onwards. Like 1695:Strategic marriage to Adelaide, Queen of Italy 8082: 7509: 7218: 6650:Die Lebensbeschreibungen der Königin Mathilde 6644:. 1003, written for Matilda's great-grandson 6435: 5878: 5827: 5694: 5511: 5475: 5222: 5126: 4994: 4955: 4873: 4543: 4354:(in German). Sutton Verlag GmbH. p. 21. 4265: 4253: 4190: 3055: 1072:and restored them to their former positions. 953:. Hermann's appointment angered his brother, 825:. His coronation was held on 7 August 936 in 660:Res gestae saxonicae sive annalium libri tres 30:"Otto I" redirects here. For other uses, see 7026: 6145: 5797: 5070: 4901:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe 4570:Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800–1056 4509:The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 2869:Celebrating Easter with a great assembly in 1985: 6656:. MGH SS 4: 282–302; tr. in Sean Gilsdorf, 6218: 5889: 5887: 5408: 5406: 5379: 5377: 5375: 4715:. Walter de Gruyter (published 2010): 121. 4604: 4503: 3986:Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany 1463:in 843. On 11 July 937, Rudolf II died and 897: 8089: 8075: 7516: 7502: 7225: 7211: 6860:Otto der Große: (912–973). Eine Biographie 6557: 6370:The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III 5582:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 5234: 5198: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5006: 4979: 4967: 4931:Landfranco e Wiligelmo. Il duomo di Modena 4774: 4762: 3989:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. 3062: 3048: 2025:mandatory for all inhabitants of Germany. 1790:and tasked him with subduing Berengar II. 1620:Statues of Otto I, right, and Adelaide in 1572: 1194:and surprised Eberhard and Gilbert at the 56: 6908:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6507:Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056 6249: 6111: 5777:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5757: 4908:]. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4166: 2881:arrived later the same year. To mark the 2046: 1946:Learn how and when to remove this message 1794:Aftermath: diplomacy and feudal agreement 1269:Learn how and when to remove this message 1218: 1126:Learn how and when to remove this message 988: 7028:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 6819:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 6545: 6179:Die Ottonen: Königsherrschaft ohne Staat 5884: 5772: 5403: 5372: 5351: 4928: 4702: 4619:"Boleslav I (the Cruel) – c. 935–c. 972" 4469: 4347: 4016: 3955:. Oxford University Press. p. 169. 3210: 2845: 2841: 2696: 2602: 2505: 2381: 2298: 2259: 1957: 1838:("Otto the First, King of the Germans"). 1822: 1615: 1407:To settle the issue of control over the 992: 782: 708: 579: 436:(23 November 912 – 7 May 973), known as 7523: 7232: 6553:(2 vols.). University of Chicago Press. 6454: 6407: 6386: 6338: 6316: 6268: 6176: 6050: 5989: 5893: 5730: 5706: 5682: 5610: 5574: 5550: 5412: 4846: 4810: 4645:(in Czech). E-středověk.cz. 26 May 2007 4511:. Addison-Wesley Longman. p. 317. 4381: 4313: 4277: 4229: 4130: 3899: 3306:Ancestors of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 3292:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 3190: 2737:, believing only the Byzantine Emperor 2710:travelled, accompanied by the Pope, to 2388:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 666:, Conrad persuaded his younger brother 565:consistently depicted in historiography 14: 8851: 7003:"Guest-Access" and further information 6816: 6523: 6501: 6421:(in German) (4th ed.). C.H.Beck. 6416: 6294: 6230: 6199: 6099: 6062: 6038: 6026: 5940: 5866: 5854: 5839: 5745: 5718: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5562: 5538: 5523: 5499: 5487: 5366: 5339: 5300: 5288: 5246: 5210: 5186: 5109: 5018: 4943: 4885: 4858: 4834: 4822: 4798: 4786: 4750: 4738: 4667:(in Czech). leccos.com. Archived from 4592: 4555: 4531: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4301: 4289: 4217: 4202: 4178: 4154: 4142: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4043: 4031: 3982: 3948: 3936: 3911: 3667: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3427: 3320: 3316: 3074:Although never Emperor, Otto's father 2900: 2889:, died on 7 May 973 at the age of 60. 2741:was the true successor of the ancient 2231:Henry was confirmed as Duke of Bavaria 2107:, Otto declared Liudolf and Conrad as 2084:Word of the rebellion reached Otto at 2041: 1585:was divided into several territories: 8070: 7497: 7206: 6946:(in German) (3rd ed.). Bechtle. 6675:Althoff, Gerd; Keller, Hagen (1985). 6476: 6436:Keller, Hagen; Althoff, Gerd (2008). 5977: 5037:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 4897: 4019:, pp. 3, 5, 6, 12, 73, 250, 243. 3737: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3708: 3698: 3685: 3675: 3671: 3655: 3649: 3639: 3623: 3613: 3609: 3597: 3587: 3577: 3564: 3554: 3550: 3526: 3516: 3503: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3471: 3461: 3445: 3435: 3431: 3415: 3409: 3399: 3386: 3376: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3278:Cultural depictions of Otto the Great 3247:Marriage Charter of Empress Theophanu 2818:, and the first German female poet – 2175:, 954, Liudolf held a great feast at 519:Hungarian invasions of Western Europe 6843:. Yale University Press. chapter 9. 6324:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 5586:. Harvard University Press. p. 5312: 4572:. Routledge. pp. 168, 265–266. 3983:Arnold, Benjamin (29 January 2004). 1928:adding citations to reliable sources 1899: 1368: 1251:adding citations to reliable sources 1222: 1108:adding citations to reliable sources 1079: 560:in May 973. Otto II succeeded him. 62:Depiction of Otto on his seal in 968 6344:Death and Life in the Tenth Century 6300:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 5758:Cole, Joshua; Symes, Carol (2017). 5449: 5383: 4616: 2372: 1522: 24: 6727:. Catholic University of America. 6668: 6580: 6146:Germany.info (17 September 2012). 5812: 5264:A Source Book for Medieval History 4691:Chronicon Thietmari Merseburgensis 3916:(in German). Schnell und Steiner. 3093:With an unidentified Slavic woman: 3007:Family tree of the German monarchs 2692: 1884:Relations with the Catholic Church 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 962 to 973 25: 8920: 6982: 6944:Otto der Große. Kämpfer und Beter 6884:. Vol. I. Bell & Daldy. 6477:Poole, Reginald L. (April 1911). 5080:Germany in the High Middle Ages: 4933:(in Italian). Panini. p. 54. 2599:Third Italian Military Expedition 2486: 1720:First Italian Military Expedition 1318:had married Ida, the daughter of 1215:on Christmas Day that same year. 803:on 2 July 936 at his palace, the 799:Henry died from the effects of a 8884:10th-century Holy Roman Emperors 8124: 7478: 7477: 6708:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00283.x 6638:Vita Mathildis reginae posterior 6346:. University of Michigan Press. 6139: 6117: 6056: 5983: 5934: 5806: 5791: 5766: 5751: 5568: 5443: 5031:Timothy Reuter (25 March 2011). 4473:Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany 4242:Vita Mathildis reginae posterior 3105:from 17 December 954 until death 2808:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2458:. The German king moved towards 1904: 1227: 1084: 1075: 969:as Count and Margrave of a vast 899:Vita Mathildis reginae posterior 773: 704: 423: 7009:Literature by and about Otto I. 6862:(in German). Friedrich Pustet. 