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election of senators), a bill of rights, and executive functions similar to those in most states. Because Puerto Rico was not a state, it did not have electoral status for U.S. presidential elections. The Act authorized popular election of the
Resident Commissioner, previously appointed by the President of the U.S.
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for an answer from the attorney general, he saw that his shop was surrounded by 15 police officers and 25 National
Guardsmen. A gunfight ensued between Santiago Díaz and the police. It happened to be transmitted live via radio to the Puerto Rican public in general. The battle lasted 3 hours and came
924:
prison. During her trial in federal court, she was uncooperative with the U. S. Government prosecution, and refused to recognize the authority of the U.S. over Puerto Rico. She was sentenced to eight years for contempt of court (not for the initial charges regarding the demonstration), and released
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or
Associate Free State, the people of Puerto Rico would be allowed to elect their own governor, rather than having to accept a US appointee. In exchange, the United States would continue to control the island's monetary system, provide defense, and collect custom duties. It reserved the exclusive
571:
In the 1940 election, the PPD finished in a dead heat with Barceló's
Liberal Party. In order to secure his position as Senate president, Muñoz Marin brokered an alliance with minor Puerto Rican factions, which was possible in such a multi-party system. In the elections of 1944 and 1948, the PPD
625:
The law prohibited owning or displaying a Puerto Rican flag anywhere, even in one's own home. It also became a crime to speak against the U.S. government; to speak in favor of Puerto Rican independence; to print, publish, sell or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular
503:
In addition to subjecting Puerto Ricans to the military draft, and sending them into World War I, the Jones Act created a bicameral, popularly elected legislature in Puerto Rico (following ratification of the
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 providing for popular
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to an end after
Santiago Díaz received five bullet wounds. Although Santiago Díaz had not been involved in the Nationalist revolts, he was sentenced to 17 years of prison after recovering from his wounds. He served two years before he was set free on a conditioned parole.
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that Law 53 was written with the explicit intent of eliminating the leaders of the
Nationalist and other pro-independence movements, and to intimidate anyone who might follow them - even if their speeches were reasonable and orderly, and their activities were peaceful.
746:) for Puerto Rico. Albizu Campos called for an armed revolution because he considered the "new" status to be a colonial farce. He picked the town of Jayuya as the headquarters of the revolution because of its location. Weapons were stored in the Canales' residence.
626:
government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years imprisonment, a fine of $ 10,000 (US), or both.
527:-educated attorney. Coll y Cuchí left the party and Albizu Campos became president in 1931. He retained this post for the rest of his life, including terms in prison. In the 1930s, social unrest rose during the harsh conditions of the
500:, and it allowed the U.S. to conscript Puerto Ricans into the U.S. military. The Jones Act was passed over the unanimous objection of the entire Puerto Rican House of Delegates, which was the legislature of Puerto Rico at that time.
810:
By the end of the local revolts, 28 were dead - 7 police officers, 1 National
Guardsman, and 16 Nationalists. There were also 49 wounded - 23 police officers, 6 National Guardsmen, 9 Nationalists and 11 non-participating bystanders.
395:, to sing a patriotic tune, to speak or write of independence, or to meet with anyone or hold any assembly in favor of Puerto Rican independence. It was passed by a legislature that was overwhelmingly dominated by members of the
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Francisco Matos Paoli, a poet and member of the
Nationalist Party, was arrested and imprisoned under the Gag Law. For writing four Nationalist speeches and owning a Puerto Rican flag, Paoli was imprisoned for ten years.
669:
action with the U.S. Supreme Court which questioned the constitutionality of Law 53, and demanded the release of
Enrique Ayoroa Abreu, arrested in Ponce. Amadeo Semidey and other lawyers also defended 15 members of the
789:, in the town of the same name, where Nationalists attacked the police station, killing officers. The government sent in the Puerto Rican National Guard to take back control and used its planes to bomb the town.
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gained a majority in the Senate and increasing victory margins. In addition, its candidates won almost all legislative posts and mayoral races. The Nationalist Party did not gain much electoral support.
531:. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, then presided over by Albizu Campos, had some confrontations with the established government of the U.S. in the island, during which people were killed by police.
661:." Amadeo Semidey was an educator, lawyer and former Senator in the Puerto Rico legislature who confronted the government of Puerto Rico when the government approved and executed the laws of
3250:
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637:(Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, said the law was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the
822:
On November 1, 1950, two Nationalists from New York City attacked the Blair House, where Truman was staying while renovations were being made to the White House. They did not harm him.
