Geneva Conventions

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sanctions for persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present Convention defined in the following Article. Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed , and shall bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with the provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting Party concerned, provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie case.

330: 4155: 369: 395: 569: 343: 244:, the first codified international treaty that covered the sick and wounded soldiers on the battlefield. On 22 August 1864, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva. On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention: 252: 1158: 181: 173: 7242: 1533: 278: 52: 356: 490: 1519: 1491: 1505: 265: 291: 3796: 1479:

complicates the application of the Conventions, which have not been updated in a long time. Adding to this challenge is the very slow speed of the procedure of developing new treaties to deal with new forms of warfare, and determining agreed-upon interpretations to existing ones, meaning that by the time a decision can be made, armed conflict may have already evolved in a way that makes the changes obsolete.

887:, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons: 985:: not to 'insurrectionists' who defy these norms from the very outset of hostilities. Observance of the rules of warfare is what elevates an 'insurrectionist' to the legally cognizable status of 'belligerent' under the 'International law of war'; nothing short of such an 'observance' suffices to effect this transformation from the 1283:

law. This element of the convention has been confused during past incidents of detainment of US soldiers by North Vietnam, where the regime attempted to try all imprisoned soldiers in court for committing grave breaches, on the incorrect assumption that their sole existence as enemies of the state violated international law.

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The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Xth Hague Convention of October 18, 1907 for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention of

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During the negotiation of the Geneva Conventions, France and Britain were initially staunchly opposed to Common Article 3. However, to save face during negotiations and make strategic concessions, France and Britain deliberately introduced ambiguous language in the text of Common Article 3 that made

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There are two criteria to distinguish non-international armed conflicts from lower forms of violence. The level of violence has to be of certain intensity, for example when the state cannot contain the situation with regular police forces. Also, involved non-state groups need to have a certain level

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In addition to these three conventions, the conference also added a new elaborate Fourth Geneva Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War". It was the first Geneva Convention not to deal with combatants, rather it had the protection of civilians as its subject matter.

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In the relations between the Powers who are bound by the Hague Conventions respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, whether that of July 29, 1899, or that of October 18, 1907, and who are parties to the present Convention, this last Convention shall be supplementary to Sections II and III of

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While non-state armed groups are automatically presumed to engage in NIACs, they also can cross into the threshold of an IAC. The 2020 ICRC commentary on the Third Geneva Convention requires two elements for this classification: "the group must in fact fight on behalf of that Party" and "that Party

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Charges may only be brought against an enemy POW after a fair trial, but the initial crime being accused must be an explicit violation of the accords, more severe than simply fighting against the captor in battle. No trial will otherwise be afforded to a captured soldier, as deemed by human rights

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has a specific meaning under these Conventions. A protecting power is a state that is not taking part in the armed conflict, but that has agreed to look after the interests of a state that is a party to the conflict. The protecting power is a mediator enabling the flow of communication between the

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On 20 October 1868 the first unsuccessful attempt to expand the 1864 treaty was undertaken. With the 'Additional Articles relating to the Condition of the Wounded in War' an attempt was initiated to clarify some rules of the 1864 convention and to extend them to maritime warfare. The Articles were

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Soldiers, as prisoners of war, will not receive a trial unless the allegation of a war crime has been made. According to article 43 of the 1949 Conventions, soldiers are employed for the purpose of serving in war; engaging in armed conflict is legitimate, and does not constitute a grave breach.

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The Second Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" replaced the Hague Convention (X) of 1907. It was the first Geneva Convention on the protection of the victims of maritime warfare and mimicked the structure and

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Article 49 of the 1949 Geneva Convention I, Article 50 of the 1949 Geneva Convention II, Article 129 of the 1949 Geneva Convention III and Article 146 of the 1949 Geneva Convention IV provide: The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective penal

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Should a soldier be arrested by belligerent forces, they are to be considered "lawful combatants" and afforded the protectorate status of a prisoner of war (POW) until the cessation of the conflict. Human rights law applies to any incarcerated individual, including the right to a fair trial.

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In 1906 thirty-five states attended a conference convened by the Swiss government. On 6 July 1906 it resulted in the adoption of the "Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field", which improved and supplemented, for the first time, the 1864

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With two Geneva Conventions revised and adopted, and the second and fourth added, in 1949 the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". Usually only the Geneva Conventions of 1949 are referred to as First, Second, Third or Fourth Geneva

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Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapon systems, such as military robots and cyber-weapons, are creating challenges in the creation, interpretation and application of the laws of armed conflict. The complexity of these new challenges, as well as the speed in which they are developed,

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it easy for states to avoid the obligations of the rule. As a consequence, Common Article 3 only concerns with humane treatment and does not deal with methods and means of hostilities, such as bombings committed by non-state armed groups or state forces against civilian targets in the

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The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Geneva Convention for the Relief of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field of July 27, 1929

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The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Convention concluded at Geneva on July 27, 1929, relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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doctrine are listed in Articles 37 through 39 of the Geneva Convention; the prohibition of fake insignia is listed at Article 39.2, but the law is silent on the complete absence of insignia. The status of POWs captured in this circumstance remains a question.

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The 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions had already contained some provisions on the protection of civilians and occupied territory. Article 154 specifically provides that the Fourth Geneva Convention is supplementary to these provisions in the Hague Conventions.

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The Conventions apply to all cases of armed conflict between two or more signatory nations. This language was added in 1949 to accommodate situations that have all the characteristics of war without the existence of a formal declaration of war, such as a

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parties to the conflict. The protecting power also monitors the implementation of these Conventions, such as by visiting the zone of conflict and prisoners of war. The protecting power must act as an advocate for prisoners, the wounded, and civilians.

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presidency.ucsb.edu: "Press Briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel Daniel Dell'Orto and Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence General Keith Alexander June 22,

4962: 1442:(2014–present) has been troublesome because some of the personnel who engaged in combat against the Ukrainians were not identified by insignia, although they did wear military-style fatigues. The types of comportment qualified as acts of 508:

era, leading many to believe that the 1949 Geneva Conventions were addressing a largely extinct reality: on the one hand, most armed conflicts had become internal, or civil wars, while on the other, most wars had become increasingly

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Some scholars hold that Common Article 3 deals with these situations, supplemented by Protocol II (1977). These set out minimum legal standards that must be followed for internal conflicts. International tribunals, particularly the

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Regarding Common Article 3, the ICRC in its 2016 commentary stated the provision includes not just a conflict between territorial government forces and NSAs or NSAs themselves, but also a foreign military intervention against a NSA

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if the territorial state consents to such intervention in its territory. Should the intervening country do so without the consent of the territorial state or in support of a NSA against that state, then Common Article 2 applies.

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There was considerable debate over whether the Geneva Convention should prohibit indiscriminate forms of warfare, such as aerial bombings, nuclear bombings and starvation, but no agreement was reached on those forms of violence.