6723:Gallagher, John Joseph (1938). 6702:(4). Wiley-Blackwell: 389–419. 6170: 5306: 5260:"Otto I Defeats the Hungarians" 5252: 5024: 4922: 4891: 4696: 4683: 4657: 4635: 4610: 4561: 4497: 4463: 4375: 4341: 4307: 4235: 3861: 3851: 3842: 3820: 3271: 2166:Forcing an end to the rebellion 1915:needs additional citations for 1529:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 1309:Otto continued to reward loyal 1238:needs additional citations for 1155:, and husband of Otto's sister 1095:needs additional citations for 612:. Otto had four full siblings: 604:. Henry had previously married 333: 319: 8904:Burials at Magdeburg Cathedral 6372:. Cambridge University Press. 6322:Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 6254:. Cambridge University Press. 5798:Bayerschmidt, Carl F. (1966). 5317:(in Hungarian). Archived from 5089:. Cambridge University Press. 4351:Historische Morde im Sauerland 4320:. PublicAffairs. p. 186. 3976: 3942: 3905: 3803: 3791: 2143:, Otto's youngest brother and 1542: 1447:initiated by his father. King 917:, granting him authority over 370:Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg 360:Liutgarde, Duchess of Lorraine 13: 1: 6998:Philipp University of Marburg 6765:Otto der Große und seine Zeit 6679:(in German). Muster-Schmidt. 6483:The English Historical Review 6224:The Origins of Modern Germany 5081: 5043:(3). Cambridge Org: 347–374. 3886: 2806:, the first person since the 2270:Hungarian invasions of Europe 2252:Hungarian invasions of Europe 1828: 1755:. Otto assumed the titles of 1568:Military expansion into Italy 1060:Archbishop Frederick of Mainz 965:to succeed his older brother 778: 631: 8909:Children of Henry the Fowler 8874:People from Mansfeld-Südharz 6276:(in German) (5th ed.). 6181:(in German) (3rd ed.). 5452:"Otto I, Holy Roman emperor" 4709:Frühmittelalterliche Studien 3003:Ottonian dynasty family tree 2246:Hungarian military invasions 1484:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia 1411:of Reims, Otto called for a 355:William, Archbishop of Mainz 7: 8889:10th-century kings of Italy 6408:Holböck, Ferdinand (2002). 6393:. Oxford University Press. 6250:Bernhardt, John W. (1993). 4470:Bachrach, David S. (2014). 3297: 2834:. When she entered a royal 2407:and the city of Rome under 2365:, became the kingdom's new 2361:Adelaide, the two-year-old 2303:A 1457 illustration of the 1438: 1326:, and in 954 Otto's nephew 676:Burchard II, Duke of Swabia 533:. Following the example of 375:Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor 10: 8925: 8018:North German Confederation 7934:Confederation of the Rhine 6858:Laudage, Johannes (2001). 6740:Hill, Boyd H. Jr. (1972). 6592:"Liber gestorum recentium" 6509:. Addison Wesley Longman. 5413:Seibert, Hubertus (1998). 4348:Nierhoff, Joachim (2010). 3661: 3544: 3529:Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 3421: 3318: 3275: 3200: 3194: 3126:(930 – 6 September 957) – 2904: 2793: 2249: 1896:Catholic Church in Germany 1893: 1887: 1728:, Duke of Swabia, invaded 1577:Upon the death of Emperor 1478: 1352:Judith, Duchess of Bavaria 662:) by the Saxon chronicler 521:. The victory against the 78:2 February 962 – 7 May 973 29: 8899:10th-century Saxon people 8649: 8534: 8441: 8210: 8133: 8122: 8105: 8035: 8016: 7997: 7975: 7951: 7932: 7621: 7580: 7531: 7473: 7240: 7191: 7182: 7161: 7153: 7142: 7134: 7124: 7105: 7092: 7087: 7060: 6961:Zeller, Bernhard (2006). 6597:. In Zey, Claudia (ed.). 6231:Becher, Matthias (2012). 6200:Arnold, Benjamin (1997). 5879:Keller & Althoff 2008 5828:Keller & Althoff 2008 5695:Keller & Althoff 2008 5512:Keller & Althoff 2008 5476:Keller & Althoff 2008 5223:Keller & Althoff 2008 5127:Keller & Althoff 2008 5049:10.1017/S0022046900026245 4995:Keller & Althoff 2008 4956:Keller & Althoff 2008 4874:Keller & Althoff 2008 4544:Keller & Althoff 2008 4266:Keller & Althoff 2008 4254:Keller & Althoff 2008 4191:Keller & Althoff 2008 3725: 3717: 3692: 3673: 3669: 3633: 3611: 3603: 3571: 3552: 3548: 3510: 3491: 3483: 3455: 3433: 3429: 3393: 3374: 3366: 3338: 3322: 3185: 3177:(955 – 7 December 983) – 3043: 3033: 3023: 3016: 3011:Category:Ottonian dynasty 3001: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2927: 2918: 2913: 2758:the death of his father. 1807:and from the east by the 1708:. With the help of Count 1644:, the effective ruler of 1373: 1320:Hermann I, Duke of Swabia 415: 405: 395: 383: 345: 306: 294: 274: 250: 246: 236: 228: 220: 213: 205: 195: 183: 175: 161: 153: 143: 131: 123: 116: 106: 96: 82: 74: 67: 55: 46: 41: 8537:(title disputed 887–933) 7986:Archduke John of Austria 6547:Thompson, James Westfall 6495:10.1093/ehr/xxvi.cii.310 6340:Duckett, Eleanor Shipley 6063:Freise, Eckhard (1990). 3912:Freund, Stephan (2013). 3785: 3290:. The obverse shows the 3286:, issued in 2008 by the 3260:drawn up around 969 for 3161:Bruno (probably 954–957) 3138:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine 2626:Dietrich of Haldensleben 2518:, original c. 1240) 2493:Archdiocese of Magdeburg 2477:Old St. Peter's Basilica 2317:Father of the Fatherland 1836:Otto I Theutonicorum rex 1784:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine 1710:Adalbert Atto of Canossa 1004:included the duchies of 955:Count Wichmann the Elder 866:Herman I, Duke of Swabia 517:in 955, thus ending the 7050:Encyclopædia Britannica 7013:German National Library 6942:Wies, Ernst W. (1998). 6812:(subscription required) 6763:Hiller, Helmut (1980). 6387:Heather, Peter (2014). 6235:(in German). C.H.Beck. 5815:Hrotsvit Of Gandersheim 5456:Encyclopædia Britannica 5077:Horst Fuhrmann (1986). 4568:Timothy Reuter (2014). 3331:Liudolf, Duke of Saxony 3228:illuminated manuscripts 2274:Principality of Hungary 1681:power behind the throne 1573:Disputed Italian throne 1451:had previously married 1337:In 944, Otto appointed 736:) in a document of the 672:Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria 651:The Deeds of the Saxons 365:Liudolf, Duke of Swabia 32:Otto I (disambiguation) 7027: 6748:. Barnes & Noble. 6658:Queenship and Sanctity 6648:), ed. Bernd Schütte. 6417:Keller, Hagen (2008). 6204:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6177:Althoff, Gerd (2013). 5990:Schnith, Karl (1985). 5894:Althoff, Gerd (1998). 4898:Riché, Pierre (1993). 4389:. Abacus. p. 59. 4314:Collins, Paul (2013). 3357:Otto I, Duke of Saxony 3218: 3101:(929 – 2 March 968) – 2914:German royal dynasties 2854: 2706: 2616: 2519: 2395: 2308: 2265: 2095:When Otto returned to 2047:Rebellion against Otto 1986: 1972:Imperial Church System 1967: 1890:Imperial Church System 1839: 1827:Manuscript depiction ( 1625: 1404:to his former office. 1359:Cathedral of Magdeburg 1219:Consolidation of power 1025: 989:Rebellion of the dukes 898: 796: 717: 654:(originally titled in 606:Hatheburg of Merseburg 598:Dietrich of Ringelheim 471: 464: 452: 445: 7035:University of Marburg 6696:Early Medieval Europe 6617:Thietmar of Merseburg 6220:Barraclough, Geoffrey 5941:Uhlirz, Karl (1898). 5773:Caitling, Jo (2000). 5760:Western Civilizations 5313:Bóna, István (2000). 4505:McKitterick, Rosamond 4448:, pp. 36, 55–56. 