599:
In 1948, the Senate passed a bill that restricted expressions of ideas related to the nationalist movement. The Senate at the time was controlled by the PPD and presided over by
935:
was Albizu Campos' barber. On October 31, he offered to serve as an intermediary if the government arrested Albizu Campos. That afternoon, while waiting alone in his barbershop
929:
was accused of participating in the revolts. Police arrested her at her job. Rosado was convicted at trial and sentenced to fifteen months in jail; she was fired from her job.
836:
The last major attempt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to draw world attention to Puerto Rico's colonial situation occurred on March 1, 1954, when four nationalists:
564:(PPD). According to the historian Delma S. Arrigoitia, it abandoned its quest for independence and, by 1950, settled for a new political status for Puerto Rico called the
2467:
450:
ratified on December 10, 1898, the U.S. annexed Puerto Rico. Spain lost its American territories, and the United States gained imperial strength and global presence.
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353:
916:. She was known for her skills as an orator and an active political activist. She was arrested in 1950 for participating in a demonstration that turned deadly in
761:," began on October 30, 1950. Albizu Campos ordered them after learning about his potential imminent arrest. Uprisings occurred in various towns, amongst them
738:. From 1949 to 1950, the Nationalists in the island began to plan and prepare an armed revolution. The revolution was to take place in 1952, on the date the
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In the early 20th century, the Puerto Rican independence movement was strong, growing, and embraced by multiple political parties. Among these were the
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By the late 1940s, the PPD fostered the idea of the creation of a "new" political status for the island. Under this hybrid political status as an
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displeased many advocates of Puerto Rican independence, as well as those who favored the island's being admitted as a state of the U.S.
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where Nationalists from all over the island had gathered, in case the police attempted to arrest him. Later that month Campos visited
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The law remained in force for nine years until 1957, when it was repealed on the basis that it was unconstitutional as protected by
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399:(PPD), which supported developing an alternative political status for the island. The bill was signed into law on June 10, 1948 by
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of 1917, which mandated U.S. citizenship on the entire island. The passage of the Jones Act coincided with America's entry unto
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in 1952 in which voters had a chance to choose whether or not they wanted the constitution that had been drafted for the
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Nationalists declared the "Free Republic of Puerto Rico" in Jayuya. Other Nationalists attempted to assassinate Governor
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In 1914, the entire Puerto Rican House of Delegates demanded independence from the U.S. Instead, the U.S. imposed the
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1914:
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403:, the United States-appointed governor. Opponents tried but failed to have the law declared unconstitutional by the
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645:. He noted that Puerto Ricans had been granted US citizenship and were covered by its constitutional guarantees.
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1801:; By: Ramon Bosque-Perez (Editor) and Jose Javier Colon Morera (Editor); Publisher: State Univ of New York Pr;
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27:
614:), passed the legislature was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico
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After the United States invaded Puerto Rico in 1898 during the Spanish–American War, some leaders, such as
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when U.S. forces opened fire and killed one of the demonstrators. Viscal Garriga was held without bail in
699:
and photos of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s (with commentary in Spanish), click
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1946:
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by opening fire from the Congressional gallery. They wounded five representatives, one of them severely.
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The revolts were not limited to Puerto Rico. They included a plot to assassinate United States President
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404:
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as it is known in Puerto Rico, was repealed in 1957. In 1964, David M. Helfeld wrote in his article
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446:, expected the United States to grant the island its independence. Instead, under the terms of the
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172:
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1515:"Jaime Benítez y la autonomía universitaria"; by: Mary Frances Gallart; Publisher: CreateSpace;
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Under this status, the laws of Puerto Rico would continue to be subject to the approval of the
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2016:
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1476:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948-2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
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Truman acknowledged that it was important to settle Puerto Rico's status, and supported the
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Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution And The Quest For Human Rights
1789:
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990:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony"; Author:
202:
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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Public Law 600, Art. 3, 81st Congress of the United States of America, July 3, 1950
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528:
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PROFESSOR PEDRO A. MALAVET, SEMINAR: THE U.S. TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS; SPRING 2006
1320:
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claimed to have founded the "true" Liberal Party. His group renamed itself as the
515:
In the 1930s, leaders of the Nationalist Party split as differences arose between
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177:
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2011:
2001:
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167:
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were four supporters of independence who were suppressed during the crackdown.