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Whether the conflict is an IAC or a NIAC or both depends on the nature and circumstances of the situation. Since there is a general prohibition against the use of force between States (as is reflected within article 2(4) of the

513:. Modern armed conflicts were inflicting an increasingly higher toll on civilians, which brought the need to provide civilian persons and objects with tangible protections in time of combat, bringing a much needed update to the 473:

The First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" was the fourth update of the original 1864 convention and replaced the 1929 convention on the same subject

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signed but were only ratified by the Netherlands and the United States of America. The Netherlands later withdrew their ratification. The protection of the victims of maritime warfare would later be realized by the third

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In light of these developments, two Protocols were adopted in 1977 that extended the terms of the 1949 Conventions with additional protections. In 2005, a third brief Protocol was added establishing an additional

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Nations that are party to these treaties must enact and enforce legislation penalizing any of these crimes. Nations are also obligated to search for persons alleged to commit these crimes, or persons having

4927: 4824: 4937: 4217: 981:"... Common Article 3 continues the conventional practice (reflected in both the 'Lieber' and 'The Hague' provisions) of according humanitarian protections only to 'belligerents' who defer to the 844:

has explained that this language describes non-international armed conflict (NIAC) "where at least one Party is not a State." For example, it would apply to conflicts between state forces and

6305: 526: 2771:"Article 3 of Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field: Conflicts not of an international character. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 6225: 1427:, claimed the power, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, to determine that any person, including an American citizen, who is suspected of being a member, agent, or associate of 6623: 5371: 5183: 2840:"Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.: Commentary of 2020 - C. Paragraph 1: Scope of application of common Article 3 - Introduction" 1105:

must accept both the fighting role of the group and the fact that the fighting is done on its behalf." It further states that "here a Party to a conflict has overall control over the

3383: 1435:, or possibly any other terrorist organization, is an "enemy combatant" who can be detained in U.S. military custody until hostilities end, pursuant to the international law of war. 3633: 1571: 782:

The Geneva Conventions apply at times of war and armed conflict to governments who have ratified its terms. The details of applicability are spelled out in Common Articles 2 and 3.

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The Conventions apply to a signatory nation even if the opposing nation is not a signatory, but only if the opposing nation "accepts and applies the provisions" of the Conventions.

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treaties.un.org: "Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts (Protocol II)"

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treaties.un.org: "Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I)"

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judgement, the ICTY ruled that grave breaches apply not only to international conflicts, but also to internal armed conflict. Further, those provisions are considered

5731: 4677: 4332: 4257: 1354: 1267: 2770: 2712: 548:) is a series of four volumes of books published between 1952 and 1958 and containing commentaries to each of the four Geneva Conventions. The series was edited by 7092: 6250: 5396: 4856: 2629: 2607: 2585: 2563: 2541: 2519: 2472: 2197: 2171: 2145: 2119: 2036: 2014: 1992: 1043:

upon invitation by Syria, making Russia's participation subject only to Common Article 3 and therefore Protocol II (which Russia ratified on September 29, 1989).

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The Geneva Conventions are rules that apply only in times of armed conflict and seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in hostilities.

1885: 1791: 1176:. Grave breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions include the following acts if committed against a person specifically protected by the conventions: 446:. The "Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" was not to replace these earlier conventions signed at The Hague, rather it supplemented them. 7087: 6245: 6230: 5795: 5176: 3984: 855:

The other Geneva Conventions are not applicable in this situation but only the provisions contained within Article 3, and additionally within the language of

469:, a series of conferences were held in 1949 reaffirming, expanding and updating the prior Geneva and Hague Conventions. It yielded four distinct conventions: 4952: 4382: 4347: 4131: 3593: 1036: 848:(NSAs), or between two NSAs, or to other conflicts that have all the characteristics of war, whether carried out within the confines of one country or not. 5351: 5252: 4982: 4894: 4873: 4779: 4504: 4377: 4342: 2957: 2372: 103:(1939–1945), which updated the terms of the two 1929 treaties and added two new conventions. The Geneva Conventions extensively define the basic rights of 3069: 5925: 5356: 4461: 4421: 4357: 4352: 6958: 6520: 5293: 4466: 4362: 1302:

and they protect civilians caught up in the zone of war. These treaties came into play for all recent non-international armed conflicts, including the

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that has a fighting function and fights on the State's behalf, a relationship of belonging for the purposes of Article 4A(2) exists." For example, the

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The first convention dealt with the treatment of wounded and sick armed forces in the field. The second convention dealt with the sick, wounded, and

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in 1859. He was shocked by the lack of facilities, personnel, and medical aid available to help these soldiers. As a result, he published his book,

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Sumanatilake, P. Saliya (2023). "Non-cognisability of Rebels, Insurrectionists, Separatists or Terrorists under International Humanitarian Law".

699:"for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (first adopted in 1949, successor of the 481:

The Third Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" replaced the 1929 Geneva Convention that dealt with prisoners of war.

726: 722: 700: 420: 416: 6300: 4977: 4702: 4456: 4397: 4303: 4233: 2564:"Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2146:"Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 1054: 1689: 6546: 5366: 5298: 5121: 2428:

Bugnion, Francios (2000). "The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: From the 1949 Diplomatic Conference to the Dawn of the New Millennium".

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Although warfare has changed dramatically since the Geneva Conventions of 1949, they are still considered the cornerstone of contemporary

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armed conflicts are protected by the 1949 conventions. Those not listed as protected persons in such conflicts are instead protected by

6829: 6426: 6275: 6060: 6045: 5875: 5860: 5431: 5391: 4883: 4835: 4682: 4238: 4119: 3977: 3686: 1743: 1551: 1263: 149: 688:"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" (first adopted in 1864, revised in 1906, 6280: 6195: 6075: 6000: 5980: 5975: 5845: 5455: 5416: 5318: 4932: 4878: 4569: 3951: 739: 137: 2977: 7014: 6999: 6666: 6628: 6295: 6220: 6130: 6085: 6030: 5950: 5910: 5890: 5493: 4497: 2938: 2933: 2839: 2542:"Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2497: 2120:"Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 1597: 1556: 1463: 841: 553: 3772: 828:

When the criteria of international armed conflict have been met, the full protections of the Conventions are considered to apply.

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and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the

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during times of conflict. The fourth convention dealt with the treatment of civilians and their protection during wartime.

7039: 6859: 6574: 6155: 6145: 6010: 6005: 5935: 5421: 5323: 5247: 1638: 225: 3541: 3176:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 43 - Armed forces" 957:, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the "War on Terror", and that the 7064: 6569: 5855: 5272: 5064: 5032: 4490: 4471: 7034: 6788: 6451: 5870: 5672: 5196: 5141: 5042: 4539: 4207: 3821: 3736: 2520:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 2103: 2015:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 1581: 1566: 1303: 1082: 948: 514: 443: 145: 31: 2494:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906" 1993:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906" 1235:, and to bring them to trial regardless of their nationality and regardless of the place where the crimes took place. 1007:) with respect to Common Article 2, it is generally presumed that any use of such military force which is governed by 6772: 6383: 5677: 5426: 5376: 5224: 5200: 4868: 3840: 3083: 1849: 17: 3291: 1663: 3867: 3845: 3835: 3202:"Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four Challenges for The Geneva Conventions and Other Existing Law" 2251:, Opinion of the Court, U.S. Supreme Court, 548 U.S. ___ (2006), Slip Opinion, p. 68, available at supremecourt.gov 1311: 1065:

was established and recognized internationally, the conflict changed from an IAC to a NIAC, with NATO troops under

974: 970: 966: 35: 7125: 6953: 6762: 6584: 5702: 5631: 5621: 5361: 5277: 3830: 1546: 1074: 3815: 3659: 3559: 3175: 2731: 2473:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864" 2411: 1792:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864" 434:", was the third version to replace the original convention of 1864. The other was adopted after experiences in 7009: 6849: 6722: 6579: 6468: 6419: 6090: 6040: 5406: 5308: 5104: 5023:

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)

4928:

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

4915: 4743: 4687: 4018: 3526: 3061: 2746: 1607: 1467: 1292: 1008: 958: 657: 76: 3453: 2858: 1886:"Additional Articles relating to the Condition of the Wounded in War. Geneva, 20 October 1868 – State Parties" 821:

further clarifies that armed conflict against colonial domination and foreign occupation also qualifies as an

721:"relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War" (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 6737: 6541: 5726: 5442: 5082: 4559: 4039: 1384: 1004: 5161: 3124: 3087: 1907: 7202: 7130: 6876: 6757: 6180: 5790: 5636: 5257: 4707: 4692: 4521: 3993: 1162: 3780: 1722: 7266: 7044: 7004: 6717: 6589: 6378: 5626: 5058:

Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)

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armed conflict (IAC), where at least one of the warring nations has ratified the Conventions. Primarily:

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explicitly forbids the invocation of the Geneva Conventions "as a basis for a private right of action."