3878:Bibliotheca Augustana 3837:Bibliotheca Augustana 3214: 3207:Ottonian architecture 3169:Abbess of Quedlinburg 3151:Rudolf II of Burgundy 3082:, and great-uncle to 2864:Adalbert of Magdeburg 2849: 2842:Final years and death 2700: 2606: 2509: 2385: 2302: 2263: 2149:Archbishop of Cologne 2007:Archbishop of Cologne 1961: 1894:Further information: 1826: 1619: 1583:empire of Charlemagne 1537:Thietmar of Merseburg 1531:, who ruled over the 1449:Rudolf II of Burgundy 1396:from his position as 996: 874:Eberhard of Franconia 829:'s former capital of 789:Throne of Charlemagne 786: 712: 668:Eberhard of Franconia 648:, died. According to 580:Early life and family 492:Matilda of Ringelheim 410:Matilda of Ringelheim 127:25 December 961 – 973 49:Emperor of the Romans 8747:Lothair III (or II) 8100:between 476 and 1556 7999:German Confederation 7953:German Confederation 6654:Georg Heinrich Pertz 6565:. Henry J. Johnson. 6302:. Harper Perennial. 6041:, pp. 154, 337. 3873:Res gestae saxonicae 3832:Res gestae saxonicae 3197:Ottonian Renaissance 3191:Ottonian Renaissance 3181:from 973 until death 3171:from 966 until death 3136:(932–953) – married 2753:in the West and the 2739:Nikephoros II Phokas 2546:Exarchate of Ravenna 2475:by Pope John XII at 2329:Wichmann the Younger 1981:Prince of the Empire 1924:improve this article 1753:king of the Lombards 1247:improve this article 1104:improve this article 835:Duchy of Lotharingia 813:, and was buried at 715:Strasbourg Cathedral 636:On 23 December 918, 592:and his second wife 574:Ottonian Renaissance 482:) king from 936 and 163:King of East Francia 7538:Carolingian dynasty 7525:Monarchs of Germany 7234:Holy Roman emperors 7021:"digitalised image" 6841:Ars Sacra: 800–1200 6767:(in German). List. 6662:Digital MGH archive 6559:Zimmermann, Wilhelm 6456:McBrien, Richard P. 6114:, pp. 138–161. 5842:, pp. 144–145. 5813:Wilson, Katharina. 5697:, pp. 221–224. 5673:, pp. 239–240. 5649:, pp. 238–239. 5637:, pp. 234–235. 5526:, pp. 220–221. 5514:, pp. 208–209. 5502:, pp. 219–220. 5342:, pp. 161–162. 5303:, pp. 193–194. 5291:, pp. 191–194. 5270:on 10 December 2004 5249:, pp. 186–189. 5225:, pp. 198–199. 5177:, pp. 742–743. 4982:, pp. 733–734. 4970:, pp. 732–733. 4958:, pp. 188–189. 4946:, pp. 167–168. 4888:, pp. 164–165. 4837:, pp. 162–163. 4777:, pp. 714–715. 4765:, pp. 713–714. 4558:, pp. 146–147. 4410:Gwatkin et al. 1922 4292:, pp. 123–124. 4268:, pp. 159–160. 4193:, pp. 145–146. 4097:, pp. 137–139. 3811:King of the Germans 3223:limited renaissance 3149:, daughter of King 3114:, daughter of King 3103:Archbishop of Mainz 2901:Family and children 2895:Magdeburg Cathedral 2852:Magdeburg Cathedral 2802:, the first female 2719:Prince of Benevento 2613:Magdeburg Cathedral 2413:Archbishop of Milan 2042:Liudolf's Civil War 2017:, and Hadamar, the 1685:mayor of the palace 1611:Berengar I of Italy 1445:Kingdom of Burgundy 1398:Archbishop of Reims 1196:Battle of Andernach 1045:Conrad I of Germany 886:Gilbert of Lorraine 864:(or stablemaster), 858:Arnulf I of Bavaria 745:Anglo-Saxon England 730:Archbishop of Mainz 600:, a Saxon count in 497:Otto inherited the 300:Magdeburg Cathedral 7623:Kingdom of Germany 7587:Kingdom of Germany 7108:Holy Roman Emperor 7097:Title last held by 6479:"Burgundian Notes" 6226:. Basil Blackwell. 6154:on 14 October 2012 5390:Medieval Genealogy 5384:Baldwin, Stewart. 5321:on 9 February 2014 4671:on 20 October 2013 4046:, pp. 24, 26. 3868:Widukind of Corvey 3827:Widukind of Corvey 3809:The precise terms 3448:Henry of Franconia 3412:Henry I of Germany 3241:Diploma Ottonianum 3234:, such as that at 3219: 3179:Holy Roman Emperor 3112:Eadgyth of England 3076:Henry I the Fowler 2855: 2850:Tomb of Otto I in 2755:Macedonian dynasty 2707: 2646:March of Merseburg 2617: 2588:chair of St. Peter 2577:as his successor. 2554:Duchy of Benevento 2538:King of the Franks 2525:Diploma Ottonianum 2520: 2512:Magdeburger Reiter 2433:Bruno I of Cologne 2396: 2338:Battle of Recknitz 2309: 2305:Battle of Lechfeld 2294:Battle of Lechfeld 2287:Ulrich of Augsburg 2266: 2256:Battle of Lechfeld 2064:Primate of Germany 2060:Frederick of Mainz 2011:Archbishop Adaldag 1968: 1840: 1776:Primate of Germany 1738:Henry I of Bavaria 1626: 1593:, the kingdoms of 1473:Conrad of Burgundy 1394:Hugh of Vermandois 1296:first among equals 1038:March of Carinthia 1026: 1002:Kingdom of Germany 904:born in the purple 797: 738:Abbey of Reichenau 718: 695:Annales iuvavenses 664:Widukind of Corvey 596:, the daughter of 515:Battle of Lechfeld 484:Holy Roman Emperor 472:Ottone di Sassonia 315:Eadgyth of England 69:Holy Roman Emperor 8846: 8845: 8657:Holy Roman Empire 8064: 8063: 7990: 7989:(Imperial Regent) 7628:Holy Roman Empire 7557:Louis the Younger 7491: 7490: 7201: 7200: 7192:Succeeded by 7125:Succeeded by 6974:978-3-7001-3747-4 6953:978-3-7628-0483-3 6934:978-3-4065-0958-2 6891:978-1-1787-7378-1 6869:978-3-7917-1750-0 6850:978-0-3000-6048-5 6828:978-0-1986-6262-4 6774:978-3-4717-7847-0 6755:978-0-3890-4652-3 6686:978-3-7881-0122-0 6630:978-0-7190-4926-2 6608:978-3-7752-5388-8 6572:978-1-145-40896-8 6538:978-1-4438-1966-4 6516:978-0-582-49034-5 6469:978-0-06-087807-8 6462:. HarperCollins. 6447:978-3-608-60003-2 6428:978-3-406-44746-4 6412:. Ignatius Press. 6400:978-0-19-936852-5 6379:978-0-521-04534-6 6353:978-0-472-06172-3 6331:978-0-230-00673-7 6309:978-0-06-092553-6 6296:Cantor, Norman F. 6287:978-3-17-016473-4 6278:Kohlhammer Verlag 6261:978-0-521-52183-3 6242:978-3-406-63061-3 6211:978-0-333-61091-6 6192:978-3-17-022443-8 6183:Kohlhammer Verlag 5907:978-3-428-00200-9 5897:Otto I. der Große 5597:978-0-674-03519-5 5213:, pp. 42–43. 5096:978-0-521-31980-5 4915:978-0-8122-1342-3 4849:, pp. 66–67. 4722:978-3-11-020794-1 4518:978-0-582-49005-5 4483:978-1-84383-927-9 4396:978-0-349-11972-4 4361:978-3-86680-629-0 4327:978-1-61039-014-9 4085:, pp. 73–79. 3996:978-0-521-52148-2 3962:978-0-19-533403-6 3923:978-3-7954-2680-4 3815:Holy Roman Empire 3782: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3626:Abbess of Herford 3236:Quedlinburg Abbey 3147:Adelaide of Italy 3072: 3071: 3028:Conradine dynasty 2989:1002 – 1024 2703:Holy Roman Empire 2609:Magdeburg Ivories 2530:Donation of Pepin 2481:Holy Roman Empire 2415:, the bishops of 2358:St. Alban's Abbey 1956: 1955: 1948: 1761:Rex Langobardorum 1701:Adalbert of Italy 1673:Margrave of Ivrea 1654:Italian Peninsula 1652:control over the 1642:Count of Provence 1622:Meissen Cathedral 1369:Foreign relations 1328:Lothair of France 1279: 1278: 1271: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1036:, a count in the 977:that abutted the 815:Quedlinburg Abbey 787:Side view of the 646:Duke of Franconia 431: 430: 329:Adelaide of Italy 289:Holy Roman Empire 269:East Francia 16:(Redirected from 8916: 8879:Ottonian dynasty 8838: 8830: 8822: 8814: 8806: 8798: 8790: 8782: 8774: 8766: 8758: 8750: 8742: 8734: 8726: 8718: 8710: 8702: 8694: 8686: 8678: 8670: 8651:Kingdom of Italy 8641: 8633: 8619: 8611: 8603: 8589: 8575: 8567: 8553: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8433: 8425: 8417: 8409: 8401: 8393: 8385: 8377: 8369: 8361: 8353: 8345: 8337: 8329: 8321: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8289: 8281: 8273: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8231: 8223: 8202: 8194: 8186: 8178: 8170: 8162: 8154: 8146: 8128: 8116: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8068: 8067: 7988: 7547:Louis the German 7518: 7511: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7481: 7480: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7154:Preceded by 7135:Preceded by 7083: 7076: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7001: 6978: 6957: 6938: 6919: 6915:978-1-13905572-7 6895: 6878:Menzel, Wolfgang 6873: 6854: 6832: 6813: 6810: 6778: 6759: 6747: 6736: 6719: 6690: 6634: 6612: 6596: 6576: 6554: 6542: 6520: 6498: 6489:(102): 310–317. 