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137:
60:
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1936:
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187:
152:
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Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo, 1868-1938
905:
A wounded Vidal Santiago Díaz is carried out of his barbershop by the police
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2826:
2711:
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2098:
1996:
1991:
917:
845:
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568:(Free Associated State), which opponents likened to continued colonialism.
280:
270:
157:
1820:
The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora (Puerto Rican Studies)
2751:
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2656:
2208:
2133:
2083:
2053:
2046:
2006:
1241:
Terrorist Attacks on American Soil: From the Civil War Era to the Present
742:
was to approve the creation of the political status of the Commonwealth (
497:
833:. Nearly 82% of the voters on the island approved the new constitution.
766:
762:
730:, the Nationalist leaders of the town of Jayuya. Griselio soon moved to
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2165:
2108:
1871:
826:
16:
Act passed in 1948 to suppress the independence movement in Puerto Rico
2389:
2063:
2041:
1094:
19th century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
665:
Amadeo Semidey, an expert in Constitutional Law, immediately filed a
619:
611:
3090:
1057:
19th Century male leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
548:(the "Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party") in the town of
1348:
Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles
2384:
2374:
2260:
2068:
886:
The arrest of (L to R) Nationalists Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez,
774:
753:
Police take down Puerto Rican flag after the 1950 Jayuya Uprising
549:
524:
901:
2379:
882:
511:
Don Pedro Albizu Campos, leader of the Nationalist Party, 1936
2344:
2113:
1840:
1701:
Revista del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico; vol. 25, 1964
749:
1041:
Articles related to the quest of Puerto Rican independence:
1116:
Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
1822:; By: Andres Torres; Publisher: Temple University Press;
1403:
1401:
1386:
Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World
3246:
Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food
1450:, Page 292; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008);
973:
By 1948, the Puerto Rico legislature was not called the
542:
and at first a member of the Liberal Party, founded the
1780:; By: Ivonne Acosta; Publisher: Editorial Edil (1987);
1222:
The Puerto Rican legislature under U.S. mandate passed
1699:
Discrimination for Political Beliefs and Associations,
1398:
954:
Discrimination for Political Beliefs and Associations
1676:
Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I
1244:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 157.
1010:
1278:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 97.
1142:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
759:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
580:right to enter into treaties with foreign nations.
80:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3132:
2441:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1556:La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría
3268:
1620:Editorial Edile, Piedras River (1989), page 124.
1203:(5th ed.). Moon Publications. p. 23.
785:, where the insurgents were massacred, and the
1313:
391:. The act made it a crime to own or display a
3118:
2330:
1856:
387:of 1948, with the purpose of suppressing the
347:
1325:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War
1300:"About Eugenio María de Hostos (1839–1903)"
1163:Articles related to Politics of Puerto Rico
994:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
674:, who were accused of breaking Gag Law 53.
545:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo
3125:
3111:
2337:
2323:
1863:
1849:
1426:
1424:
1051:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
859:
757:The uprisings, which became known as the "
653:Among those who opposed the "Gag Law" was
618:. It closely resembled the anti-communist
354:
340:
100:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
42:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
3292:Political repression in the United States
1567:
1431:"World of 1898: The Spanish–American War"
718:since 1931, gave a speech in the town of
2431:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1327:. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress
1237:
1174:List of political parties in Puerto Rico
900:
881:
748:
506:
2411:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1579:House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
1421:
1231:
1196:
585:Federal government of the United States
3287:Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)
3269:
3074:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3018:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2468:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1730:
1693:
1691:
1380:
1378:
1271:
854:United States House of Representatives
3106:
3043:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2318:
1844:
1746:
1744:
1344:
2351:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1771:
1763:The Nationalist Insurrection of 1950
1737:The Nationalist insurrection of 1950
1568:Hernández, Rosario (July 20, 1993),
1497:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941
1436:
1338:
389:independence movement in Puerto Rico
1718:
1688:
1561:
1375:
975:Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
105:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
1778:La mordaza: Puerto Rico, 1948-1957
1756:
1751:Anonymous, "Isabel Rosado Morales"
1741:
1665:
1548:
1046:List of revolutions and rebellions
984:
606:The bill, known as Law 53 and the
14:
3313:
428:Constitution of the United States
3302:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3282:Political history of Puerto Rico
2345:
1545:, Ley Núm. 282, 22 December 2006
1411:pp. 60-63; Penguin Press, 2001;
1027:
1013:
690:
635:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
36:
2421:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1704:
1646:
1623:
1610:
1599:
1533:
1509:
1487:
1469:
1460:
1345:Miles, Nelson Appleton (1896).