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between signatory nations. This is the original sense of applicability, which predates the 1949 version.

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The image before the weapon : a critical history of the distinction between combatant and civilian

3729:

Compassionate Superintelligence AI 5.0: AI with Blockchain, Bmi, Drone, Iot, and Biometric Technologies

3146: 2630:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2348: 2198:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 1062: 361: 3260: 1318:. The Geneva Conventions also protect those affected by non-international armed conflicts such as the 7176: 7145: 6747: 6643: 6564: 6412: 5381: 4738: 1342: 2685: 1774: 427:

convention. It remained in force until 1970 when Costa Rica acceded to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.

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on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)

3912: 3902: 2958:"The United States is at War with Syria (according to the ICRC's New Geneva Convention Commentary)" 1697: 1346: 1326: 1070: 947:

prisoners because the United States-al Qaeda conflict was "not of an international character." The

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Conforming Instrumentalists: Why the USA and the United Kingdom Joined the 1949 Geneva Conventions

2883:"The Gitmo Fallout: The fight over the Hamdan ruling heats up – as fears about its reach escalate" 2794:"Forum Isolation: Social Opprobrium and the Origins of the International Law of Internal Conflict" 961:

process used to try these suspects was in violation of U.S. and international law. In response to

7155: 6463: 6368: 5765: 5219: 5052: 4840: 4596: 4174: 3907: 3897: 1726: 1035:

because the U.S. intervened in Syrian territory without the former's consent. On the other hand,

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Despite the length of these documents, they were found over time to be incomplete. The nature of

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Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

4753: 4728: 4621: 3327:"A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya" 3233: 3201: 1239: 1232: 1181: 863:

that were not part of the treaties. When the provisions of this article apply, it states that:

432:

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field

7140: 7097: 7019: 6937: 6697: 6504: 6373: 5561: 5517: 5450: 4889: 1193: 1086: 1078: 209: 63: 39: 3702:"Amidst new challenges, Geneva Conventions mark 70 years of 'limiting brutality' during war" 3477:"Guantánamo Bay: A Reflection On The Legal Status And Rights Of 'Unlawful Enemy Combatants'" 1325:

The lines between combatants and civilians have blurred when the actors are not exclusively

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On February 7, 2002, President Bush adopted the view that Common Article 3 did not protect

751: 335: 322: 270: 84: 6732: 3420: 1871: 140:. The Geneva Conventions concern only protected non-combatants in war. The use of wartime 8: 7150: 6814: 6498: 5652: 5116: 4764: 4654: 4601: 4564: 3636:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. Archived from 2246: 2095: 1874:, film on the creation of the Red Cross, Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions 1439: 1243: 1219: 1168:

Not all violations of the treaty are treated equally. The most serious crimes are termed

1110: 374: 204: 141: 2608:"Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 2172:"Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949" 430:

The 1929 conference yielded two conventions that were signed on 27 July 1929. One, the "

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The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901–2001

1524: 1459: 1424: 1407: 1395: 1376: 1315: 1208: 953: 831: 799: 510: 387: 153: 112: 4973:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

3768:," European Journal of International Law, Volume 28, Issue 2, May 2017, Pages 483–511. 3515: 213:, in 1862, on the horrors of war. His wartime experiences inspired Dunant to propose: 7227: 7054: 6902: 6661: 5566: 5346: 4549: 4184: 3962: 3732: 3567: 3498: 3428: 3241: 3221: 3125:"How "grave breaches" are defined in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols" 3035: 2825: 2813: 2457: 2407: 2326: 2227: 2099: 2083: 2062: 1971: 1946: 1845: 1389: 1098: 735: 649: 408: 180: 133: 128: 88: 4968:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

3217: 3107: 1157: 568: 7059: 6912: 6446: 6435: 5780: 5229: 5078:

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities

4667: 4616: 3618: 3594:"The Russian Soldier Captured in Crimea May Not Be Russian, a Soldier, or Captured" 3488: 3341: 3266: 3213: 3015: 2805: 2437: 2387: 2306: 2271: 2091: 1814: 1643: 1562:

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

1420: 1372: 1371:

Controversy has arisen over the US designation of irregular opponents as "unlawful

1319: 1139: 1040: 871:, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed 642: 462: 439: 348: 218: 157: 100: 4938:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

1200:

Also considered grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention are the following:

785: 7102: 6917: 6907: 6458: 5022: 4733: 4534: 3765: 3545: 3522: 3092: 2911:(Kindle ed.). Atlanta (Georgia), U.S.A.: Self Published via Amazon's K.D.P. 1839: 1510: 1090: 860: 845: 837: 767:(1977) relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts 641:

members of armed forces at sea. The third convention dealt with the treatment of

522: 407:

For both of these accomplishments, Henry Dunant became co recipient of the first

189: 161: 104: 7241: 3810: 2586:"Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 2037:"Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929" 1532: 99:

colloquially denotes the agreements of 1949, negotiated in the aftermath of the

7212: 7186: 7029: 6932: 6727: 5755: 5341: 3701: 3537: 1470:

use the Geneva Convention as a primary text investigating torture and warfare.

1412: 1297: 913: 874: 560:

are often relied upon to provide authoritative interpretation of the articles.

172: 2809: 51: 7260: 5191: 4825:

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

4482: 3660:"Advanced Seminar in International Humanitarian Law for University Lecturers" 3571: 3502: 3432: 3225: 2817: 2747:"How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law?" 1416: 1401: 1189:

compelling a protected person to serve in the armed forces of a hostile power

1118: 1094: 1032: 909:

outrages upon dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; and

807: 761:(1977) relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 123: 3265:. DoD GEN35 B. American Forces Information Service, Dept. of Defense. 1987. 2441: 7246: 7181: 7171: 7082: 6927: 6793: 6493: 5595: 5551: 5540: 5193: 4574: 4014: 3938: 3262:

Prisoner of war : rights & obligations under the Geneva Convention

1592: 1587: 1538: 1449: 1334: 1330: 1251: 937: 933: 859:. The rationale for the limitation is to avoid conflict with the rights of 770: 454: 296: 200: 3346: 790:

This article states that the Geneva Conventions apply to all the cases of

489: 6897: 6742: 6327: 5600: 5590: 4446: 3933: 3065: 2962: 1617: 1612: 1360: 1215: 1122: 868: 856: 764: 661: 549: 494: 453:

Inspired by the wave of humanitarian and pacifistic enthusiasm following

435: 257: 196: 3326: 2210:

the Regulations annexed to the above-mentioned Conventions of The Hague.