6473: 6451: 6432: 6413: 6404: 6383: 6357: 6335: 6313: 6291: 6265: 6246: 6227: 6215: 6196: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6070: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6005: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5891: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5585: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5386:"Otto the Great" 5381: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5086: 5085: 1050–1200 5083: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4617:Ruckser, David. 4614: 4608: 4605:Barraclough 1946 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3881: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3818: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3116:Edward the Elder 3064: 3057: 3050: 2977:983 – 1002 2921:Ottonian dynasty 2911: 2910: 2907:Ottonian dynasty 2824:Ottonian dynasty 2763:John I Tzimiskes 2751:Ottonian dynasty 2723:Pandolf Ironhead 2666:Battle of the Po 2638:March of Meissen 2611:. Otto presents 2550:Duchy of Spoleto 2441:Henry I of Trier 2437:William of Mainz 2373:Reign as emperor 2145:royal chancellor 2075:Henry the Fowler 2068:Duke of Lorraine 1989: 1962:A medieval king 1951: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1908: 1900: 1878:Duchy of Bavaria 1833: 1830: 1603:Kingdom of Italy 1533:Byzantine Empire 1523:Byzantine Empire 1465:Hugh of Provence 1461:Treaty of Verdun 1453:Bertha of Swabia 1274: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1231: 1223: 1204:Duke of Lorraine 1190:who crossed the 1131: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1088: 1080: 1000:, 919–1125. The 901: 793:Aachen Cathedral 590:Henry the Fowler 552:married his son 546:Byzantine Empire 531:Kingdom of Italy 488:Henry the Fowler 465:Otto von Sachsen 453:Ottone il Grande 427: 400:Henry the Fowler 337: 335: 323: 321: 281: 260: 258: 232:Henry the Fowler 224:2 July 936 – 973 200:Henry the Fowler 190:Aachen Cathedral 179:2 July 936 – 973 171: 135:23 September 951 60: 39: 38: 21: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8894:Dukes of Saxony 8849: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8788: 8780: 8772: 8764: 8756: 8748: 8740: 8732: 8724: 8716: 8708: 8700: 8692: 8684: 8676: 8668: 8659: 8654: 8645: 8639: 8631: 8617: 8609: 8601: 8587: 8573: 8565: 8551: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8492: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8437: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8407: 8399: 8391: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8229: 8221: 8206: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8160: 8152: 8144: 8129: 8120: 8114: 8101: 8095: 8065: 8060: 8031: 8012: 7993: 7971: 7947: 7928: 7795:Frederick (III) 7626: 7617: 7585: 7576: 7572:Louis the Child 7562:Charles the Fat 7536: 7527: 7522: 7492: 7487: 7469: 7236: 7231: 7197: 7188: 7169: 7167: 7164:King of Germany 7159: 7148: 7140: 7130: 7113: 7111: 7098: 7077: 7075:23 November 912 7071: 7070: 7063: 7062:Otto the Great 7044:"Otto I." 7041: 7019: 6988: 6985: 6975: 6960: 6954: 6941: 6935: 6922: 6916: 6900:Reuter, Timothy 6898: 6892: 6876: 6870: 6857: 6851: 6835: 6829: 6811: 6799:10.2307/2841974 6781: 6775: 6762: 6756: 6739: 6722: 6693: 6687: 6674: 6671: 6669:Further reading 6631: 6615: 6609: 6594: 6588:Arnulf of Milan 6586: 6583: 6581:Primary sources 6573: 6539: 6525:Schutz, Herbert 6517: 6503:Reuter, Timothy 6470: 6448: 6429: 6401: 6380: 6354: 6332: 6310: 6288: 6270:Beumann, Helmut 6262: 6243: 6212: 6193: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6127:. Austrian Mint 6123: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6082: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6009: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5960: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5935: 5923: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5811: 5807: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5771: 5767: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5576:Luttwak, Edward 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5450:Reindel, Kurt. 5448: 5444: 5432: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5382: 5373: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5235:Zimmermann 2010 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5199:Zimmermann 2010 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5175:Zimmermann 2010 5173: 5169: 5163:Zimmermann 2010 5161: 5157: 5151:Zimmermann 2010 5149: 5145: 5139:Zimmermann 2010 5137: 5133: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5084: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5007:Zimmermann 2010 5005: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4980:Zimmermann 2010 4978: 4974: 4968:Zimmermann 2010 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4775:Zimmermann 2010 4773: 4769: 4763:Zimmermann 2010 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3825: 3821: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3300: 3280: 3274: 3262:Archbishop Gero 3209: 3199: 3193: 3188: 3158:Henry (952–954) 3068: 3019: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2965:973 – 983 2954: 2953:936 – 973 2942: 2941:919 – 936 2930: 2909: 2903: 2887:last sacraments 2860:Hermann Billung 2844: 2796: 2695: 2693:Reign from Rome 2601: 2592:Pope Benedict V 2583: 2542:Pope Stephen II 2534:Pepin the Short 2532:of 754 between 2510:Replica of the 2489: 2423:, and Margrave 2380: 2375: 2258: 2250:Main articles: 2248: 2168: 2141:Bruno the Great 2049: 2044: 2035:court chaplains 2003:Bruno the Great 1952: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1921: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1874:March of Verona 1870:Duchy of Friuli 1849:Duke of Bavaria 1831: 1796: 1722: 1697: 1579:Charles the Fat 1575: 1570: 1545: 1525: 1481: 1441: 1429:Bruno the Great 1402:Artald of Reims 1376: 1371: 1275: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1244: 1232: 1221: 1188:Duchy of Alsace 1162:Henry captured 1132: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1101: 1089: 1078: 991: 911:Hermann Billung 823:King of Germany 801:cerebral stroke 781: 776: 707: 634: 582: 499:Duchy of Saxony 379: 341: 332: 325: 318: 302: 283: 279: 262: 261:23 November 912 256: 254: 188: 165: 136: 89: 63: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8922: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8859:Otto the Great 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8832: 8827:Frederick III 8824: 8816: 8808: 8800: 8792: 8784: 8776: 8768: 8760: 8752: 8744: 8736: 8728: 8720: 8712: 8704: 8696: 8688: 8680: 8672: 8663: 8661: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8635: 8621: 8613: 8605: 8591: 8577: 8569: 8555: 8540: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8447: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8427: 8419: 8411: 8403: 8395: 8387: 8379: 8371: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8315: 8307: 8299: 8291: 8283: 8275: 8267: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8233: 8225: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8172: 8164: 8156: 8148: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8098:Kings of Italy 8094: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8008:Franz Joseph I 8004: 8002: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7982: 7980: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Lothair II/III 7693: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7590: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7190: 7185:Duke of Saxony 7180: 7179: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7123: 7104: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7088:Regnal titles 7085: 7084: 7064: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7039: 7016: 7006: 6984: 6983:External links 6981: 6980: 6979: 6973: 6958: 6952: 6939: 6933: 6920: 6914: 6902:, ed. (2000). 