1147:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3199:Statehood Students Association
3133:Advocacy groups in Puerto Rico
2957:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2589:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2426:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1870:
1388:(Yale University Press, 1997)
1292:
1265:
1190:
1122:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
967:
672:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
483:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
383:) was an act enacted by the
321:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1:
2978:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2892:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2652:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2504:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1184:
1100:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
622:passed in the United States.
301:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3277:Legal history of Puerto Rico
3038:Truman assassination attempt
2416:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1725:Francisco Matos Paoli, poeta
1272:Flores, Lisa Pierce (2010).
1226:(the "gag law") in May 1948.
912:was a student leader at the
734:where he met and befriended
475:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
457:founded in February 1904 by
7:
3209:Workers' Socialist Movement
3156:Constitution of Puerto Rico
3028:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2637:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1581:, p. 2, archived from
1006:
805:San Juan Nationalist revolt
655:Santos Primo Amadeo Semidey
648:
420:Constitution of Puerto Rico
405:United States Supreme Court
90:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
3318:
2406:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1302:. Hostos Community College
1275:The History of Puerto Rico
925:after serving five years.
852:, attacked members of the
677:
657:, a.k.a. "The Champion of
594:
455:Union Party of Puerto Rico
433:
3256:Manufacturers Association
3233:
3217:
3189:Proposed political status
3164:
3138:
3082:
3061:
2970:
2760:
2732:María de Lourdes Santiago
2727:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2602:
2569:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2476:
2449:
2398:
2357:
2274:
2174:
1984:
1878:
1662:; , University of Florida
1088:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
943:
914:University of Puerto Rico
726:and her cousins Elio and
689:
684:
3225:Center for a New Economy
2564:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2534:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2524:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
2032:Content-control software
1169:Elections in Puerto Rico
1073:Francisco Ramírez Medina
960:
948:Law 53 (the Gag Law) or
781:. Most notable were the
562:Popular Democratic Party
554:Felisa Rincon de Gautier
463:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
397:Popular Democratic Party
3151:Civil Rights Commission
3048:Cerro Maravilla murders
2993:Levantamiento de Ciales
2952:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2872:Tomás López de Victoria
2857:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2847:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2667:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2529:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2519:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2514:Eugenio María de Hostos
2484:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2399:Political organizations
2287:Chinese issues overseas
1712:"Francisco Matos Paoli"
1641:New York Latino Journal
1238:Martinez, J.M. (2012).
1197:Pariser, Harry (1987).
1179:Politics of Puerto Rico
1063:Ramón Emeterio Betances
860:Examples of suppression
850:Andres Figueroa Cordero
577:Estado Libre Associado,
552:. He and his followers
448:Treaty of Paris of 1898
444:Eugenio María de Hostos
385:Puerto Rico legislature
266:Andres Figueroa Cordero
261:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
228:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
183:Tomás López de Victoria
22:Part of a series on the
2947:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2842:Isabel Freire de Matos
2832:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2782:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2612:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2539:José Gualberto Padilla
2477:19th century activists
2457:Cadets of the Republic
2450:Militant organizations
2261:Suppression of dissent
1727:, Proyecto Salon Hogar
1495:"Puerto Rican History"
1127:Cadets of the Republic
906:
894:
831:Estado Libre Associado
754:
744:Estado Libre Associado
740:United States Congress