1504: 5499:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

3928: 3088:"Aggression from North Vietnam -- U.S. State Department, Feb. 27, 1965" 3027: 2449: 2399: 2318: 2283: 1496: 1255: 892: 818: 758: 458: 3516:

JK Elsea: "Presidential Authority to Detain 'Enemy Combatants'" (2002)

6922: 6892: 6871: 6352: 4643: 4179: 3852: 3811:

Texts and commentaries of 1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols

3663: 2909:

Addressing Some Contentious Issues In Criminal Justice Administration

2373:"The Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" 1333:, an HCP often is faced with a non-state actor, as argued by General 1247: 1207:

extensive destruction and appropriation of property not justified by

1186:

willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health

1173: 1114: 969:, which President Bush signed into law on October 17, 2006. Like the 920: 917: 638: 233: 185: 122:

The Geneva Conventions define the rights and protections afforded to

3019: 2391: 2310: 2275: 1794:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC 1490: 832:

Common Article 3 relating to non-international armed conflict (NIAC)

6404: 5785: 4943:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

4611: 4169: 3805: 3493: 3476: 1690:"State Parties / Signatories: Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" 1628: 1428: 1357:(ICTY), have clarified international law in this area. In the 1999 1307: 944: 836:

This article states that the certain minimum rules of war apply to

773:(2005) relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem 505: 108: 3816:

The Geneva Conventions: the core of international humanitarian law

2262:

Sperry, C. (1906). "The Revision of the Geneva Convention, 1906".

2084:"Indiscriminate Warfare: Bombing, Nuclear Weapons, and Starvation" 1077:

with its consent in battling Taliban insurgents. In contrast, the

710:"relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" (first adopted in 6342: 6337: 1572:

Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights

1443: 1432: 1273: 1106: 1058: 951:

invalidated the Bush Administration view of Common Article 3, in

903: 896: 734:

Convention. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in whole or with

283: 4213:

Presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties

1603:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

891:

violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds,

132:. The treaties of 1949 were ratified, in their entirety or with 6638: 6322: 5509: 5411: 5386: 5372:

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)

5263:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

4628: 2732:"The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols" 1380: 786:

Common Article 2 relating to international armed conflict (IAC)

237: 80: 4988:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

4851:

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women

660:

and general treaties concerning the legal status of aliens in

115:; establish protections for the wounded and sick; and provide 6854: 6819: 6752: 5387:

UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

4807: 4452:

American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the ICC

3362:"Sixty years of the Geneva Conventions and the decades ahead" 3147:"Practice Relating to Rule 157. Jurisdiction over War Crimes" 3082: 1744:"United Nations Treaty Collection | Chapter IV: Human Rights" 1349:, as well as most military engagements of the US since 2000. 1125:, therefore Common Article 2 solely applied to the conflict. 1028: 880: 750:

The 1949 conventions have been modified with three amendment

309: 2978:"Non-international armed conflicts in Syria: Classification" 2297:

Yingling, Raymund (1952). "The Geneva Conventions of 1949".

1723:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons" 6983: 6533: 6332: 5357:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)

5352:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

3456:. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 2912: 1259: 1242:

also applies to the enforcement of grave breaches when the

1051:

invasion of Afghanistan from October 7 to December 17, 2001

1047: 923:

which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

533:

emblems, for those countries that find them objectionable.

176:

The progression of the Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949

4794: 3662:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from 3621:. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 6 August 2014. 1696:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from 1180:

willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment, including

228:

of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone

160:

in international armed conflicts is addressed by the 1925

4678:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2264:

Proceedings of the American Political Science Association

1355:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

1268:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

501: 92: 4857:

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women

3127:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 27 June 2024 2686:"Article 3--Conflicts Not of an International Character" 1011:(IHL) is attributable to deliberate belligerent intent. 4713:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

3781:

Preparing for War: The Making of the Geneva Conventions

3720: 2881:

Michael Isikoff and Stuart Taylor Jr. (July 17, 2006),

1970:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22 and 322. 1097:, who "invited" Soviet troops to intervene against the 3992: 3755:

Matthew Evangelista and Nina Tannenwald (eds.). 2017.

3384:"Meisels, T: "COMBATANTS – LAWFUL AND UNLAWFUL" (2007 3200:

III, John B. Bellinger; Padmanabhan, Vijay M. (2011).

1053:

was initially an IAC because it waged war against the

926:

The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.

5397:

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

4953:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

4869:

Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity

3475:

Sliedregt, Elies van; Gill, Terry D. (19 July 2005).

1458:

Educational institutions and organizations including

5253:

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

5048:

Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

4983:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4874:

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

3454:"The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic – Case No. IT-94-1-A" 3062:"The United Nations and the Third Geneva Convention" 2859:"Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees" 1486: 1270:

to investigate and/or prosecute alleged violations.

852:

of organization, like a military command structure.

542:

The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Commentary

232:

The former proposal led to the establishment of the

2090:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 197–252, 2061:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–25. 55:A facsimile of the signature-and-seals page of the 6521:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 6306:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985) 5102: 4668:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 3419:Clark, Wesley K.; Raustiala, Kal (8 August 2007). 6394:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 5427:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) 3059: 1438:The application of the Geneva Conventions in the 1025:American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war 997: 7258: 7223:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic 5314:European Committee for the Prevention of Torture 5147:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 4698:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 4673:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3731:. Compassionate AI Lab, Inner Light Publishers. 2955: 2350:Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary 1945:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 322. 1905: 1081:was an IAC because the Soviet Union invaded the 438:had shown the deficiencies in the protection of 5494:International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 5294:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 4863:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3634:"International Law, Torture and Accountability" 1337:in 2007. Examples of such conflict include the 4978:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 4512: 3693: 3418: 3199: 2059:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 1968:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 1943:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 1295:. They protect combatants who find themselves 1274:Right to a fair trial when no crime is alleged 1192:willfully depriving a protected person of the 6420: 5525: 5177: 5122:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 4780: 4498: 3978: 3868: 3474: 1819:. London: Longmans, Green and co. p. 707 1117:was under effective control and direction by 44:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 7218:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks 5132:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 5018:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 2906: 1577:German Prisoners of War in the United States 872: 672:In international law and diplomacy the term 572:Parties to Geneva Conventions and Protocols 119:for the civilians in and around a war-zone. 5432:UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) 5127:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 4948:Convention on the Political Rights of Women 2999:"Which Law Applies to the Afghan Conflict?" 2247:For example by the U.S. Supreme Court, see 1936: 1934: 1932: 1447: 67:The original document in single pages, 1864 6830:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation 6427: 6413: 5532: 5518: 5299:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 5184: 5170: 4884:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 4836:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 4787: 4773: 4683:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 4505: 4491: 4132:Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution 4120:Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act 4030:Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences 3985: 3971: 3875: 3861: 3421:"Opinion | Why Terrorists Aren't Soldiers" 3364:. International Committee of the Red Cross 3294:. International Committee of the Red Cross 2773:. International Committee of the Red Cross 2713:"2016 Commentary on the Geneva Convention" 2353:. International Committee of the Red Cross 1552:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 1264:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 478:provisions of the First Geneva Convention. 150:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 5367:UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 5319:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 4809:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions 4703:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 3699: 3558:Gonzales, Alberto R. (30 November 2001). 3531: 3492: 3345: 3206:The American Journal of International Law 2380:The American Journal of International Law 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2299:The American Journal of International Law 1912:1899/00, nr. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting)" 1093:from power, then installed puppet leader 840:"not of an international character." The 493:The third protocol emblem, also known as 203:went to visit wounded soldiers after the 5038:Convention for the Prevention of Torture 4114:American Service-Members' Protection Act 3801:The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 3557: 3151:International Committee of the Red Cross 2951: 2949: 2939:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2791: 2498:International Committee of the Red Cross 2296: 2081: 1929: 1812: 1598:International Committee of the Red Cross 1557:Customary international humanitarian law 1464:International Committee of the Red Cross 1156: 842:International Committee of the Red Cross 648:Individuals who fulfill the criteria of 599: Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III 567: 554:International Committee of the Red Cross 488: 179: 171: 62: 50: 6226:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5402:Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) 5392:Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 5377:International Labour Organization (ILO) 3684: 3324: 3119: 3117: 2427: 1717: 1715: 1211:and carried out unlawfully and wantonly 1067:International Security Assistance Force 59:, which established humane rules of war 14: 7259: 6318:List of human rights abuses by country 5806:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017) 5771:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 5417:UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 4846:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 4796:International human rights instruments 4025:Agreement on Privileges and Immunities 3882: 3700:Peace and, Security (13 August 2019). 2996: 2983:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 2346: 2333: 2261: 1837: 1772: 1738: 1736: 1634:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 798:The Conventions apply to all cases of 529:, as an alternative to the ubiquitous 504:had changed with the beginning of the 6408: 6389:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5513: 5362:Organisation of American States (OAS) 5165: 5101: 5004: 4958:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4913: 4912: 4895:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 4830:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4806: 4768: 4486: 4126:International Criminal Court Act 2001 3966: 3856: 3591: 3334:European Journal of International Law 3255: 3253: 3251: 3072:from the original on 1 November 2020. 3060:Keiichiro Okimoto (26 October 2020). 3007:American Journal of International Law 2946: 2934:"Categorization of an armed conflict" 2919: 2056: 1965: 1940: 1754:from the original on 28 November 2023 1682: 1258:to apply universal jurisdiction. The 1037:Russia intervened in Syrian territory 867:Persons taking no active part in the 6860:The State of the Humanitarian System 6434: 5324:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 5248:Committee on the Rights of the Child 3585: 3114: 2844:International Humanitarian Datebases 2744: 2729: 2710: 2221: 1844:. US: Science History Publications. 1712: 1639:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 1584:– traditional rules on fighting wars 1312:the invasion of Chechnya (1994–2017) 1172:and provide a legal definition of a 1133: 581: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III 375:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 224:A government treaty recognizing the 5230:Truth and reconciliation commission 5065:American Convention on Human Rights 4472:World Day for International Justice 3726: 1733: 1664:"The 1864 Geneva Convention - ICRC" 1262:did this when they established the 589: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II 24: 7110:The State of the World's Cash 2020 7035:Central African Republic Civil War 5816:during the Libyan civil war (2011) 5678:National human rights institutions 5673:List of human rights organisations 5043:European Convention on Nationality 3994:International Criminal Court (ICC) 3749: 3631: 3248: 3049:Third Geneva Convention, Article 4 2096:10.1093/oso/9780198868071.003.0006 1906:Dutch Government (20 April 1900). 1781:English version, full text online. 1582:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 1567:Geneva Conference (disambiguation) 1083:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 949:Supreme Court of the United States 617: Parties to GC I–IV and P III 552:who was the vice-president of the 515:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 444:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 146:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 126:who fulfill the criteria of being 25: 7283: 6773:Koyamada International Foundation 5033:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 3788: 3758:Do the Geneva Conventions Matter? 3312:See U.S. Supreme Court decision, 3084:United States Department of State 2997:W., Reisman; Silk, James (1988). 