6896: 6890: 6874: 6868: 6855: 6849: 6833: 6827: 6814: 6783:Howorth, H. H. 6779: 6773: 6760: 6754: 6737: 6720: 6691: 6685: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6635: 6629: 6613: 6607: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6555: 6551:Feudal Germany 6543: 6537: 6521: 6515: 6499: 6474: 6468: 6452: 6446: 6433: 6427: 6414: 6405: 6399: 6384: 6378: 6366:Whitney, J. P. 6362:Gwatkin, H. M. 6358: 6352: 6336: 6330: 6318:Collins, Roger 6314: 6308: 6292: 6286: 6266: 6260: 6247: 6241: 6233:Otto der Große 6228: 6216: 6210: 6197: 6191: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6138: 6116: 6112:Bernhardt 1993 6104: 6102:, p. 210. 6092: 6055: 6053:, p. 127. 6043: 6031: 6019: 5982: 5980:, p. 313. 5970: 5933: 5906: 5883: 5881:, p. 229. 5871: 5859: 5857:, p. 145. 5844: 5832: 5830:, p. 228. 5820: 5805: 5790: 5783: 5765: 5750: 5748:, p. 250. 5735: 5733:, p. 413. 5723: 5721:, p. 159. 5711: 5699: 5687: 5685:, p. 125. 5675: 5663: 5661:, p. 239. 5651: 5639: 5627: 5625:, p. 231. 5615: 5613:, p. 159. 5603: 5596: 5567: 5555: 5553:, p. 114. 5543: 5541:, p. 321. 5528: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5490:, p. 219. 5480: 5478:, p. 207. 5468: 5442: 5402: 5371: 5356: 5354:, p. 489. 5344: 5332: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5251: 5239: 5237:, p. 750. 5227: 5215: 5203: 5201:, p. 747. 5191: 5189:, p. 182. 5179: 5167: 5165:, p. 741. 5155: 5153:, p. 738. 5143: 5141:, p. 736. 5131: 5129:, p. 193. 5114: 5112:, p. 155. 5102: 5095: 5069: 5023: 5021:, p. 213. 5011: 5009:, p. 735. 4999: 4997:, p. 189. 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4921: 4914: 4890: 4878: 4876:, p. 186. 4863: 4861:, p. 163. 4851: 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 161. 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4753:, p. 153. 4743: 4741:, p. 133. 4728: 4721: 4695: 4682: 4656: 4634: 4609: 4597: 4595:, p. 166. 4585: 4579:978-1317872399 4578: 4560: 4548: 4546:, p. 178. 4536: 4534:, p. 146. 4524: 4517: 4496: 4482: 4462: 4460:, p. 158. 4450: 4438: 4436:, p. 154. 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 189. 4402: 4395: 4374: 4360: 4340: 4326: 4306: 4304:, p. 152. 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4256:, p. 158. 4246: 4234: 4222: 4207: 4205:, p. 148. 4195: 4183: 4181:, p. 136. 4171: 4167:Bernhardt 1993 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4109:, p. 140. 4099: 4087: 4075: 4073:, p. 136. 4063: 4061:, p. 319. 4048: 4036: 4021: 4009: 3995: 3975: 3961: 3941: 3939:, p. 254. 3929: 3922: 3904: 3902:, p. 281. 3891: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3860: 3850: 3841: 3819: 3802: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3387:9. Oda Billung 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3276:Main article: 3273: 3270: 3195:Main article: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3172: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3128:Duke of Swabia 3120: 3119: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3094: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038:Salian dynasty 3031: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3013: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2905:Main article: 2902: 2899: 2843: 2840: 2832:Islamic empire 2795: 2792: 2694: 2691: 2654:March of Zeitz 2622:Northern March 2600: 2597: 2582: 2579: 2488: 2487:Papal politics 2485: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2346:Central Europe 2247: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2167: 2164: 2160:Arnulf the Bad 2156:Count Palatine 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2019:Abbot of Fulda 1954: 1953: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1888:Main article: 1885: 1882: 1795: 1792: 1757:Rex Italicorum 1734:Northern Italy 1721: 1718: 1696: 1693: 1646:Lower Burgundy 1634:Upper Burgundy 1599:Upper Burgundy 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1544: 1541: 1524: 1521: 1486:, assumed the 1480: 1477: 1457:Middle Francia 1440: 1437: 1425:Conrad the Red 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1339:Conrad the Red 1332:King of France 1324:Duke of Swabia 1277: 1276: 1235: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1153:Count of Paris 1149:Hugh the Great 1134: 1133: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1077: 1074: 998:Central Europe 990: 987: 941:tribes of the 939:Western Slavic 935:Polabian Slavs 927:Limes Saxoniae 819:Duke of Saxony 780: 777: 775: 772: 706: 703: 633: 630: 586:Duke of Saxony 581: 578: 563:Otto has been 457:Otto of Saxony 446:Otto der Große 438:Otto the Great 429: 428: 421: 413: 412: 407: 403: 402: 397: 393: 392: 387: 381: 380: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 351: 349: 343: 342: 340: 339: 336: 951–973 326: 322: 930–946 313: 310: 308: 304: 303: 298: 296: 292: 291: 282:(aged 60) 276: 272: 271: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 215:Duke of Saxony 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88:2 February 962 86: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 42:Otto the Great 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8921: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8823: 8817: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8787:Frederick II 8785: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8759: 8753: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8697: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8604: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8489: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8157: 8155: 8149: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8080: 8078: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8051:Frederick III 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037:German Empire 8034: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977:German Empire 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7879:Ferdinand III 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Maximilian II 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839:Frederick III 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7484: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Ferdinand III 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405:Maximilian II 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Frederick III 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7165: 7158: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145:King of Italy 7139: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7067:House of Otto 7059: 7052: 7051: 7045: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7022: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6590:(1072–1077). 6589: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6126: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6088: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6029:, p. 41. 6028: 6023: 6015: 6003: 5995: 5994: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5966: 5954: 5946: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5869:, p. 64. 