589:Estado Libre Associado
566:Estado Libre Associado
558:Ernesto Ramos Antonini
512:
378:
276:Isabel Freire de Matos
251:Margot Arce de Vázquez
223:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
163:Juan Antonio Corretjer
66:Cadets of the Republic
3184:Independence movement
2907:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2887:Francisco Matos Paoli
2852:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2812:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2747:Carlos Alberto Torres
2647:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2603:20th and 21st century
2544:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2358:Indigenous resistance
2027:Conspiracy of silence
2017:Collateral censorship
1942:Speech and expression
1588:on September 27, 2011
1433:, Library of Congress
1105:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
904:
885:
865:Francisco Matos Paoli
842:Rafael Cancel Miranda
752:
510:
311:Helen Rodríguez Trías
193:Francisco Matos Paoli
173:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
143:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2998:Río Piedras massacre
2702:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2682:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2617:Félix Benítez Rexach
2462:Boricua Popular Army
2304:Muhammad controversy
2241:Naturalistic fallacy
2149:computer and network
1606:Puerto Rican History
1137:Río Piedras massacre
992:Nelson Antonio Denis
950:La Ley de la Mordaza
796:in his residence at
695:To view live-action
369:better known as the
326:Félix Benítez Rexach
245:Notable nationalists
56:Río Piedras massacre
3241:Chamber of Commerce
3204:Status quo movement
3069:Grito de Lares flag
2962:Olga Viscal Garriga
2937:Clemente Soto Vélez
2927:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2837:José Ferrer Canales
2772:Pedro Albizu Campos
2722:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2707:Antonio S. Pedreira
2692:Luis Lloréns Torres
2687:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2559:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2299:Internet censorship
1630:"El Grito de Lares"
1444:Delma S. Arrigoitia
1384:*José Trías Monge,
1200:Explore Puerto Rico
1083:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
933:Vidal Santiago Díaz
910:Olga Viscal Garriga
888:Olga Viscal Garriga
877:Vidal Santiago Díaz
869:Olga Viscal Garriga
714:, president of the
712:Pedro Albizu Campos
641:, which guarantees
521:Pedro Albizu Campos
291:José Ferrer Canales
233:Olga Viscal Garriga
213:Clemente Soto Vélez
208:Vidal Santiago Díaz
123:Pedro Albizu Campos
117:Nationalist leaders
3297:Law of Puerto Rico
3234:Trade associations
3194:Statehood movement
2988:Intentona de Yauco
2942:Griselio Torresola
2897:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2792:Casimiro Berenguer
2742:Alejandrina Torres
2697:Oscar López Rivera
2662:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2579:Fernando Fernandez
2574:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2236:Moralistic fallacy
1974:banned video games
1957:banned televisions
1753:, Peace Host, n.d.
1658:2006-09-17 at the
1635:2008-10-21 at the
1481:2012-03-27 at the
1409:Harvest of Empire,
1351:. Chicago: Werner.
1157:Intentona de Yauco
1021:Puerto Rico portal
907:
895:
892:Ruth Mary Reynolds
755:
728:Griselio Torresola
710:On June 21, 1948,
633:, a member of the
513:
479:Antonio R. Barceló
467:Antonio R. Barceló
218:Griselio Torresola
198:Ruth Mary Reynolds
133:Casimiro Berenguer
50:Events and revolts
3264:
3263:
3100:
3099:
3012:Ley de la Mordaza
2902:Germán Rieckehoff
2817:José Coll y Cuchí
2764:Nationalist Party
2677:Leopoldo Figueroa
2627:Americo Boschetti
2312:
2311:
2294:Freedom of speech
2139:Strategic lawsuit
2089:National intranet
2037:Damnatio memoriae
1836:978-1-56639-618-9
1815:978-0-7914-6417-5
1794:978-84-599-8469-0
1529:978-1-4611-3699-6
1456:978-1-934461-69-3
1417:978-0-14-311928-9
1285:978-0-313-35418-2
1251:978-1-4422-0324-2
716:Nationalist Party
708:
707:
643:Freedom of Speech
639:U.S. Constitution
631:Leopoldo Figueroa
608:Ley de la Mordaza
540:Luis Muñoz Rivera
517:José Coll y Cuchí
487:José Coll y Cuchí
459:Luis Muñoz Rivera
412:freedom of speech
393:Puerto Rican flag
380:Ley de La Mordaza
364:
363:
306:Germán Rieckehoff
148:José Coll y Cuchí
73:Ley de la Mordaza
30:Nationalist Party
3309:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3103:
2554:Juan Ríus Rivera
2489:Mariana Bracetti
2349:
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2251:Propaganda model
1879:Media regulation
1865:
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1765:, Write of Fight
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1037:
1035:Biography portal
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820:Washington, D.C.