2956:Adil Ahmad Haque (8 April 2016). 1473: 1152: 625: Parties to GC I–IV and no P 7240: 5801:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp 5539: 5005: 4338:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4153: 3794: 3560:"Martial Justice, Full and Fair" 2856: 2627: 2605: 2583: 2561: 2539: 2517: 2470: 2195: 2169: 2143: 2117: 2034: 2012: 1990: 1883: 1531: 1517: 1503: 1489: 975:Military Commissions Act of 2009 971:Military Commissions Act of 2006 967:Military Commissions Act of 2006 607: Parties to GC I–IV and P I 393: 380: 367: 354: 341: 328: 315: 302: 289: 276: 263: 250: 36:Geneva Protocol (disambiguation) 7126:Attacks on humanitarian workers 6585:Inter-Agency Standing Committee 5926:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet 5632:Natural rights and legal rights 5622:Claim rights and liberty rights 5422:UN Development Programme (UNDP) 5382:World Health Organization (WHO) 3687:"Responding to terror explored" 3685:McManus, Shani (13 July 2015). 3678: 3652: 3625: 3611: 3551: 3509: 3468: 3446: 3412: 3376: 3354: 3318: 3306: 3284: 3234:10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.2.0201 3218:10.5305/amerjintelaw.105.2.0201 3193: 3168: 3139: 3100: 3076: 3053: 3042: 2990: 2970: 2900: 2891: 2875: 2850: 2832: 2785: 2763: 2738: 2723: 2704: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2643: 2621: 2599: 2577: 2555: 2533: 2511: 2486: 2464: 2421: 2365: 2290: 2255: 2240: 2215: 2189: 2163: 2137: 2111: 2075: 2050: 2028: 2006: 1984: 1959: 1899: 1877: 1773:Dunant, Henry (December 2015). 1547:Attacks on humanitarian workers 1244:United Nations Security Council 1109:, volunteer corps or organized 1075:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 536: 77:international humanitarian laws 7141:Health Care In Danger Campaign 7040:Western African Ebola outbreak 6723:International Rescue Committee 6580:Humanitarian-Development Nexus 6469:International humanitarian law 5796:against Palestinians by Israel 5309:European Court of Human Rights 5105:International humanitarian law 4744:International humanitarian law 4688:Special Court for Sierra Leone 3527:Congressional Research Service 3292:"The Geneva Conventions Today" 2226:. Basel: Helbing Lichtenhahn. 1865: 1831: 1806: 1784: 1766: 1694:International Humanitarian Law 1656: 1608:International humanitarian law 1468:Rohr Jewish Learning Institute 1293:international humanitarian law 1128: 1055:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1009:international humanitarian law 998:IAC and/or NIAC classification 959:Guantanamo military commission 777: 667: 658:international human rights law 217:A permanent relief agency for 91:for humanitarian treatment in 13: 1: 7088:Sexual exploitation and abuse 6964:German Federal Foreign Office 6542:History of the United Nations 5073:to Prevent and Punish Torture 4040:Charter of the United Nations 3689:. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. 3592:Faith, Ryan (10 March 2014). 1816:International Law: A Treatise 1649: 1415:, aided by Attorneys-General 1385:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 1329:(HCP). Since the fall of the 1073:(RSM) auspices assisting the 89:international legal standards 27:International treaties of war 7272:Treaties concluded in Geneva 7203:2015 European migrant crisis 7131:Aid Worker Security Database 7005:Great Indian Famine of 1870s 6877:Global Humanitarian Overview 5637:Negative and positive rights 5258:International Criminal Court 4708:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 4693:International Criminal Court 3822:Rules of war (in a nutshell) 1233:ordered them to be committed 1163:International Criminal Court 745: 457:and the outrage towards the 7: 6718:International Medical Corps 6590:Humanitarian Cluster System 6379:List of human rights awards 6251:in the United Arab Emirates 5627:Individual and group rights 5412:UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) 4749:International speech crimes 4530:Customary international law 3804:public domain audiobook at 3775:" Cornell University Press. 2792:Mantilla, Giovanni (2018). 1482: 1366:customary international law 678:an international agreement, 563: 290: 10: 7288: 7208:Detention Centres in Libya 7093:Core Humanitarian Standard 6825:Network for Refugee Voices 6799:Global Refugee-Led Network 6301:of the Marcos dictatorship 5407:UN Population Fund (UNFPA) 5069:Inter-American Convention 4933:Convention against Torture 4570:Convention Against Torture 4514:International criminal law 4462:European Union and the ICC 3784:. Oxford University Press. 2798:International Organization 1196:if accused of a war crime. 1137: 531:Red Cross and Red Crescent 525:for medical services, the 362:Kingdom of the Netherlands 167: 29: 7236: 7195: 7177:International development 7164: 7146:Kunduz hospital airstrike 7118: 7073: 6992: 6946: 6885: 6842: 6807: 6781: 6748:Norwegian Refugee Council 6690: 6652: 6611: 6602: 6565:World Humanitarian Summit 6555: 6531: 6484: 6477: 6442: 6361: 6246:in the State of Palestine 6231:in the Dominican Republic 5811:during the Gaddafi regime 5748: 5693: 5686: 5665: 5645: 5614: 5586: 5575: 5547: 5479: 5440: 5332: 5286: 5268:UN Human Rights Committee 5238: 5225:Human rights institutions 5207: 5112: 5097: 5013: 5000: 4923: 4908: 4815: 4802: 4739:Joint criminal enterprise 4721: 4652: 4583: 4520: 4467:United States and the ICC 4439: 4414: 4396: 4323: 4316: 4226: 4200: 4193: 4162: 4151: 4106: 4071: 4055: 4048: 4007: 4000: 3947: 3921: 3890: 3727:Ray, Amit (4 July 2018). 3325:Abresch, William (2005). 2810:10.1017/S0020818318000097 1813:Roxburgh, Ronald (1920). 1286: 714:, last revision in 1949); 7050:South Sudanese Civil War 7025:2011 East Africa drought 6738:Médecins Sans Frontières 6703:Catholic Relief Services 5480:ICRC – organization with 5304:African Court of Justice 4659:(in order of foundation) 3913:Fourth Geneva Convention 3903:Second Geneva Convention 3761:Oxford University Press. 3521:23 November 2021 at the 3271:2027/uiug.30112000632791 2057:Fleck, Dietrich (2013). 1966:Fleck, Dietrich (2013). 1941:Fleck, Dietrich (2013). 1347:Colombian Armed Conflict 1327:High Contracting Parties 1089:Afghan communist leader 1071:Resolute Support Mission 1027:became both an IAC with 719:Fourth Geneva Convention 697:Second Geneva Convention 421:Hague Convention of 1907 417:Hague Convention of 1899 240:. The latter led to the 30:Not to be confused with 7156:Dolo hospital airstrike 7000:Chinese Famine of 1870s 6547:1951 Refugee Convention 6464:Humanitarian principles 6369:History of human rights 5776:Enforced disappearances 5766:Crimes against humanity 5273:UN Human Rights Council 5220:Human rights commission 4841:Declaration of Montreal 4597:Crimes against humanity 4175:Crimes against humanity 3908:Third Geneva Convention 3898:First Geneva Convention 3280:– via HathiTrust. 2442:10.1111/1468-2346.00118 2082:van Dijk, Boyd (2022), 1727:Doctors Without Borders 983:laws and customs of war 708:Third Geneva Convention 686:First Geneva Convention 7136:World Humanitarian Day 7010:Ethiopian famine 1980s 6843:Analysis and reporting 6713:Danish Refugee Council 6691:International agencies 6313:Incitement to genocide 5606:Universal jurisdiction 4754:Universal jurisdiction 4729:Command responsibility 4622:Incitement to genocide 4560:United Nations Charter 4208:List of states parties 3778:Boyd van Dijk (2022). 3619:"Training vs. Torture" 3544:18 August 2018 at the 3180:ihl-databases.icrc.org 1838:Abrams, Irwin (2001). 1448: 1240:universal jurisdiction 1182:biological experiments 1165: 1005:United Nations Charter 995: 965:, Congress passed the 929: 895:, cruel treatment and 873: 631: 497: 401:Kingdom of Württemberg 242:1864 Geneva Convention 192: 177: 68: 60: 57:1864 Geneva Convention 7098:Sphere (organization) 7020:2010 Haiti earthquake 6938:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe 6698:Action Against Hunger 6672:The Federation (IFRC) 6505:A Memory of Solferino 6374:List of global issues 5451:Amnesty International 4890:Yogyakarta Principles 4457:Coalition for the ICC 4139:Völkerstrafgesetzbuch 3548:, consulted July 2014 2730:ICRC (8 March 2016). 2675:, consulted July 2014 2663:, consulted July 2014 2430:International Affairs 2347:Pictet, Jean (1958). 2222:Kolb, Robert (2009). 1776:A Memory of Solferino 1379:), especially in the 1194:right to a fair trial 1160: 1063:Karzai administration 979: 865: 571: 492: 210:A Memory of Solferino 183: 175: 83:and three additional 66: 54: 40:Geneva Accords (1988) 6867:The New Humanitarian 6256:in the United States 6031:in Jammu and Kashmir 5577:Fundamental concepts 5482:special status based 4820:Brazilian Resolution 4655:International courts 4555:Nuremberg principles 4447:Legal Tools Database 4185:Crimes of aggression 3764:Giovanni Mantilla, " 2417:on 24 February 2021. 2386:(4): 119–177. 1953. 1872:The story of an idea 1624:Nuremberg Principles 1339:Sri Lankan Civil War 1031:and a NIAC with the 973:, its successor the 336:Grand Duchy of Hesse 271:Grand Duchy of Baden 144:is addressed by the 142:conventional weapons 95:. The singular term 7151:Airstrikes on Yemen 6499:Battle of Solferino 6241:in the Soviet Union 6141:in Papua New Guinea 5791:Human rights abuses 5749:Human rights abuses 5653:Corporal punishment 5278:UN Security Council 5117:Genocide Convention 4602:Crime of aggression 4565:Genocide Convention 3706:United Nations News 3347:10.1093/ejil/chi139 2897:10 U.S.C. § 948a(e) 1440:Russo-Ukrainian War 1383:judgments over the 1111:resistance movement 1061:rule. Once the new 258:Swiss Confederation 205:Battle of Solferino 79:consisting of four 7267:Geneva Conventions 6947:Donors and funding 6682:Protective Emblems 6677:National Societies 6654:Red Cross Movement 6516:Geneva Conventions 6511:Red Cross Movement 6485:1850s, Creation of 6236:in the Philippines 5761:Crime of apartheid 5486:Geneva Conventions 5471:Human Rights First 5461:Human Rights Watch 5215:Human rights group 5137:Geneva Conventions 4607:Crime of apartheid 4545:Geneva Conventions 4170:Crimes of genocide 4035:Geneva Conventions 3884:Geneva Conventions 3564:The New York Times 3481:Utrecht Law Review 3425:The New York Times 3386:Law and Philosophy 3314:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 2249:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1750:. United Nations. 