5868: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5784:0-521-44482-9 5780: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5715: 5709:, p. 90. 5708: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565:, p. 56. 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5409: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5369:, p. 45. 5368: 5363: 5361: 5353: 5352:Thompson 1928 5348: 5341: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5073: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4813:, p. 51. 4812: 4807: 4801:, p. 91. 4800: 4795: 4789:, p. 83. 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4711:(in German). 4710: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4665:"Boleslav I." 4660: 4644: 4638: 4620: 4613: 4607:, p. 37. 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4424:, p. 48. 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4280:, p. 58. 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4232:, p. 54. 4231: 4226: 4220:, p. 43. 4219: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4157:, p. 40. 4156: 4151: 4145:, p. 97. 4144: 4139: 4133:, p. 42. 4132: 4127: 4121:, p. 45. 4120: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4040: 4034:, p. 26. 4033: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4017:Bachrach 2014 4013: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3854: 3845: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3624:13. Matilda, 3621: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3446:10. probably 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3288:Austrian Mint 3285: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2883:Rogation Days 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800:Germanosphere 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670:Pope Leo VIII 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Eastern March 2627: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2468:King of Italy 2465: 2462:, the former 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:Pope John XII 2406: 2400: 2393: 2392:Pope John XII 2389: 2384: 2370: 2368: 2367:heir apparent 2364: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Imperial Diet 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2039: 2036: 2033:his personal 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1992:Norman Cantor 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1913:This section 1911: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Imperial Diet 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1837: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1469:King of Italy 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1380: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1236:This section 1234: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1130: 1127: 1119: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1093:This section 1091: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1076:War in France 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1023: 1020:(orange) and 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 986: 984: 981:on the lower 980: 976: 972: 971:border region 968: 964: 960: 959:dowager queen 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 921:north of the 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 900: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807: 802: 794: 790: 785: 774:Reign as king 771: 769: 768:heir apparent 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 728:, the future 727: 723: 716: 711: 705:Heir apparent 702: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 684:Imperial Diet 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652: 647: 643: 639: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 577: 575: 569: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 539:Pope John XII 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 504: 503:German tribes 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476:East Frankish 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 443: 439: 435: 426: 422: 420: 419: 414: 411: 408: 404: 401: 398: 394: 391: 388: 386: 382: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 350: 348: 344: 330: 327: 316: 312: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290: 286: 277: 273: 270: 266: 253: 249: 245: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 118:King of Italy 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8763:Frederick I 8666: 8630:Berengar II 8623: 8593: 8579: 8557: 8543: 8535:Non-dynastic 8507:Charles III 8451:Charlemagne 8443:Carolingians 8236: 8106:Non-dynastic 7884:Ferdinand IV 7874:Ferdinand II 7844:Maximilian I 7821: 7804: 7762: 7747:Henry (VIII) 7745: 7731:Frederick II 7686:Conrad (III) 7678: 7671: 7636: 7612: 7605: 7582:East Francia 7533:East Francia 7420:Ferdinand II 7390:Maximilian I 7360:Frederick II 7299: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7143: 7120: 7114: 7106: 7099: 7093: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7048: 7024: 6993: 6963: 6943: 6924: 6904: 6881: 6859: 6840: 6837:Lasko, Peter 6818: 6790: 6786: 6764: 6743: 6724: 6699: 6695: 6676: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6620: 6598: 6562: 6550: 6528: 6506: 6486: 6482: 6459: 6437: 6418: 6409: 6389: 6369: 6343: 6321: 6299: 6273: 6251: 6232: 6223: 6201: 6178: 6171:Bibliography 6156:. Retrieved 6152:the original 6141: 6129:. Retrieved 6119: 6107: 6095: 6065: 6058: 6051:Holböck 2002 6046: 6034: 6022: 5992: 5985: 5973: 5943: 5936: 5896: 5874: 5862: 5835: 5823: 5814: 5808: 5799: 5793: 5774: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5731:Collins 2010 5726: 5714: 5707:Duckett 1968 5702: 5690: 5683:Althoff 2013 5678: 5666: 5654: 5642: 5630: 5618: 5611:McBrien 2000 5606: 5581: 5570: 5558: 5551:Althoff 2013 5546: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459:. Retrieved 5455: 5445: 5415: 5395:26 September 5393:. Retrieved 5389: 5347: 5335: 5323:. Retrieved 5319:the original 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5268:the original 5263: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5105: 5079: 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5040: 5036: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4905: 4900: 4893: 4881: 4854: 4847:Beumann 2000 4842: 4830: 4818: 4811:Beumann 2000 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4673:. Retrieved 4669:the original 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4612: 4600: 4588: 4569: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4508: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4472: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4386: 4383:Holland, Tom 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4350: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4316: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4278:Beumann 2000 4273: 4261: 4249: 4244:, chapter 9. 4241: 4237: 4230:Beumann 2000 4225: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4169:, p. 3. 