794:Luis Muñoz Marín
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587:. The status of
536:Luis Muñoz Marín
529:Great Depression
519:and his deputy,
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3033:Utuado Uprising
3023:Jayuya Uprising
2966:
2807:Nemesio Canales
2797:Julia de Burgos
2787:Elías Beauchamp
2777:José S. Alegría
2763:
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2717:Miguel Poventud
2604:
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2499:Roberto Cofresí
2494:Mathias Brugman
2472:
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2436:Socialist Front
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2129:Self-censorship
2104:Prior restraint
2094:Newspaper theft
2079:Internet police
2012:Chilling effect
2002:Broadcast delay
1980:
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1772:Further reading
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1697:Helfeld, D. M.
1696:
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985:Further reading
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816:Harry S. Truman
803:as part of the
787:Jayuya Uprising
783:Utuado Uprising
697:Newsreel scenes
691:
685:External videos
680:
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616:Jesús T. Piñero
597:
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424:First Amendment
401:Jesús T. Piñero
360:
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256:Elías Beauchamp
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128:José S. Alegría
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85:Jayuya Uprising
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2266:Systemic bias
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21:
20:
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3011:
3007:
2912:Hiram Rosado
2882:René Marqués
2862:Irvin Flores
2827:Rosa Collazo
2762:Puerto Rican
2712:Pedro Pietri
2549:Manuel Rojas
2464:(Macheteros)
2370:Agüeybaná II
2161:Whitewashing
2144:Surveillance
2124:Sanitization
2099:Pixelization
1997:Book burning
1903:banned films
1891:books banned
1819:
1798:
1777:
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1720:
1706:
1698:
1675:
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1592:September 1,
1590:, retrieved
1583:the original
1570:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1535:
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1501:November 20,
1499:. Retrieved
1489:
1471:
1462:
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1438:
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1329:. Retrieved
1324:
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1294:
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1240:
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1221:
1214:. Retrieved
1199:
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1162:
1161:
1115:
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1078:Manuel Rojas
1056:
1055:
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969:
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949:
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936:
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921:
918:Old San Juan
908:
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846:Irvin Flores
835:
830:
824:
813:
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799:La Fortaleza
797:
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756:
743:
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365:
296:René Marqués
281:Hiram Rosado
271:Irvin Flores
158:Rosa Collazo
72:
70:
28:Puerto Rican
3218:Think tanks
2752:Iris Zavala
2737:Piri Thomas
2657:Juan Dalmau
2365:Agüeybaná I
2226:LGBT issues
2221:Ideological
2209:Hate speech
2134:Speech code
2119:Revisionism
2084:Memory hole
2054:Expurgation
2047:Minced oath
2007:Censor bars
1969:Video games
1952:Televisions
1618:La Mordaza,
1365:|work=
922:La Princesa
663:La Mordaza.
498:World War I
485:founded by
477:founded by
3271:Categories
2282:Censorship
2275:By country
2231:Media bias
2109:Propaganda
1872:Censorship
1331:2008-08-02
1306:2008-08-02
1224:la mordaza
1216:January 5,
1185:References
827:plebiscite
481:; and the
416:Article II
3166:Political
2642:Roy Brown
2605:activists
2256:Religious
2187:Corporate
2064:Gag order
2042:Euphemism
2022:Concision
1672:Nohlen, D
1543:Lex Juris
1367:ignored (
1357:cite book
771:Naranjito
620:Smith Law
538:, son of
534:In 1938,
494:Jones Act
71:Gag Law (
3091:Claridad
2246:Politics
2197:Facebook
2182:Criminal
2175:Contexts
2069:Heckling
1992:Bleeping
1910:Internet
1656:Archived
1633:Archived
1479:Archived
1007:See also
767:Mayagüez
763:Peñuelas
649:Reaction
426:of the
422:and the
3062:Symbols
3008:Gag Law
2390:Urayoán
2385:Jumacao
2375:Arasibo
2059:Fogging
1985:Methods
1964:Thought
1678:, p556
1674:(2005)
1257:May 25,
775:Arecibo
678:Revolts
612:Gag Law
595:Passage
550:Arecibo
525:Harvard
434:Prelude
418:of the
414:within
375:Spanish
371:Gag Law
2971:Events
2380:Hayuya
2214:Online
2202:Google
1927:Postal
1834:
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720:Manati
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3083:Media
2192:Apple
2114:Purge
1937:Radio
1932:Press
1922:Music
1898:Films
1886:Books
1586:(PDF)
1575:(PDF)
961:Notes
779:Ponce
3251:MIDA
3179:FUPI
2154:mass
1832:ISBN
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1680:ISBN
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1442:Dr.
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1369:help
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1259:2021
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