1700:on 17 January 2013 1525:Switzerland portal 1460:Harvard University 1425:Keith B. Alexander 1408:Boumediene v. Bush 1396:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1377:unlawful combatant 1343:Sudanese Civil War 1316:Russo-Georgian War 1304:War in Afghanistan 1209:military necessity 1204:taking of hostages 1166: 954:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 692:and finally 1949); 632: 498: 388:Kingdom of Prussia 297:Kingdom of Denmark 284:Kingdom of Belgium 193: 178: 113:military personnel 73:Geneva Conventions 69: 61: 7254: 7253: 7228:Aid effectiveness 7119:Aid worker safety 7055:Rohingya genocide 6993:Major emergencies 6903:Christos Christou 6838: 6837: 6763:Save the Children 6733:Médecins du Monde 6662:Seville Agreement 6598: 6597: 6452:in conflict zones 6402: 6401: 6384:Three generations 5744: 5743: 5661: 5660: 5507: 5506: 5347:Council of Europe 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5142:Hague Conventions 5093: 5092: 4996: 4995: 4916:International law 4904: 4903: 4762: 4761: 4588:international law 4550:Nuremberg Charter 4540:Hague Conventions 4480: 4479: 4435: 4434: 4312: 4311: 4218:Review Conference 4149: 4148: 4102: 4101: 3960: 3959: 3841:GCIII: Commentary 3771:Helen Kinsella, " 2233:978-2-8027-2848-1 2088:Preparing for War 2068:978-0-19-872928-0 1977:978-0-19-872928-0 1952:978-0-19-872928-0 1620:General Order 100 1390:Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 1238:The principle of 1134:Protecting powers 1099:Afghan mujahideen 1079:Soviet–Afghan War 1023:For example, the 725:(II) of 1899 and 650:protected persons 630: 629: 461:disclosed by the 409:Nobel Peace Prize 129:protected persons 105:wartime prisoners 97:Geneva Convention 32:Geneva Conference 18:Geneva Convention 16:(Redirected from 7279: 7247:World portal 7245: 7244: 7196:Related articles 7065:Yemeni Civil War 7060:Syrian civil war 6913:Martin Griffiths 6609: 6608: 6482: 6481: 6447:Humanitarian aid 6436:Humanitarian aid 6429: 6422: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6156:in Punjab, India 5781:Forced migration 5691: 5690: 5584: 5583: 5579:and philosophies 5534: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5099: 5098: 5002: 5001: 4910: 4909: 4879:Paris Principles 4804: 4803: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4722:Related concepts 4660: 4617:Genocidal intent 4507: 4500: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4321: 4320: 4198: 4197: 4157: 4128:(United Kingdom) 4072:Security Council 4056:General Assembly 4053: 4052: 4005: 4004: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3846:GCIV: Commentary 3836:GCII: Commentary 3798: 3797: 3743: 3742: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3708:. United Nations 3697: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3555: 3549: 3535: 3529: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3393:. Archived from 3392: 3388:, v26 pp.31–65)" 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3331: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3257: 3246: 3245: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3110:. Alpha History. 3104: 3098: 3097: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2916: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2410:. Archived from 2377: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2344: 2331: 2330: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2259: 2253: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1938: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1670:. 18 August 2013 1660: 1644:Targeted killing 1541: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1453: 1421:Alberto Gonzales 1373:enemy combatants 1320:Syrian civil war 1146:protecting power 1140:Protecting power 1041:Free Syrian Army 878: 861:Sovereign States 846:non-state actors 740:by 196 countries 727:Hague Convention 723:Hague Convention 701:Hague Convention 643:prisoners of war 624: 616: 606: 598: 588: 580: 574: 573: 546:The Commentaries 440:prisoners of war 399: 397: 396: 386: 384: 383: 373: 371: 370: 360: 358: 357: 349:Kingdom of Italy 347: 345: 344: 334: 332: 331: 321: 319: 318: 310:Kingdom of Spain 308: 306: 305: 295: 293: 292: 282: 280: 279: 269: 267: 266: 256: 254: 253: 219:humanitarian aid 188:poster from the 158:chemical warfare 138:by 196 countries 101:Second World War 21: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7239: 7232: 7191: 7160: 7114: 7103:Sphere Handbook 7075: 7069: 6988: 6942: 6918:Jemilah Mahmood 6908:Winnie Byanyima 6881: 6834: 6803: 6777: 6686: 6648: 6604: 6594: 6558:reform attempts 6557: 6551: 6527: 6486: 6473: 6459:Humanitarianism 6438: 6433: 6403: 6398: 6357: 6186:in South Africa 6176:in Sierra Leone 6171:in Saudi Arabia 5901:in Burkina Faso 5856:in Azad Kashmir 5740: 5682: 5657: 5641: 5610: 5580: 5578: 5571: 5562:Intersex people 5543: 5538: 5508: 5503: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5436: 5334: 5328: 5287:Regional bodies 5282: 5240: 5234: 5203: 5190: 5160: 5151: 5108: 5089: 5009: 4992: 4919: 4900: 4811: 4798: 4793: 4763: 4758: 4734:Superior orders 4717: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4648: 4590: 4587: 4579: 4535:Peremptory norm 4516: 4511: 4481: 4476: 4431: 4410: 4392: 4308: 4222: 4189: 4158: 4145: 4116:(United States) 4098: 4067: 4044: 3996: 3991: 3961: 3956: 3952:List of parties 3943: 3917: 3886: 3881: 3831:GCI: Commentary 3795: 3791: 3752: 3750:Further reading 3747: 3746: 3739: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3698: 3694: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3666:on 15 July 2015 3658: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3640:on 4 March 2016 3630: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3556: 3552: 3546:Wayback Machine 3536: 3532: 3523:Wayback Machine 3514: 3510: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3400:on 8 March 2021 3397: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3259: 3258: 3249: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3155: 3153: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3108:"THE VIET CONG" 3106: 3105: 3101: 3093:Digital history 3081: 3077: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3020:10.2307/2202961 3001: 2995: 2991: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2954: 2947: 2932: 2931: 2920: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2728: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2392:10.2307/2213912 2375: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2345: 2334: 2311:10.2307/2194498 2295: 2291: 2276:10.2307/3038537 2260: 2256: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2220: 2216: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2150: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1939: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910:Kamerstukken II 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1748:treaties.un.org 1742: 1741: 1734: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511:Politics portal 1509: 1502: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1476: 1289: 1276: 1155: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1091:Hafizullah Amin 1000: 912:the passing of 838:armed conflicts 834: 788: 780: 748: 670: 626: 622: 618: 614: 608: 604: 600: 596: 590: 586: 582: 578: 566: 539: 523:protective sign 502:armed conflicts 495:the Red Crystal 405: 394: 392: 381: 379: 368: 366: 355: 353: 342: 340: 329: 327: 316: 314: 303: 301: 288: 277: 275: 264: 262: 251: 249: 221:in times of war 190:First World War 170: 162:Geneva Protocol 87:that establish 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7285: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7252: 7251: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7213:Crisis mapping 7210: 7205: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7187:Neocolonialism 7184: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7165:Related fields 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7030:Typhoon Haiyan 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6933:James Orbinski 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6886:Notable people 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6808:Local agencies 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758:Guardian Girls 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6728:Islamic Relief 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6206:in Switzerland 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:in South Korea 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6126:in North Korea 6123: 6118: 6116:in New Zealand 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:in Kyrgyzstan‎ 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:in El Salvador 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:in Balochistan 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:in Afghanistan 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Atrocity crime 5752: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5342:European Union 5338: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5192:International 5189: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5053:Social Charter 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5014: 5011: 5010: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4586:Crimes against 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4317:Investigations 4314: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4201:States parties 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4050: 4049:UN resolutions 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4011: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827:Commentaries: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3790: 3789:External links 3787: 3786: 3785: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3738:978-9382123446 3737: 3719: 3692: 3677: 3651: 3632:Khouri, Rami. 3624: 3610: 3584: 3550: 3530: 3508: 3494:10.18352/ulr.2 3467: 3445: 3411: 3375: 3353: 3340:(4): 741–767. 