4162: 4150: 4138: 4131:Beumann 2000 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4039: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3985: 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3951: 3944: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3900:Heather 2014 3895: 3871: 3863: 3853: 3844: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3793: 3528: 3281: 3272:Modern world 3251: 3245: 3239: 3220: 3203:Ottonian art 3167:(954–999) – 3088: 3073: 3034: 3024: 2947: 2919: 2891: 2868: 2856: 2797: 2760: 2747: 2743:Roman Empire 2734: 2716: 2708: 2679: 2662: 2618: 2584: 2563: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2490: 2467: 2452:Brenner Pass 2449: 2429: 2405:Papal States 2401: 2397: 2350: 2342: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2240: 2223:Burchard III 2206: 2189: 2181: 2169: 2153: 2122: 2118:Salian Frank 2111: 2094: 2083: 2072: 2050: 2027: 2000: 1979: 1969: 1942: 1936:January 2017 1933: 1922:Please help 1917:verification 1914: 1858: 1841: 1835: 1817:client state 1797: 1773: 1760: 1756: 1742: 1723: 1698: 1666: 1649: 1627: 1591:West Francia 1587:East Francia 1581:in 888, the 1576: 1550: 1546: 1526: 1493:Wenceslaus I 1482: 1442: 1422: 1406: 1400:, restoring 1381: 1377: 1363: 1356: 1347:Salian Frank 1336: 1308: 1304: 1300:divine right 1291: 1288: 1280: 1265: 1259:January 2017 1256: 1245:Please help 1240:verification 1237: 1201: 1184: 1161: 1145:West Francia 1137: 1122: 1116:January 2017 1113: 1102:Please help 1097:verification 1094: 1057: 1042: 1027: 931:Peene Rivers 925:between the 908: 894: 839: 804: 798: 757: 742: 733: 719: 692: 659: 649: 642:East Francia 635: 583: 570: 562: 543: 508: 496: 456: 437: 433: 432: 418:Signum manus 416: 187:7 August 936 47: 36: 8837:(1530–1556) 8829:(1452–1493) 8821:(1431–1437) 8813:(1355–1378) 8811:Charles IV 8805:(1327–1347) 8797:(1311–1313) 8789:(1212–1250) 8781:(1209–1212) 8773:(1186–1197) 8765:(1154–1186) 8757:(1138–1152) 8755:Conrad III 8749:(1125–1137) 8741:(1106–1125) 8733:(1093–1101) 8725:(1056–1105) 8717:(1039–1056) 8709:(1026–1039) 8701:(1004–1024) 8693:(1002–1014) 8616:Lothair II 8550:Berengar I 8545:Unruochings 8491:Charles II 8430:Desiderius 8406:Hildeprand 8382:Aripert II 8237:Interregnum 8039:(1871–1918) 8020:(1867–1871) 8001:(1850–1866) 7979:(1848/1849) 7967:Ferdinand I 7955:(1815–1848) 7936:(1806–1813) 7904:Charles VII 7854:Ferdinand I 7736:Henry (VII) 7711:Frederick I 7445:Charles VII 7400:Ferdinand I 7345:Frederick I 7340:Lothair III 7270:Charles III 7245:Charlemagne 7138:Berengar II 6793:: 181–232. 6419:Die Ottonen 6274:Die Ottonen 6100:Becher 2012 6083:|work= 6039:Reuter 1991 6027:Schutz 2010 6010:|work= 5961:|work= 5924:|work= 5867:Schutz 2010 5855:Reuter 1991 5840:Reuter 1991 5746:Becher 2012 5719:Reuter 1991 5671:Becher 2012 5659:Becher 2012 5647:Becher 2012 5635:Becher 2012 5623:Becher 2012 5563:Schutz 2010 5539:Reuter 1991 5524:Becher 2012 5500:Becher 2012 5488:Becher 2012 5433:|work= 5367:Keller 2008 5340:Reuter 1991 5301:Becher 2012 5289:Becher 2012 5247:Becher 2012 5211:Keller 2008 5187:Becher 2012 5110:Reuter 1991 5019:Cantor 1994 4944:Becher 2012 4886:Becher 2012 4859:Becher 2012 4835:Becher 2012 4823:Becher 2012 4799:Becher 2012 4787:Arnold 1997 4751:Becher 2012 4739:Becher 2012 4675:4 September 4649:7 September 4627:4 September 4593:Reuter 1991 4556:Becher 2012 4532:Becher 2012 4458:Becher 2012 4446:Keller 2008 4434:Reuter 1991 4422:Schutz 2010 4302:Reuter 1991 4290:Becher 2012 4218:Schutz 2010 4203:Reuter 1991 4179:Arnold 1997 4155:Schutz 2010 4143:Becher 2012 4119:Schutz 2010 4107:Reuter 1991 4095:Reuter 1991 4083:Becher 2012 4071:Reuter 1991 4059:Reuter 1991 4044:Keller 2008 4032:Keller 2008 3937:Reuter 1991 3798:Berengar II 3738:15. unknown 3709:7. Reinhild 3686:14. unknown 3592:, count in 3565:12. unknown 3504:11. unknown 3266:Gandersheim 3258:evangeliary 3035:Followed by 3025:Preceded by 2871:Quedlinburg 2573:appointing 2501:St. Maurice 2201:Illertissen 2173:Palm Sunday 2113:in absentia 1987:Reichsfürst 1832: 1200 1765:Charlemagne 1669:Berengar II 1562:Brandenburg 1543:Slavic wars 1517:Mecklenburg 1409:Archdiocese 1192:Rhine River 1049:Peckelsheim 890:Chamberlain 827:Charlemagne 806:Kaiserpfalz 764:Carolingian 535:Charlemagne 527:Christendom 280:(973-05-07) 229:Predecessor 196:Predecessor 148:Berengar II 144:Predecessor 97:Predecessor 8869:973 deaths 8864:912 births 8853:Categories 8835:Charles V 8819:Sigismund 8795:Henry VII 8731:Conrad II 8715:Henry III 8707:Conrad II 8685:(996–1002) 8660:(962–1556) 8475:Lothair I 8398:Liutprand 8374:Raginpert 8334:Perctarit 8310:Perctarit 8294:Aripert I 8159:Theodahad 8151:Athalaric 8143:Theodoric 8135:Ostrogoths 8056:William II 7943:Napoleon I 7924:Francis II 7919:Leopold II 7899:Charles VI 7812:Wenceslaus 7800:Charles IV 7706:Henry (VI) 7701:Conrad III 7630:(962–1806) 7625:within the 7535:during the 7465:Francis II 7460:Leopold II 7440:Charles VI 7410:Rudolph II 7375:Charles IV 7265:Charles II 6660:, 88–127. 6158:22 October 5978:Poole 1911 5461:30 October 5062:27 January 4689:Thietmar, 3887:References 3594:Westphalia 3253:Gero Codex 3250:, and the 3232:scriptoria 3201:See also: 3018:Succession 2929:Chronology 2879:Al-Andalus 2820:Hrotsvitha 2816:Latin West 2721:, Lombard 2683:Strasbourg 2652:, and the 2570:Hungarians 2559:feudal law 2427:of Milan. 2283:Lech River 2192:Regensburg 2185:Langenzenn 2057:Archbishop 1844:Burgundian 1813:Hungarians 1706:Garda Lake 1601:, and the 1558:suzerainty 1433:Hugh Capet 1427:and later 1345:in 947. A 1168:Chevremont 1070:Hildesheim 1008:(yellow), 923:Elbe River 779:Coronation 699:Regensburg 680:Conradines 640:, King of 632:Background 602:Westphalia 265:Wallhausen 184:Coronation 132:Coronation 101:Berengar I 84:Coronation 8803:Louis IV 8771:Henry VI 8723:Henry IV 8699:Henry II 8691:Arduin I 8683:Otto III 8677:(980–983) 8669:(962–973) 8640:(950–963) 8638:Adalbert 8632:(950–963) 8625:Anscarids 8618:(945–950) 8610:(926–947) 8602:(900–905) 8600:Louis II 8588:(922–933) 8574:(891–897) 8566:(889–894) 8559:Guideschi 8552:(887–924) 8517:(896–899) 8509:(879–887) 8501:(877–879) 8499:Carloman 8493:(875–877) 8485:(855–875) 8477:(818–855) 8469:(810–818) 8461:(781–810) 8453:(774–814) 8432:(756–774) 8424:(749–756) 8416:(744–749) 8400:(712–744) 8390:Ansprand 8384:(702–712) 8368:(700–702) 8366:Liutpert 8360:(689–700) 8358:Cunipert 8344:(688–689) 8342:Cunipert 8336:(671–688) 8326:Garibald 8320:(662–671) 8318:Grimoald 8312:(661–662) 8304:(661–662) 8302:Godepert 8296:(653–661) 8288:(652–653) 8280:(636-652) 8272:(626–636) 8264:(616–626) 8262:Adaloald 8256:(590–616) 8248:(584–590) 8240:(574–584) 8230:(572–574) 8222:(568–572) 8201:(552–553) 8193:(541–552) 8177:(540–541) 8169:(536–540) 8161:(534–536) 8153:(526–534) 8145:(493–526) 8115:(476–493) 8046:William I 8027:William I 7962:Francis I 7914:Joseph II 7909:Francis I 7889:Leopold I 7864:Rudolf II 7849:Charles V 7834:Albert II 7829:Sigismund 7785:Henry VII 7741:Conrad IV 7662:Henry III 7657:Conrad II 7589:(919–962) 7584:(911–919) 7540:(843–911) 7455:Joseph II 7450:Francis I 7430:Leopold I 7395:Charles V 7380:Sigismund 7365:Henry VII 7325:Henry III 7320:Conrad II 7290:Louis III 7255:Lothair I 7195:Bernard I 7177:(961–973) 7121:(967–973) 7082:7 May 973 7015:catalogue 6880:(2011) . 6716:161175755 6561:(2010) . 