3317: 3305: 3283: 3247: 3212:(2): 201–243. 3192: 3167: 3138: 3113: 3099: 3075: 3052: 3041: 3014:(3): 485-486. 2989: 2969: 2945: 2918: 2899: 2890: 2874: 2857:Bush, George. 2849: 2831: 2804:(2): 317–349. 2784: 2762: 2737: 2722: 2719:. p. 393. 2703: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2642: 2620: 2598: 2576: 2554: 2532: 2510: 2485: 2463: 2420: 2364: 2332: 2305:(3): 393–427. 2289: 2254: 2239: 2232: 2214: 2188: 2162: 2136: 2110: 2105:978-0198868071 2104: 2074: 2067: 2049: 2027: 2005: 1983: 1976: 1958: 1951: 1928: 1898: 1876: 1864: 1850: 1830: 1805: 1783: 1765: 1732: 1711: 1681: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474:New challenges 1472: 1413:George W. Bush 1387:brig facility 1359:Prosecutor v. 1298:hors de combat 1288: 1285: 1275: 1272: 1228: 1227: 1212: 1205: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1170:grave breaches 1154: 1153:Grave breaches 1151: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 999: 996: 928: 927: 924: 910: 907: 900: 875:hors de combat 833: 830: 815: 814: 811: 803: 787: 784: 779: 776: 775: 774: 768: 762: 747: 744: 731: 730: 715: 704: 693: 669: 666: 628: 627: 621: 619: 613: 610: 609: 603: 601: 595: 592: 591: 585: 583: 577: 565: 562: 538: 535: 487: 486: 482: 479: 475: 419:and the tenth 404: 403: 390: 377: 364: 351: 338: 325: 312: 299: 286: 273: 260: 246: 230: 229: 222: 169: 166: 124:non-combatants 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7284: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7108: 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6659: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605:organizations 6601: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570:Grand Bargain 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487:the Red Cross 6483: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:in Uzbekistan 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166:in the Russia 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6046:in Kazakhstan 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876:in Bangladesh 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:in Azerbaijan 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:South America 5725: 5723: 5721: 5720:North America 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666:Organizations 5664: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Emergency NGO 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333:Multi-lateral 5331: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239:International 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197:organisations 5195: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Slave trading 4632: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Darfur, Sudan 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008:International 4006: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3293: 3287: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2772: 2766: 2748: 2745:ICRC (2008). 2741: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2711:ICRC (2016). 2707: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2646: 2631: 2624: 2609: 2602: 2587: 2580: 2565: 2558: 2543: 2536: 2521: 2514: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2147: 2140: 2133: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2038: 2031: 2016: 2009: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1913: 1911: 1902: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1853: 1851:9780881353884 1847: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1818: 1817: 1809: 1793: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:John Ashcroft 1414: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1402:Rasul v. Bush 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1119:North Vietnam 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:Babrak Karmal 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046:The U.S.-led 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Islamic State 1030: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 994: 992: 988: 984: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 925: 922: 919: 915: 911: 908: 905: 901: 898: 894: 890: 889: 888: 886: 882: 879:by sickness, 877: 876: 870: 864: 862: 858: 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 829: 826: 824: 823:international 820: 817:Article 1 of 812: 809: 808:police action 804: 801: 797: 796: 795: 793: 792:international 783: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 756: 755: 753: 743: 741: 737: 728: 724: 720: 716: 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 694: 691: 687: 683: 682: 681: 679: 675: 665: 663: 659: 655: 654:international 651: 646: 644: 640: 635: 620: 612: 611: 602: 594: 593: 584: 576: 575: 570: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 534: 532: 528: 524: 518: 516: 512: 507: 503: 496: 491: 483: 480: 476: 472: 471: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 424: 422: 418: 412: 410: 402: 391: 389: 378: 376: 365: 363: 352: 350: 339: 337: 326: 324: 323:French Empire 313: 311: 300: 298: 287: 285: 274: 272: 261: 259: 248: 247: 245: 243: 239: 235: 227: 223: 220: 216: 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 202: 198: 191: 187: 182: 174: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148:and the 1980 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 65: 58: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7238: 7182:Peacekeeping 7172:Human Rights 7083:CHS Alliance 7076:power, abuse 7015:2004 tsunami 6928:Peter Maurer 6789:NEAR Network 6768:World Vision 6603:Humanitarian 6575:Localisation 6556:21st-century 6515: 6503: 6494:Henry Dunant 6281:in Venezuela 6196:in Sri Lanka 6076:in Lithuania 6001:in Indonesia 5981:in Hong Kong 5976:in Guatemala 5846:in Australia 5836:in Argentina 5687:By continent 5615:Distinctions 5596:Positive law 5541:Human rights 5485: 5241:institutions 5201:institutions 5194:human rights 5136: 5103: 5007:Regional law 5006: 4914: 4808: 4575:Rome Statute 4544: 4241:(elections: 4194:Organisation 4137: 4034: 4015:Rome Statute 3939:Protocol III 3883: 3800: 3779: 3756: 3728: 3722: 3712:11 September 3710:. Retrieved 3705: 3695: 3680: 3668:. Retrieved 3664:the original 3654: 3642:. Retrieved 3638:the original 3627: 3613: 3601:. Retrieved 3597: 3587: 3575:. Retrieved 3563: 3553: 3533: 3511: 3487:(1): 28–54. 3484: 3480: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3424: 3414: 3402:. Retrieved 3395:the original 3385: 3378: 3366:. Retrieved 3356: 3337: 3333: 3320: 3308: 3296:. Retrieved 3286: 3274:. Retrieved 3261: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3183:. Retrieved 3179: 3170: 3161: 3154:. Retrieved 3150: 3141: 3131:18 September 3129:. Retrieved 3102: 3091: 3078: 3055: 3044: 3011: 3005: 2992: 2981: 2972: 2961: 2937: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2865:. Retrieved 2852: 2843: 2834: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2775:. Retrieved 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2740: 2725: 2716: 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2689: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2645: 2633:. Retrieved 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2579: 2567:. Retrieved 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2535: 2523:. Retrieved 2513: 2501:. Retrieved 2488: 2476:. 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President 1406: 1405:, and later 1400: 1394: 1388: 1375:" (see also 1370: 1358: 1351: 1335:Wesley Clark 1331:Soviet Union 1324: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1252:jurisdiction 1246:asserts its 1237: 1229: 1199: 1169: 1167: 1161:The logo of 1145: 1143: 1103: 1045: 1039:against the 1022: 1016: 1013: 1001: 990: 986: 982: 980: 962: 952: 942: 938:the Troubles 934:Algerian War 930: 866: 854: 850: 835: 827: 822: 816: 800:declared war 791: 789: 781: 771:Protocol III 749: 736:reservations 732: 677: 673: 671: 653: 647: 636: 633: 558:Commentaries 557: 545: 541: 540: 537:Commentaries 519: 499: 467:Tokyo trials 455:World War II 452: 448: 429: 425: 413: 406: 255: 231: 208: 201:Henry Dunant 199:businessman 194: 152:, while the 134:reservations 127: 121: 96: 72: 70: 48: 6898:Jan Egeland 6782:Consortiums 6743:Mercy Corps 6612:UN agencies 6328:Persecution 6296:in Zimbabwe 6221:in Thailand 6131:in Pakistan 6086:in Malaysia 5951:in Ethiopia 5911:in Cambodia 5891:in Botswana 5703:Middle East 5601:Sovereignty 5591:Natural law 4415:Individuals 4373:Philippines 4333:Afghanistan 4001:Legal texts 3934:Protocol II 3891:Conventions 3460:16 November 3368:16 November 3298:16 November 3276:24 November 3185:24 November 3066:EJIL: Talk! 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