6085:ignored ( 6075:cite book 6012:ignored ( 6002:cite book 5963:ignored ( 5953:cite book 5926:ignored ( 5916:cite book 5435:ignored ( 5425:cite book 5057:159994750 3134:Liutgarde 2810:to write 2804:historian 2776:Benevento 2767:Theophanu 2674:John XIII 2516:Magdeburg 2497:monastery 2196:Nuremberg 2129:Franconia 2086:Ingelheim 1964:investing 1786:, as his 1630:Rudolf II 1509:Stoigniew 1501:Merseburg 1497:Thuringia 1417:Ingelheim 1343:Liutgarde 1209:Ingelheim 1164:Merseburg 1053:Magdeburg 1016:(green), 1010:Franconia 975:Merseburg 967:Siegfried 947:Obotrites 882:seneschal 870:cupbearer 842:Franconia 749:Æthelstan 550:Theophanu 541:in Rome. 278:7 May 973 263:Possibly 257:912-11-23 241:Bernard I 237:Successor 206:Successor 154:Successor 107:Successor 8779:Otto IV 8739:Henry V 8675:Otto II 8595:Bosonids 8586:Rudolph 8572:Lambert 8483:Louis I 8467:Bernard 8422:Aistulf 8414:Ratchis 8286:Rodoald 8278:Rothari 8270:Arioald 8254:Agilulf 8246:Authari 8212:Lombards 8175:Ildibad 8167:Vitiges 8113:Odoacer 7894:Joseph I 7869:Matthias 7790:Louis IV 7780:Albert I 7770:Rudolf I 7716:Henry VI 7667:Henry IV 7652:Henry II 7647:Otto III 7596:Conrad I 7552:Carloman 7483:Category 7435:Joseph I 7415:Matthias 7370:Louis IV 7350:Henry VI 7330:Henry IV 7315:Henry II 7310:Otto III 7295:Berengar 7260:Louis II 7189:936–973 7149:961–973 7101:Berengar 6839:(1995). 6646:Henry II 6549:(1928). 6527:(2010). 6505:(1991). 6458:(2000). 6342:(1968). 6320:(2010). 6298:(1994). 6272:(2000). 6222:(1946). 6131:30 March 6066:Mathilde 5578:(2009). 5325:9 August 4693:, II.34. 4507:(1983). 4385:(2009). 4367:11 March 4333:11 March 3590:Dietrich 3298:Ancestry 3140:, in 947 3084:Henry II 3080:Otto III 2984:Henry II 2972:Otto III 2830:and the 2788:Calabria 2731:Camerino 2658:Wigger I 2575:Leo VIII 2445:diplomas 2354:Henry II 2210:Arnstadt 2105:Fritzlar 2053:Saalfeld 1996:chancery 1866:Augsburg 1745:Po River 1730:Lombardy 1677:Provence 1667:In 940, 1662:Adelaide 1650:de facto 1488:Bohemian 1439:Burgundy 1435:in 987. 1292:amicitia 1141:Louis IV 1139:to King 1065:Eresburg 1034:Berthold 1030:Eberhard 1022:Lorraine 1012:(blue), 915:Margrave 854:Lorraine 811:Memleben 688:Fritzlar 638:Conrad I 618:Gerberga 610:Thankmar 558:Memleben 390:Ottonian 285:Memleben 8667:Otto I 8653:within 8523:Ratold 8515:Arnulf 8350:Alahis 8220:Alboin 8191:Totila 8183:Eraric 7806:Günther 7764:Alfonso 7758:Richard 7753:William 7726:Otto IV 7691:Henry V 7680:Hermann 7642:Otto II 7601:Henry I 7355:Otto IV 7335:Henry V 7305:Otto II 7280:Lambert 7250:Louis I 7173:Otto II 7168:936–973 7157:Henry I 7128:Otto II 7117:Otto II 7112:962–973 7011:in the 6807:2841974 6733:3235092 5993:Liudolf 5944:Wilhelm 5416:Otto II 5274:30 June 4489:31 July 4002:31 July 3968:31 July 3652:Matilda 3474:Hedwiga 3175:Otto II 3165:Matilda 3124:Liudolf 3099:William 2960:Otto II 2936:Henry I 2836:convent 2814:in the 2794:Culture 2780:Salerno 2735:Emperor 2727:Spoleto 2712:Ravenna 2650:Günther 2642:Wigbert 2566:San Leo 2473:Emperor 2464:Lombard 2321:Emperor 2137:Bavaria 2109:outlaws 2023:tithing 1853:fiefdom 1726:Liudolf 1714:Canossa 1689:viceroy 1658:Lothair 1609:. When 1553:Hevelli 1479:Bohemia 1385:Normans 1330:became 1316:Liudolf 1311:vassals 1213:penance 1157:Hedwige 1014:Bavaria 973:around 919:a march 878:steward 862:marshal 850:Bavaria 753:Eadgyth 726:William 722:Wendish 594:Matilda 554:Otto II 513:at the 511:Magyars 474:), was 468:Italian 449:Italian 385:Dynasty 209:Otto II 168:Germany 157:Otto II 111:Otto II 8459:Pepin 8228:Cleph 7817:Rupert 7721:Philip 7673:Rudolf 7637:Otto I 7613:Otto I 7607:Arnulf 7567:Arnulf 7300:Otto I 7285:Arnulf 7094:Vacant 7078: 6971: 6950: 6931: 6925:Otto I 6912: 6888: 6866: 6847: 6825: 6805: 6771: 6752: 6731: 6714: 6683: 6627: 6605: 6569: 6535: 6513: 6466: 6444: 6425: 6397: 6376: 6350: 6328: 6306: 6284: 6258: 6239: 6208: 6189: 5904: 5781: 5594: 5093: 5055: 4912: 4719: 4576: 4515: 4480: 4393: 4358: 4324: 3993: 3959: 3920: 3244:, the 3186:Legacy 2996:Family 2948:Otto I 2875:Miesco 2812:dramas 2784:Apulia 2656:under 2648:under 2644:, the 2640:under 2636:, the 2632:under 2628:, the 2624:under 2552:, the 2548:, the 2456:Trento 2439:, and 2425:Otbert 2421:Novara 2125:Swabia 2097:Saxony 2062:, the 2015:Bremen 1976:abbots 1788:regent 1505:Magyar 1467:, the 1374:France 1176:Verdun 1018:Swabia 1006:Saxony 949:, and 943:Lutici 884:) and 846:Swabia 831:Aachen 760:Erfurt 674:, and 614:Hedwig 480:German 461:German 442:German 434:Otto I 406:Mother 396:Father 307:Spouse 295:Burial 18:Otto I 8608:Hugh 8581:Welfs 8525:(896) 8408:(744) 8392:(712) 8376:(701) 8352:(689) 8328:(671) 8199:Teia 8185:(541) 7823:Jobst 7775:Adolf 7171:with 7115:with 7080:Died: 7073:Born: 6803:JSTOR 6712:S2CID 6595:(PDF) 5053:S2CID 4904:[ 4622:(PDF) 3858:them. 3786:Notes 3256:, an 3145:With 3110:With 2828:Islam 2772:Capua 2634:Odo I 2460:Pavia 2177:Worms 2133:Mainz 2090:Mainz 2079:Saxon 2030:count 1809:Slavs 1805:Danes 1800:Italy 1769:Henry 1749:Pavia 1628:King 1595:Lower 1515:) in 1413:synod 1390:Reims 1284:Enger 1172:Liège 1170:near 983:Saale 979:Wends 951:Wagri 656:Latin 626:Bruno 622:Henry 523:pagan 455:) or 347:Issue 221:Reign 176:Reign 138:Pavia 124:Reign 75:Reign 8655:the 8564:Guy 6969:ISBN 6948:ISBN 6929:ISBN 6910:ISBN 6886:ISBN 6864:ISBN 6845:ISBN 6823:ISBN 6769:ISBN 6750:ISBN 6729:OCLC 6681:ISBN 6625:ISBN 6603:ISBN 6567:ISBN 6533:ISBN 6511:ISBN 6464:ISBN 6442:ISBN 6423:ISBN 6395:ISBN 6374:ISBN 6348:ISBN 6326:ISBN 6304:ISBN 6282:ISBN 6256:ISBN 6237:ISBN 6206:ISBN 6187:ISBN 6160:2014 6133:2013 6087:help 6014:help 5965:help 5928:help 5902:ISBN 5779:ISBN 5592:ISBN 5463:2022 5437:help 5397:2014 5327:2011 5276:2012 5091:ISBN 5064:2020 4910:ISBN 4717:ISBN 4677:2013 4651:2013 4629:2013 4574:ISBN 4513:ISBN 4491:2022 4478:ISBN 4391:ISBN 4369:2024 4356:ISBN 4335:2024 4322:ISBN 4004:2022 3991:ISBN 3970:2022 3957:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3813:and 3205:and 2786:and 2778:and 2729:and 2687:Chur 2685:and 2540:and 2419:and 2417:Como 2386:The 2363:Otto 2333:Nako 2319:and 2254:and 2127:and 1811:and 1780:Alps 1759:and 1638:Hugh 1636:and 1607:Alps 1597:and 1513:Nako 1511:and 1499:and 1180:Laon 963:Gero 929:and 880:(or 852:and 821:and 644:and 624:and 490:and 275:Died 251:Born 91:Rome 7275:Guy 6795:doi 6704:doi 6491:doi 5588:150 5045:doi 4906:269 3650:3. 3588:6. 3527:1. 3472:5. 3410:2. 3355:4. 3329:8. 2499:of 2454:at 2103:at 2013:of 1926:by 1732:in 1704:at 1687:or 1632:of 1415:at 1249:by 1143:of 1106:by 913:as 888:as 876:as 868:as 860:as 809:in 791:at 734:rex 686:of 658:as 8855:: 8628:: 8598:: 8584:: 8562:: 8548:: 7047:. 7033:. 7023:. 6996:. 6992:. 6801:. 6789:. 6710:. 6700:17 6698:. 6487:26 6485:. 6481:. 6364:; 6280:. 6185:. 6079:: 6077:}} 6073:{{ 6006:: 6004:}} 6000:{{ 5957:: 5955:}} 5951:{{ 5920:: 5918:}} 5914:{{ 5886:^ 5847:^ 5738:^ 5590:. 5531:^ 5454:. 5429:: 5427:}} 5423:{{ 5405:^ 5388:. 5374:^ 5359:^ 5262:. 5117:^ 5082:c. 5051:. 5041:33 5039:. 5035:. 4987:^ 4866:^ 4731:^ 4713:43 4707:. 4210:^ 4051:^ 4024:^ 3870:, 3829:, 3221:A 2897:. 2790:. 2774:, 2745:. 2689:. 2660:. 2536:, 2483:. 2435:, 2369:. 2348:. 1829:c. 1691:. 1671:, 1664:. 1640:, 1589:, 1334:. 1182:. 1159:. 1151:, 945:, 872:, 848:, 844:, 740:. 628:. 620:, 616:, 588:, 494:. 470:: 463:: 451:: 444:: 334:m. 320:m. 287:, 267:, 8090:e 8083:t 8076:v 7517:e 7510:t 7503:v 7226:e 7219:t 7212:v 7037:. 7031:) 7005:. 7000:. 6977:. 6956:. 6937:. 6918:. 6894:. 6872:. 6853:. 6831:. 6809:. 6797:: 6791:9 6777:. 6758:. 6735:. 6718:. 6706:: 6689:. 6664:. 6642:c 6640:( 6633:. 6611:. 6575:. 6541:. 6519:. 6497:. 6493:: 6472:. 6450:. 6431:. 6403:. 6382:. 6356:. 6334:. 6312:. 6290:. 6264:. 6245:. 6214:. 6195:. 6162:. 6135:. 6089:) 6016:) 5967:) 5930:) 5910:. 5787:. 5600:. 5465:. 5439:) 5399:. 5329:. 5278:. 5099:. 5066:. 5047:: 4918:. 4725:. 4679:. 4653:. 4631:. 4582:. 4521:. 4493:. 4399:. 4371:. 4337:. 4006:. 3972:. 3926:. 3880:. 3839:. 3153:: 3118:: 3063:e 3056:t 3049:v 2705:. 2394:. 1984:( 1949:) 1943:( 1938:) 1934:( 1920:. 1272:) 1266:( 1261:) 1257:( 1243:. 1129:) 1123:( 1118:) 1114:( 1100:. 478:( 459:( 440:( 338:) 331:( 324:) 317:( 259:) 255:( 170:) 166:( 34:. 20:)

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